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Telangana SCERT TS 10th Class Hindi Study Material 3rd Lesson माँ मुझे आने दे! Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS 10th Class Hindi 3rd Lesson Questions and Answers Telangana माँ मुझे आने दे!

प्रश्न-उत्तर :

प्रश्न 1.
अनदेखी बिटियाँ क्या कहती है?
(గర్భస్థ ఆడశిశువు ఏమంటున్నది ?)
उत्तर :
अनदेखी बिटियाँ बेटियों पर अत्याचार मत करने को कहती है।
(గర్భస్థ ఆడశిశువు ఆడపిల్లల పట్ల అన్యాయం చేయకండి అని అంటున్నది.)

प्रश्न 2.
इन पंक्तियों से क्या संदेश मिलता है?
(ఈ పంక్తుల వల్ల ఏమి సందేశం లభిస్తుంది ?)
उत्तर :
इन पंक्तियों से यह संदेश मिलंता है कि माँ, बहन और पत्नी के समान बेटी को भी चाहिए। बेटियों पर अत्याचार न कीजिए।
(తల్లి, చెల్లి, భార్యతో సమానంగా ఆడపిల్లను కూడా (పేమించండి. ఆడపిల్లల పట్ల అన్యాయం చేయకండి అనే సందేశం ఈ పంక్తుల వల్ల లభిస్తుంది.)

प्रश्न 3.
‘नारी के बिना समाज की कल्पना असंभव है।’ इस पर अपने विचार बताइए।
(“స్త్రీ లేని సమాజాన్ని ఊహించడం అసాధ్యం” దీనిపై మీ ఉద్దేశ్యం వివరించండి.)
उत्तर :
यह सही है कि नारी के बिना समाज की कल्पना असंभव है। स्त्री प्रकृति है। स्त्री के बिना पुरुष नहीं हैं। हर पुरुष के जीत के पीछे अवश्य एक न एक स्त्री रहती है। स्त्री – पुरुष दोनों समाज रूपी शक्ति के दो रूप हैं। समाज के निर्माण में जितना योगदान पुरुष का है, उतना स्त्री का भी है। वेदों में स्त्री की तुलना देवी से की गयी है। नारी मंगल मूर्ति है। जहाँ नारी का वास होता है वहाँ देवता बसते हैं।

समाज के हर क्षेत्र में नारी की सहायता की आवश्यकता हमें पडती है। बच्चों के लालन – पालन से लेकर उन्हें योग्य बनाने तक नारी का ही स्थान प्रमुख है। नारी में जितनी क्षमता है वह अन्य में नहीं। इसलिए हम कह सकते हैं कि समाज के विकास में नारी का बहुत बडा स्थान है और नारी के बिना समाज की कल्पना असंभव है।

(స్త్రీ లేని సమాజన్ని ఊహించడం అసాధ్యమనేది వాస్తవం. స్త్రీ ప్రకృతి. స్త్రీ లేకుండా పురుషుడు లేడు. ప్రతి పురుషుని విజయం వెనుక తప్పనిసరిగా ఒక స్త్రీ ఉంటుంది. స్త్రీ పురుషులిరువురూ సమాజమనే శక్తికి రెండు రూపాలు. సమాజ నిర్మాణంలో పురుషుని సహకారం ఎంత ఉందో, స్త్రీ సహకారం కూడా అంతే ఉంది. వేదాలలో స్త్రీ దేవతతో పోల్చబడింది. స్త్రీ మంగళమూర్తి. ఎక్కడై స్త్రీలు నివసిస్తారో అక్కడ దేవతలుంటారు. సమాజంలోని ప్రతి రంగంలో స్త్రీ సహకారం మనకు అవసరం. పిల్లల ఆలనాపాలనా మొదలుకొని వారిని ఉత్తమంగా తీర్చిదిద్దడంలో స్త్రీదే ప్రముఖ స్థానం. స్త్రీకి ఉండే సహనం, సామర్య్యాలు ఇతరులలో లేవు. కనుకనే సమాజ ప్రగతిలో స్త్రీకి చాలా ప్రాధాన్యత ఉందని చెప్పవచ్చు మరియు స్త్రీ లేని సమాజాన్ని ఉహించడం అసంభవం.)

प्रश्न (ప్రశ్నలు) :

प्रश्न 1.
बेटी माँ की सबसे अच्छी सहेली है? कैसे ?
(కూతురు తల్లికి అందరికంటే మంచి సహచరి. ఎలా ?)
उत्तर :
बेटी माँ की सबसे अच्छी सहेली है –

• बेटी घर के आँगन में हरियाली.बनना चाहंती है।
• माँ के आँच में लिपटकर खुशबू बनना चाहती है।
• माँ के माथे की सिलवटों में सिमटा अँधरे को पोछना चाहती है।
• माँ की आँखों की कोरों से निकलने वाले आँतुओं को पोंछ देना चाहती है।
• मॉँ की सक्नों को वह सच करना चाहती है।

(కూతురు తల్లికి అందరింట మంచి సహచరి –

• కూతురు ఇంటి ముంగిట పచ్చదనం ఉండాలని కోరుకుంటుంది.
• తల్లి కొంగుకి అంటిపెట్టకొని ఉండి సువాసన అందిచాలనుకుంటుంది.
• తల్లి నుదుటి మీద ముడతలలో పోగుపడిన చీకటిని తుడిచి వేయాలనుకుంటుంది.
• తల్లి కంటికొనల నుండి జాలువారే కన్నీరుని తుడవలనుకుంటుంది.
• తల్లి కలలను కూతురు నిజం చేరూలనుకుంటుంది.)

प्रश्न 2.
बेटी घर की ख़शी है। कैसे ?
(కూతురు ఇంటికి ఆనందం. ఎలా ?)
उत्तर :
बेटी घर की खुशी है :

• बेटी कें आने से रुखीला अहसास धुल जायेगा।
• बेटी की किलकरियों और टुमकते कदमों के शब्द से घर का सन्नाटा तुरंत बिखर जायेगा।
• बेटी की उद्दंडता और पिता के गर्व के कारण घर में जो सन्नाटा बना हुआ है, वह मिट जायेगा।

(కూతురు ఇంటికి ఆనందం –

• కూతురి రాకతో కాఠిన్యభావం కడిగివేయబడుతుంది.
• కూతురి సంతోషం కేరింతలు మరిఝు తిరుగాడే అడుగుల శబ్దంతో ఇంటిలోని నిశ్శబ్దం వెంటనే చెల్లాచెదురు అవుతుంది
• కూతురి గొప్పతనం మరియు ఆమె వలన తండ్రికి కలిగే గర్వం కారణంగా ఇంటిలో ఏర్పడిన నిశ్శబ్దం దూరమవుతుంది.)

अर्थग्राहयता – प्रतिक्रिया (అర్థగ్రహణ – ప్రతిస్పందనన) :

अ. प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए। (ప్రశ్నలకి జవాబులు ఇవ్వండి )

प्रश्न 1.
‘माँ मुके आने दे!’ कविता आपको कैसी लगी और क्यों ?
(‘మా ముఝే ఆనే దే !’ కవిత మికు ఎలా అనిపించింది మరియు ఎందుకు ?)
उत्तर :
“माँ मुझे आने दे!” कविता मुझे बहुत अच्छी लगी। क्योंकि इस कविता में एक अनदेखी बिटिया (गर्भस्थ बेटी) अपनी माँ से इस दुनिया में उसे आने देने के लिए विनती करती है और उसे भरोसा देती है कि उसे आने देती तो वह माँ के प्रति क्या – क्या करेगी? यह बड़ी हृदयस्पर्शी एवं मार्मिक कविता है।

(‘మా ముఝే ఆనే దే!’ కవిత నాకు చాలా నచ్చింది. ఎందుకంటే ఈ కవితలో ఇంకా పుట్టని ఆడశిశువు (గర్భస్థ ఆడ శిశువు) తనను ఈ ప్రపంచంలోకి రానివ్వమని తల్లిని ప్రార్ధిస్తుంది మరియు తనను రానిస్తే తన తల్లి కోసం తను ఏమేం చేయగలదో చెప్తూ భరోసా ఇస్తుంది. ఇది హృదయాన్ని కదిలించే మరియు విశేష ప్రభావశాలియైన కవిత.)

प्रश्न 2.
‘भूरण हत्या एक सामाजिक अपराध है।’ क्या भ्रूणहत्या का दहेज प्रथा से संबंध है? विषय पर चर्चा कीजिए।
(భ్రూణహత్య ఒక సామాజక అహరాధము. భ్రూణహత్య వరకట్నంతో సంబంధం కలిగి ఉందా ? విషయంఫై చర్చించండి.)
उत्तर :
मानव समाज में स्त्री और पुरुष दोनों का समान महत्व है। स्त्री और पुरुष समाज की शक्ति के दो रूप हैं। एक के बिना दूसरे का जन्म सार्थक नहीं है। स्त्री तो देवी का ही प्रतिरूप है। वह पूजनीय है। आरंभ से ही यह रिवाज़ बना हुआ है।

स्त्री के गर्भस्त बेटियों को मारना भ्रूण हत्या कहलाती है। यह भ्रूण हत्या एक सामाजिक, मानवीय अपराध है। बदलते विचार, अनेक सामाजिक विषमताओं के कारण आज समाज में भ्रूण हत्याएँ अधिक दिखाई दे रही हैं। यह तो दर्दनाक, अमानुषिक और निदंनीय कार्य है। हम मानवों को इसका डटकर विरोध करना है। इसका समूल नाश करने का भार उठाना है।

ऐसी जघन्य भूरण हत्याएँ संपन्न होने में दहेज प्रथा का भी प्रमुख स्थान है। यह भी एक कुप्रथा है। बेटी के विवाह के समय वर को दी जानेवाली धनं – वस्तु सामग्री दहेज कहलाती है।,उनके भावि जीवन को सुखमय बनाने शुरु किया हुआ यह कुप्रथा आज एक महामारी बन गया है। दहेज प्रथा के अनेक कारण हैं। इसका प्रमुख कारण है – भारतीय समाज में महिलाओं की, पुरुषों की आर्थिक निर्भरता। स्त्रियों का अशिक्षित होना, अज्ञानग्रस्त रहना भी एक है। पुरुष तो अपने को उच्च और आश्रयदाता समझ लेना भी एक है। उनमें ओचित्य एवं न्याय की भावना का विकास नहीं हुआ है।

माँ – बाप के दिलों में यह धारणा बनी रही है कि बुढापे में केवल लडका ही हमारा साथ रहेगा। उससे ही हमें मुक्ति मिलेगी। बेटी तो विवाह होने तक साथ रहकर बाद ससुराल चली जायेगी। बेटा ही हमारे जीवन का मुख्य आधार है।
इस तरह के भ्रूण हत्याएँ संपन्न होने में दहेज प्रथा भी एक कारण है और अपना संबंध रखता है।

(మానవ సమాజంలో స్త్రీ, పురుషులు ఇరువురికి సమాన ప్రాముఖ్యత ఉంది. స్త్రీ, పురుషులు సమాజశక్తి యొక్క రెండు రూపాలు. ఒకరు లేకుండా ఇంకొకరి జన్మ సార్ధకం కాదు. స్త్రీ అయితే దేవతా ప్రతిరూపం. తను పూజనీయురాలు. ఆది నుంచి ఈ సాంప్రదాయం ఉంది.

స్త్రీల గర్భస్థ ఆడశిశువును చంపడాన్ని భ్రూణహత్య అంటారు. ఈ భ్రూణహత్య ఒక సామాజిక, మానవ అపరాధము. వారి సామాజిక అసమానతల కారణంగా ఈ రోజున సమాజంలో భ్రూణహత్యలు అధికంగా చోటుచేసుకుంటున్నాయి. ఇది బాధాకరమైన, అమానుషిక, నిందించదగిన పని. మానవులు దీనిని తీవ్రంగా ఖండించాలి. దీన్ని సమూలంగా నిర్మూలించే బాధ్యతను తీసుకోవాలి.

ఇటువంటి నీచమైన భ్రూణహత్యలు సఫలం కావడంలో వరకట్న ఆచారానికి కూడా ప్రముఖ స్థానం ఉంది. ఇది కూడా ఒక దురాచారం. కూతురి పెళ్ళి సమయంలో పెళ్ళికొడుకుకి ఇచ్చే సంపద, వస్తు సామగ్రిని కట్నం అంటారు. వారి భావి జీవనాన్ని సుఖమయం చేసేందుకు ఆరంభించిన ఈ దురాచారం ఈ రోజున ఒక మహమ్మారిలా తయారయింది. వరకట్న ఆచారానికి అనేక కారణాలు ఉన్నాయి. దీని ముఖ్య కారణం – భారత సమాజంలో స్త్రీ- పురుషులు ఆర్థిక ఆధిక్యత, స్త్రీల అక్షరాస్యత, అజ్ఞానం కూడా ఒకటి. పురుషులు తమను తాము ఆశ్రయదాతలు అనుకోవడం కూడా ఒకటి. వీటిలో తగిన, న్యాయమైన అభివృద్ధి జరగలేదు.

ముసలితనంలో కేవలం కొడుకు మాత్రమే చేయూతనిస్తాడు అనే భావన తల్లిదండ్రుల మనస్సుల్లో ఉండి తన ద్వారానే ముక్తి లభిస్తుంది. కొడుకే మా జీవనాధారం కూతురి పెళ్ళి వరకు తోడుగా ఉండి, తర్వాత అత్తారింటికి వెళ్ళిపోతుంది. ఇటువంటి భ్రూణహత్యలు సఫలం కావడంలో వరకట్నం కూడా ఒక కారణం మరియు సంబంధం కలిగి ఉంది.)

आ. पाठ पढ़िए। प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए।
(పాఠము చదవండి. క్రింద ఇవ్వబడిన ప్రశ్నలకు జవాబులు ఇవ్వండి.)

प्रश्न 1.
इस कविता की कवयित्री क्या कहना चाहती हैं?
(ఈ కవిత యొక్క కవయిత్రి ఏమి చెప్పాలనుకుంటున్నారు ?)
उत्तर :
इस कविता की कवयित्री यह कहना चाहती हैं कि “भ्रूण हत्याएँ सामाजिक एवं मानवीय अपराध हैं।
इनका विरोध करना चाहिए। सामाजिक निर्माण व विकास में स्त्री पुरुष दोनों का समान महत्व है। लिंगभेद का डटकर विरोध करना चाहिए। भ्रूण हत्याओं पर रोक लगा कर बालिका शिक्षा की प्रेरणा देना चाहिए। ”

ఈ కవిత యొక్క కవయిత్రి చెప్పాలనుకుంటున్నదేమిటంటే, “భ్రూణ హత్యలు సామాజిక మరియు మానవీయ అపరాధాలు. వీటిని వ్యతిరేకించాలి. సమాజం నిర్మాణం మరియు ప్రగతిలో స్త్రీ పురుషుల ఇరువురికి సమాన ప్రాధాన్యత ఉంది. లింగ వివక్షను గట్టిగా వ్యతిరేకించాలి. భ్రూణ హత్యలను నిషేధించి బాలికా విద్యకు ప్రేరణను అందించాలి”.

प्रश्न 2.
माँ के लिए बेटी क्या क्या करना चाहती है ?
(తల్లి కోసం ఆడపిల్ల ఏమేం చేస్తుంటోంది) (या)
माँ मुझे आने दे कविता के आधार पर बताइए कि बेटी माँ को क्या चाहती है?
उत्तर :

• बेटी घर के आँगन में हरियाली बनना चाहती है।
• माँ के आँचल में लिपटकर खुशबू बनना चाहती है।
• माँ के माथे की सिलवटों में सिमटा अंधेरे को पोंछना चाहती है।
• माँ की आँखों की कोरों से निकलने वाले आँसुओं को पोंछ देना चाहती है।
• माँ की सपनों को वह सच करना चाहती है।
• ఆడపిల్ల ఇంటి ముంగిట పచ్చదనం అవ్వాలి కోరుకుంటోంది.
• తల్లి కొంగున హత్తకొని పరిమళించాలని కోరుకుంటోంది.
• తల్లి యొక్క నుదుటి ముడతల్లో దాగి ఉన్న చీకటిని తుడిచి వేయాలనుకుంటోంది.
• తల్లి కనుకొలకుల నుండి వెలువడే కన్నీటిని తుడిచివేయూనుకుంటోంది.
• తల్లి కలలను నిజం చేయాలని కోరుకుంటోంది.

इ. निम्नलिखित पंक्तियों का भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए।
(క్రింద ఇచ్చిన పంక్తుల భావం స్పష్టం చేయండి.)

प्रश्न 1.
आने तो दे, धुल जाएगा सारा का सारा रुखीला अहसास।
उत्तर :
माँ की आँखों की कोरों से कभी – कभी ओस बूँदों सा झर जाता है। इससे सारा रुखीला अहसास धुल जाएगा।

(తల్లి కనుకొలకుల నుండి కన్నీరు అప్పుడప్పుడూ మంచు బిందువుల్లా ప్రవహిస్తుంది. దీనివల్ల కఠినత్వంతో భారంగా ఉన్న అనుభూతులన్ని తొలగిపోతాయి.)

प्रश्न 2.
तेरी आँखों में तैरते ये समुंदर ये आसमान के अक्स मैंने देख लिए हैं माँ।
उत्तर :
माँ मैं तेरे आँखों में तैरते हुए ये सारे समुद्र, आसमान के प्रतिबिंब को में ने देख लिया। अर्थात् तेरी आशाएँ क्या हैं? तुम क्या चाहती हो मुझे मालूम है माँ। इसलिए मुझे आने दीजिए। तो मैं सब कुछ तुझे दिखा सकती हूँ।

(అమ్మా ! నేను నీ కళ్ళల్లో ఈదుతా ఈ సముద్రాలు, ఆకాశం ప్రతిటింబాలను చూశాను. అనగా నీ కోరికలేమిటి? నీవేం కోరుకుంటున్నావో నాకు తెలుసమ్మా. కనుక నన్ను రానివ్వమ్మా. రానిస్తే నీకు నేను అన్నీ చూపించగలను.)

ई. नीचे दिया गया पद्यांश पढ़कर सही उत्तर पहचानिए।
(క్రింద ఇచ్చిన పద్యాంశం చదవండి. ప్రశ్నలకు జవాబులు ఇవ్వండి.)

यह मेरी गोदी की शोभा,
सुख सुहाठ की है लाली।
शाही शान भिखारिन की है,
मनोकामना मतवाली॥
दीपशिखा है अंधकार की,
बनी घटा की उजियाली।
उषा है यह कमलभृंठ की,
है पतझड़ की हरियाली ॥
– सुभद्रा कुमारी चौहान

प्रश्न 1.
कवयित्री बेटी को किसकी शोभा मानती है?
उत्तर :
कवयित्री बेटी को गोदी की शोभा मानती है।

प्रश्न 2.
वह अपनी शान का कारण किसे मानती है?
उत्तर :
वह अपनी शान का कारण भिखारिन को मानती है।

प्रश्न 3.
बेटी किसकी हरियाली है?
उत्तर :
बेटी पतंझड़ की हरियाली है।

प्रश्न 4.
‘यह’ का प्रयोग कवयित्री ने किसके लिए किया है?
उत्तर :
‘यह’ का प्रयोग कवयित्री ने बेटी के लिए किया है।

प्रश्न 5.
इस पद्यांश की कवयित्री कौन हैं?
उत्तर :
इस पद्यांश की कवयित्री सुभद्रा कुमारी चौहान है।

अभिव्यक्ति-सृजनात्मकता (వ్యక్తీకరణ/ప్రస్తుతీకరణ – నిర్మాణాత్మకత) :

अ. ‘माँ मुझे आने दे!’ कविता समाज की किस स्थिति के बारे में बताती है? लिखिए।
(మా ముష్ ఆనే దే !” కవిత సమాజం యొక్కవ స్థిత గురించి వివరిస్తుంది ? వ్రాయండి.)
उत्तर :
“‘माँ मुझे आने दे !” कविता समाज में हो रही भूरण हत्याओं और आजकल के समाज में नारी की सिथिति के बारे में बताती है। आजकल के ज़ाने में जो लिंग भेद है उसे यह कविता डट कर विरोध करती है। आजकल के ज़माने में बालिका शिक्षा पर उतना ध्यान नहीं दिया जाता है। इस पर भी यह कविता ध्यान देती है।

(“మా ముఝే ఆనే దే !’ కవిత సమాజంలో జరుగుతున్న బ్రూణ హత్యల గురించి మరియు ప్రస్తుత సమాజంలో స్త్రీల స్థితి గురించి వివరిస్తుంది. ప్రస్తుత కాలంలోని లింగ వివక్షను ఈ కవిత గట్టిగా వ్యతిరేకిస్తుంది. ప్రస్తుత కాలంలో బాలికా విద్యపై అంతగా శ్రద్ద చూపలేదు. దీనిపై కూడా ఈ కవిత శ్రద్ద వహిస్తుంది.)

आ. ‘भूणहत्या एक सामाजिक, मानवीय अपराध है।’ अपने घिचार लिखिए।
(‘బ్రూణహత్య ఒక సామాజకక, మానవీయ అహరాధం.’ మీ అభిప్రాయం వ్రాయండి.)
उत्तर :
सचमुच भ्रूण हत्या एक सामाजिक और मानवीय अपराध है। गर्भरत बेटियों को मारना भूरण हत्या कहलाती है। समाज़ में यह एक सामाजिक असमानता स्त्री – पुरुषों के बीच में है। यह मनुष्यों के द्वारा किये जाने वाले मानवीय अपराध हैं। समाज स्त्री और पुरुष दोनों का साकार रूप है। इन दोनों का सामाजिक निर्माण एवं विकास में समान महत्व है। सामाजिक विषमताओं के कारण ये हत्याएँ हो रही हैं। ऐसे अपराध को समाप्त करना ज़रूरी है। इसलिए जो भ्रूण हत्या करेंगे, जो वैद्य इसके लिए स्कैनिंग लगाकर सहायता करते हैं उन पर दोषारोपण करके कैद भी करना चाहिए।

(వాస్తవంగా భ్రూణహత్య ఒక సామాజిక మరియు మానవీయ అపరాధం. గర్భస్థ ఆడ శిశువును చంపడం భ్రూణహత్య అని పిలువబడుతుంది. సమాజంలో ఈ సామాజిక అసమానత స్త్రీ, పురుషుల ముధ్య ఉంది. ఇది మనుష్యుల ద్వారా చేయబడుతున్న మానవీయ అపరాధం. సమాజం స్త్రీ పురుషుల ఇరువురి సాకార రూపం. సమాజ నిర్మాణం మరియు ప్రగతిలో వీరిరువురికి సమాన విళిష్టత ఉంది. సామాజిక అసమానతల కారణంగా ఈ హత్యలు జరుగుతున్నాయి. ఇటువుంటి అపరాధాన్ని రూపుమాపడం ఆవశ్యకం. కనుక ఎవరైతే భ్రూణహత్యలు చేస్తారో, ఏ. వైద్యులైతే దీని కోసం స్కానింగ్ చేసి సహకారం అందిస్తారో వారిపై దోషారోపణ చేసి చెరసాలలో పెట్టాలి.)

इ. इस विषय पर किसी महिला का साक्षात्कार लेने के लिए एक प्रश्नावली तैयार कीजिए।
(ఈ విషయంపైఏ స్త్రీఇంటర్వ్వూ అయినా తీసుకొనేందుకు ఒక ప్రశ్నావళిని తయారు చేయండి.)
उत्तर :
यहाँ पर राजेश्वरी नामक एक महिला का साक्षात्कार लेने एक प्रश्नावली बनायी गयी है –

• आपका नाम क्या है?
• क्या आप समाज में स्त्री और पुरुष के बीच में कोई असमानता देखते हैं ?
• क्या आप बेटी को अधिक चाहते हैं या बेटे को ?
• क्या आप भूरण हत्याओं का समर्थन करते हैं?
• आप भूरण हत्याओं को रोकने क्या सुझाव देते हैं?
• क्या आपकी राय में समाज के निर्माण में स्त्री और पुरुष दोनों का समान महत्व है?

(ఈ విషయమై రాజేశ్వరి అనే పేరు గల మహిళను ఇంటర్వ్యూ చేసేందుకు ఒక ప్రశ్నావళి తయారు చేయబడింది:

• మీ పేరేమిటి ?
• మీరు సమాజంలో స్త్రీ పురుషుల మధ్య ఏవైనా అసమానతలు చూస్తున్నారా ?
• మీరు ఆడపిల్లను ఎక్కువగా కోరుకుంటారా లేక మగపిల్లవాడినా ?
• మీరు భ్రూణహత్యలను సమర్థిస్తారా ?
• భ్రూణహత్యను ఆపడానికి మీరిచ్చే సూచన ఏమిటి ?
• మీ అభిప్రాయం ప్రకారం సమాజ నిర్మాణంలో స్త్రీ పురుషులిరువురికి సమాన ప్రాధాన్యత ఉిందా ?)

ई. समाज के निर्माण में स्त्री और पुरुष दोनों का समान महत्व है। इस पर अपने विचार बताइए।
(సమాజ నిర్మాణంలో స్త్రీ, పురుషులు ఇరువురికి సమాన ప్రాధాన్యత ఉంది. దీనిై మీ అభిప్రాయం చెప్పండి.)

दहेज लेना या देना नारी का अपमान तथा कानूनी अपराध है। शादी के लिए उन्हें ही चुनें जो दहेज न लें और न दें। पुत्र और पुत्री दोनों का ही पैतृक संपत्ति पर समान अधिकार है। अपने बलबूते पर पैसा कमाएँ। माता-पिता पर बोझ न बनें।

उत्तर :
समाज स्त्री और पुरुष दोनों का साकार रूप है। इन दोनों का सामाजिक निर्माण व विकास में समान महत्व है। र्त्री – पुरुष दोनों समाज रूपी शक्ति के दो रूप हैं। वेदों में स्त्री की तुलना देवी से की गयी है। कहते हैं जहाँ नारी का वास होता है वहाँ देवता बसते हैं। आजकल के सेना में, वायुयान विभाग में, नाविका दल में, पुलीस दल में, राजनीति क्षेत्र आदि में स्त्रियों का जो भहत्वपूर्ण र्थान है वह हम देख रहे हैं। पुरुष के हार, जीत के पीछे स्त्री का ही हाथ है। इससे हम कह सकते हैं कि समाज के निर्माण में स्त्री और पुरुष दोनों का समान महत्व है।

(సమాజం స్త్రీ, పురుషులిరువురి సాకార రూహ. వీరిరువుకి సమాజ నిర్మాణం మరియు ప్రగతిలో సమాన ప్రాధాన్యత ఉంది. స్త్రీ పురుషులిరువురు సమాజమనే శక్తి యొక్క రెండు రూపాలు. వేదాలలో స్త్రీ దేవతతో పోల్చబడింది. ఎక్కడైతే స్త్రీలు నివసిస్తారో అక్కడ దేవతలుంటారని చెపుతారు. ఈ రోజుల్లో సైన్యంలో. వాయుయాన విభాగంలో, నావికాదళంలో, పోలీసు దళంలో, రాజకీయ రంగం మెదలైన వాదిలో స్త్రీలకు ఎంత గొప్ప స్థానముందో మనం చూస్తున్నాం. పురుషుని గెలుపోటముల వెనుక స్త్రీ పాత్ర కూడా ఉంది. కనుక సమాజ నిర్మాణంలో స్త్రీ పరుషుల ఇరువురికి సమాన ప్రాధాన్యత ఉందని చెప్పవచ్చు.)

भाषा की बात (భాషా విషయము) :

अ. कोष्टक में दी गयी सूचना पढ़िए और उसके अनुसार कीजिए।
(బ్రాకెట్టులో ఇచ్చిన సంకేతము చదవండి దాని ప్రకారము చేయండి.)

प्रश्न 1.
खुशबू, समुंदर, दंभ (पर्यायवाची शब्द लिखिए।) (పర్యాయపదములు వ్రాయండి.)
उत्तर :
पर्यायवाची शब्द

• खुशबू (సువాసన) – सुपास, सुगंध
• समुंदर (సముద్రం) – सागर, समुद्र
• दंभ (గర్వము) – गर्व, घमंड

प्रश्न 2.
सदी, मोती, किस्सा (बचन बदलिए।) (వచనములు మార్చండి.)
उत्तर :
बचन

• सदी (శతాబ్దం) – सदियाँ
• मोती (ముత్యం) – मोती
• किस्सा (కథ) – किस्से

आ. सूचना पढ़िए और उसके अनुसार कीजिए।
(సూచన చదవండి, దాని ప్రకారం చేయండి.)

प्रश्न 1.
मोती – सीपी (विग्रह कर समास पहचानिए।)
उत्तर :
मोती – सीपी → मोती और सीपी → द्वंद्व समास

प्रश्न 2.
उद्दंडता, विशेषता, कोमलता, मधुरता (‘ता’ प्रत्यय का प्रयोग समझिए। तीन और शब्द बनाइए।)
उत्तर :
उद्दंडता
“ता” वह प्रत्यय है जिसे विशेषण शब्दों के अंत में जोड़ने से भाव वाचक संज्ञा बनता है।
जैसे : उद्दंड → उद्दंडता, विशेष → विशेषता
कोमल → कोमलता, मधुर → मधुरता
सुंदर → सुंदरता, प्रसन्न → प्रसन्नता, सफल → सफलता

इ. कविता में से तीन भाववाचक संज्ञा शब्द ढूँढ़कर लिखिए।
उत्तर :
खुशबू, उद्दंडता, रोशनी, सन्नाटा

ई. रुखीला, अकड़ीला जैसे शब्दों में ‘इला’ प्रत्यय है। इसी तरह के दो शब्द लिखिए।
उत्तर :
खर्चीला, जहरीला. नृकीला

परियोजना कार्य (నిర్మాణాత్మక పని/ప్రాజెక్ట్ పని)

भूणहत्या के उन्मूलन के लिए सरकार द्वारा अनेक कार्यक्रम चलाये जा रहे हैं। किसी एक कार्यक्रम के बारे में जानकारी इकट्डी कीजिए और उसे अपनी कॉपी में लिखकर कक्षा में प्रदर्शित कीजिए।
(భ్రూణహత్యలను అంతం చేయడానికి ప్రభుత్వం ద్వారా అనేక కార్యక్రమాలు అమలవుతున్నాయి. ఏదేని ఒక కార్యక్రమం గురించి సమాచారం సేకరించండి మరియు మీ కాపీలో వ్రాసుకొని తరగతి గదిలో ప్రదర్శించండి.)
उत्तर :
भूण हत्या रोकने के लिए सरकार द्वारा अनेक कार्यक्रम चलाये जा रहे हैं। इनमें अधिकतर कार्यक्रम का उद्देश्य लोगों में भ्रूण हत्या जैसे अपराध के प्रति लोगों में जागरूकता प्रदान करना है। साथ ही इस पर रोक लगाना है। प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी द्वारा आरंभ की योजना ‘बेटी बचाओ, बेटी पढ़ाओ’ ऐसी ही योजना है। इससे संबधित प्रमुख जांनकारियॉ निम्नलिखित हैं-

प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी द्वारा यह कार्यक्रम 22 जनवरी, 2014 को पानीपत, हरियाणा से आरंभ किया गया। इसका मुख्य कारण था कि हरियाणा में भ्रूण हत्याओं के कारण लड़की-लड़का अनुपात में बड़ी कमी आई है।

प्रधानमंत्री का मानना है कि जब बेटी समृद्ध होगी तभी वास्तविक रूप में भ्रूण हत्या को रोका जा सकता है। अतः इस योजना में बेटियों की समृद्धि के लिए विशेष योजनाएँ आरंभ की गई हैं।

भ्रूण हत्या का एक कारण यह भी माना गया है कि समाज में महिलाओं की सुरक्षा को लेकर परिवार अब भयभीत हो रहे हैं। क्योंकि दिन-प्रतिदिन महिलाओं के प्रति अत्याचार बढ़ते ही जा रहे हैं। अतः भारत सरकार ने 140 करोड़ अतिरिक्त महिलाओं की सुरक्षा पर खर्च किया जाएगा।

(భ్రూణహత్యలు నిరోధించడానికి ప్రభుత్వం ద్వారా అనేక కార్యక్రమాలు అమలవుతున్నాయి. వీటిలో అనేక కార్యక్రమాల ఉద్దేశ్యం ప్రజల్లో భ్రూణహత్య వంటి నేరాల పట్ల చైతన్యం కలిగించడం. దీంతో పాటు వాటిని నిరోధించడం. ప్రధానమంత్రి నరేంద్ర మోదీ ద్వారా ప్రవేశపెట్టబడిన పథకం ‘బేటీ బచావో, బేటీ పఢావో’ ఇటువంటి పథకమే. దీనికి సంబంధించిన ముఖ్య విషయాలు దిగువన ఇవ్వబడినవి.

ఈ కార్యక్రమాన్ని ప్రధానమంత్రి నరేంద్ర మోదీ 2014 జనవరి 22న హర్యానా రాష్ట్రంలోని పానిపట్లో ప్రారంభించారు. హర్యానాలో భ్రూణహత్యల కారణంగా బాలిక, బాలుర నిష్పత్తి చాలా తగ్గిపోవడమే దీనికి ముఖ్య కారణం.

ఎప్పుడైతే ఆడపిల్లల సంక్షేమం సాధ్యమో అప్పుడే వాస్తవిక రూపంలో భ్రూణహత్యలు నిరోధించబడతాయని ప్రధానమంత్రి అభిప్రాయం. కనుక ఆడపిల్లల సంక్షేమం కోసం విశేష పథకాలు ప్రారంభించబడినవి.

సమాజంలో స్త్రీ సంక్షేమం విషయంలో ఈనాడు కుటుంబాలు ఆందోళన చెందుతుండటం భ్రూణహత్యలకు ఒక కారణంగా భావించబడుతోంది. ఎందుకంటే ప్రతిరోజు మహిళల పట్ల అన్యాయాలు పెరుగుతూ. ఉన్నాయి. కనుక భారత ప్రభుత్వం మహిళల సంక్షేమం కోసం 140 కోట్ల రూపాయలకు పైగా ఖర్చు చేస్తుంది.)

उद्देश्य (ఉద్దేశ్యము) :

(విద్యార్థులకు ఛందస్సు స్వతంత్ర కవిత్వాన్ని పరిచయం చేయించాలి. ఈ కవిత ద్వారా భ్రూణ హత్యలను వ్యతిరేకించి ప్రయత్నం జరుగుతోంది. లింగ వివక్షను గట్టిగా వ్యతిరేకించడం, భ్రూణహత్యలను నిషేధించి బాలికా విద్యకు ప్రేరణను అందించడం దీని ఉద్దేశ్యం.)

विधा विशेष (విభాగ-విశేషణము) :

(ఇది ఒక ఛందస్సు స్వతంత్ర కవిత. దీనిలో ప్రతి ఒక్క పంక్తి కవితా విషయం చుట్టూనే తిరుగుతూ ఉంటుంది. వివరణాత్మకమైన, ప్రభావవంతమైన శబ్ద సమూహం ఇటువంటి కవితల యొక్క ప్రథమ విశేషం.)

कवइत्री परिचय (కవయిత్రి పరిచయము) :

కవయిత్రి మృదుల్ జోషి క్రీ.శ. 1960లో ఉత్తరాఖండ్ లోని కార్గోదావ్లో జన్మించారు. వీరి రచనల ముఖ్య విషయం ‘మహిళా చైతన్యం ‘సమసమాజ నిర్మాణం. వీరి చర్చింపబడిన రచనలు ‘సమ కాలీన్ హిందీ కాష్ మే ఆమ్ ఆద్మీ, గుమ్ హో గయె అర్థ కీ తలాష్ మె, శబ్దాం కె క్షితిజ్ సే, ఇన్ దినోం’ మొదలగునవి.

विषय प्रवेश (విషయ ప్రవేశము) :

(స్త్రీ, పురుషులు ఇరువురూ సమాజం అనే శక్తికి రెండు రూపాలు. ఇద్దరూ కార్యకుశలురు, గుణవంతులు తెలివి గలవారు అయి ఉంటారు. సమాజ నిర్మాణంలో ఇరువురికి సమాన ప్రాధాన్యత ఉంది. వేదాలలో స్త్రీని దేవతతో పోల్చారు. ఎక్కడ స్త్రీ ఉంటుందో అక్కడ దేవతలు నివసిస్తారని చెబుతారు. కానీ సామాజిక అసమానతల కారణంగా ఈ రోజు కూడా భ్రూణ హత్యలు చూస్తున్నాం. ఇలాంటి సంఘటనలు సామాజిక, మానవీయ అపరాధాలు. ఇలాంటి అపరాధాలకు ముగింపు పలకడం తప్పనిసరి.)

व्याकरणांश (వ్యాకరణాంశాలు)

पर्यायवाची शब्द :

• खुशबू – सुगंध, सुरभि, सुवास, सौरभ, इष्टगंध
• समुंदर – सागर, रत्नाकर, जलधि, सिंधु, नदीश, वारधि, समुद्र
• दंभ . – दर्प, अभिमान, अहंकार, गुमान, मद, गर्व
• उद्दंड – दुष्ट, दुर्विनीत, दुराचारी, क्रूर, असभ्य
• आँख – नेत्र, चक्षु, लोचन, दृग, अक्षि, विलोचन
• खिड़की – वातायान, झरोखा, वारी, दरीचा, गवाक्ष
• नारी – स्त्री, महिला, अबला, औरत, वनिता, कामिनी, रमणी
• नाव – नौका, तरणि, तरी, नैया, वहित्र, डोंगी
• माँ – माता, जननी, अम्ब, मैया, महतारी, जनयित्री, धात्री, प्रसु अंबिका
• भाई – भ्राता, बंधु, सहोदर, सगर्भा, सजाता, भैया
• डर – भय, त्रास, भीति, आतंक
• पिता – जनक, तात, पितृ

वच्न :

• माँ – माँएँ
• टुकड़ा – टुकड़े
• बूँद – बूँदें
• किस्सा – किस्से
• नारी – नारियाँ
• सदी – सदियाँ
• पिता – पिता
• सपना – सपने
• आँख – – आँखें
• लहर – लहरें
• शक्ति – शक्तियाँ
• भाई – भाई
• दीवार – दीवारें
• खिड़की – खिड़कियाँ
• मोती – मोती
• अंधेरा – अंधेरे

प्रत्यय :

• खुशबू – बू
• झिलमिलाती – आती
• चटकीला – ईला
• सामाजिक – इक
• विषमता – ता
• उद्दंडता – ता
• चमकीले – ईले
• रुखीला – ईला
• देवता – ता
• प्रभावशाली – शाली
• अकड़ीला – ईला
• चमकीला – ईला
• नाविक – इक
• मानवीय – ईय
• शब्दावली – आवली

विलोम शब्द :

• डर × निडर
• मानवीय × अमानवीय
• दूर × पास
• बंद × खुला
• खुशबू × बदबू
• सामाजिक × असामाजिक
• पार × अपार
• आसमान × ज़मीन
• उद्देश्य × निरुद्देश्य
• दंभ × विनय

लिंग :

• भाई – बहन
• स्त्री – पुरुष
• माँ – बाप
• बेटी – बेटा
• पिता – माता
• बालिका – बालक

शब्दार्थ-भावार्थ :

1. माँ मुझे आले दे, डर मत आने दे।
फैलूँठी तेरे आँगन में हरियाली बनकर
लिपटूँठी तेरे आँचल कें खुशबू बनकर
मेरी किलक और ठुमकते कदमों में
घर का सहाटा बिखर जाएगा
जो पसरा है पिता के दंभ
भाई की उद्दंडता के कांरण सदियों से।

शब्दार्थ (శబ్దార్ధములు) Meanings :

भावार्थ : गर्भस्त बिटिया अपनी माँ को संबोधित करती हुई इस प्रकार कह रही है – मॉँ मुझे आने दो। मुझे आने से डरा मत करो। मैं तेरे आँगन में हरियाली बन कर फैलूँगी। मैं खुंशबू बनकर तुम्हारे आँचल में लिपटूँगी। माँ मेरी किलकारियों और ठुमकते कदमों से घर का सारा सन्नाटा बिखर जाएगा। भाई की उद्दंडता के कारण शताब्दियों से पिताजी के जो दंभ या गर्व है उसे भी मैं बिखर दूँगी।

భావార్థం : గర్భస్థ ఆడ శిశువు తన తల్లిని సంబోధిస్తూ ఇలా అంటుంది – అమ్మా! నన్ను రానివ్వు. నా రాకకు భయపడకు. నేను నీ ఇంటిముంగిట పచ్చదనమై విస్తరిస్తానమ్మా. నేను సువాసనగా నీ కొంగున ఉంటానమ్మా. నా కిలకిలల కేరింతలు తడబడు తప్పటడుగులు నడక ఇంటి నిశ్శబ్దాన్ని దూరం చేస్తుందమ్మా. ఎన్నో శతాబ్దాల నుండి వ్యాపించిన తండ్రి గర్వం, సోదరుని పొగరుతనం రెండింటినీ చెరిపి వేస్తానమ్మా.

2. पोछ दूँगी अँधेरा, जो तेरे माथे की सिलवटों कें सिमटा है
कभी – कभी झर जाता है ओस की बूँदों – सा, आँखों की कोरों से।
आने तो दे, धुल जाएणा सारा का सारा रुखीला अहसास
अकड़ीला मिजाज जो चिपका है घर की सारी की सारी दीवारों
बंद दरवाज़ों खिड़कियों में।
तेरी आँखों में तैरते ये सकुंदर ये आसकान के अक्स
मैंने देख लिए हैं माँ।

शब्दार्थ (శబ్దార్ధములు) Meanings :

भावार्थ’: गर्भस्त बिटिया (अनदेखी बिटिया) अपनी माँ को संबोधित करती हुई इस प्रकार कहती है – माँ मुझे आने देने से मैं तुम्हारे माथे की सिलवटों में सिमटा जो अंधेरा है उसे पोंछ दूँगी। तेरी आँखों की कोरों से ओस की बूँदों सा जो झर जाता है उसे पोंछूँगी। माँ मुझे आने दीजिए। घर की सारी की सारी दीवारों बंद दरवाज़ों और खिड़कियों में जो अकडीला मिजाज़ चिपका है, रुखीला अहसास जो है वह भी धुल जाएगा। माँ मैं ने तेरे आँखों में तैरते समुद्रों को और आसमान के अक्स को देख लिए हैं। माँ मुझे आने दो। डरा मत करो।

భావార్థం : గర్భస్థ ఆడ శిశువు తన తల్లిని సంబోధిస్తూ ఈ విధంగా అంటున్నది. అమ్మా ! నన్ను రానిస్తే నీ నుదుటి ముడుతల్లో దాగి ఉన్న చీకటిని పటాపంచలు చేస్తాను. నీ కనుమూలల నుండి మంచు బిందువుల్లా అప్పుడప్పుడూ ప్రవహించే కన్నీటిని నేను తుడిచి వేస్తానమ్మా. అమ్మా ! నన్ను రానివ్వు. కఠినత్వంతో భారంగా ఉన్న నీ అనుభూ తులన్నీ తొలగిపోతాయి. ఇంటి గోడలకు, కిటికీలకు తలుపులకు అతకబడి ఉన్న మిడిసిపోయే గర్వం అంతా చెరిగిపోతుంది. అమ్మా ! నీ కళ్ళల్లో ఈదుతూ ఈ సముద్రాలు ఈ ఆకాశాల ప్రతిబింబాలను నేను చూశాను.

3. माँ …. जा सकती हूँ में दूर – पार, उस झिलमिलाती दुनिया में
ला सकती हूँ वहाँ से चमकीले टुकड़े तेरे सपनों के,
समुंदर की लहरों के थपेड़ों कें ढूंढ़ सकती हूँ मैं
मोती और सीपी और नाविकों के किस्से।
कर सकती हूँ काँ, मैं सब – कुछ जो रोशनी – सा चमकीला
रंगों – सा चटकीला हो, पर आने तो दे, डर कत काँ … मुझे आने दे।

शब्दार्थ (శబ్దార్ధములు) Meanings :

भावार्थ : गर्भस्त बेटी (अनदेखी बेटी) अपनी माँ को संबोधित करती हुई कहती है कि माँ मैं तेरे लिये उस झिलमिलाती दुनिया में दूर – पार जा सकती हूँ। तेरे सपनों के चमकीले टुकडे वहाँ से ला सकती हूँ। समुद्र के थपेडों को अलक्ष्य करुके समुद्र में जाकर मोती, सीपी और नाविकों के कहानियों का खोज कर सकती हूँ। में रंगों से चटकीला और रोशनी से चमकीला जैसे सारे काम कर सकती हूँ। इसलिए माँ मुझे आने तो दो। डरा मत करो माँ। मुझे आने दो।

భావార్థం : గర్భస్థ ఆడశిశువు తన తల్లిని సంబోధిస్తూ ఇలా అంటుంది. అమ్మా ! నేను చాలా దూరం వెళ్ళగలను. ఆ తళుకు బెళుకులతో మిరమిట్లు గొలిపే ప్రపంచంలోకి వెళ్ళి అక్కడి నుండి తళుకుబెళుకుల మెరిసే నీ కలల భాగాన్ని తేగలనమ్మా! సముద్రాల అలల దెబ్బలకు ఓర్చి ముత్యాలు, ‘ముత్యపు చిప్పలు నావికుల కథలన్నిటినీ వెతకగలనమ్మా. అమ్మా ఉజ్వలంగా ప్రకాశిస్తూ మెరిసే తళుకు చమక్కులను నేను చేయగలను. రంగురంగులు ప్రకాశాన్ని సృష్టించగలను. అందువల్ల అమ్మా నన్ను రానివ్వు, నీకు భయం వద్దమ్మా, నన్ను రానివ్వు.

Telangana SCERT TS 10th Class Hindi Study Material 2nd Lesson ईदगाह Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS 10th Class Hindi 2nd Lesson Questions and Answers Telangana ईदगाह

प्रश्न-उत्तर :

प्रश्न 1.
पथिकों को जलती दुपहर में सुख व आराम किससे मिलता है?
(బాటసారులకు మండే మధ్యాహ్నంలో సుఖము. విశ్రాతి దేనివలన కలుగుతుంది (లభిస్తుంది) ?
उत्तर :
पथिकों को जलती दुपहर में सुख व आराम पेडों से मिलता है।
(బాటసారులకు మండే మధ్యాహ్నంలో సుఖము, విశాంతి చెట్ల వలన కలుగుతుంది/లభిస్తుంది.)

प्रश्न 2.
खुशबू भरे फूल हमें क्या देते हैं?
(సువాసన గల పూలు మనకు ఏమి ఇస్తాయి?)
उत्तर :
खुशबू भरे फूल हमें नये फूलों की माला देते हैं।
(సువాసన గల పూలు మనకు కొత్త ప్హూలమాలను ఇస్తాయి.)

प्रश्न 3.
‘हम भी तो कुछ देना सीखें ‘ – कवि ने ऐसा क्यों कहा होगा?
(“మనము కూడా కొంత ఇవ్వడం నేర్చుకుందాం” – కవి ఈ విధముగా ఎందుకు చెప్పి ఉంటారు ?)
उत्तर :
प्रकृति में रिथत पेड – पौधे सब कष्ट सहकर प्राणियों को सुख पहुँचाने में तत्पर रहते हैं। परोपकार भावना से वे सब कुछ देते हैं। हम मानवों को भी उनसे कुछ देना सीखने का संदेश मिलता है। इसीलिए कवि ने ऐसा कहा होगा।

(ప్రకృతిలో ఉన్న చెట్లు – మొక్కలు అన్ని కష్టములు సహించి, ప్రాణులకు సుఖమును కలిగించుటకు సంసిద్ధంగా ఉంటాయి. పరోపకార భావముతోనే అవి సర్వము త్యాగము చేస్తాయి. మన మానవులకు కూడా వాటి నుండి కొంతైనా ఇవ్వటం నేర్చుకొనే సందేశం లభిస్తుంది. ఇందువల్ల కవి ఈ విధంగా చెప్పి ఉంటారు.)

प्रश्न: (ప్రశ్నలు) :

प्रश्न 1.
ईद के दिन का चित्रण अपने शब्दों में कीजिए। (ఈద్ రోజును మీ మాటలలో వర్ణించండి.)
उत्तर :
ईद मुसलमानों का पवित्र त्यौहार है। अनेक कठिन नियमों का पालन करके मुसलमान लोग रमज़ान महीने भर तीस रोज़े रखते हैं। आज ईद आयी है। आज का सूर्योदय (प्रभात) बहुत मनोहर और सुखदायी है। प्रकृति के पेड – पोधे सब हरियाली से भरे खुशी से झूम रहे हैं। खेतों में सुनहरा रोशन है। आकाश में भी विचित्र लालिमा फैली है। सूरज भी बहुत प्यारा और शीतल है। ऐसा लगता है कि स्वयं सूरज भी ईद की शुभकामनाएँ दे रहा है। सारा वातावरण सुखदायक और मनमोहक है।

(ఈద్ మహమ్మదీయుల పవిత్రమైన పండుగ. ఎన్నో కఠోర నియమములను పాటించి మహమ్మదీయులు రంజాన్ నెల అంతా (ముప్ఫై రోజులు) ఉపవాసములు ఉంటారు. ఈ రోజు ఈద్. నేడు సూర్యోదయము చాలా అందముగా, సుఖకరంగా ఉన్నది. ప్రకృతిలోని చెట్లు, మొక్కలు అన్నీ పచ్చదనంతో నిండి సంతోషంగా ఊగుచున్నవి. పొలములలో బంగారువన్నె కాంతి ఉన్నది. ఆకాశంలో కూడ అద్భుతమైన ఎర్రదనము వ్యాపించింది. సూర్యుడు కూడా చాలా ప్రియముగా, చల్లగా ఉన్నాడు. స్వయంగా సూర్యుడు ఈద్ శుభాకాంక్షలు అందచేయుచున్నట్లుగా ఉన్నది. వాతావరణము అంతా సుఖకరంగా, ఆకర్షణీయంగా ఉన్నది.)

प्रश्न 2.
हामिद गरीब है फिर भी वह ईद के दिन अन्य लडकों से अधिक प्रसन्न है, क्यों ?
(హమిద్ పేదవాడు అయినప్పటికీ అతను పండుగ రోజున ఇతర పిల్లల కంటే ఎక్కువ సంతోషంగా ఉన్నాడు. ఎందుకని?)
उत्तर :
भोली सूरतवाला हामिद चार – पॉँच साल का दुबला – पंतला लडका है। उसके माँ – बाप दोनों बीमार हो, चल बसे थे। हामिद तो अपनी बूढ़ी दादी अमीना के लालन – पालन में है। उसके पॉव में जूते नही है। सिर पर गोटा काला पडा पुरानी टोपी है। हामिद यही आशा में है कि उसके बाप रुपये कमाने गये है और माँ अल्लाह के यहाँ से उसके लिये अच्छी चीज़ें लाने गयी है। आशा तो बडी चीज और प्यारी होती है। इसी आशा से हामिद बहुत प्रसन्न है।

(అమాయకమైన మొహము గల హామిద్ నాలుగైదు సంవత్సరముల బక్కపలుచని బాలుడు. అతని తల్లి – తండ్రి ఇద్దరూ రోగగ్రస్తులై చనిపోయారు. హామిద్ తన ముదుసలియైన నానమ్మ అమీనా సంరక్షణలో ఉన్నాడు. అతని పాదాలకు చెప్పులు లేవు. తల మీద అంచు నల్లపడిపోయిన పాత టోపీ ఉన్నది. తండ్రి డబ్బు సంపాదించుటకు వెళ్ళాడని, తల్లి అల్లాహ్ నుండి తన కోసం మంచి వస్తువులు తీసుకుని రావడానికి వెళ్ళిందనే ఆశతో హామిద్ ఉన్నాడు. ఆశ చాలా గొప్పది, ప్రియమైనది. ఈ ఆశతోనే హామిద్ చాలా సంతోషంగా ఉన్నాడు. )

प्रश्न 3.
हामिद के खुशी का कारण क्या है?
(హామిద్ ఆనందానికి గల కారణమేమి ?)
उत्तर :
हामिद अपने दादी के लिए चिमटा लेने का ख्याल करता है। क्योंकि जब दादी तवे से रोटियाँ उतारती है तो हाथ जल जाते है। अगर चिमटा ले जाकर दादी को देगा तो वह प्रसत्र होगी। हजारों दुआएँ देती रहेंगी। उनके हाथ कभी नहीं जलेंगे। फिर पडोस की औरतों को दिखाएँगी। सारे गाँव में चर्चा होने लगेगी कि हामिद कितना अच्छा लडका है। यही सोच हामिद की खुशी का कारण है।

(హామిద్ తన నానమ్మ కోసం పట్టకారు కొనే ఆలోచన చేస్తాడు. ఎందుకంటే నానమ్మ పెనం మీద నుండి రొట్టెలు తీస్తున్నప్పుడు చేయి కాలుతుంది. పట్టకారు ఇస్తే నానమ్మ మెచ్చుకుంటుంది. తన చేతులు ఎన్నడూ కాలవు. వేలకొలది ఆశీర్వచనాలు ఇస్తుంది. ‘తరువాత పొరుగు స్త్రీలకు చూపిస్తుంది. గ్రామమంతా దీని గురించి ప్రస్తావన వస్తుంది. హామీద్ చాలా మంచి పిల్లవాడు అని. ఈ ఆలోచనే హామీద్ ఆనందానికి కారణం.)

अमीना ने अपने माथे पर हाथ रखा। वह अफ़सोस करती हुई, आह्! भरती हुई बोली – “यह कैसा बेसमझ लड़का है कि दोपहर हुई, कुछ खाया न पिया। लाया क्या, चिमटा! सारे मेले में तुझे और कोई चीज़ न मिली, जो यह लोहे का चिमटा उठा लाया?”
हामिद ने अपराधी भाव से कहा, “तुम्हारी उँगलियाँ तवे से जल जाती थीं, यह मुझसे देखा न जाता था अम्मा। इसलिए मैं इसे लिवा लाया।’

अमीना का क्रोध तुरंत स्नेह में बदल गया। यह मूक स्नेह था, मार्मिक प्रेम था जो रस और स्वाद से भरा। बच्चे में कितना त्याग, कितना सद्भाव और कितना विवेक है। दूसरों को खिलोने लेते और मिठाई खाते देखकर इसका मन कितना ललचाया होगा ! वहाँ भी अपनी बुढ़िया दादी की याद बनी रही। अमीना का मन गदगद हो गया। आँचल फैलाकर हामिद को दुआएँ देती जातीं और आँसुओं की बड़ी – बड़ी बूँदें गिराती जाती थी। हामिद इसका रहस्य क्या समझता!

అమీనా గుండె బాదుకుంది. మధ్యాహ్నం అయింది. ఏమీ తినలేదు. (తాగలేదు. తెచ్చింది ఏమిటి ? పట్టకారు. సంత మొత్తంలో నీకు ఇంకే వస్తువూ దొరకలేదా? ఇనుప పట్టకారు తెచ్చావు ? నీవు ఎంత తెలివితక్కువ పిల్లవాడివి!
నీ వేళ్ళు పెనం వలన కాలుతున్నాయి. అందువలన నేను దీనిని తీసుకున్నాను అని హామిద్ తప్పు చేసినట్లుగా అన్నాడు.

వృద్ధురాలి కోపం వెంటనే ప్రేమగా మారిపోయింది. ఇది మూగ ప్రేమ. రసాస్వాదనతో నిండినది. పిల్లవాడిలో ఎంత త్యాగము, ఎంత సద్భావము, ఎంత తెలివి ఉంది. ఇతరులను బొమ్మలు కొంటూనో, మిఠాయిలు తింటూ ఉండగా చూసి వీడి ఘనస్సు ఎంత ఆశపడిందో ఏమో! అక్కడ కూడా తన ముదుసలి నానమ్మే. గుర్తు ఉన్నది. అమీనా మనస్సు ఆనందంతో నిండిపోయింది. కొంగు విశాలం చేసి హామిద్కు దీవెనలు ఇస్తూ కళ్ళ నుండి ఆనందభాష్పాలు కురిపించసాగింది. దీని రహస్యం హమీద్కు ఏం తెలుసు?

प्रश्न – ప్రశ్నలు :

प्रश्न 4.
हामिंद चिमटा क्यों खरीदना चाहता था ? (హామిద్ ఎందుకు పట్టకారు కొనాలని అనుకుంటుండెను?)
उत्तर :
हामिद की दादी के पास चिमटा नहीं है। जब तवे से रोटियाँ उतारती थी तो हाथ जल जाते थे। अगर वह चिमटा खरीद ले जाकर दादी को देगा तो वहं बहुत प्रसन्न होगी, उनकी उंगलियाँ भी नहीं जलेंगी। उसकी प्रशंसा करके उसे आशीश देंगी। ऐसा सोचकर हामिद चिमटा खरीदना चाहता था।।

(నానమ్మ దగ్గర పట్టకారు లేదు. అందువలన పెనము మీద నుండి రొట్టెలు తీస్తున్నప్పుడు చేయి కాలుతుంది. అతను పట్టకారు కొని తీసుకొని వెళ్ళి నానమ్మకు ఇస్తే, ఆమె చాలా సంతోపిస్తుంది. ఆమె చేతి వేళ్ళు కూడా కాలవు. అతణ్ణి పొగుడ్తూ, అతడికి ఆశీర్వాదాలు ఇస్తుంది. ఈ విధముగా ఆలోచించి హామిద్ పట్టకారు కొనాలని అనుకొను చుండెను.)

प्रश्न 5.
हामिद के हृदयस्पर्शी विचारों के प्रति दादी आम्मा की भावनाएँ कैसी थीं?
(మనస్సును కదలించెడి హామిద్ ఆలోచన యెడల నానమ్మ భావములు ఎటువంటివి ?)
उत्तर :
अपनी दादी अम्मा के प्रति प्रेम और आदर भाव रखनेवाले हामिद उसकी तकलीफ़ दूर करने चिमटा खरीद : लाया। इसे खरीदने के लिए उसने अपनी आशा और आवश्यकता को भी छोड दिया। पोते का यह प्यार देखकर दादी अम्मा गद्गद हो गयी। उसने सोचा कि मेरे इस छोटो बच्चे में कितना – त्याग कितना सद्भाव और कितना विवेक है। दूसरों को खिलौने लेते और मिठाई खाते देखकर इसका मन कितना ललचाया होगा? इस नादान बच्चे को मुझ पर कितना प्रेम और कितना स्नेह है । इस तरह भावनाएँ थीं दादी अम्मा में।

(తన నానమ్మ అంటే కపేమ, గౌరవ భావము గల హామిద్ ఆమె కష్టాన్ని దూరం చేయడానికి పట్టకారు కొని తెచ్చాడు. దీనిని కొనడానికి అతడు తన ఆశను, అవసరాన్ని కూడా వదలి వేశాడు. మనుమడి ఈ [పేమను చూచి నానమ్మ ఆనందంతో పొంగిపోయింది. నా.ఈ చిన్న పిల్లవాడిలో ఎంత, త్యాగము, ఎంత మంచి భావము, ఎంత వివేకము ఉన్నాయో అని ఆమె ఆలోచించింది. ఇతరులు దొమ్మలు తీసుకుంటుండగా, మిఠాయి తింటూ ఉండగా చూచి వీడి మనస్సు ఎంత ఆకర్షితమయిందో, ఈ అమాయక పిల్లవాడికి నా మీద ఎంత (పేమ, ఎంత దయ ఉందో కదా? ఇవి నానమ్మ మనస్సులో భావనలు.)

अर्थग्राहयता – प्रतिक्रिया (అర్థగ్రహణ – ప్రతిస్పందనన) :

अ. प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए। (ప్రశ్నలకు జవాబులు ఇవ్వండి.)

प्रश्न 1.
“ईदगाह” कहानी के कहानीकार कौन हैं? इनकी रचनाओं की विशेषता क्या है?
(“ఈద్గాహ్” కథా రచయిత ఎవరు ? వీరి రచనల ప్ర్యేకతత ఏమిటి ?)
उत्तर :
“ईईगाह” आदर्शयुक्त, प्रभावशाली कहानी है। आधुनिक हिन्दी के सफल कहानीकार, उपन्यास सम्राट “मुंशी प्रेमचंद” जी इसके लेखक हैं। ये आदर्शोन्मुख यथार्थवादी कहानीकार हैं। इन्होंने लगभग 300 कहानियाँ लिखी हैं। इनकी रचनाओं में खासकर भारत के ग्रामीण जीवन का सजीव चित्रण, नैतिक मूल्यों का स्पष्टीकरण आदि का महत्व ही अधिक दिखायी पडता है। इनकी कला में कृत्रिमता नहीं है। जीवन के तथ्यों को सुलझे हुए शब्दों में सूक्ति रूप से रखने में सिद्धहस्त हैं। निम्न कोटि के लोगों में मानवता के दर्शन करने में आप सफल हुए हैं। अनेक सामाजिक समर्याओं के ऊपर प्रकाश डाला है।आपकी भाषा चलती हुयी मुहावरेदार हिन्दी है।

(‘ఈద్గాహ్’ ఆదర్శములు గల ప్రభావశాలియైన కథ. ఆధ్నిక హిందీలో విఖ్యాత కథా రచయిత, నవలా చక్రవర్తి మున్ష్ (పేమ్చంద్ ఈ కథను రచించారు. వీరు ఆదర్శాలను తెలియపరిచెడి యదార్థవాదియైన రచయిత. వీరు సుమారుగా 300 కథలు ద్రాసినారు. వీరి రచనలలో ముఖ్యముగా భారత గ్రామీణ జీవన సజీవ చిత్రణం, నైతిక విలువల యదార్థ వర్ణన ఎక్కువగా కనపడుతుంది. వీరి రచనలలో కృత్తిమత్వము ఉండదు. జీవిత సత్యాలను పరిష్కరించే పదాలలో సూక్తుల రూపముగా పొందుపరచుటలో. ఆరితేరినవారు. నిమ్న తరగతి ప్రజలలో మానవత్వమును ప్రతిబింబింప చేయుటలో వీరు సాఫల్యం పొందిరి. విభిన్న సామాజిక సమస్యలను స్పష్టంగా విశదపరిచారు. వీరి భాష సాఫీగా సాగే సామెతల హిందీ భాష.)

प्रश्न 2.
बालक प्राय: अलग – अलग स्वभाव के होते हैं। कहानी के आधार पर बताइए कि हामिद का स्वभाव कैसा है।
(పిల్లలు దాదాపుగా వేరు వేరు స్వభావాల వారు అయి ఉంటారు. హామిద్ స్వభావము ఎటువంటిదో కథ ఆధారంగా తెలపండి.)
उत्तर :
बालक प्राय: विभिन्न स्वभाव के होते हैं। यह बात तो मानी हुयी है और सच भी है। जन्मतः कोई बच्चा बुरा स्वभाववाला नहीं होता है। वैसे ही बच्चों में जन्मसिद्ध गुणों का प्रभाव भी रहता है। कहानी के आधार पर हामिद का स्वभाव एक दम अच्छा और उत्तम था। अपने लिए नहीं, अपनों के लिए सोचना और जो मिले, उसीसे संतुष्ट रहने का महान स्वभाव वाला बालक था हामिद।

(పిల్లలు దాదాపుగా అనేక రకముల స్వభావముల వారు అయి ఉంటారు. ఇది వాస్తవము, అంగీకరించబడిన విషయమే. పుట్టుకతో ఏ పిల్లవాడూ చెడు స్వభావము కలవాడు కాడు. అదే విధముగా పిల్లల్లో జన్మసిద్ధ గుణముల ప్రభావము కూడా ఉంటుంది. కథ ఆధారంగా హామిద్ స్వభావము మంచిది. ఉత్తమమైనది. తన కోసం కాకుండా, తన వారి సుఖం కోసం ఆలోచించడం. దొరికిన (అందిన) దానితోనే సంతృప్తి చెందే గొప్ప స్వభావము కలవాడు హామిద్.)

आ. हाँ या नहीं में उत्तर दीजिए। (అవును ,లేక కాదు అని సమాధానం ఇవ్వండి.)

1. हामिद के पास पचास पैसे थे। ( )
2. अमीना हामिद की मौसी थी। ( )
3. मोहसिन भिश्ती खरीदता है। ( )
4. हामिद खिलोने खरीदता है। ( )
उत्तर :
1. नहीं
2. नहीं
3. हाँ
4. नहीं

इ. रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति कीजिए। (ఖాళీలని పూరించండి)

1. अमीना का क्रोध तुरंत …………….. में बदल गया।
उत्तर :
स्नेह

2. क़ीमत सुनकर हामिद का दिल ……… गया।
उत्तर :
बैठ

3. हामिद ………… लाया।
उत्तर :
चिमटा

4. महमूद के पास ……………… पैसे थे।
उत्तर :
बारह

ई. अनुच्छेद पढ़कर दो प्रश्न बनाइए। (గద్యాంశాన్ని చదివి, రెండు ప్రశ్నలు తయారు చేయండి)
बहुत समय पहले की बात है। श्रवण कुमार नामक एक बालक रहता था। उसके माता – पिता देख नहीं सकते थे। कितु उन्हें इस बात का दुख नहीं था। उनका पुत्र सदैव उनकी सेवा में तत्पर रहता था। एक दिन माता – पिता ने अपने पुत्र से चारधाम यात्रा की इच्छा व्यक्त की।
చాలారోజుల క్రికం జరిగిన విషయం. శ్రవణ్ కుమార్ అనే ఒక బాలుడుండేవాడు. అతని తల్లి-తండ్రులు చూపు లేనివారు. తన కుమారుడ్ చార్రధామ్ యాత్ర చేయాలనే కోరిను వ్యక్తపర చారు.
उत्तर :
1. माता – पिता की सेवा में कौन तत्पर था ?
2. रेखांकित शब्द का संधि विच्छेद कीजिए।

अभिव्यक्ति -सृजनात्मकता (వ్యక్తీకరణ/ప్రస్తుతీకరణ – నిర్మాణాత్మకత) :

अ. हामिद के स्थान पर आप होते तो क्या खरीदते और क्यों ?
(హామిద్ బదులుగా మీరే ఉంటే ఏమి కొంటారు ? ఎందుకు ?)
उत्तर :
अपने लिए नहीं, अपनों के लिए सोचने का महान स्वभाव था हामिद का। ऐसे ही गुण से उसने अपनी दादी – का कष्ट दूर करने चिमटा खरीद लिया।
मेरा भी हामिद के जैसा स्वभाव ही है। मैं भी अपने लिए नहीं, अपनों को सुख व आनंद पहुँचानेवाला हूँ। इसलिए मेरे पास जितना धन है, उससे माता – पिता, भाई – बहन और बुजुर्गों के लिए आवश्यक जो चीजें हैं उन्हें खरीदकर उनको देता हूँ। उनको सुखी रखना ही मेरा मुख्य आशय है।

(హామిద్ది తన కోసం కాకుండా, తన వారి కోసం ఆలోచించెడి గొప్ప స్వభావము. అటువంటి గుణముతోనే అతడు తన నాయనమ్మ కష్టాన్ని దూరం చేయడానికి పట్టకారు కొన్నాడు.
నాది కూడా హామిద్ స్వభావము వంటిదే. నేను కూడా నా కోసము కాకుండా, నా వారికి సుఖము, ఆనందము కలిగించేవాడిని. అందువలన నా దగ్గర ఉన్న డబ్బుతో తల్లి, తండ్రి, సోదరి, సోదరునికి, పెద్దలకు అవసరమైన వస్తువులు కొని వారికి ఇస్తాను. వారిని సంతోషంగా ఉంచడమే నా ఆశయం.)

आ. ‘ईदगाह’ कहानी का सारांश अपने शब्दों में लिखिए।
उत्तर :
“ईदगाह” नामक इस कहानी के लेखक हिन्दी के उपन्यास सम्राट् मुंशी प्रेमचंद हैं। आपकी यह कहानी आदर्शयुक्त, यथार्थवादी भावनाओं से भरपूर है। इस कहानी के ज़रिये लेखक ने मानव जीवन में नैतिक मूल्यों का विकास और बडे बुजुर्गों के प्रति आदर भावना रखने की बात पर जोर दिया है। भारतीय संस्कृति की महानता का साक्षीभूत है ईदगाह कहानी।

पवित्र रमज़ान मास के तीस रोज़ों के बाद आज “ईद” आयी है। सारा वातावरण सुंदर और सुखदायी है। ईदगाह जाने की तैयारियाँ होने लगी हैं। ख़ासकर बच्चे बहुत प्रसन्न हैं। सबको पैसे मिले हैं। वे मन चाही चीजें खरीद लेंने की खुशी में हैं। इन लडकों में चार – पाँच साल का, भोली सूरत का, दुबला – पतला हामिद भी है। उसके माँ – बाप दोनों बीमारी के कारण मर गयें थे। बूढी दादी अमीना, हामिद की देखभाल कर रही है।

हामिद तो ईद की खुशियाँ मना रहा है। उधर दादी अंमीना अपनी गरीबी पर आँसू बहा रही है। घर में खाने कुछ नहीं है। लेकिन हामिद इन सबसे बेखबर है। अपनी दादी से वह कहता है कि तुम डरना नहीं, मैं सबसे पहले आऊँगा। अमीना तो चिंतित है कि सब बालक अपने पिता के साथ जा रहे हैं। यह लडका तों अकेला है। हामिद भीड में कही खो गया तो क्या होगा ? तीन कोस का रास्ता है। जूते भी नहीं, हैं। पैरों में छाले पड जायेंगे।

अमीना ने हामिद को मिठाइयाँ और खिलौने खरीदने तीन पैसे दिये । ग्रामीणों की टोली ईदगाह की ओर चल पडी। बच्चे सबसे आगे चल रहे हैं। शहर में प्रवेश करके बच्चे हर चीज़ को आश्चर्य से देखने लगे। ईदगाह आया। ईदगाह में कार्यक्रम पूरा हुआ। लोग एक दूसरे से गले मिलकर अपना प्रेम दिखा रहे हैं। बाद बच्चे दुकानों पर धावा बोल देते हैं। वे सब मनचाही चीजें खरीदकर आनंद मना रहे हैं। हामिद तो चुपचाप खडा सबको देखने लगा।

उसके मित्र महमूद, मोहसिन, नूर और सम्मी ने अपने मनपसंद खिलौने खरीद लिये। हामिद भी खिलौना खरीदना चाहता है। लेकिन उसके पास सिर्फ़ तीन पैसे हैं। इसके बाद सब मित्र मिठाइयाँ खरीदकर मज़े से खाने लगे। हामिद तो अपने आप को रोके सब देख रहा है। उसके मित्रों ने उसका मज़ाक भी उडाया पर वह तो मौन ही रहा।

रास्ते में लोहे की दुकानें दिखायी पडी है। हामिद ने तीन पैसे में एक चिमटा खरीद लिया। क्योंकि उसकी दादी अमीना रोटी तवे से उतारती है तो उसकी उंगलियाँ जलने लगी हैं। इसलिए दादी का कष्ट दूर करके उसे सुख पहुँचाने के ख्याल से चिमटा लिया। इसके लिए उसके मित्र मजाक भी उडाते हैं। घर पहुँच गया तो दादी दौडकर आयी और उसे प्यार करने लगी। हामिद के हाथ में चिमटा देखकर सिर पीटने लगी। चिमटे के बारे में पूछ लिया तो हामिद ने कारण बताते कहा – तुम्हारे हाथ तंवे से जल जा रहे हैं न इसलिए तुम्हारे लिए चिमटा ले आया। यह बात सुनकर अमीना पिघल गयी और उसका मन गद्गद हो गया।

विशेषता : अपने सुख व खुशी के लिए सोचना, साधारण बात है। अपने बुजुर्ग और बडे लोगों का आदर करते, उनको सुख और आराम पहुँचाने का यत्न करना महान कार्य है।

(“ఈద్గాహ్” అనే ఈ కథను హిందీ నవలా చక్రవర్తి మున్షీ ప్రేమ్చంద్ వ్రాశారు. వీరి ఈ కథ ఆదర్శ గుణముల, యథార్థ వాద భావములతో నిండి ఉన్నది. ఈ కథ ద్వారా రచయిత మానవ జీవిత విలువలను వికసింపచేసి, పెద్దవారు, పూర్వీకుల యెడల గౌరవము కలిగి ఉండెడి విషయమును బలపరచుచున్నారు. భారతీయ సంస్కృతి గొప్పతనమునకు మచ్చు తునక ఈద్గాహ్ కథ.

పవిత్ర రంజాన్ నెల ముప్ఫై ఉపవాసముల తరువాత ఈ రోజు ‘ఈద్’ (పండుగ) వచ్చినది. వాతావరణము అంతా అందముగా, సుఖదాయకముగా ఉన్నది. ఈద్గాహ్ వెళ్ళుటకు ఏర్పాట్లు జరుగుచూ ఉన్నవి. ముఖ్యముగా పిల్లలు చాలా సంతోషంగా ఉన్నారు. అందరికీ డబ్బులు వచ్చి కోరుకున్న వస్తువులు కొనే ఆనందంలో ఉన్నారు. ఈ పిల్లల్లో నాలుగైదు సంవత్సరముల అమాయకపు, బక్కపలుచని హామిద్ కూడా ఉన్నాడు. అతడు వివేకము, మంచి మనసున్న బుద్ధిమంతుడైన బాలుడు. అతని తల్లి, తండ్రి ఇరువురూ జబ్బు చేసి చనిపోయిరి. వృద్ధురాలైన నానమ్మ అమీనా హామిద్న సంరక్షిస్తున్నది.

హామిద్ ఈద్ సంబరంలో మునిగి ఉన్నాడు. అక్కడ నానమ్మ అమీనా తన పేదరికం గురించి కన్నీరు కార్చుచున్నది. ఇంట్లో తినడానికి ఏమీ లేదు. కాని హామిదు ఇవేమీ పట్టవు. అతడు, నీవేమీ భయపడకు, నేను అందరికంటే ముందే వస్తాను అని నానమ్మతో అంటాడు. పిల్లలందరూ తమ తండ్రి వెంట వెళుతున్నారు. ఈ పిల్లవాడు ఒంటరివాడు. హామిద్ జనసమూహంలో తప్పిపోతే ఏమవుతుందో ! మూడు కోసుల దూరం, చెప్పులు కూడా లేవు, పాదాలకు బొబ్బలు వస్తాయి అని అమీనా బాధపడుతున్నది.

అమీనా మిఠాయిలు, బొమ్మలు కొనుక్కోవడానికి మూడు పైసలు ఇచ్చినది. గ్రామీణుల గుంపు ఈద్గాహక్కు బయలుదేరింది. పిల్లలు అందరికన్నా ముందు నడుస్తున్నారు. పట్టణములో ప్రవేశించిన పిల్లలు ప్రతీ వస్తువును ఆశ్చర్యముతో చూడసాగిరి. ఈద్గాహ్ వచ్చింది. ఈద్గాహ్ లో కార్యక్రమం పూర్తి అయింది. ప్రజలు ఒకరినొకరు ఆలింగనము చేసుకొని తమ ప్రేమను చూపించుచున్నారు. తరువాత పిల్లలు దుకాణాలవైపు పరుగెత్తారు. వారు అందరూ మనస్సుకు నచ్చిన బొమ్మలు కొని ఆనందంగా ఉన్నారు. హామిద్ మాత్రం మౌనంగా నిలబడి అందరినీ చూస్తూ ఉన్నాడు.

అతని మిత్రులు మహమూద్, మొహసిన్, నూర్, సమ్మీ తమకు నచ్చిన బొమ్మలు కొన్నారు. హామిద్ కూడా బొమ్మ కొనాలని అనుకున్నాడు కాని అతని వద్ద మూడు పైసలే ఉన్నవి. దీని తరువాత అందరూ మిఠాయిలు కొని ‘ సంతోషంతో తింటున్నారు. హామిద్ తనను తాను సంభాళించుకొని (నచ్చ చెప్పుకొని) అంతా చూస్తూ ఉన్నాడు. మిత్రులు ఎగతాళి చేస్తున్నా అతడు మౌనంగానే ఉన్నాడు.

దారిలో ఇనుప సామానుల దుకాణాలు ఉన్నవి. హామిద్ నానమ్మ కోసమని మూడు పైసలు ఇచ్చి ఒక పట్టకారు కొన్నాడు. ఎందుకంటే పెనము మీద నుండి రాట్టెలు తీస్తున్నప్పుడు ఆమె వేళ్ళు కాలుతున్నాయి అని. ఇంటికి వచ్చేసరికి నానమ్మ పరుగెత్తుకుని వచ్చి అతణ్ణి లాలించసాగింది. హామిద్ చేతిలోని పట్టకారు చూసి తల బాదుకోసాగింది. పట్టకారు గురించి అడిగితే కారణం చెప్టుతా. నీ చేతులు పెనం వలన కాలుతున్నాయి. కదా ఆనందంతో పరవశించింది.

విశేషము : తన సుఖం, సంతోషం కోసం ఆలోచించడం, ప్రయత్నం చెయ్యడం సాధారణ విషయము. తమ హర్వీకులు, పెద్దలను గౌరవించి వారికి సుఖసంతోషాలు కలిగించెడి ప్రయత్నం చెయ్యడం గొప్ప విషయము.)

इ. हामिद और उसके मित्रों के बीच हुयी बातचीत की किसी एक घटना को संवाद के रूप में लिखिए।
उत्तर :
रमज़ान के तीस रोजों के बाद आज ईद आयी है। सारा वातावरण निराला है। ईदगाह जाने की तैयारियाँ होने लगी हैं। लडके सबसे अधिक प्रसन्न हैं। हामिद, महमूद, मोहसिन, नूर, सम्मी आदि दोस्त हैं। महमूद के पास बारह पैसे हैं, मोहसिन के पास पंद्रह पैसे हैं, हामिद के पास तो सिर्फ़ तीन पैसे हैं। अन्य लडकों के पास भी पैसे हैं। सब ईदगाह जाते हैं। वहाँ नमाज़ खत्म होने के बाद बाजार जाते हैं। मिठाई, खिलौनों की दुकानों पर धावा होता है। मित्र सभी बातचीत कर रहे हैं।
महमूद : (पैसे गिनते) (एक – दो …. दस – बारह पैसे।) मेरे पास बारह पैसे हैं। मैं मिठाइयाँ और खिलौने खरीदूँगा।
मोहसिन : (पैसे गिनकर) मेरे पास पन्द्रह पैसे हैं। इनसे खिलौने, मिठाइयाँ, बिगुल, गेंद और कई चीजें खरीदूँगा।
महमूद और मोहसिन : (हामिद से) तुम्हारे पास कितने पैसे हैं?
हामिद : मेरे पास तीन पैसे हैं?
(हामिद दूर में खडा खिलौनों को देख रहा है।)
महमूद : अरे मोहसिन तुम कौन सा खिलौना खरीदना चाहते हो?
मोहसिन : अरे महमूद यह देखो। भिश्ती सुंदर है। में उसे लेता हूँ।
अहमूद और अन्य मित्र : वाह! बहुत अच्छा है। ले लो।
मोहसिन : महमूद। तुम्हें कौनसा खिलौना पसंद है?
महमूद : देखो यहाँ के सब खिलौनों में वह सिपाही का खिलौना है। कैसा है?
में लेना चाहता हूँ।
मोहसिन : बहुत अच्छा है। जरूर ले लो।
(महमूद सिपाही खरीदता है)
(महमूद, मोहसिन, दोनों नूर और सम्मी से पूछते हैं।)
महमूद : मोहसिन, यार नूरे, सम्मी आप दोनों क्या – क्या पसंद करते हैं? देखिए।
नूर : दोस्तों इन सब खिलौनों में मुझे यह देखो यह वकींल का खिलौना पसंद आया। मैं इसे खरीदना चाहता हूँ। अरे सम्मी तुम क्या लोगे?
सम्मी : वैसे तो यहॉँ सब तरह के खिलौने हैं। हाँ, मुझे तो यह धोबन पसंद आया है। आप सब भी देखिए।
सब : (देखकर) हाँ, हाँ बहुत सुंदर है। तुम इसे ले लो।
(सब अपने – अपने खिलौनों को हाथ में पकडकर, खिलौनों को चाव से देखनेवाले हामिद से पूछते हैं।)
सब : अरे हामिद। दूर क्यों खडा है तुमको कोई खिलौना पसंद नही आया क्या?
हाँ भूल गये। तुम्हारे पास तो तीन ही पैसे हैं न। (सब हँस पडते हैं।) चलें। वहॉं मिठाइयों की दुकानें हैं। (सब वहाँ पहुँचते हैं।)

(రంజాన్ ముప్ఫై ఉపవాసముల తరువాత నేడు ఈద్ పండుగ వచ్చింది. వాతావరణమంతా ఆహ్లాదకరంగా ఉన్నది. ఈద్గాహ్ వెళ్ళెడి ఏర్పాట్లు జరగసాగాయి. పిల్లలు అందరికన్నా ఎక్కువ ఆనందంగా ఉన్నారు. హామిద్, మహమూద్, మొహసిన్, నూర్, సమ్మీ మొ||వారు స్నేహితులు. మహమూద్ దగ్గర పన్నెండు పైసలు ఉన్నాయి. మొహసిన్ దగ్గర పదిహేను పైసలు ఉన్నాయి. హామిద్ వద్ద కేవలం మూడు పైసలే ఉన్నాయి. ఇతర పిల్లల దగ్గర కూడా డబ్బులు ఉన్నాయి. అందరూ ఈద్గాపాకి వెళ్ళుచున్నారు. అక్కడ నమాజు పూర్తి అయిన తరువాత బజారుకు వెళతారు. మిఠాయి, బొమ్మల దుకాణాల ముట్టడి జరుగుతుంది. స్నేహితులు అందరూ సంభాషించుకుంటున్నారు.
మహమూద్ : (డబ్బు లెక్కిస్తూ) (ఒకటి – రెండు ….. పది – పన్నెండు (పైసలు). నా దగ్గర పన్నెండు పైసలున్నాయి. నేను మిఠాయిలు, బొమ్మలు కొంటాను.
మొహసిన్ : (డబ్బు లెక్కించి) నా దగ్గర పదిహేను పైసలున్నాయి.వీటితో నేను బొమ్మలు, మిరాయిలు, విల్, బంతి, ఇంకా ఇతర వస్తువులు కొంటాను. మహమూద్, మొహసిన్, (హామిద్తో) నీ దగ్గర ఎన్ని ఫైసలున్నాయి ?
హామిద్ : నా దగ్గర మూడు పైసలున్నాయి.
(హామిద్ దూరంగా నిలబడి బొమ్మలను చూస్తూ ఉన్నాడు.)
మహమాద్ : అరే మొహసిన్ నీవు ఏ బొమ్మ కొనాలని అనుకుంటున్నావు?
మొహసిన్ : అరే మహమూద్, ఇది చూడు, నీళ్లు మోయువాని బొమ్మ అందంగా ఉన్నది. నేను దీనిని తీసుకుంటున్నాను.
మహమూద్, ఇరర మిత్రులు : వాహ్, చాలా బాగుంది తీసుకో.
మొహసన్ : మహమూద్, నీకు ఏ బొమ్మ్మ నచ్టంది ?
మహమూద్ : చూడు, ఇక్కడి అన్ని బొమ్మలలో ఆ సిపాయి బొమ్మ ఎలా ఉన్నది? నేను తీసుకోవాలని అనుకుంటున్నాను.
మోహసిస్ : చాలా బాగుంది. తప్పకుండా తీసుకో.
(మహమూద్ సిపాయి బొమ్మ కొంటాడు.)
(మహమూద్, మొహసిన్ ఇద్దరూ నూర్, సమ్మీని అడుగుతారు.)
మహమూడ్, మొహసిన్ : మిత్రులారా నూర్, సమ్మీ మీరిద్ధరూ ఏమేమి ఇష్టహడుతున్నారు ? చూడండి.
నూర్ : మిత్రులారా అన్ని బొమ్మలలో ఇది చూడు ఈ వకీలు దొమ్మ నచ్చింది. నేను దీన్ని కొనాలని అనుకుంటున్నాను. అరే సమ్మీ నీవేమి కీసుకుంటావు ?
సమ్మీ : ఇక్కడైతే ఆన్నిరకముల దొమ్మలు ఉన్నాయి. నాకైతే ఈ పక్షి బొమ్మ నచ్చింది. మీరందరూ చూడండి.
అందరు : (చూసి) అవునవును చాలా అందంగా ఉంది. నీవు దీనిని తీసుకో.
(అందరూ తమ బొమ్టలను చేతులతో పట్టుకాని దొమ్మును ఆసక్తితో చూస్తున్న హమిద్ ని అడుగుతారు.)
అందరు : అరే హామిద్. దూరంగా ఎండుకు నిలబడినావు ? నీకు ఏ బొమ్మా నచ్చలేదా? ఏమిది? ఆ! మర్చిపోయా నీ దగ్గర మూడు పైసలేగా ఉన్నాయి? (అందరూ నవ్వుతారు) పదండి అక్కడ మిఠాయిల దుకాణాలు ఉన్నాయి. (అందరా అక్కడికి చేరుకుంటారు.)

ई. बड़े – बुजुर्गों के प्रति आदर, श्रद्धा और स्रेह भावनाओं का महत्व अपने शब्दों में बताइए।
उत्तर :
छोटे बच्चों को अपने बडे – बुजर्गों के प्रति आदर, श्रद्धा और स्नेह भावना रखना चाहिए।

• अपने बडे बुजुर्गो के बारे में सभी को बताना चाहिए।
• उनकी महानता का विवरण सभी को बताना चाहिए।
• कहानी, गाने, पद्य आदि बडों से सुनकर सीखना चाहिए।
• बाहर जाते समय वे साथ आने के लिए बुलाते हैं, तो उनके साथ जाना चाहिए।
• बडों के प्रति आदर रखते हुए उनसे प्रेम से बातें करना चाहिए।
• बड़ों की बातों का धिक्कार नहीं करना चाहिए।
• उन पर चिडचिडाहट नहीं दिखाना चाहिए। उनको समय के अनुसार दवाएँ देनी चाहिए।

(చిన్నపిల్లలు వారి పెద్దవారి పట్ల గౌరవశ్రద్ధలను మరియు ప్రేమ భావనలను చూపించాలి.

• వారి పెద్ద వారి గురించి అందరికీ చెప్పాలి.
• వారి గొప్పతనాన్ని అందరికి వివరించి చెప్పాలి.
• కథలు, పాటలు, పద్యాలు పెద్దవారి నుండి విని నేర్చుకోవాలి.
• బయటకు వెళుతున్నప్పుడు వారు తోడు రమ్మంటే వారితో పాటు వెళ్ళాలి.
• వారితో ప్రేమగా మాట్లాడుతూ వారిని గౌరవించాలి. పెద్దవారి మాటలను ఎదిరించకూడదు.
• పెద్దవారి యెడల చాలా వినయ విధేయతలను చూపించాలి.
• వారిమీద చిరాకు పడకూడదు. వారికి సమయం ప్రకారం మందులు ఇవ్వాలి.)

भाषा की बात (భాషా విషయము) :

अ. कोष्ठक में दी गयी सूचना पढ़िए और उसके अनुसार कीजिए।
1. ईद, प्रभात, वृक्ष (पर्याय शब्द लिखिए।) (పర్యాయపదాలను వాయండి.)
उत्तर :

• ईद (పండుగ) : त्यौहार, पर्व, उत्सव
• प्रभात (ఉదయము) : प्रात:काल, सबेरा, सुबह
• वृक्ष (చెట్లు) : पेड, तरु, पादप, दरख्त

2. मिठाई, चिमटा, सड़क (बचन बदलिए।) (వచనము మార్చండి)
उत्तर :

• मिठाई (మిఠాయి) : मिठाइयाँ (మిఠాయిలు)
• चिमटा (పట్టకారు) : चिमटे (పట్టకార్లు)
• सडक (రోడ్డు) : सडकें (రోడ్లు)

आ. सूचना पढिए और उसके अनुसार कीजिए। (సూచన చదవండి, దాని ప్రకారం చేయండి)

1. बेसमझ, सद्भाव, निडर (उपसर्ग पहचानिए।) (ఉపసర్గను గుర్తించ०డి.)
उत्तर :

• बेसमझ – बे
• परलोक – पर
• निडर – नि

2. दुकानदार, ग़रीबी (प्रत्यय पहचानिए।) (ప్రత్యయము గుర్తించండి)
उत्तर :

• दुकानदार – दार
• गरीबी – ई

इ. इन्हें समझिए और अभ्यास कीजिए। (వీటిని తెలుసుకోండి)

1. हामिद ने कहा कि घर की देखरेख दादी ने की।
(ఇంటి సంరక్షణ నానమ్మే చేసింది అని హామిద్ అన్నాడు/చెప్పాడు.)
उत्तर :
అని, యొక్క చేసినది (చేయు)

ई) पाठ में आये मुहावरे पहचानिए और अर्थ लिखकर बाक्य प्रयोग कीजिए ।
(పాఠంలో జాతీయములను గుర్తించండి, అర్థము తెలుసుకొని జాతీయములను గుర్తించండి.)
भेंट हो जाना – अर्पित होना (అర్పింబడుట)
मीराबाई ने अपने आप को कृष्ण को अर्पित किया ।

पीली पडजाना – कांतिहीन होना (కాంతి హీనము అగుట)
नींद के कमी से चेहरा कांतिहीन हो जाता है।

दिल कचोटना – दु:खी होना (దుఃఖితులగుట)
रिश्तेदार के मर जाने पर हमें दुःख होता है।

खत्म हो जाना – समाप्त होना (సమాప్తమగుట)
नियम का पालन न करने से परिश्रम समाप्त हो जाता है।

गले मिलना – आलिंगन करना (ఆలింగనము చేసుకొనుట)
ईद के दिन मुसलमान भाई आलिंगन करके मुबारक बात देते हैं।

चकना चूर हो जाना – बुरी तरह नाश होना (దారుణంగా నష్టపోవుట)
राम का भाई व्यापार में बुरी तरह से नाश हो गया।

दिल बैठ जाना – अधीर होना (అధైర్యపడుట)
कलेजा मजबूत – अर्थ वार्षिक परीक्षा में सही अंक न मिलने पर में अधीर हो गया।

करके कहना – दृढता से कहना / होना (ధృడంగా మాట్లాడుట)
मेहनत का काम होने पर भी हमें दृढ़ता से बच्चों को करने के लिए कहना चाहिए। उन्हें हैसला देना चाहिए।

छाती पीटलेना – दुःखी होना (దుఃఖించుట)
किसी काम के असफल होने पर हमें दु:खी होना नहीं चाहिए। फिर से प्रयन्न करना चाहिए।

मन गद्गद् हो जाना – पुलकित होना (సంతోషించుట)
बिना किसी खबर के मेरे पापा के आगमन से मेरा मन पुलकित हो उठा।

परियोजना कार्य (నిర్మాణాత్మక పని/ప్రాజెక్ట్ పని) :

वरिष्ठ नागरिकों (वयोवृद्धों) के प्रति आदर – सम्मान की भावना से जुड़ी कोई कहानी ढूँढकर लाइए। कक्षा में प्रस्तुत कीजिए।
(గౌరవనీయులైన పెద్దవారి (పెద్ద వయసున్న) యెడ గౌరవ మర్యాదలు గల భావములు నిండిన ఏదేని కథను వెతికి తీసుకురండి. తరగతి గదిలో ఉంచండి.)
उत्तर :
गोविंदराव नामक एक अमीर आदमी है। उसके दो बेटे हैं। एक दिन वह अपनी पत्नी के साथ तीर्थ यात्रा के लिए जाते शहर में पढ़नेवाले दो बेटों को रेल्वे स्टेशन आकर मिलने के लिए पत्र लिखता है।
उसके पुत्र माता पिता से मिलने के लिए स्टेशन जाते हैं। बडा पुत्र माता पिता को देखते ही उनके पाँव पर गिर कर उनका प्रणाम करता है। लेकिन छोटा पुत्र उनको नमस्कार नहीं करके ऐसा ही खड़ा रहता है।
यह देखकर पिता बहुत दुःखित होता है तो माता उसे समझाती है कि “वह तो अभी छोटा है, बड़े होने के बाद सीख लेगा। पिता कहता है नहीं, मेरी चिंता का यह कारण है वह अभी तक बड़ों से कैसा व्यवहार करना है नहीं सीखा है, तो भविष्य में कैसे सीख सकता है ?
कुछ दिनों के बाद बड़ा बेटा हाइकोर्ट का जड्ज बनकर सभी का प्रणाम ले रहा है और छोटा बेटा उसी कोर्ट में अटेंडर के रूप में भर्ती होकर सभी को प्रणाम कर रहा है।
बचपन में बड़ों का सत्कार करने का फल बड़ा बेटा अब पा रहा है। छोटे बेटे ने तो बड़ों को कभी प्रणाम नहीं किया इसलिए उसे यह फल भुगतना पडा है।
इसीलिए हम सब बचपन से हीं माता पिता और वरिष्ठ नागरिकों के प्रति आदर भाव रखना सीखना –

(గోవిందరావు అనే గొప్ప ధనవంతుడికి ఇద్దరు కుమారులున్నారు. ఒకరోజు ఆయన భార్యతో కలిసి తీర్థయాత్రకు వెళుతూ, పట్టణంలో చదువుతున్న ఇద్దరు కొడుకులకు రైల్వేస్టేషన్కి రమ్మని ఉత్తరం వ్రాస్తాడు.
వారి కొడుకులు ఇద్దరు తల్లిదండ్రులను కలవటానికి స్టేషన్కి వచ్చారు. పెద్దకొడుకు తల్లితండ్రిని చూస్తూనే వారి కాళ్ళ మీద పడి వారికి నమస్కరిస్తారు. కాని చిన్నకొడుకు వారికి నమస్కరించకుండా అలాగే నిల్చుని ఉంటాడు.
ఇది చూచి తండ్రి చాలా బాధపడతాడు. అప్పుడు తల్లి చిన్నవాడే కదా పెద్దయ్యాక నేర్చుకుంటాడులే అని నచ్చ చెప్తుంది. అప్పుడు తండ్రి నాకు నమస్కారం చెయ్యలేదని బాధేమిలేదు. కాని అతనికి ఇంతవరకు పెద్దవాళ్ళని గౌరవించటం తెలియలేదు. ఇంక పెద్దయ్యాక ఏమి నేర్చుకుంటాడు ?
కొద్దిరోజుల తర్వాత పెద్ద కొడుకు హైకోర్టు జడ్జి అయ్యి అందరి నమస్కారాలు అందుకుంటున్నాడు. అదే కోర్టులో ప్యూన్ చేరి అందరికి నమస్కారాలు పెడుతూ జీవితాన్ని గడుపుతున్నాడు చిన్నవాడు.
చిన్నప్పటినుండి పెద్దవారిని గౌరవించిన ఫలితం పెద్ద కొడుకు ఇప్పుడు పొందాడు. చిన్నకొడుకు ఎప్పుడు పెద్ద వారిని గౌరవించలేదు. ఆ ఫలితాన్నే ఇప్పుడు అనుభవిస్తున్నాడు.
అందుకే మనం అందరం చిన్నప్పటి నుండే తల్లిదండ్రులను, పెద్దవారిని గౌరవించటం నేర్చుకోవాలి.)

उद्देश्य (ఉద్దేశ్యము) :

(కథా విభాగముతో పరచయుం కలిగించటం. వద్యార్థులలో కథారచన కళను వికసింపచేయుట. వారిలో త్యాగము, సద్భావన, వివేకము వంటి అనుభూతులతో కూడిన కర్తవ్యమును తెలిపెడి గుణములను వికసింపచేయుట.)

विधा विशेष (విభాగ-విశేషణము) :

(“కథ” శబ్దము “చెప్ప (ట)” ధాతువుతో “లభించు” అను కర్తరి ప్రత్యరుము జోడించుటచే ఏర్పడినది. “చెప్ప(ట)” పదము యొక్క ఆశయం తెలుపుటకు సంబంధించినది. ఏదేని సంఘటన, విషయమును సరిైన పద్ధతలో తెలియచెప్పటమే కథ.)

लेखक परिचय (రచయిత పరిచయము) :

ప్రేమ చంద్ 31 జులై, 1880లో కాశీలోని ఒక నిరుపేద కుటుంబంలో జన్మించారు. వీరి అసలు పేరు ధనపతాయ్ శ్రీవాస్తవ్. వీరు ట్యూషన్లు చెప్పుతూ మెట్రిక్, ఉద్యోగం చేస్తూ బి.ఏ. ఉత్తీర్ణులైరి. వీరు సుమారుగా ఒక డజను (12) నవలలు మరియు సుమారుగా 300 (మూడు వందల) కథలు రచించారు. వీరిని “నవలా చక్రవర్తి” అని పిలుస్తారు. వీరి కథలు “మానసరోవర్” పేరున ఎనిమిది భాగములుగా సేకరింపబడినవి. గోదాన్, గబన్, సేవాసదన్, నిర్మలా, కర్మభూమి, రంగ భూమి, కాయాకల్ప్, ప్రతిజ్ఞా, మంగల్సూత్ర మొ||నవి వీరి ప్రతిష్టాత్మక నవలలు. వీరి ప్రముఖ కథలలో పంచపరమేశ్వర్, బడే ఘర్ కీ బేటీ, కఫన్ మొదలైనవి ముఖ్యమైనవి. ఆయన 1936లో మరణించారు.

विषय प्रवेश (విషయ ప్రవేశము) :

(ప్రాచీన కాలం నుండే నైతిక విలువలు భారతీయ జీవనమును ప్రతిబింబించేవిగా ఉన్నవి. దీని రూపము ప్రతి భారతీయునిలో ఇమిడి ఉన్నది. మన పెద్దలను (వయస్సులో పెద్దవారు) మనం ఆదరిస్తున్నాము. ఈ కథలో చూపించబడినట్లుగా.)

व्याकरणांश (వ్యాకరణాంశాలు)

विलोम शब्द :

• प्रसत्र × अप्रसम्न
• बहुत × कम
• खुशबूदार × बदबूदार
• क्रोध × शांत
• प्यार × नफ़रत
• शीतल × ऊष्णता
• आखिर × शुरुआत
• गुण × दोष
• पुरानी × नयी
• अंदर × बाहर
• सद्भाव × दुर्भाव
• प्रेम × द्वेष
• स्वाद × स्वादरहित
• प्रभात × सायं
• आदर × अनादर
• अच्छी × बुरी
• आशा × निराशा
• गाँव × शहर
• अपराधी × निरपराधी
• विवेक × अविवेक
• रस × नीरस
• भोला × होशियार
• त्याग × स्वार्थ

संधि :

• मनोहर = मन: + हर
• वयोवृद्ध = वयः + वृद्ध

समास :

• दुबला – पतला – दुबला और पतला – द्वन्द् समास
• एक – दो – एक और दो, एक या दो, एक व दो – द्विगु समास
• चार – पाँच – चार या पाँच – द्विगु समास

पर्यायवाची शब्द :

• अजीब – विचित्र, अद्दुत, अनोखा, अप्रतिम
• सूर्य – सूरज, रवि, भास्कर, दिनकर, आदित्य, भानु
• संसार – जग, जगत्, दुनिया, विश्व, प्रपंच
• प्रभात – सुबह, प्रातःकाल, भोर
• नज़र – निगाह, दृष्टि, चितवन
• दिन – दिवस, वासर, वार, अह्न

वच्न :

• पूरा – पूरे
• खिलौना – खिलोने
• चीज़ – चीजें
• पतला – पतले
• आशा – आशाएँ
• किरण – किरणें
• प्यारा – प्यारे
• दुकान – दुकानें
• पैसा – पैसे
• औरत – औरतें
• लोहा – लोहे
• सारा – सारे
• मेला – मेले
• इमारत – इमारतें
• टोली – टोलियाँ
• तैयारी – तैयारियाँ
• दादी – दादियाँ
• रुपया – रुपये
• गेंद – गेंदें
• टोपी – टोपियाँ
• बच्चा – बच्चे
• सामग्री – सामग्रियाँ
• धोबिन – धोबिनें
• चिमटा – चिमटे
• लड़का – लड़के
• दुआ – दुआएँ
• दिल – दिल
• बुढ़िया – बुढ़ियाँ
• बंदूक – बंदूकें
• रोटी – रोटियाँ
• मिठाई – मिठाइयाँ
• जूता – जूते
• दुबला – दुबले
• लड़का – लड़के
• दाना – दाने
• छाला – छाले
• भड़कीला – भड़कीले
• रेवड़ी – रेवड़ियाँ
• उँगली – उँगलियाँ.
• आवाज़ – आवाज़ें
• बूँद – बूँदे
• माथा – माथे
• आँचल – आँचल
• कंधा – कंधे

प्रत्यय :

• नैतिक – इक
• भड़कीले – ईले
• ललचाई – ई
• मार्मिक – इक
• भारतीय – ईय
• खुशबूदार – दार
• दुकानदार – दार
• अपराधी – ई
• अब्बाजान – जान
• धोबिन – इन
• अकड़ता – ता
• संवेदनशील – शील

उपसर्ग  :

• प्रतिबिब – प्रति
• अभागिन – अ
• दोपहर – दो
• अनगिनत – अन
• बेसमझ – बे
• परलोक – पर
• सद्भाव – सद्

मुहावरे :

• परलोक सिधारना = मुत्यु प्राप्त होना
• भेंट हो जाना = अर्पित होना
• धावा बोलना = आक्रमण करना
• चकनाचूर होना = टुकड़े = टुकड़े होना
• कलेजा मजबूत करना = साहस करना, हिम्मत करना
• अफ़सोस करना = पछताना, पश्चात्ताप करना
• मौन रहना = शांत रहना
• मोल लेना = खरीदना
• दिल कचोटना = बहुत दुःखी होना
• गद्गद् होना = बहुत प्रसन्न होना, बहुत खुश होना

शब्दार्थ (శబ్దార్ధములు) Meanings :

These TS 10th Class Social Bits with Answers 6th Lesson The Population Bits will help students to enhance their time management skills.

TS 10th Class Social Bits 6th Lesson The Population Bits

Question 1.
Which one of the following is NOT an aerotropolis? ( )
A) Delhi
B) Mumbai
C) Vijayawada
D) Hyderabad
Answer:
C) Vijayawada

Question 2.
Not an example for Aerotropolis city. ( )
A) Hyderabad
B) Mumbai
C) Agra
D) Chennai
Answer:
C) Agra

Question 3.
A group of houses within the revenue village. ( )
A) Town
B) Hamlet
C) Village
D) City
Answer:
B) Hamlet

Question 4.
The following is not an Indian Aerotropolis …………………. . ( )
A) Suvarnabhumi International Airport.
B) Indira Gandhi International Airport.
C) Rajiv Gandhi International Airport.
D) Bangalore International Airport.
Answer:
A) Suvarnabhumi International Airport.

Question 5.
The most common reason for migration among women is ………………… .( )
A) Education
B) Employment
C) Business
D) Marriage
Answer:
D) Marriage

Question 6.
An example to Mega City is …………………. .()
A) Hyderabad
B) Ahmedabad
C) Kolkata
D) Chennai
Answer:
C) Kolkata

Question 7.
Urban areas having population between one lakh to one million are called as …………. .( )
A) Class I cities
B) Towns
C) Metropolitan cities
D) Megacities
Answer:
A) Class I cities

Question 8.
Hyderabad is a metropolitan city because …………………. .( )
A) it has population above 10 million.
B) it has population between one million and ten million.
C) it has many industries.
D) it provides more employment opportunities.
Answer:
B) it has population between one million and ten million.

Question 9.
The Emigration Act, 1983 safeguards the interests of ………………………… .( )
A) Seasonal migrants.
B) Sports persons.
C) Foreigners working in India.
D) Indians working abroad.
Answer:
D) Indians working abroad.

Question 10.
Megacity has the population ……………………… .( )
A) between 5000 and One lakh.
B) between One Iakh and One million.
C) between Ten Iakhs and One crore.
D) more than One crore.
Answer:
D) more than One crore.

Question 11.
The way we organise ourselves and our living space in a place is called ( )
A) Settlement
B) LiIestye
C) Standard of living
D) None
Answer:
A) Settlement

Question 12.
It is difficult to build a house near …………………. . ( )
A) Mountains
B) Oceans
C) Valleys
D) All the above
Answer:
B) Oceans

Question 13.
Early humans are ………………. . ( )
A) Literatos
B) Shelter sedants
C) Nomads
D) None
Answer:
C) Nomads

Question 14.
A rock shelter is in …………………….. . ( )
A) Nalanda
B) Blimbedka
C) Pushkar
D) None
Answer:
B) Blimbedka

Question 15.
This refers to the characteristics of the place. ( )
A) Situation
B) History of the place
C) Site
D) None
Answer:
C) Site

Question 16.
Pratapgad is in ………………………. . ( )
A) Maharashtra
B) Tamil Nadu
C) Bihar
D) Kerala
Answer:
A) Maharashtra

Question 17.
…………. is a port city. ( )
A) Warangal
B) Vijayawada
C) Visakhapatnam
D) Karimnagar
Answer:
C) Visakhapatnam

Question 18.
Only ………………… of the growth is due to rural-to-urban migration. ( )
A) 2/5
B)1/5
C) 3/5
D) 4/5
Answer:
B)1/5

Question 19.
Suvarnabhoorrw International Airport is in …………………… . ( )
A) Burma
B) Nepal
C) Bhutan
D) Thailand
Answer:
D) Thailand

Question 20.
The International London Airport is in …………………. . ( )
A) Heathrow
B) Suvamabhoomi
C) Cairo
D) Dubai
Answer:
A) Heathrow

Question 21.
If a person wants to travel from Colombo to New Delhi, that person has to fly over this airport ………………… . ( )
A) Mumbai
B) Chennai
C) Bangkok
D) Perth
Answer:
B) Chennai

Question 22.
The way we organise ourselves and our living spaces in a place Is called a …………….. . ( )
A) settlement
B) village
C) town
D) city
Answer:
A) settlement

Question 23.
In a settlement, we have different kinds of activities …………….. , religions, commercial, etc. ( )
A) ritual
B) educational
C) cultural
D) traditional
Answer:
B) educational

Question 24.
For about 1.8 Iakh years humans lived in bands as ……………………….. . ( )
A) hunters
B) farmers
C) hunter-gatherer
D) none
Answer:
C) hunter-gatherer

Question 25.
People did not have to travel over large areas to …………………. . ( )
A) obtain food
B) education
C) wealth
D) none
Answer:
A) obtain food

Question 26.
As hunter-gatherers, they were …………………… .( )
A) sedentary
B) nomadic
C) civilized
D) none
Answer:
B) nomadic

Question 27.
An example for urban settlement …………………… . ( )
A) cities
B) towns
C) metropolitans
D) all the above
Answer:
D) all the above

Question 28.
Today, Delhi is the ……………. largest city with more than 1,60,00,000 people. ( )
A) second
B) third
C) fourth
D) fifth
Answer:
A) second

Question 29.
Every city usually has a master plan to ………………….. different types of areas. ( )
A) Design
B) Allocate
C) Design and allocate
D) None
Answer:
C) Design and allocate

Question 30.
Site refers to the …………………….. of the place. ( )
A) Characteristics
B) topography
C) vision
D) none
Answer:
A) Characteristics

Question 31.
In early settlement periods, places which had favourable water supply and ……………… from Invasions were preferred. ( )
A) least protection
B) good protection
C) safety
D) security
Answer:
B) good protection

Question 32.
Chhatrapatl Shivaji built a fort in ……………………… Maharashtra. ( )
A) Mumbai
B) Rayagarh
C) Pratapgad
D) None
Answer:
C) Pratapgad

Question 33.
Places do not exist In ………………………. . ( )
A) isolation
B) deserts
C) coastal areas
D) all the above
Answer:
A) isolation

Question 34.
Situation describes the …………………… with Other places. ( )
A) connection
B) Characteristics
C) topography
D) none
Answer:
A) connection

Question 35.
Visakhapatnam is located on the coast and connects ________ to many places in and outside of India. ( )
A) Telangana
B) Andhra Pradesh
C) Vizag
D) None
Answer:
B) Andhra Pradesh

Question 36.
Cities such as Mumbai and Chennai were further developed by the colonial powers to better exploit the ……………………. . ( )
A) Integrity of India
B) Natural resources of India
C) Integrity of colonial power
D) None
Answer:
B) Natural resources of India

Question 37.
Over the centuries, Vlsakhapatanam’s …………………… has grown significantly. ( )
A) population
B) density
C)A only
D)BothA&B
Answer:
D)BothA&B

Question 38.
In India, nearly 350 million i.e, ………………….. of population lives In cities and towns. ( )
A)2/5
B) 1/3
C) 1/5
D) 1/2
Answer:
B) 1/3

Question 39.
People have been Increasingly taking up non-agriculture work and living In cities and towns; this is called …………………… . ( )
A) Ruralization
B) Induslriallzation
C) Urbanization
D) None
Answer:
C) Urbanization

Question 40.
Three cities- Mumbal, Delhi, Kolkata accommodate more than ………………… people each. ( )
A) 3 millions
B) 6 millions
C) 9 millions
D) 10 millions
Answer:
D) 10 millions

Question 41.
Most of the population Increase In cities and towns took place as a consequence of ………………… within the urban areas. ( )
A) Natural growth
B) Artificial growth
C) Natural decline
D) None
Answer:
A) Natural growth

Question 42.
The population of ………………. areas Increased over time. ( )
A) rural
B) urban
C) tribal
D) none
Answer:
B) urban

Question 43.
Sorne of the growth In urban settlements took place by expansion, with the Inclusion of ………………………… surrounding older cities and towns. ( )
A) urban areas
B) rural areas
C) tribal areas
D) none
Answer:
B) rural areas

Question 44.
Government Intervention is making some headway In Improving the urban infra structure particularly those associated with ……………………. . ( )
A) road transport
B) rail transport
C) air transport
D) water transport
Answer:
A) road transport

Question 45.
Incomes earned In urban areas by the …………….. are far lower than other caste groups. ( )
A) SC/STs
B) BCs
C) OCs
D) None
Answer:
A) SC/STs

Question 46.
In an ……………….. the airport functions as a city In Its own right. ( )
A) aerotropolis
B) metrocity
C) megacity
D) none
Answer:
A) aerotropolis

Question 47.
As vehicle use Increases urban ………………… increases causing health problems and localized climatic change. ( )
A) water pollution
B) air pollution
C) only ‘A’
D) only ‘B’
Answer:
B) air pollution

Question 48.
The airport at Tlrupathi is located at ………………………. . ( )
A) Renigunta
B) Gannavaram
C) Munnadivaram
D) Sriharikota
Answer:
A) Renigunta

Question 49.
The reason for the abnormal increase of population In Visakhapatnam over the last century is ………………….. . ( )
A) Visakhapatnam is a seaport
B) There are no slums in the city
C) Transpcwt facilities are scarce
D) People do not migrate very much to this place
Answer:
A) Visakhapatnam is a seaport

Question 50.
The following Is not an International Airport ……………. . ( )
A) Bengaluru
B) Delhi
C) Hyderabad
D) Ahmedabad
Answer:
D) Ahmedabad

Question 51.
The present population of Simla town is ……………………. . ( )
A) 5 Iakhs
B)2 lakhs
C) 50 thousands
D) 11/2 lakh
Answer:
B)2 lakhs

Question 52.
Birthplace means ………………… . ( )
A) Place where the person was born
B) Place where the person was living
C) Place where the person’s father lived
D) None
Answer:
A) Place where the person was born

Question 53.
……………… million people have been reported as migrants in 2001. ( )
A) 300
B) 307
C) 315
D) 325
Answer:
B) 307

Question 54.
Money sent by migrants from their destination is known as ………………… . ( )
A) Remittances
B) Gifts
C) Prizes
D) Awards
Answer:
A) Remittances

Question 55.
………………. migrants use different ob searching mechanisms. ( )
A) Rural
B) Urban
C) Sub-urban
D) Metro
Answer:
B) Urban

Question 56.
…………………. pre-arrange their jobs. ( )
A) City people
B) Town people
C) Villagers
D) All the above
Answer:
C) Villagers

Question 57.
Its significant that rural to …………….. migration has increased. ( )
A) urban
B) sub-urban
C) tribal
D) rural
Answer:
D) rural

Question 58.
According to National census surveys, every …………………… person in India is a migrant. ( )
A) first
B) second
C) third
D) fourth
Answer:
B) second

Question 59.
A large section of rural workers migrate for a ……………….. duration. ( )
A) short
B) long
C) fortnight
D) none
Answer:
A) short

Question 60.
Rural seasonal migrants work in …………………. . ( )
A) industry
B) agriculture
C) services
D) organised
Answer:
B) agriculture

Question 61.
The ……………….. Act, 1983 is the Indian law governing migration and employment of Indians abroad. ( )
A) Migration
B) Immigration
C) Emigration
D) None
Answer:
C) Emigration

Question 62.
Indian migrant workers seldom lodge any complaint against their foreign employers for the fear of losing their ………………… . ( )
A) jobs
B) passports
C) balances
D) permits
Answer:
B) passports

Question 63.
…………………. are set up by the Indian government in different countries. ( )
A) Agents
B) Embassies
C) Governors
D) None
Answer:
A) Agents

Question 64.
…………………. is a place where the person has stayed continuously for a
period of six months or more. ( )
A) First usual place of residence
B) Last usual place of residence
C) Last but one usual place of residence
D) None
Answer:
B) Last usual place of residence

Question 65.
Females report ……………… as the most common reason for migration.
A) education
B) job
C) marriage
D) none
Answer:
C) marriage

Question 66.
People migrate from rural areas mainly due to insufficient ………….. opportunities ……………………….. Inadequate available in rural employment.
A) education, water
B) entertainment, literacy
C) entertainment, income
D) employment, income
Answer:
D) employment, income

Question 67.
Towns also appear to offer ……………………….. . ( )
A) greater restriction
B) greater freedom
C) both A & B
D) none
Answer:
B) greater freedom

Question 68.
The rural people are not able to find jobs In the ………………… sectors. ( )
A) mixed
B) unorganised
C) unorganized
D) none
Answer:
C) unorganized

Question 69.
Many families have ………………….. both at their origin and at the destination. ( )
A) residences
B) jobs
C) both A & B
D) none
Answer:
A) residences

Question 70.
The Emigration Act of India was passed In ( )
A) 1983
B) 1993
C) 1973
D) 1963
Answer:
A) 1983

Question 71.
Construction sites In most urban areas depend on …………………… workers. ( )
A) migrant
B) immigrant
C) female
D) none
Answer:
A) migrant

Question 72.
Seasonal migrants are not only poor but have little or no land at their ……………… place. ( )
A) working
B) native
C) neighbouring
D) none
Answer:
B) native

Question 73.
In …………………….. sector, employers go to the native place of migrants and recruit. ( )
A) agricultural
B) industrial
C) service
D) none
Answer:
A) agricultural

Question 74.
Migrant labourers spend more on …………………… . ( )
A) clothes
B) food
C) shelter
D) none
Answer:
B) food

Question 75.
Migrants are not able to access various health and family care programmes as they do not belong to the ……………….. sector. ( )
A) unorganised
B) service
C) organised
D) none
Answer:
C) organised

Question 76.
Grown-up children are not able to continue ………………. at their parent’s new workplaces. ( )
A) their studies
B) their work
C) their play
D) none
Answer:
A) their studies

Question 77.
Schools in their native place ………………………. to take them again when they come back. ( )
A) refuse
B) accept
C) ‘B only
D) both A & B
Answer:
A) refuse

Question 78.
Young girls of some migrant families are required to take care of siblings and many of them become …………………… . ( )
A) migrants
B) dropouts
C) caretakers
D) none
Answer:
B) dropouts

Question 79.
Most migrants and particularly those going for ………………….. send remittances. ( )
A) long term
B) short term
C) no term
D) none
Answer:
A) long term

Question 80.
Migration allows households to meet debt and other obligations without having to …………………… assets. ()
A) own
B) sell
C) buy
D) none
Answer:
B) sell

Question 81.
One-third of the world’s 200 million are ………………… migrants. ( )
A) international
B) national
C) regional
D) local
Answer:
A) international

Question 82.
The second type of international migration ii unskilled and semiskilled workers migrating to …………… countries of the West Asia on temporary contracts. ( )
A) od importing
B) oil exporting
C) oil extracting
D) oil refining
Answer:
B) oil exporting

Question 83.
Indian migrant workers seldom lodge any complaint against their …………….. employers for the fear of losIng their jobs. ( )
A) Foreign
B) native
C) ex-native
D) none
Answer:
A) Foreign

Question 84.
International migration required mostly ……………….. (to the USA and the UK, etc.) ( )
A) Unskilled labourers
B) Skilled labourers
C) Both A and B
D) None of these
Answer:
B) Skilled labourers

Question 85.
It is not the example of international migration ( )
A) Professionals migrate to Saudi Arabia
B) People migrate from Bihar to Punjab
C) Indian people went to China
D) Indian softwares went to USA
Answer:
B) People migrate from Bihar to Punjab

These TS 10th Class Biology Chapter Wise Important Questions 4th Lesson Excretion will help the students to improve their time and approach.

TS 10th Class Biology Important Questions 4th Lesson Excretion

1 Mark Questions:

Question 1.
Why is urine yellow in color?
Answer:
Because of urochrome, urine is yellow in colour. It forms in the liver from dead RBC.

Question 2.
Write two slogans to popularize the awareness on “Organ Donation”.
Answer:
Slogans:

• Organ donation saves lives.
• Donate organs today for better tomorrow.

Question 3.
Write two healthy habits which you practice to protect your kidneys from diseases.
Answer:

• Drink plenty of water.
• Eat low salt diet that saves kidney life.
• Drink more fruit juices.

Question 4.
What precautions you have to take in the observation of internal structure of mammalian kidney?
Answer:

• Wash the kidney thorougly with water.
• Ensure that blood is completely drained from it.
• Wash your hands with antibacterial lotion after completing the dissection.

Question 5.
Write two secondary metaboiltes, which you use in your daily life.
Answer:
Gum, Rubber, Coffee are the examples for secondary metabolites which we use in our daily life.

Question 6.
Why is vasopressin not secreted when a person drinks a lot of water?
Answer:
Vasopressin is secreted only when concertrated urine is to be passed out. When a person drinks a lot of water, there will be no need to secrete concentrated urine. The excess water taken by the person will be sent out ¡n the form of dilute urine. Hence, vasopressin is not secreted.

Question 7.
any two questions that you will ask your teacher about the Alkaloids.
Answer:
Question about the Alkaloids:

• What are alkaloids?
• Where alkaloids are produced?
• What are the different types of alkaloids?
• What are the uses of alkaloids?

Question 8.
In urine excretory system much water is reabsorbed. What happens if it doesn’t occur?
Answer:
If water is not reabsorbed it leads to excessive repeated dilute urination called diabetes insipidus. If water does not reabsorbed we would dry up and blow away like dust in the wind in a matter of hours.

Question 9.
A substance given below consists of other three substances. What is that substance ? Where is it produced ? Uric Acid, Sodium, Oxalate, Urine.
Answer:
Urine contains all the other three substances. It is produced in kidney.

Question 10.
Why we feel sticky of stem and leaves of a plant effected with aphids ?
Answer:
Aphids absorb so much sugar from the phloem that they cannot assimilate all of it and excretes out of the body as a sticky syrup called honey dew. Leaves which have been attacked by aphids often feel sticky as a result of honey dew.

Question 11.
What is Anabolism ?
Answer:
The synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy.

Question 12.
What is catabolism ?
Answer:
The breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy.

Question 13.
What are the wastes produced during metabolic activities ?
Answer:
Carbon dioxide, water, nitrogenous compounds like ammonia, urea, uric acid, bile pigments, excess salts etc.

Question 14.
What are the substances present in blood ?
Answer:
Substances present in blood are glucose, sodium, potassium chlorides, urea, creati¬nine, uric acid, cholesterol, triglycerides, calcium, phosphorus, bilirubin, proteins, etc.

Question 15.
What are the substances present in urine ?
Answer:
Substances present in urine are protein, creatinine, calcium, phosphorous, uric acid, etc.

Question 16.
What are the substances present in both in blood and urine in common ?
Answer:
The substances present in the blood and urine in common are sodium, potassium, glucose, chlorides, urea, proteins, creatinine, calcium, phosphorous and uric acid.

Question 17.
What are the substances that need to be removed from body ?
Answer:
Creatinine, uric acid, urea, cholesterol and calcium.

Question 18.
In human beings excretory system consists of?
Answer:
A pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.

Question 19.
Where do the kidneys present in human body ?
Answer:
Kidneys are present in the abdominal cavity attached to dorsal body wall one on ei¬ther side of backbone.

Question 20.
What is the size of the kidney ?
Answer:
The size of the kidney is 10 cm in length, 5-6 cm in breadth and 4 cm in thickness.

Question 21.
Which artery brings oxygenated blood to kidney ?
Answer:
Renal artery brings oxygenated blood loaded with waste products to kidney.

Question 22.
What are the two distinct regions present inside the kidney ?
Answer:
Dark coloured outer zone called the cortex and pale coloured inner zone called medulla.

Question 23.
Each kidney is made up of how many nephrons ?
Answer:
Each kidney is made up of about 1.3 to 1.8 million nephrons.

Question 24.
What is the other name of Nephron ?
Answer:
Nephron is otherwise known as uriniferous tubules.

Question 25.
What are the two basic parts of nephron ?
Answer:
The parts of nephron are malphigian body and renal tubule.

Question 26.
Which blood vessel forms glomerulus in Bowman’s capsule ?
Answer:
Afferent arteriole.

Question 27.
What does renal tubule consist of ?
Answer:
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule (DCT).

Question 28.
What is the major function of proximal convoluted tubule ?
Answer:
Reabsorbs useful substances like glucose, amino acids, phosphate, potassium, urea and other organic solutes from the filtrate.

Question 29.
What is the function of loop of Henle?
Answer:

• In the descending loop of Henle reabsorption of water from the filtrate takes place.
• Ascending loop of Henle is impermeable to water and only ions diffuse out into the surrounding cells.

Question 30.
What is the function of Distal convoluted tubule?
Answer:
It maintains proper concentration and PH of the urine.

Question 31.
Formation of urine involves how many stages ? What are they?
Answer:
Four stages. They are

• Glomerular filtration
• Tubular reabsorption
• Tubular secretion and
• Concentration of urine.

Question 32.
The amount of water absorption in the tubule depends on?
Answer:
Amount of excess water present in the body and the amount of dissolved wastes to be excreted.

Question 33.
75% of water content of the nephric filtrate is reabsorbed in the region of?
Answer:
Proximal Convoluted tubule

Question 34.
The hormone that is secreted when concentrated urine is to be passed?
Answer:
Vasopressin.

Question 35.
What is micturatjon?
Answer:
It is the process of discharge of urine from the urinary bladder.

Question 36.
What are the composition of various substances ¡n urine?
Answer:
Urine contains 96% of water, 2.5% of organic substances and 1.5% of inorganic solutes.

Question 37.
What is uremia?
Answer:
If kidneys stop working completely, our body is filled with extra water and waste products. This condition is called uremia.

Question 38.
What are the symptoms of uremia?
Answer:
Hands or feet may swell. Tiredness and weakness persists as the body needs clean blood to function properly.

Question 39.
What is haemodialysis’
Answer:
Filtering the blood of a person whose kidneys are damaged with dialysis machine is called haemodiaiysis.

Question 40.
What are the organs that can be transplanted from brain dead patients?
Answer:
Kidney, liver, heart, lungs, pancreas, skin, bone, intestines and eyes (cornea).

Question 41.
Where the transplanted kidney fired in the body of kidney failed patient ?
Answer:
The new kidney is fixed inside lower abdomen connected to renal artery and renal vein, without disturbing failure kidney.

Question 42.
What is cadaver transplantation?
Answer:
The process of transplantation of organs from brain dead patients to another is called cadaver transplantation.

Question 43.
What are the other excretory organs in human beings?
Answer:
Lungs, skin, liver, large intestine, endocrine glands.

Question 44.
What are the waste products removed by lungs?
Answer:
Carbon dioxide and water.

Question 45.
Sebum of sebaceous glands in skin contains wastes like?
Answer:
Waxes, sterols, hydro carbons and fatty acids.

Question 46.
What are the metabolic wastes of haemoglobin of red blood cells in liver?
Answer:
Bile pigments like bilirubin, biliverdin and urochrome.

Question 47.
How is urea produced in liver?
Answer:
By the deamination of proteins urea is formed in the liver.

Question 48.
What are the wastes excreted by intestine?
Answer:
Excess salts of calcium, magnesium, undigested food and iron are excreted by epithelial cells of colon (large intestine).

Question 49
How do unicellular organisms remove waste products?
Answer:
Diffusion from the body surface to the surrounding water.

Question 50.
What is the osmoregulatory organelle in amoeba and paramoecium?
Answer:
Contractile vacuole.

Question 51.
Water bathes almost all their cells in body of organisms belonging to these animal phyla?
Answer:
Porif era and coelenterates.

Question 52.
What are the processes used by plants to get rid of excess water?
Answer:
Transpiration and guttation.

Question 53.
What are Raphides?
Answer:
In Yam plants waste gets stored in the fruits in the form of solid bodies called Raphides.

Question 54.
What are tannins?
Answer:
Tannins are alkaloids which are carbon compounds.

Question 55.
In which group of plants does resin occur?
Answer:
Gymnos perms.

Question 56.
Give two examples for gum yielding plants.
Answer:
Neem and Acacia.

Question 57.
What is latex?
Answer:
Latex is a sticky, milky white substance secreted by plants.

Question 58.
Rubber is prepared from the latex of?
Answer:
Hevea braziliensis.

Question 59.
From the latex of which plant bio-diesel is obtained?
Answer:
Jatropa plant.

Question 60.
What happens if some materials are above normal limits in the blood and urine?
Answer:
If some materials are above normal limits in the blood and urine it leads to accumulation of poisonous wastes and leads to death of the person.

Question 61.
Why the nephron is considered to be the structural and functional unit of the kidney?
Answer:

• Kidney is made up of number of microscopic tubular structures hence nephron is a structural unit of kidney.
• Filtration of blood takes place in the nephrons hence it is considered as the functional unit of kidney.

Question 62.
Which substances are present above the normal limits both in the blood and urine?
Answer:
Substances present above the normal limits ¡n the blood are: creatinine, uric acid and cholesterol.
Substances Present above the normal limits in the urine are : creatinine, calcium, uric acid and urea.

Question 63.
Why is more urine excreted?
Answer:
A large intake of liquids or water-rich food increases the volume of water in the blood, hence more urine is excreted.

Question 64.
What are the uses of tannins?
Answer:
Tannins are used in tanning of leather and in medicines.

Question 65.
What is the economic importance of gums ?
Answer:
Gums are valuable being used as adhesives and binding agents in the preparation of the medicines, food, etc.

Question 66.
What is osmoregulation?
Answer:
The regulation of the water content of the cell is called osmoregulation.

Question 67.
Which organ of the plant body helps in osmoregulation’
Answer:
Leaves.

Question 68.
Which organ of the cell in animals helps in osmoregulation?
Answer:
Contractile vacuole.

Question 69.
What is the basic reason of urine production?
Answer:
Blood carries nitrogenous waste in the form of urea or uric acid which needs to be removed, It is done by kidneys by filtering the blood and removing uric acid in the form of urine.

Question 70.
Due to availability of less water, how does the plants cope up with lack of water in desert conditions?
Answer:
They open their stomata at night and stomata remain closed during day time to conserve moisture.

Question 71.
What are nitrogenous wastes?
Answer:
Nitrogenous wastes are residuals derived from the degradation of proteins. They are made from chemical transformation of the amine group of amino acid molecules.

Question 72.
What are the three main types of nitrogenous wastes excreted by living beings?
Answer:
The main nitrogenous wastes excreted by living beings are ammonia, uric acid and urea.

Question 73.
Why does the ingestion of alcohol increase urination?
Answer:
Alcohol inhibits the secretion of vasopressin by the pituitary. That is why when it is drunk to excess the person urinates too much.

Question 74.
What would happen to amoeba if osmoregulation did not take place?
Answer:
If osmoregulation did not take place, the organism would get flooded with water and burst.

Question 75.
Which arteriole has more diameter, afferent or efferent?
Answer:
Afferent arteriole has more diameter.

Question 76.
What are the substances that are filtered into the glomerular capsule?
Answer:
The substances that are filtered into the glomerular capsule are waste molecules, nutrient molecules and water.

Question 77.
If you drink more water will you pass more urine?
Answer:
Yes. 1f we drink more water, we will pass more urine.

Question 78.
What are the substances reabsorbed into the peritubular network from Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PC7)?
Answer:
Glucose, water, salts, potassium ions, calcium ions and amino acids are reabsorbed into peritubular network.

Question 79.
What are the substances that secretes into distal convoluted tubule (DC7)?
Answer:
Extra salts, ions of K⁺, Na⁺, Cr^– and H⁺ secrete from peritubular capillaries into DCT.

2 Mark Questions:

Question 1.
Draw the structure of an excretory organ, which contains Bowman’s capsule and loop of henle and label it.
Answer:

Question 2.
Prepare four questions to find the reasons for obstructions in excretory system.
Answer:

• What do we call the complete and irreversible kidney failure
• What happens if kidney stop working completely?
• What is uremia?
• Is there any solution to this problem?

Question 3.
Name the secondary metabolites which are useful in leather and rubber Indutry.
From which plants we obtain them?
Answer:

• Latex used in rubber and Tannins used in Leather Industry.
• Latex – Hevea brasiliensis (Rubber Plant) Tannins – Cassia, Acacia.

Question 4.
Prepare four questions you will ask a nephrologlst about Kidney failure.
Answer:

• When does kidney fail?
• What are the symptoms of kidney failure?
• What precautions can we take to prevent failure of kidney?
• Which alternative method can we adopt if kidney fails?

Question 5.
Observe the following table.

Name of the phylum / organism	Excretory system / organ
Protozoa	Diffusion
Porifera	Water bathes all their cells
Platyhelminthes	Flame cells
Annelida	Nephridia
Arthropoda	Green glands
Reptiles, Aves and Mammals	Kidney

On the basis of above table, write answers to the following questions.

i. In above table, which living organisms contains kidneys as excretory organs like human beings?
Answer:
Reptiles and Aves.

ii. Write the excretory organs present in Earthworm and Cockroach.
Answer:
Earthworm – Nephridia
Cockroach – Green glands

Question 6.
Observe the following table and answer the questions given below.

Alkaloid	Name of the plant	Uses
Quinine Nicotine Morphine Pyrethroids	Cinchona Tobacco Opium Chrysanthemum species	Anti malarial drug Pesticides Pain killer Insecticides

i. Which alkaloid we get from the fruit, is used as pain killer?
Answer:
Morphine.

ii. From which part of the plant do we get Quinine?
Answer:
Bark of Cinchona.

Question 7.
Nephron is called structural and functional unit of kidney. Why?
Answer:

• Each kidney is made up of more than one million microscopic and thin tubular units called nephrons or uriniferous tubules. Hence nephron is known as structural unit of kidney.
• Nephron’s chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine. Hence it is known as functional unit of kidney.

Question 8.
Blood is filtered in Bowman‘s capsule of nephron. For the filtration of blood some pressure is needed. How this pressure happens to blood?
Answer:
Blood flows inside the glomerulus of Bowman’s capsule under the influence of pressure due to the large diameter of afferent arteriole, This increases or rise the blood pressure in the glomerulus capillaries leading to ultrafiltration of the blood in the Bowman’s capsule.

Question 9.
Classify the substances given below.
Ptya line, Leptin, Morphine, Riboflavin, Testosterone, Thyamln, Niacine, Sucrase, Nicotine, Amylase, Retinol, Quinine, Calciferol, Adrenaline, Tripsin.
Answer:
The above substances can be classified into Enzymes, Hormones, Alkaloids and Vitani

• Enzymes : Ptyaline, Sucrase, Amylase. Tripsin
• Hormones : Testosterone, Adrenaline, Leptin
• Alkaloids : Morphine, Nicotine, Quinine
• Vitamins : Riboflavin, Thyamin, Niacine, Retinol, Calciferol

Question 10.
Explain the external features of kidney in human beings.
Answer:

• In human beings. there are a pair of bean shaped, reddish-brown structures in the abdominal cavity attached to dorsal body wall one on either side of the backbone.
• The size of the kidney is 10cm in length, 5 – 6cm in breadth, and 4cm in thickness.
• Each kidney is convex of the outer side and concave on the inner side.
• The position of the right kidney is lower than the left kidney due to the presence of liver above.
• The Inner side of each kidney has a fissure or hilus for the entry of a renal artery, exit of a renal vein and an ureter.
• Renal artery brings oxygenated blood loaded with waste products and renal vein carries deoxygenated blood.

Question 11.
Why are weeds and wild plants not affected by insects and pests?
Answer:

• Weeds and wild plants produce waste products which are stored in leaves, hark and fruits.
• Several compounds are synthesized by weeds and wild plants for their own use especially for defence.
• Several weed and wild plants prepare chemicals and store them in different parts for protection against herbivores, insects and pests.
• Most of these chemicals are unpleasant to taste and hence insects and pests do not prefer to eat such plants.
• Some of the chemicals are toxic and may even kill the insects and pests that eat them.
• Hence weeds and wild plants are not affected by insects and pests.

Question 12.
People in cold countries get very less / no sweat. What changes occur in their skin and in other excretory organs?
Answer:

• Exposure to cold causes a reduction in blood flow to the surface of the skin by constriction of blood vessels.
• This reduces the overall volume of the circulatory system so increasing the blood pressure.
• The body’s response to this is to reduce the fluid volume by getting rid of water in the urine.
• Usually human skin has a unique system keep in equilibrium state with the surrounding temperature.
• During winter season the temperature is low and the body temperature should be heated to balance the tolerance.
• So the water content in our body is sent out in the form of urine.
• Hence, people in cold countries get less sweat or no sweat.

Question 13.
State the role of kidneys in human transport system.
Answer:

• Remove or excrete nitrogenous wastes.
• Regulate water content of the body (osmoregulation).
• Maintain mineral balance in blood.

Question 14.
Why are glomeruli considered as dialysis bags?
Answer:

• The main function performed by the glomeruli is selective filtration.
• They filter small molecules containing glucose, salts, urea and liquid serum, etc.
• The large molecules such as protein remain in blood.
• Thus glomeruli of kidney function as dialysis bags.

4 Mark Questions:

Question 1.
Where is the transplanted kidney fixed in the body of a kidney failure patient?
Answer:
Kidney transplantation involves placing a healthy kidney into the body where it can perform all of the fuctions that a failing kidney cannot. The new kidney is placed on the lower right or left side of the abdomen where it is surgically connected to nearby blood vessels.

Placing the kidney in this position allows it to be easily connected to blood vessels and the bladder. The vein and the artery of the new kidney are attached to the body’s vein and artery. The new kidney’s ureter is attached to the body’s bladder to allow urine to pass out of the body.

Question 2.
What about the failure of kidneys
Answer:
In most cases the old kidneys will not be removed. This is because even failed kidneys release chemicals that help the body work. However if those kidneys have a disease that cause on going problems such as persistent kidney infections or intestinal blockage,then the transplanting would be considered removing the old kidney. The two most common medical conditions requiring “native nephrectomy” or “congenital reflux” disease and polycystic disease.

Question 3.
Can donor lead normal life with single kidney without any complications?
Answer:
Once a living donor candidate has been completely evaluated and cleared, the chance of the donation affecting his or her life span or life style is extremely low with any surgery and anaesthesia, however, there are risks. Nationally the risk of having a life threatning problem with donating a kidney is one in three thousand.

The risk of minor complications such as a minor wound infection is about 2 to 4%. Because the kidney donor operation is a major surgical procedure; donors find they have less energy and need about 4 to 6 weeks to return to their full resurgical activity level.

Question 4.
Do plants excrete like animals?
Answer:

• Plants do not have specific organs to excrete the waste materials which are formed during metabolism,
• As in animals carbon dioxide, water, ammonia and other nitrogenous wastes are also formed in plants.
• In plants, carbon dioxide released during respiration is sent out through stomata of leaves.
• Plants discharge the excess water in the form of water vapour during transpiration by leaves. Due to this, the heat in the plants is reduced.
• In germinating seeds carbon dioxide formed during respiration is released into atmosphere.
• Plants have the capacity to utilise the by products of one metabolic activity as the raw materials for another metabolic activity.
• For example, oxygen released during photosynthesis is utilised for respiration; carbon dioxide released during respiration is utilised for photosynthesis. Plants convert nitrogen and ammonia into nitrates.

Question 5.
How do plants manage or send out waste products from its body?
Answer:

• Plants can get rid of excess water by a process like transpiration and guttation. Waste products may be stored in leaves, bark and fruits.
• When these dead leaves, bark, and ripe fruits fall off from the trees, then waste products in them are got rid off.
• In some plants, waste gets stored in the fruits in the form of solid bodies called Raphides. Example : Yam.
• Several compounds are synthesized by the plants for their own use specially for defense.
• Several plants prepare chemicals and store them in shoots, leaves, seeds for protection against herbivores.
• Most of the chemicals are unpleasant to taste and hence herbivores do not prefer to eat such plants. Some of the chemicals are toxic and may even kill the animal that eats them.
• Some of the plants release attractantS for other organisms which will help the plants for pollination. For example, plants having root nodules secrete chemicals to attract rhizobia into the surroundings of the roots and form a symbiotic relationship with the rhizobium.

Question 6.

S.No.	Test	Present level	Normal range
A. Blood Test
1.	Blood Pressure (BP)	160/90 mm/Hg	120/80 mm/Hg
2.	Glucose (Before food)	120-mg/dl	60-100 mg/dl
3.	Glucose (After food)	220 mg/dl	160-180 mg/dl
4.	Bilirubin	1.0 mg/dl	0.1-0.8 mg/dl
B. Urine Test
1.	24 hrs protein	150 mg/day	100 mg/day
2.	Sodium	140 mmol/L,	125-250 mmol/L

A. Which test is required to know bilirubin?
Answer:
Blood test is required to know bilirubin.

B. How the sugar disease is confirmed?
Answer:
In blood test if the glucose levels in blood before and after food are more than the normal, the sugar disease is confirmed.

C. By observing the above report, what would be the other problems faced by that patient?
Answer:
The blood pressure of the patient 160/90 as the normal is 120/80 mm/Hg.
The Glucose levels in the blood of the patient shows more than the normal before and after food.
So he is suffering from Hypertension and diabetes.

D. What are the organs affected by these problems?
Answer:
The organs affected by these problems are heart and kidneys.

Question 7.
Analyse the following information and answer the questions.

Alkaloid	Part of the plant	Uses
Quinine	bark	Anti malarial drug.
Nicotine	leaves	Insecticide, stimulant
Morphine	fruits	Pain killer, sedative.
Caffeine	seeds	Central Nervous System stimulant.
Pyrethroids	flowers	Insecticides
Scopolamine	fruits, flowers	Sedative

i. Which parts of the plants are used as alkaloids?
ii. What are the alkaloids which are used to control the diseases that occur in plants?
iii. Name the parts of the plant from which we get alkaloids used as sedative.
iv. Name the alkaloid which is used to prevent malaria.
Answer:
i. The plant parts used as alkaloids are:

• bark
• leaves
• fruits
• seeds
• flowers.

ii. Pyrethorids are the alkaloids used as insecticides to control the diseases that occur in plants.
iii. The fruits and flowers of scopolamine alkaloid are used as sedative.
iv. The alkaloid used to prevent malaria is the bark of Quinine.

Question 8.
Write about the accessory excretory organs and their excretory substances In human beings.
OR
What are the accessory excretory organs in human body? How does the liver carry out excretion as a secondary function?
Answer:

Question 9.
Explain the temporary and permanent methods to be adopted for Kidney failure (ESRD) persons.
Answer:
Temporary method for ESRD persons is dialysis (artificial kidney). Permanent method is transplantation of kidney.

Dialysis:

• Blood is taken out from the main artery, mixed with an anticoagulant, such as heparin and then pumped in to dialyzer.
• In dialyzer blood flows through cellophane tubes and these tubes are embeded in the dialysing fluid.
• The membrane separates the blood flowing inside the tube and dialysing fluid same as plasma without nitrogenous waste).

Kidney transplantation:

• A functioning kidney is used in transplantation from a donor preferably a close relative.
• The kidney that is received by a recipient must be a good match to his body, to minimise the chances of rejection by the immune system of the recipient.
• Nowadays the process of organ donation helps a lot for kidney failure patients.

I. Conceptual Understanding

Question 1.
Explain the formation of urine in a flow chart.
Answer:
Dissolved substances of blood like urea, glucose, amino acids, minerals, salts etc., are filtered out in Bowman’s capsule under high filtration pressure. Glomerular filtrate is called primary urine.

Question 2.
Excreting wastes from the human body not only by kidneys but also by other organs you help. How do you support it?
Answer:

• In human body wastes are excreted not only by kidneys but also by other organs.
• Kidney filters blood and eliminates nitrogenous wastes and other harmful things. Filters urea from blood.
• Apart from kidney lungs, skin, liver, intestine, salivary glands and lacrymal glands.
• Lungs remove carbon dioxide and water in respiration.
• Skin excrete wastes in the form of sweat which contains water and certa salts.
• Liver eliminates bile pigments bilirubin and biliverdin through urine.
• Excess salts of calcium, magnesium and iron are excreted by epithellial cells ocolon for elimination along with faeces by intestine.
• Eccrine glands present on the forehead, the bottoms of the feet and the palms allow excess water to leave the body.
• Salivary glands and lacrimal glands excrete small amounts of nitrogenous waste through saliva and tears.

Question 3.
Not only the food of plants but also their wastes are useful to us. What evidences do you give for it?
Answer:

• Plants are providing food for the entire living world through the process of photosynthesis.
• They are also excreting different waste materials produced during various metabolic activities.
• They are known as secondary metaboiltes which include Alkaloids, Tannins, Resins, Gums and Latex etc.
• Alkaloids used for various purposes are
  Alkaloid – Use
  Quinine Antimalarial drug
  Nicotine Insecticide
  Morphine, cocaine Pain killer
  Reserpine – Medicine for snake bite
  Nimbin Antiseptic
  Pyrethroids – Insecticides
  Casteine – Central nervous system stimulant
• Tannins are used in tanning of leather and in medicines. e.g: Cassia, Acacia.
• Resins are used in varnishes. e.g:pinus
• Gums are economically valuable and used as adhesives and finding agents in the preparation of the medicines, food etc.
• From the latex of Hevea braziliensis (Rubber plant) rubber is prepared. Latex from Jatropa is the source of biodiesel.
• Chewing gum originally made of chicle, natural latex from plant.

Question 4.
Give an account of excretory system found in different phyla of animal kingdom.
OR
Write information in tabular form of different phyla and excretory system in animal kingdom.
Answer:

• Different organisms use varied strategies in excretion.
• Following are the excretory system found in various organisms.

Name of the phylum / organism	Excretory system / organ
Protozoa	Simple diffusion from the body surface into the surrounding water.
Porifera and coelenterates	Water bathes almost all their cells
Platyhelminthes and Nematoda	Flame cells
Annelids	Nephridia
Arthropoda	Green glands, Malphigian tubules
Mollusca	Meta nephridia
Echinodermata	Water vascular system
Reptiles, Birds and Mammals	Kidneys

Question 5.
Describe the excretory system of man.
Answer:
1. The excretory system of man consists of

• a pair of kidneys
• ureters and
• urinary bladder and
• urethra.

2. Kidneys are bean shaped and are located in the abdominal region on either side of vertebral column.

• From hilus of each kidney there are a pair of whitish, narrow tubular structures arise. They are known as ureters.
• The ureter travels downwards and open, in the sac like structure called the urinary
  bladder, which stores urine.
• Urethra is a tube that takes urine from urinary bladder to outside.
• The opening of urinary bladder into urethra is guarded by a ring of muscles or sphincter.

Question 6.
Describe the internal structure of kidney with the help of diagrams.
Answer:

• L.S. of kidney shows two distinct regions. Dark coloured outet zone called cortex and pale coloured inner zone called medulla.
• Each kidney is made up of approximately more than one million (1.3 to 1.8 million) microscopic and thin tubular functional units called nephrons or uriniferous tubules.

• Each nephron has basically two parts. One is maiphigian body and other is renal tubule.
• Malphigian body consists of a blind cup shaped broader end of nephron called Bowman’s capsule and bunch of fine blood capillaries called glomerulus.
• Glomerulus develops from afferent arteriole and it gives to rise to an efferent arteriole.
• Glomerulus functions as a filtration unit.

Question 7.
Differentiate between afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole.
Answer:

Afferent arteriole	Efferent arteriole
1. Formed by the branching of renal artery.	1. Formed by the joining of the glomerular capillaries.
2. Its lumen is twice as thick as that of the efferent arteriole.	2. Its lumen is twice as narrow as that of the afferent arteriole.
3. Brings oxygenated blood into the kidney.	3. Carries oxygenated blood away from the Bowman’s capsule.
4. Brings blood which contains large amount of water and nitrogenous metabolic wastes.	4. It carries away blood that is relatively thicker and free of toxic wastes.
5. Divides to form the glomerulus which is a khot inside the Bowman’s capsule.	5. Divides to form vasa rectae enveloping the renal tubule.

Question 8.
Explain briefly about the different secondary metabolites and their uses.
Answer:
1. The secondary metabolites are the materials which do not require for normal growth and developments.

2. Examples for the secondary metabolites are alkaloids, Tannins, Resins, Gums and Latex.

3. Alkaloids are nitrogenous by-products and poisonous. They are stored in different parts of the plant.

4. The alkaloids secreted by plants and their uses are :

• Quinine is used as antimalarial drug.
• Nicotine is used as insecticide.
• Morphine and cocaine are used as pain killers.
• Reserpine is used as medicine for snake bite.
• Caffeine is used as stimulant for central nervous system.
• Nimbin is used as antiseptic.
• Scopolamine is used as sedative.

5. Tannins are carbon compounds which are deep brown in colour. Tannins are used in tanning of leather and in medicines, e.g.: Cassia, Acacia.

6. Resin occur mostly in Gymnosperms in specialized passages called resin passages. They are used in varnishe.
e.g.: Pinus.

7. When branches of trees are cut a sticky substance called gum is secreted. The gumswells by absorbing water and helps in the healing of damaged parts of a plant. e.g. : Neem, Acacia.

8. Economically gums are valuable, being used as adhesives and binding agents in the preparation of the medicines,
food etc.

9. Latex is a sticky milky white substance secreted by plants. Latex is stored in latex cells or latex vessels.

10. From the latex of Heavea braziliensis (Rubber plant) rubber is prepared. Latex from Jatropa is the source of bio-diesel.

II. Asking Questions and Making Hypothesis:

Question 1.
A student observed a patient undergoing haemodialysis. He has many doubts about haemodialysis. What might be his doubts?
Answer:
He got following doubts about haemodialysis.

• What is the use of dialysis?
• How the impurities are separated from blood?
• How much time needed to complete dialysis?
• How frequently, does a patient should undergo dialysis
• How to prevent blood coagulation during dialysis?
• What is major difference between kidney and artificial kidney?
• Can this process done at home?

Question 2.
What might be reason for getting odour when potted plant shift from it’s place?
Answer:

• As per ‘Brugman’ scientist, plant excrete small amount of waste material in surrounding of its roots.
• Hence when rotted plant shifted from it’s place we will get bad odour.

III. Experimentation and Field Investigation:

Question 1.
In the observation of kidney external and internal features experiment, what are your observations?
Answer:
External features of mammal kidney are:

• It is bean shaped and brown in colour.
• Top of the kidneys you will observe adrenal gland.
• 3 tubes corne out from hilus. First one is ureter, second one is renal artery and third one is renal vein.

Internal features of kidney:

• Each kidney is convex on the outer side and concave on the inner side.
• Outer zone in kidney T.S. is light brown colour whereas inner zone is dark brown colour.
• Outer zone is called cortex and inner dark zone is called medulla. Triangular calyces are present in medulla.
• These medulla lead into ureter.
• Ureters are whitish tube like structures.

IV. Information Skills and Projects

Question 1.
Observe the below flow chart. Fill the boxes. Explain to which system this be longs to. :

Answer:

• Kidney
• Loop of Renie
• Pelvis
• Urethra

This flow chart belongs to excretory system in human beings. It shows the way how the blood in the kidney moves filtered and urine is excreted. The blood is supplied to kidney by renal artery. After entering the kidney renal artery forms number of afferent arterioles. This afferent arteriole forms network of blood capillaries in Bowman’s capsule of nephron. Blood gets filtered in Glomerulus of Bowman’s capsule.

The filtered blood is known as primary urine. it passes into PCT, loop of Henle and listen to convoluted tubule. After necessary reabsorption filtrate enters collecting tubule of nephron. Later filtrate enters pelvis from there it enters ureter and finally reaches urinary bladder. From urinary bladder urine is sent out of the body through urethra.

Question 2.
Observe the following table and answer the following questions.
Answer:

i. Name the alkaloid which is used as medicine for snake bite.
Answer:
‘Reserpine’ used as medicine for snake bite.

ii. Why do we feel much relief when we drink coffee?
Answer:
‘Caffeine’ present in coffee stimulates central nervous system. Hence we feel much relief.

iii. What are different kinds of alkaloids which cause harm to us?
Answer:
Cocaine. Scopolamine, Nicotine, Strychnine and Ganja are different alkaloids which cause harm to us.

iv. Name the alkaloid which acts as cancer causing agent (carsinogenic agent)
Answer:
Nicotine which is present in tobacco.

vii. Name the plant which gives antimalarial drug.
Answer:
Cinchona officitialis plant.

vi. Why do we add neem leaves to bathing water when a person suffering from skin disease?
Answer:
Because Nimbin present in neem leaves acts as antiseptic.

vii. What is the use of turmeric?
Answer:
Turmeric used as antiseptic.

V. Communication Throught Drawing, Model Making: 

Question 1.
Draw a neat labelled diagram of Human main excretory system. Write the function of urinary bladder.
Answer:
The main function of urinary bladder is to store the urine.

Question 2.
Draw neat labelled diagram of the functional unit of kidney. Write main function of Glonierulus.
Answer:

The main function of Glornerulus is filteration of blood and formation of primary urine.

Question 3.
Label the parts for given diagrams.
Answer:
a)

• dorsal aorta
• posterior venacava
• adrenal gland
• ureter
• left kidney
• urinary bladder
• urethra
• renal vein
• renal artery

b.

• cortex
• medulla
• renal artery
• renal vein
• nephron
• calyces
• pelvis
• ureter

Question 4.
Draw the flow chart of process of haemodialysis.
Answer:

VI. Apprciation and Aesthetic Sense, Values

Question 1.
Write an essay stating the advantages of by -products of plants in our real life.
OR
What are secondary meto balites ? Briefly explain their uses.
Answer:
1. The materials which do not require for normal growth and development are called secondary metabolites. These are the by – products of plants. eg : Alkaloids, Tannins, Resins, Gums and Latex etc. Though plants produce these chemicals for their own use man found the usage of these chemicals for own benefits. They are generally coloured and fragrant.

2. Alkaloids: These are nitrogenous by – products and poisonous. These are stored in different parts of the plants. Common alkaloids in plants and their uses are given in the table.

3. Tannins: Tannins are carbon compounds. These are stored in different parts of the plant and are deep browii in colour. Tannins are used in tanning of leather and in medicines. e.g. Cassia, Acacia.

4. Resin: Occur mostly in Gymnosperms in specialized passages called resin passages. These are used in varnishes. e.g. Pinus.

5. Gums: liants like Neem, Acacia oozes out a sticky substance called gum. When branches are cut. The gum swells by absorbing water and helps in the healing of damaged parts of a plant. Gums are economically valuable and used as adhesives and binding agents in the preparation of the medicines, food, etc.

6. Latex: Latex is a sticky, milky white substance secreted by plants. Latex is stored in latex cells or latex vessels. From the latex of Flevea braziliensis (Rubber plant) rubber is prepared. Latex from Jatropa is the source of bio-diesel.

7. Modern chewing gum originally made of chick natural latex from plant.

Question 2.
Blood is purified in kidneys. So many wastes are removed from the blood in nephron of the kidney. Which issue make you surprise in excretory system ?
Answer:
1. Kidneys remove garbage from our body. They also work towards balancing the amount of vitamins, minerals, fat and protein that are found in the blood. They do this so that our body can easily perform day to day activities.

2. The right and left kidneys are assisted by a number of organs in the body which help in disposing waste products.

3. Our intestine makes solid waste materials and is excreted through digestive tract.

4. Each day our body eliminates around 1.6 to 1.8 liters of urine which contains liquids, minerals and vitamins that are of no use of the body.

5. The bladder of a human body is nearly the same size as the average of human brain.

6. In one individual’s life span the liver can produce around 184.275 kgs of bile (6500 ounces).

7. In our lifetime an individual could urinate close to 7,850,000,000 gallons of fluid.

8. There are two kidneys in the human body. The left kidney is always found higher than the right kidney.

9. A really extraordinary fact regarding the excretory system is that upto 400 ml of urine can be held in human bladder.

10. Urine contains a high amount of urea which can be used by plants as a source of nitrogen. Because of this diluted urine can be used in gardens and potted plants.

11. It is amazing to see that each kidney is made up of approximately more than one million microscopic tubular functional units called nephrons or uriniferous tubules.

Question 3.
In recent days many people are coming forward to donate organs of brain dead people, who met accidents. How will you appreciate the family members of organ donor?
Answer:
1. In recent days many families are willing to donate organs of brain dead person’s. This is truely significant change in attitude of people.

2. Most of the people are burning or burying body after death. Very a few people are would like to see their very dear one’s in other people by donating organs like heart, liver, kidneys, cornea, spleen and bone marrow etc.

3. The family members of brain dead are already in great sorrow. They need great courage and so much kindness toward needy patients.

4. With nobel decision of that family giving new life to 5 – 7 persons, who has no alternate treatment, other than organ transplantation. In society every one must appreciate their courage, kindness and sympathy. They stood role model to others.

VII. Application To Daily Life, Concern To Biodiversity

Question 1.
Which plants can you get in your village. Among these by products of which plants do you use in your real life ?
Answer:
1. The plants? grow or available in our village are Sapota, Coconut, Cassia, Mango, Guava, Borassus plantain, Tobacco, Rauwolfia, Coffee, Neem, Datura, Chrysanthemum, Acacia, Pinus, Vallisneria, Teak, etc.,

2. Out of these plants alkaloids are available from the plants like Tobacco, Rauwolfia, Coffee, Neem, Datura and Chrysanthemum. The by-products from these plants are utilised in my real life.

Plant	Use
Tobacco Rauwolfia serpentina Coffee Neem Datura Chrysanthemum	Insecticide Medicine for snake bite Central nervous system stimulant Antiseptic Sedative Insecticides

• Tannins are the by – products of cassia, acacia. These are used in tanning of leather and in medicines.
• Resin the by-product of Pinus is used in varnishes.
• Gums are extracted from neem and acacia. They are used as adhesives and binding agents in the preparation of food, medicines.

Question 2.
How secondary metabolites of plants are useful to us?
Answer:

• Secondary metabolites are which do not required for normal growth.Eg. Alkaloids, Tannins, Resins, Gums and Latex etc.
• Alkaloids like Quinine, Reserpine, Morphine and Scopolamine are useful as medicines or different problems.
• Nicotine, Pyrethroids, Turmeric and Nimbin are useful as Insecticides.
• Tannins are useful in tanning leather and preparation of medicines.
• Resins are used in varnishes.
• Gums are used as adhesives and binding agents and preparation of food, medicines.
• Latex is used in preparation of rubber and biodiesel.

Telangana SCERT 9th Class English Guide Pdf Telangana Unit 1C Little Bobby Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS 9th Class English Guide Unit 1C Little Bobby

Questions and Answers:

Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Which is the most humorous action? Give reasons in support of your answer.
Answer:
Little Bobby picked up the statue of Mary and thought that he kidnapped the mother of God. He wrote a letter to God. In his letter he said that he had kidnapped God’s mother. He demanded God to send him a red bike if He wanted to see His mother again. This is the most humorous action of Little Bobby because nobody can kidnap God’s mother. Moreover the boy demanded the gift rather than praying to God for it. It reveals the innocence of the boy. It is fun to know how children sometimes behave innocently to get things.

Question 2.
If you wanted a bike, what would you write to God?
Answer:
My Letter to God to Get a Bike

Dear God,
This is your devotee Mr. Sarathchandra. I would like to have a bike for my birthday. Please send the bike to me if I really deserve to get it.

Thank you.

Your devotee,
Saratchandra.

Question 3.
Would you like the behaviour of Little Bobby? Why or why not? Give a reason.
Answer:
No, I would not like the behaviour of Little Bobby. I cannot support the action of kidnapping God’s mother. Moreover it is a foolish thing to get things by using mean ways. I like to get things I want with good behaviour, love and affection. I believe that God will give everything to me in time if I really deserve.

Question 4.
Do yqu think Bobby deserved a bike ?
Answer:
I don’t think Bobby deserved a bike. As he was a troublemaker, he didn’t deserve a bike.

Question 5.
Suggest a different ending to the story.
Answer:
After writing a number of letters to God, Bobby finally realised that he didn’t deserve a bike. Then he decided to be a good boy to get a bike for his next birthday. He stopped writing letters and went to the church to pray to God.

Project Work:

Collect data from 30 families (including men, women and children) on the following programmes they watch on TV.

Family information sheet

Follow the process given below.
Before conducting survey: Form into three groups.
During the survey: Collect the information to know how frequently people watch different programmes on TV depending on their gender and age.
Each group should collect data from ten families by using the above format.

After the survey:
On the basis of the 10 individual sheets, prepare one consolidated sheet giving the profile of
the families visited.
Analyse the results in groups and write a brief report on the result of your survey.
You may use the following phrases:
Very large number of men/women/children (above 75%) …………………
Very few number of men/women/children (below 15%) …………………
A good number of men/women/children (15% – 75%) …………………

Answer:
Report of Group TWO :

This report is prepared on the basis of the data collected from ten families on the above mentioned programmes they watch on TV. It reflects how frequently people watch different programmes on TV depending on their gender and age. Very few number of women watch news, games and sports and cartoon programmes. Very few number of children spend their time to watch discussions and cookery programmes. Most of the children watch games and sports. Children watch movies more than women and men. Daily serials and film reviews are great attractions for all. All most all people sit before their TV sets every day.

Consolidated Sheet of Group THREE
Giving the Profile of the 10 Families Visited.
Family information sheet

Name of the Progaramme	No. of Women watching	No. of Men watching	No. of Children watching
1. News	6	27	12
2. Cookery	21	4	6
3. Film Reviews	14	13	16
4. Daily Serials	28	11	16
5. Reality Shows	13	14	15
6. Cartoon Programmes	4	2	20
7. Movies	14	14	20
8. Discussions	4	27	3
9. Games and Sports	6	15	25

Report of Group THREE :

This report is prepared on the basis of the data collected from ten families on the above mentioned programmes they watch on TV. It reflects how frequently people watch different programmes on TV depending on their gender and age. Games and sports are major attractions for children. Reality shows, cartoon programmes and movies are other important attractions for them. Most of women spend their time to watch daily serials, cookery programmes and movies. Very few women watch news, discussions and games and sports. Men are interested in watching movies, news, games and sports and reality shows. A good number of men like to watch daily serials. All the members of every family spend their time before their TV sets daily.

Sometimes we get teased for the way we look. Friends family, media and advertisements can also influence how we feel about our body. We may even think about changing our looks. But we do not make our body. Nature ‘eak about it to others. Shame and blame are not in any part of our body. Those who break rules are to be blamed. Our laws provide for punishment for those who break rules.

When someone troubles us by teasing or breaking rules we can do the following : Say ‘NO’ to that person; GO away from that person as and when I can; TELL a safe adult about this person.

We may feel ashamed and find it difficult to speak about it to others. Shame and blame are not in any part of our body. Those who break rules are to be blamed. Our laws provide for punishment for those who break rules.

Self Assessment:

How well have I understood this unit?
Read and tick (✓) in the appropriate box.

Little Bobby Summary in English

Little Bobby was a story of a trouble making boy who wanted a bike for his birthday. Little Bobby asked his mother to buy a red bike for him for his birthday. But the mother wanted to make Bobby think on his behaviour and asked him to think about how he had behaved that year. She asked him to write a letter to God and tell Him why he deserved a bike for his birthday.

Bobby wrote four letters to God requesting Him for a red bike. While writing letters he learnt that he did not deserve to get a bike for his birthday.

But he wanted to have the bike at any cost. It is fun to know that finally Bobby went to church and stole the statue of Mary, the mother of God. Then he wrote a letter to God. He wrote that he had kidnapped the God’s mother. He demanded God to send the bike if He wanted to see His mother again.

Glossary :

troublemaker (n) : a person who often causes trouble
deserved (v) : qualified to have something
reflect (v) : think
stumped (v) : walked in a noisy way in an upset mood
altar (n) : a holy table in a church or a temple

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 2nd Year English Study Material Intermediate 2nd Year English Grammar Reading Comprehension Questions and Answers.

AP Intermediate 2nd Year English Grammar Reading Comprehension

Reading is a skill many people take for granted, but the act of reading and properly comprehending a text is a complex and interactive process. It requires several different brain functions to work together and most often requires one to puzzle through multiple layers of context and meaning.

Reading comprehension is the understanding of what a particular text means and the ideas the author is attempting to convey, both textual and subtextual. In order to read any text, your brain must process not only the literal words of the piece, but also their relationship with one another, the context behind the words, how subtle language and vocabulary usage can impact emotion and meaning behind the text, and how the text comes together as a larger, coherent whole.

Read the following passages and answer the questions.
1. Your Mind Or Mind’s You

The mind is a superb instrument if used rightly. Used wrongly, however, it becomes destructive. To put it more accurately, it is not so much that you use your mind wrongly – you usually don’t use it at all. It uses you. This is a disease. You believe that you are your mind. That is a delusion. The instrument has taken you over.

Just because you solve a crossword puzzle or build an atombomb doesn’t mean that you use your mind. Thinking has become a disease. Just as dogs love to chew bones, the mind loves to get its teeth into problems. That’s why it does crossword puzzles and builds atombombs. You have no interest in either. Let me ask this : can you be free of your mind whenever you want to ? Have you found the off button ?

Then the mind is using you. You are unconsciously identified with it, so you don’t even know that you are its slave.

Questions:

Question 1.
What is the instrument that is being talked about in the passage ?
Answer:
The mind.

Question 2.
According to the passage how do we say that we use our mind ?
Answer:
solve a crossword puzzle or build an atombomb.

Question 3.
“Get your teeth into problems” means :
a) Chewing the problem With teeth.
b) You like it because it is interesting.
c) Using the brain to chew the problems.
Answer:
b) You like it because it is interesting.

Question 4.
Find out the word from the passage which means ‘false belief.
Answer:
delusion.

Question 5.
Write the noun form of ‘destructive’.
Answer:
destruction

2. The Treasure Within

A beggar had been sitting by the side of a road for over thirty years. One day a stranger walked by. “Spare some change?” mumbled the beggar, mechanically holding out his baseball cap. “I have nothing to give you,” said the stranger. Then he asked : “What’s that you are sitting on ?”Nothing,” replied the beggar. “Just an old box. I have been sitting on it for as long as I can remember.” The stranger asked, “Have you ever looked inside ?” “No,” said the beggar. “What’s the point? There’s nothing in there.” “Have a look inside,” insisted the stranger. The beggar managed to pry open the lid. With-astonishment, disbelief and elation, he saw that the box was filled with gold.

This is what happens to all of us. We need a stranger to tell us to look inside. Not inside any box, as in the parable, but inside yourself. We are always looking outside for scraps of pleasure or fulfilment, for validation, security, love, strength while we have an infinite treasure within.

Questions :

Question 1.
What is the treasure within according to the passage ?
Answer:
Pleasure or fulfilment, validation, security, love, strength.

Question 2.
Why is everyone compared to ‘a beggar on the box’ in this passage ?
Answer:
Just like the beggar in the passage me never opened the treasure box until told, we never look inside ourselves.

Question 3.
What does the word .’pry’ in the passage mean ?
a) Try
b) To look closely and curiously.
c) To find a treasure.
Answer:
a) Try

Question 4.
What is the antonym of the word ‘elation’ ?
Answer:
Depression.

Question 5.
Where can we find the treasure of pleasure, fulfilment, security, love and strength ?
Answer:
Inside ourselves/within ourselves.

3. Endangered Species

In 2008, the polar bear was placed on the endangered species list. According to the USA’s Endangered Species Act, an endangered species is an animal, plant or any other kind of wildlife that is likely to face extinction in its natural habitat.

The polar bear is the first animal that has been classified as endangered primarily due to global warming. Global warming is a form of climate change caused by increased levels of carbondioxide and other greenhouse gases that become trapped in the atmosphere. The polar bear’s habitat is more vulnerable to global warming than many other species. Polar bears live mainly on the sea ice in the Arctic. This is where they hunt for fish and build up fat reserves. When the ice melts many polar bears move to land and live off their stored fat. In the Arctic, global warming is causing the ice to melt slightly earlier and form slightly later. This results in a shorter feeding season for the polar bear. Some risk their lives to find ice. If they have to swim too far they will drown from exhaustion and hunger.

Questions:

Question 1.
What is the endangered species according to the USA’s Endangered Species Act ?
Answer:
An endangered species is an animal, plant or any other kind of wildlife that is likely to face extinction in its natural habitat.

Question 2.
What is global warming ?
Answer:
Global warming is a form of climate change caused by increased levels of carbondioxide and other green-house gases that become trapped in the atmosphere.

Question 3.
Pick the word/phrase from the passage which means ‘to survive/to depend’.
Answer:
Live off.

Question 4.
What is the result of the ice melting slightly earlier and form of slightly later ?
Answer:
This results in a shorter feeding season for the polar bear.

Question 5.
State true or false.
Polar bears are an endangered species because their habitat is affected by global warming.
Answer:
True.

4. The Eye

Light enters the eye by refracting, or bending, as it passes through the cornea. Light rays then pass through the opening into the eye known as the pupil. The pupil size is controlled by a muscle known as the iris. The pupil becomes smaller when in bright area and larger in dark area. After leaving the pupil, light rays are refracted once again as they pass through the convex lens of eye. Light rays continue travelling through a jelly-like material called the vitreous humor. An upside down image is formed on the back of the eye known as the retina. Cone cells on the retina interpret the colour of the image and rod cells interpret the black and white colours. Lastly the image is taken to the brain for the image to be seen correctly.

Questions :

Question 1.
What is the opening into the eye called ?
Answer:
The pupil

Question 2.
What is the muscle that controls the size of the pupil ?
Answer:
The iris

Question 3.
State true or false’:
The pupil becomes smaller in dark areas.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
Write the antonym of ‘convex’.
Answer:
Concave

Question 5.
Where does an upside down image form in the eye ?
Answer:
The retina

5. India – A Developing Nation

India was once considered the land of knowledge and enlightenment. In ancient times scholars from all over Asia and Europe used to flock to Taxila, Nalanda and other Indian centres of learning. Apart from arts, culture, philosophy and religion, these scholars came to study medicine, law, and martial sciences. But despite having a vastly expanded university system and historical advances, modem India has yet to provide international or even regional leadership in higher education. From the surrounding countries Asia and Africa, only a few students come to India for higher education.

The United States is by far the most successful country in attracting foreign students. But other countries such as Australia, Canada, and Britain also aggressively market their universities abroad through their education counselling services and recruitment fairs with the active co-operation of their diplomatic missions abroad.

Likewise, India should also capitalise on the advantages offered by its higher education institutions, market Indian universities abroad and facilitate the entry of foreign students into them. The revenue from foreign students can be used to ease the financial crunch faced by Indian universities, improve academic facilities and subsidise the cost of educating Indian students.

Questions:

Question 1.
What were the two famous universities in ancient India ?
Answer:
Taxila, Nalanda.

Question 2.
Name any two topics taught at the ancient universities in India.
Answer:
Arts, culture, philosophy, religion, medicine, law, martial sciences.

Question 3.
Which is the most successful country in attracting foreign students at present ?
Answer:
The United States of America.

Question 4.
Academic facilities in India can be developed with —–.
Answer:
The revenue from foreign students.

Question 5.
Write the noun form of the word ‘aggressively’.
Answer:
Aggression.

6. Healthy Food

Everyone eats food. Some people eat lots of fruit and vegetables, others may eat more or less meat, and some people may eat healthy, others may not. All of it is related to nutrition. Nutrition is the process of how people get the food that is needed to grow strong and healthy along with obtaining the necessary vitamins and nutrients to help bodies grow and function.

For children, good nutrition is especially important and it is necessary to eat healthy foods because kids are constantly growing. Good nutrition will lead to healthy bones and muscles, and without receiving the correct vitamins and nutrients while growing, a child will not grow as tall and as strong as they could be.

There are five main food groups that should be eaten each day. Eating a variety of foods in each group will lead to receiving most important nutrients to remain strong and healthy. The first food group includes grains such as cereals, rice, millets, breads, pastas etc. The second group is dairy, which includes milk, yogurt, cheese, butter and other dairy products. Apples, organges, grapes, bananas and many more are part of the fruits group. Of course, vegetables, such as1 beans, broccali, peas, carrots, com, leafs and many others is in its own food group as well. Finally, the fifth food group is protein, which can be found in beef, chicken, eggs, nuts, fish etc.

Questions:

Question 1.
What is nutrition ?
Answer:
Nutrition is the .process of how people get the food that is needed to grow strong and healthy along with obtaining the necessary vitamins and nutrients to help bodies grow and function.

Question 2.
What happens if children do not take good nutrition ?
Answer:
A child will not grow as tall and as strong as they could be.

Question 3.
How many food groups are there according to the passage ?
Answer:
5

Question 4.
Which of the following food groups do cheese, butter and yogurt belong to ?
a) Protein
b) Grains
c) Dairy
Answer:
c) Dairy

Question 5.
Name any three vegetables other than those in the passage.
Answer:
Cabbage, Potato, Cauliflower, Tomato, Brinjal, Bitter gourd, Snake gourd, Bottle gourd etc. (any three, options)

7. The Titanic

The Titanic, is in its watery grave. It is a great museum of human history and is at risk of being lost forever because of curious voyagers and treasure hunters, fears Bob Ballard, who first discovered the remains of the iconic ship in 1985. Famous fof discovering the great ship, Ballard is a former U.S. Navy Officer and a professor of oceanography. He presented a documentary called “Save the Titanic” on the 100th anniversary of the sinking of the great ship – April 15, 1912. The ship and her fate continue to fascinate, largely because of the horror that took place that night, with 1,522 passengers and crew losing their lives.”Ballard says, “The story has all the ingredients to make it timelessly fascinat¬ing. You have this revolutionary ship that’s unsinkable and carrying a cross section of people in society. And then it goes and hits an iceberg and sinks on its maiden journey.’ It’s an irony personified in history.”

Questions:

Question 1.
Who discovered the Titanic ship ?
Answer:
Bob Ballard.

Question 2.
When were the remains of the iconic ship discovered ?
Answer:
1985.

Question 3.
Why does the ship fascinate people even today ?
Answer:
Largely because of the horror that took place that night with 1522 passengers and crew losing their lives.

Question 4.
Pick out the word from the passage that means “being a first occurrence or event”.
Answer:
Maiden.

Question 5.
The Titanic sank on ——.
Answer:
5. April 15, 1912.

8. Homework At School

Homework has historically been given to students to reinforce what they learn at school, and ultimately to help them learn the subject better. However, too much homework is not helpful, and can be counter – productive. Excessive amounts of time spent on completing homework can take away the kid’s social life, family time, and limit their participation in sports or other activities. The amount of homework a teacher has to give to a student should be restricted.

Critically acclaimed author Tamim Ansary reports that since 1981, the amount of home-work given to an average sixth class child had increased by more than fifty percent. The new competition that emerged served as an incentive for schools to increase the volume of curriculum. Many teachers defend large amounts of homework, claiming that it helps students to face a world that is becoming increasingly competitive. However Dr. Kralovec, author The End of Homework’, argues that doing homework during school ha£ little or no effect on successful study skills of the students when they join college.

Questions :

Question 1.
What is the passage about ?
a) The advantages of homework
b) The disadvantages of homework
c) About a book – “Homework”.
Answer:
b) The disadvantages of homework

Question 2.
What does a student miss when he spends excessive amount of time on homework ?
Answer:
Social life, family time, participation in sports and other activities.

Question 3.
What is the aim of homework ?
Answer:
To reinforce what is learnt at school and ultimately help the students learn the subject better.

Question 4.
State true or false :
Dr. Kralovec defends the teachers who give large amounts of homeworks.
Answer:
False.

Question 5.
What do you think is the reason for increase of homework ?
Answer:
World is becoming increasingly competitive.

9. The Charminar

A man came to Hyderabad to attend a conference. He was visiting the city for the first time. He wanted to see the Charminar. So the next day after he attended the conference, he set out to visit the Charminar. He asked a police officer for directions to reach the place. The officer said, ‘Wait at this bus stop for the number 65 bus. It’ll take you right there.” He thanked the police officer and the officer drove off.

Three hours later the police officer returned to the same area to find the man still waiting at the game bus stop. Surprised, he got out of his car and asked the man, ‘Why are you still waiting ? Didn’t you get the bus ?”

The man replied, “Don’t worry officer, it won’t be late now. The 58^th bus just went by !”

Questions:

Question 1.
Why did the man come to Hyderabad ?
Answer:
To attend a conference.

Question 2.
Write a synonym for ‘surprised’.
Answer:
Perplexed, bewildered.

Question 3.
Why was the man waiting at the bus stop ?
Answer:
To catch 65 number bus/to catch a bus to the Charminar.

Question 4.
Do you think the police officer gave the right directions to reach the Charminar.
Answer:
Yes.

Question 5.
State true or false.
The man was visiting the Charminar for the first time.
Answer:
True.

10. Genetic Modification

The controversy over genetically modified food continues unabated in the West. Genetic modification (GM) is the science by which the genetic material of a plant is altered, perhaps to make it more resistant to pests or killer weeds, or to enhance its nutritional value. Many food biotechnologists claim that GM will be a major contribution of science to mankind in the 21^st century. On the other hand, large numbers of opponents, mainly in Europe claim that the benefits of GM are a myth propagated by multinational corporations to increase their profits, and that they pose health hazards they have therefore, called for governments to ban the sale of genetically-modified food.

The anti – GM campaign is quite effective in Europe, with several European member countries imposing a virtual ban for five years over genetically – modified food imports. Since the genetically modified food industry is particularly strong in the United States of America, the controversy also constitutes another chapter in the US-Europe skirmishes which have become particularly acerbic after the US invasion of Iraq.

Questions:

Question 1.
What is genetic modification ?
Answer:
Genetic modification (GM) is the science by which the genetic material of a plant is altered, perhaps to make it more resistant to pests or killer weeds, or to enhance its nutritional value.

Question 2.
What is the major contribution of science to mankind in the 21^st century ?
Answer:
GM.

Question 3.
Find the word in the passage which means ‘to engage in a minor dispute’.
Answer:
Skirmishes.

Question 4.
Where is the anti – GM campaign effective ?
Answer:
In Europe.

Question 5.
Who called for governments to ban the sale of genetically – modified food ?
Answer:
Large number of opponents in Europe.

11. The Maneless Lion

Fifty feet away, three male lions lay by the road. They didn’t appear to have a hair on their heads. Noting the colour of their noses (leonine noses darken as they age, from pink to black), Craig estimated that they were six years old-young adults. “This is what we came to see. They are really maneless.” Craig, a professor at the University of Minnesota, is arguably the leading expert on the majestic Serengeti lion, whose head is mantled, in long, thick hair. He and Peyton West, a doctoral student who has been working with him in Tanzania, had never seen the Tsavo lions that live some 200 miles east of Serengeti. The scientists had partly suspected that the maneless male lions were adolescents mistaken for adults by amateur observers. Now they know better.

The Tsavo research expedition was mostly Peyton’s show. She had spent several years in Tanzania, compiling the data she needed to answer a question that ought to have been answered long ago : Why do lions have manes ? It’s the only cat wild or domestic, that displays such ornamentation.

Questions :

Question 1.
Name the two scientists in the passage.
Answer:
Craig and Peyton West.

Question 2.
State true or false :
Serengiti lions are maneless.
Answer:
False.

Question 3.
Where do Tsavo lions live ?
Answer:
Some 200 miles away from Serengeti.

Question 4.
Pick the adjective in the passage which means ‘pertaining to or characteristic of a lion.”
Answer:
Leonine.

Question 5.
Write the noun form of the verb ‘estimated’.
Answer:
Estimation.

12. Coca-Cola : A Few Facts

One of the most successful commercial products ever launched is said to have come about as a result of a mistake. In 1896, Jacob’s Pharmacy in Atlanta, Georgia, was selling a nerve tonic known as ‘French Wine Cola – Ideal Nerve Tonic;’ By accidentally adding fizzy water instead of still water to the recipe, a pharmacist called John S.Pemberton invented what has today become the most popular soft drink in the world : Coca-Cola. It has enjoyed phenomenal success worldwide and this combination of carbonated water, sugar, acid and flavourings has come to symbolise the American way of life for most of the world. But even the manufacturers could hardly describe Coca-Cola as a healthy product since it contains relatively high amounts of sugar and phosphoric acid both of which are known to damage teeth. However the company’s enviable marketing strategies like the most memorable commercials, tunes, slogans, and sponsorship in the world of advertising, variously emphasizing international harmony, youthfulness, and a carefree lifestyle made Coca-Cola endure the popularity till now.

Questions :

Question 1.
What was Coca-Cola originally ?
Answer:
Never tonic/French wine Cola-Ideal Nerve Tonic.

Question 2.
What are the basic ingredients of Coca-Cola ?
Answer:
Carbonated water, sugar, acid and flavourings.

Question 3.
Why is Coca-Cola harmful to teeth ?
Answer:
Because of the presence of high amounts of sugar and phosphoric acid.

Question 4.
What has come to symbolize the American way of life for most of the world ? ”
Answer:
Coca-Cola.

Question 5.
Write an antonym of ‘endure’.
Answer:
Fade/short-lived.

13. Iron Man Of India

Popularly and rightly known as the ‘Iron man of India’ or ‘Bismark of India’, Sardar Vallabhabhai Patel is among the most influential political icons of India. The first deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister of independent India, Patel was instrumental in the unification of 555 princely states and setting up a democratic federal setup in the country. He played a key role in the freedom struggle rubbing shoulders with the Father of the Nation, Mahatma Gandhi. It would be no. exaggeration if we label him as the chief architect of independent India who sailed through the turbulent times with his rock solid leadership.

Sardar Patel always believed that due to extensive diversity and multiple cultures and languages, India needs a strong bureaucratic setup. He played a constructive role in the creation of the Indian Administrative Services (IAS). The earlier Indian Civil Services Code (ICS), drafted by the Britishers suited only their own interests, and later on it was diluted by the Bismark of India to create a better bureaucratic structure that works for the betterment of the country. Thus he came to be known as ‘Patron Saint’ for Indian civil servants for establishing modem All India Services.

Questions:

Question 1.
How many labels are used to describe Patel and what are they ?
Answer:
3, Iron man of India, Bismark of India, Patron Saint.

Question 2.
Why did Patel believe that India needed a strong bureaucratic set up ?
Answer:
Due to extensive diversity and multiple cultures and languages.

Question 3.
Why Patel is called the chief architect of modem India ?
Answer:
Because he was instrumental in the unification of 555 princely states and setting up a democratic federal set up in the country.

Question 4.
Expand IAS.
Answer:
Indian Administrative Services.

Question 5.
‘Rubbing shoulders’ suggests _________
a) Rub one’s shoulders
b) Hold shoulders
c) Associate with.
Answer:
c) Associate with.

14. Work Is Worship

There are 365 days in a year. If we take away the 52 Sundays, it leaves 313 days left for work. We at least have 12 declared holidays per year, which leaves 301 days for work. We are further entitled for 12 days of sick leave, 12 days of casual leave and 12 days of privilege leave. It leaves 265 days for work. On the days we work, even taking those who do not work by the clock as bench mark, we spend on an average about 12 hours each day away from work. And that counts for 133 days (half of 265). There are 135 days left for work. Within those 12 hours at work, we spend at least 2 hours each day on coffee breaks, lunch and snacking, which accounts for another 11 days (132*2/24) each year. It leaves 121 days available for work. And that’s just 33% of a year is spent on work. Even for this 33% of work life there is so much cribbing. Oh, what a tragedy! Born in a culture that taught Work is Worship’, and through work (Karma Yoga) the divine can be attained, we have lost the sanctity of work.

The food we eat, the clothes we wear, the shelter we live in and the luxuries of comfort we enjoy are the rewards of the work we do. Work not only gives the rewards of life but also a sense of purpose and dignity to our life. Irrespective of the people we work with, the organisation we represent, the designation we carry, the portfolio we hold, let’s begin ’ every morning with gratitude to the work we do. Let us go to our work place with greater reverence and devotion than we would go to a place of worship.

Questions:

Question 1.
How much percent of a year is spent on work by an employee ?
Answer:
33%.

Question 2.
What is Karma Yoga ?
Answer:
The divine can be attained through work.

Question 3.
What are the rewards of the work we do ?
Answer:
The food we eat, the clothes we wear, the shelter we live in, and luxuries of comfort.

Question 4.
Pick out the word from the passage which means ‘something considered sacred’.
Answer:
Sanctity

Question 5.
What does our culture teach us about work ?
Answer:
Work is worship/the divine can be attained through work.

15. Events And Experiences

One night a group of nomads were preparing to retire for the evening when suddenly they were surrounded by a great light. They knew they were in the presence of a celestial being. With great anticipation, they awaited a heavenly message of great importance that they knew must be especially for them. Finally a voice roared, “Gather as many shells as you can. Put them in your saddlebags. Travel a day’s journey and tomorrow night will find you both glad and sad.” The nomads’ shared their disappointment and anger with each other. They expected the revelation of a great universal truth that would enable them to create wealth, health and purpose for the world but instead they were given a menial task that made no sense to them at all. However, reluctantly each one of them picked up a few shells and deposited them in their saddlebags. They travelled a day’s journey and at night while making their camp, they reached into their saddle bags and discovered that every shell they had gathered had become a diamond. They were glad that they had diamonds. They were sad that they had not gathered enough shells.

This is the metaphor of life. Every event that we encounter in life is a shell, a doorway to maturity. It is in our hands to turn an event into experience, i.e. turn these shells into diamonds.

Questions:

Question 1.
Why were the nomads disappointed ?
Answer:
They expected the revelation of a great universal truth that would enable them to create wealth, health and purpose for the world but instead they were given a menial task that made no sense to them at all.

Question 2.
Why were they both glad and sad at the end ?
Answer:
They were glad that they had diamonds. They were sad that they had not gathered enough shells.

Question 3.
What are shells compared to in this story ?
Answer:
Events.

Question 4.
Write a synonym for anticipation.
Answer:
Expectation/prediction/forecast.

Question 5.
According to the passage every event is a shell which we can turn into a diamond like experience’. Write true or false.
Answer:
True.

16. The Art Of Packing The Luggage

The chaotic packers are the people who slam open their suitcases and then assault them with their clothes and effects. In go the pants and shirts, losing their ironing as they hit the bottom of the bag. Caught up in the flurry of cloth are the more chunky of the objects : the shoes, the shaving equipment, the make-up bottles, the books-and papers required for the trip, the chargers and the external hard drives. Somehow all of this is stuffed into the^bag before the travellers wrestle the thing shut. The chaotic packers then straighten up and smack their hands in satisfaction. ‘When’s the taxi coming ?” they say’ and sit down and switch on the TV so that they can be sure to be late for the flight.

Then there is the opposite category : The military meticulous packers. These people usually start with making a list or several lists. Everything they plan to take on a trip is put down in logical detail. Then the different kinds of material are arrayed according to category : socks here, shoes there, liquids on one side, hard solids on another side, papers in neat stacks, and so on. Then the suitcases are opened and filled almost scientifically, as if the packers are reproducing.a complicated mathematical equation. When you see the finished suitcases, you feel as the things were bom like this and there is no possibility of them being packed any other way. The meticulous packers then shut the suitcases, stand next to the door and wait for the transport that will get them to the airport well in advance.

Questions:

Question 1.
How many kinds of packers are discussed here ? Who are they ?
Answer:
Two, chaotic packers and the military meticulous packers.

Question 2.
State true or false.
Chaotic packers reach the airport well in advance.
Answer:
False.

Question 3.
Pick the word from the passage which is synonymous to careful/precise.
Answer:
Meticulous.

Question 4.
The passage is ——.
a) Insisting on packing the luggage neatly
b) A discussion on different types of luggage packers
c) Advising us to reach the airport well in advance.
Answer:
b) A discussion on different types of luggage packers

Question 5.
Write the antonym of ‘external’.
Answers:
Internal.

17. An Unexpected Guest In A Town

It was still a busy hour in the city when I entered Market Road. People ran for lives at the sight of me. As I progressed through, shutters were pulled down, and people hid themselves under culverts, on trees, behind pillars. The population was melting out of sight. At the circus I had to study human behaviour. Outside the circus ring they sat in their seats placidly while I cowered before the Captain’s whip’ l got a totally wrong notion of human beings at that angle. I had thought that they were sturdy and fearless. But now I found them fleeing before me like a herd of deer, although I had no intention of attacking them. When I paused infront of a tailor’s shop, he abandoned his machine and shut himself in a cupboard, wailing, “Alas, I am undone, won’t someone shoot that tiger ?” A prisoner between two constables, who had been caught for murder and was just emerging from the Court House, got his chance to escape when the constables fled abandoning him with his handcuffs. I tore horse from its jutka and enjoyed the sight of the passengers spilling out of it and running for their lives.

Questions:

Question 1.
Who is the narrator of the passage ?
Answer:
A tiger.

Question 2.
At the sight of what did the people run for their lives ?
Answer:
The tiger.

Question 3.
What did the narrator think about human beings ?
Answer:
It had thought that human beings were sturdy and fearless.

Question 4.
Write the noun form of the adverb ‘placidly’.
Answer:
Placidity.

Question 5.
Write the antonym of ‘fearless’.
Answer:
Timid/cowardly.

18. Invisible Meaning

In many ways, pragmatism’is the study of ‘invisible’ meaning, or how we recognize what is meant even when it isn’t actually said (or written). In order for that to happen, speakers (and writers) must be able to depend on a lot of shared assumptions and expectations. The investigation of those assumptions and expectations provides us with some insights into how more gets communicated than is said.

Consider an example, taken from a newspaper advertisement, and think not only about what the words might mean, but also about what the advertiser intended them to mean : BABY & TODDLER SALE. In the normal context of our present society, we assume that this store has not gone into the business of selling young children over the counter, but rather that it is advertising clothes or other things for babies. The word clothes or any other thing is not mentioned. But our normal interpretation would be that it is sale of body clothes or things and not of babies. Thus, in the above example the influence of context is emphasized.

Questions :

Question 1.
What is pragmatism according to the passage ?
Answer:
Pragmatism is the study of ‘invisible’ meaning, or how we recognize what is meant even when it isn’t actually said (or written).

Question 2.
What are necessary to understand the ‘invisible meaning’.
Answer:
Shared assumptions and expectations.

Question 3.
Give a synonym of ‘interpretation’.
Answer:
Explanation/simplification/clarification/evaluation.

Question 4.
Pick out the word from the passage which means ‘that which cannot be seen’.
Answer:
Invisible.

Question 5.
What is emphasized in the example in the above passage ?
Answer:
The influence of context.

19. As You Like It

The banished duke had an only daughter, named Rosalind, whom the usurper, Duke Frederick, when he banished her father, still retained in his court as a companion for his only daughter Celia. A strict friendship subsisted between these ladies, which the dis¬agreement between their fathers did not in the least interrupt, Celia striving by very kindness in her power to make amends to Rosalind for the injustice of her own father in deposing the father of Rosalind; and whenever the thoughts of her father’s banishment, and her own dependence on the false usurper, made Rosalind melancholic, Celia’s whole care was to comfort and console her.

One day, when Celia was talking in her usual kind manner to Rosalind, a messenger entered from the duke, to tell them that if they wished to see a wrestling match, which was just going to begin, they must come instantly to the court before the palace; and Celia, thinking it would amuse Rosalind, agreed to go and see it.

Questions :

Question 1.
Who is the father of Celia ?
Answer:
Duke Frederick.

Question 2.
Why is.Celia being very kind to Rosalind ?
Answer:
To make amends to Rosalind for the injustice.

Question 3.
The messenger informed the ladies about a —– match.
a) Cricket match
b) Wrestling match
c) Football match.
Answer:
b) Wrestling match

Question 4.
Why did Celia agree to go and see the match ?
Answer:
Thinking it would amuse Rosalind.

Question 5.
What is the noun form of ‘amend’ ?
Answer:
Amendment.

20. Missile Man Of India

‘ During my stay at Ramanathapuram, my relationship with him grew beyond that of a teacher and pupil. In his company, I learnt that one could exercise enormous influence over the events of one’s own life. Iyadurai Solomon used to say, “To succeed in life and achieve results, you must understand and master three mighty forces – desire, belief and expectation.” Iyadurai Solomon, who later became a Reverend, taught me that before anything I wanted could happen, I had to desire it intensely and be absolutely certain it would happen. To take an example from my own life, I had been fascinated by the mysteries of the sky and the flight of birds from early childhood. I used to watch cranes and seagulls soar into flight and longed to fly. Simple provincial boy though, I was convinced that one day I, too, would soar up into the skies. Indeed, I was the first child from Rameswaram to fly.

Questions:

Question 1.
What were the three mighty forces one had to master to succeed according to Iyadurai Solomon?
Answer:
Desire, belief and expectation.

Question 2.
How did the narrator develop a longing for flying ?
Answer:
The narrator used to watch cranes and seagulls soar into flight and longed to fly.

Question 3.
Provincial means ——.
a) Urban
b) City-bred
c) Small-town.
Answer:
c) Small-town.

Question 4.
Who is Iyadurai Solomon to the narrator ?
Answer:
Teacher.

Question 5.
Who was the first child to fly from Rameswaram ? (try to guess the name)
Answer:
The narrator / Abdul Kalam.

21. The Hardest Language

People often ask which is the most difficult language to learn, and it is not easy to answer because there are many factors to take into consideration. Firstly, in a first language the differences are unimportant as people learn their mother tongue naturally, so the question of how hard a language is to learn is only relevant when learning a second language.

A native speaker of Spanish will find Portuguese much easier to learn than a native speaker of Chinese because Portuguese is very similar to Spanish and Chinese is very different. So our first language can affect the learning of a second language. The greater the differences between the second language and the first, the harder it is to learn the second language. Many people feel that Chinese is the hardest language to learn. Probably, they are influenced by the uniqueness of the characters of Chinese script and their pronunciation. But Japanese, who use the Chinese characters in their own language, learn Chinese very easily.

Apparently, British diplomats, who are generally used to learning languages, have found that the second hardest language is Japanese. But Hungarian is the most problematic with 35 cases.

Questions :

Question 1.
According to the passage what is the hardest language to learn ?
Answer:
Chinese.

Question 2.
State true or false :
Chinese and Japanese languages use same characters to write.
Answer:
True.

Question 3.
Why is Hungarian the most problematic language to learn ?
Answer:
Because it has 35 cases.

Question 4.
Why is the Chinese language considered the hardest language ?
Answer:
Because of the influenced by the uniqueness of the characters of Chinese script and their pronunciation.

Question 5.
When can we learn a second language easily ? Can Telugu speakers learn Kannada easily ?
Answer:
When it is similar to our first language. Yes.

22. Word Formation Processes

The constant evolution of new terms and new uses of old terms is a reassuring sign of vitality and creativeness in the way a language is shaped by the need of its users. Let us consider the ways. One of the least common processes of word formation in English is Coinage, that’ is, the invention of totally new terms. Older examples are aspirin, nylon, zipper and more recent examples are teflon and xerox. One of the most common sources of new words in English is the process labelled Borrowing, that is, the taking over of words from other languages. Some examples are, bandicoot (from Telugu pandikokku), bamboo (from Kannadabambu), culvert (from Tamil kalvettu), jackfruit (from Malayalam chakka) etc.

One more source is a joining of two separate words to produce a single form. This combining process, technically known as compounding, is very common in English. Examples are bookcase, fingerprint, sunburn, wallpaper, doorknob, wastebasket etc. This combining of two separate forms to produce a single new term is also present in the process called Blending. It is typically accomplished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of the other word. Examples are smog (smoke + fog), telecast (television + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch), bit (binary + digit) etc.

Questions:

Question 1.
How many types of word formation processes are discussed here ? What are they ?
Answer:
4, Coinage, Barrowing, Compounding, Blending.

Question 2.
Give two examples of Borrowing.
Answer:
Bandicoot (from Telugu Pandikokku), Bamboo (from Kannada Bambu).

Question 3.
What is the least common process of word formation ?
Answer:
Coinage.

Question 4.
Taking the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of the other word is called Compounding. State true or false.
Answer:
False.

Question 5.
Aspirin is an example of —–.
a) Blending
b) Compounding
c) Coinage.
Answer:
c. Coinage.

23. Self-Image

Have you ever noticed that when you are feeling good about yourself, other people become very nice ? Isn’t it funny how they change ! The world is a reflection of ourselves. When we hate ourselves, we hate everybody else. When we love being who we are, the rest of the world is wonderful. Our – self image is the blue print which determines exactly re will behave, who we will mix with, what we will try and what we will avoid; our every thought and every action stem from the way we see ourselves.

The picture we have of ourselves is coloured by our experiences, our successes and failures, the thoughts we have had about ourselves and other people’s reactions to us. Believing this image to be fact, we proceed to live absolutely within the bounds of this picture. Therefore, our self – image determines – a. how much we like the world and how much we like living in it and b. exactly how much we will accomplish in life.

We are what we believe we are. If you see yourself as being hopeless at mathematics, you will always have difficulty with figures. The first step towards a vast improvement in our results to change the undesirable self – image is to change the way we think and talk about ourselves.

Questions:

Question 1.
What is our self – image ?
Answer:
Our – self image is the blue print which determines exactly how we will behave, who we will mix with, what we will try and what we will avoid; our every thought and every action stem from the way we see ourselves.

Question 2.
What does our self – image determine ?
Answer:
a. how much we like the world and how much we like living in it and
b. exactly how much we will accomplish in life.

Question 3.
What should we do to change the undesirable self – image ?
Answer:
To change the way we think and talk about ourselves.

Question 4.
What happens when we hate or love ourselves ?
Answer:
When we hate ourselves, we hate everybody else. When we love being who we are, the rest of the world is wonderful.

Question 5.
What is the picture we have of ourselves coloured by ?
Answer:
The picture we have of ourselves is coloured by our experiences, our successes and failures, the thoughts we have had about ourselves and other people’s reactions to us.

24. The Man Who Knew Infinity

Srinivasa Ramanujan is one of the most enigmatic figures in the history of mathematics. He was a self trained amateur mathematician whose ideas befuddled the accumulated wisdom of western European mathematicians in the early 20^th century. His legacy has played a central role in the development of many of the deepest subjects in arithmetic geometry and number theory. He is considered as one of the world’s greatest mathematicians, proving over 3000 theorems. He is a child prodigy born on 22^nd December 1887, in Erode, Tamilnadu. By the age of twelve he had mastered trigonometry.

In 1913, Ramanujan enclosed a long list of complex theorems in a letter to three Cam-bridge academics : H.F. Baker, E.W Hobson, G.H. Hardy. Only Hardy, a Fellow of Trinity College, noticed the genius in Ramanujan’s theorems. Although Hardy was one of the pre-eminent mathematicians of the day and an expert in several fields, he added that many of those theorems “defeated me completely. I had never seen anything in the least like them before”. After some initial scepticism, Hardy replied and invited Ramanujan to England.

Questions:

Question 1.
Where and when was Srinivasa Ramanujan born ?
Answer:
He was born on 22 December 1887, in Erode, Tamilnadu.

Question 2.
Pick out two words from the passage which are synonymous to ‘puzzled’.
Answer:
Enigmatic, befuddled.

Question 3.
Who identified the genius in Ramanujan’s theorems ?
Answer:
G.H. Hardy.

Question 4.
Srinivasa Ramanujan played a key role in the development of —– and —–.
Answer:
Arithmetic geometry and number theory.

Question 5.
Why was he called a child prodigy ?
Answer:
Because he mastered trigonometry by the age of 12 and exhibited wonderful knowledge at a very young age.

25. Forest Fire

On 5^th May 2000, a fire intentionally set by the National Park Service at Bandelier National Monument in New Mexico began burning out of control. What began as a prescribed bum became Cerro Grande fire – one of the worst fires in the history of New Mexico. The fire was prescribed to remove brush and undergrowth in parts of the forest. By burning away this wildfire “fuel,” the Park Service hoped to prevent a natural, uncontrollable wildfire from occurring. It is also hoped to restore the natural cycle of fire necessary for forest to survive.

Forest fires can serve a purpose. The variety of plants in an area is often ten times greater after a wildfire because of the nutrient-rich soil that fires can produce. Fires burn mineral storing parts of plants into ash. Rain or snow dissolves the ash into the soil, providing essential minerals to the soil. Some plants even depend on fire for survival. Many pine trees cannot reproduce without the help of fire. Their cones will not open and release seeds unless heated.

Many natural forest fires are started by lightening. However, it is common practice for the National Park Service to prescribe bums such as the one in New Mexico. Unfortunately in this case, good intentions had devastating results. Strong winds and hot weather caused the fire to spread rapidly, making it difficult to control.

Questions :

Question 1.
What is the purpose served by forest fires ?
Answer:
Fires bum mineral-storing parts of plants into ash. Rain or snow dissolves the ash into the soil, providing essential minerals to the soil, (or) forest fires can produce nutrient- rich soil.

Question 2.
Who prescribed the forest fire in New Mexico ?
Answer:
The National Park Service at Bandelier National Monument in New Mexico.

Question 3.
Why do pine trees depend on fire for survival ?
Answer:
Pine trees cannot reproduce without the help of fire. Their cones will not open and re¬lease seeds unless heated.

Question 4.
How did the prescribed fire in New Mexico go out of control ?
Answer:
Strong winds and hot weather caused the fire go out of control.

Question 5.
How do natural forest fires usually start ?
Answer:
Many natural forest fires are started by lightening.

26. Ancient India

Of the two river systems, that of the Indus, now mainly in Pakistan, had the earliest civilization, and gave its name to India. The Indians knew the river as Sindhu, and the Persians, who found difficulty in pronouncing an initials, called it Hindu. From Persia the word passed to Greece, where the whole of India became known by the western river. The ancient Indians knew their sub-continent as Jambudvipa (the continent of jambu tree) or Bharatavarsha (the land of the sons of Bharata, a legendary emperor). With Muslim invasion the Persian name returned in the form of Hindustan, and those of its inhab¬itants who followed the old religion became known as Hindus.

More than two thousand years before Christ the fertile plain of the Punjab (five rivers), watered by the five great tributaries of the Indus – the Jhelem, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas – had a high culture, which spread as far as the sea and along the western seaboard at least as far as Gujarat. The lower Indus, in the region of Pakistan known as Sind, now passes through barren desert, though this was once a well watered and fertile land.

Questions :

Question 1.
Which river gave its name to India ?
Answer:
Indus / Sindhu.

Question 2.
Why did the Persians call Sindhu as Hindu ?
Answer:
Because they had difficulty in pronouncing the initials in Sindhu.

Question 3.
Why was India named Jambudvipa and Bharatavarsha in olden days ?
Answer:
Jambudvipa (the continent of jambu tree) or Bharatavarsha (the land of the sons of Bharata, a legendary emperor.

Question 4.
Who called India Hindustan ?
Answer:
Muslim invaders / Muslims.

Question 5.
How does Punjab get its name ?
Answer:
Punjab means five rivers. It is watered by the five great tributaries of the Indus – the Jhelem, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej and Beas.

Practicing the Intermediate 2nd Year Maths 2A Textbook Solutions Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Quadratic Expressions Solutions Exercise 3(a) will help students to clear their doubts quickly.

Intermediate 2nd Year Maths 2A Quadratic Expressions Solutions Exercise 3(a)

I.

Question 1.
Find the roots of the following equations.
(i) x² – 7x + 12 = 0
Solution:
a = 1, b = -7, c = 12

∴ The roots are 4, 3

(ii) -x² + x + 2 = 0
Solution:
a = -1, b = 1, c = 2

∴ The roots are 2, -1

(iii) 2x² + 3x + 2 = 0
Solution:
a = 2, b = 3, c = 2

(iv) √3x² + 10x – 8√3 = 0
Solution:
a = √3 , b = 10, c = -8√3

∴ The roots are \(\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}\), -4√3

(v) 6√5x² – 9x – 3√5 = 0
Solution:
a = 6√5 , b = -9, c = -3√5

∴ The roots are \(\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2},-\frac{1}{\sqrt{5}}\)

Question 2.
Form a quadratic equation whose roots are:
(i) 2, 5
Solution:
α + β = 2 + 5 = 7
αβ = 2 × 5 = 10
The required equation is x² – (α + β)x + αβ = 0
⇒ x² – 7x + 10 = 0

(ii) \(\frac{m}{n},-\frac{n}{m}\), (m ≠ 0, n ≠ 0)
Solution:

(iii) \(\frac{p-q}{p+q}, \frac{-p+q}{p-q}\), (p ≠ ±q)
Solution:

(iv) 7 ± 2√5
Solution:
α + β = 7 + 2√5 + 7 – 2√5 = 14
αβ = (7 + 2√5) (7 – 2√5)
= 49 – 20
= 29
The required equation is x² – (α + β)x + αβ = 0
⇒ x² – 14x + 29 = 0

(v) -3 ± 5i
Solution:
α + β = -3 + 5i – 3 – 5i = -6
αβ = (-3 + 5i) (-3 – 5i)
= 9 + 25
= 34
The required equation is x² – (α + β)x + αβ = 0
⇒ x² + 6x + 34 = 0

Question 3.
Find the nature of the roots of the following equation, without finding the roots.
(i) 2x² – 8x + 3 = 0
Solution:
a = 2, b = -8, c = 3
b² – 4ac = 64 – 24 = 40 > 0
∴ The roots are real and distinct.

(ii) 9x² – 30x + 25 = 0
Solution:
a = 9, b = -30, c = 25
b² – 4ac = 900 – 900 = 0
∴ The roots are rational and equal.

(iii) x² – 12x + 32 = 0
Solution:
a = 1, b = -12, c = 32
b² – 4ac = 144 – 128
= 16
= (4)²
= perfect square
∴ The roots are rational and distinct.

(iv) 2x² – 7x + 10 = 0
Solution:
a = 2, b = -7, c = 10
b² – 4ac = 49 – 80 = -31 < 0
∴ The roots are complex conjugate numbers.

Question 4.
If α, β are the roots of the equation ax² + bx + c = 0, find the values of the following expressions in terms of a, b, c.
(i) \(\frac{1}{\alpha}+\frac{1}{\beta}\)
(ii) \(\frac{1}{\alpha^{2}}+\frac{1}{\beta^{2}}\)
(iii) α⁴β⁷ + α⁷β⁴
(iv) \(\left(\frac{\alpha}{\beta}-\frac{\beta}{\alpha}\right)^{2}\), if c ≠ 0
(v) \(\frac{\alpha^{2}+\beta^{2}}{\alpha^{-2}+\beta^{-2}}\)
Solution:
α, β are the roots of the equation ax² + bx + c = 0
α + β = \(\frac{-b}{a}\), αβ = \(\frac{c}{a}\)

Question 5.
Find the values of m for which the following equations have equal roots.
(i) x² – 15 – m(2x – 8) = 0
Solution:
Given equation is x² – 15 – m(2x – 8) = 0
⇒ x² – 2mx + 8m – 15 = 0
a = 1, b = -2m, c = 8m – 15
b² – 4ac = (-2m)² – 4(1) (8m – 15)
= 4m² – 32m + 60
= 4(m² – 8m + 15)
= 4(m – 3) (m – 5)
If the equation ax² + bx + c = 0 has equal roots then its discriminant is zero.
∴ The roots are equal
⇒ b² – 4ac = 0
⇒ 4(m – 3) (m – 5) = 0
⇒ m – 3 = 0 or m – 5 = 0
⇒ m = 3 or 5

(ii) (m + 1)x² + 2(m + 3)x + (m + 8) = 0
Solution:
Given equation is (m + 1 )x² + 2(m + 3)x + (m + 8) = 0
a = m + 1, b = 2(m + 3), c = m + 8
b² – 4ac = [2(m + 3)]² – 4(m + 1) (m + 8)
= 4(m² + 6m + 9) – 4(m² + 8m + m + 8)
= 4m² + 24m + 36 – 4m² – 36m – 32
= -12m + 4
= -4(3m – 1)
∴ The roots are equal
⇒ b² – 4ac = 0
⇒ -4(3m – 1) = 0
⇒ 3m – 1 = 0
⇒ 3m = 1
⇒ m = \(\frac{1}{3}\)

(iii) x² + (m + 3)x + m + 6 = 0
Solution:
Given equation is x² + (m + 3)x + m + 6 = 0
a = 1, b = m + 3, c = m + 6
∴ The roots are equal
⇒ b² – 4ac = 0
⇒ (m + 3)² – 4(1) (m + 6) = 0
⇒ m² + 6m + 9 – 4m – 24 = 0
⇒ m² + 2m – 15 – 0
⇒ m² + 5m – 3m – 15 = 0
⇒ m(m + 5) – 3(m + 5) = 0
⇒ (m + 5) (m – 3) = 0
⇒ m = -5, 3

(iv) (3m + 1)x² + 2(m + 1)x + m = 0
Solution:
Given equation is (3m + 1)x² + 2(m + 1)x + m = 0
a = 3m + 1, b = 2(m + 1), c = m
b² – 4ac = 4(m + 1)² – 4m(3m + 1)
= 4[(m + 1)² – m(3m + 1)]
= 4(m² + 2m + 1 – 3m² – m)
= 4(-2m² + m + 1)
= -4(2m² – m – 1)
= -4(m – 1) (2m + 1)
∴ The roots are equal
⇒ discriminant = 0
⇒ b² – 4ac = 0
⇒ -4(m – 1) (2m + 1) = 0
⇒ m – 1 = 0 or 2m + 1 = 0
⇒ m = 1 or m = \(\frac{-1}{2}\)

(v) (2m + 1)x² + 2(m + 3)x + (m + 5) = 0
Solution:
Given equation is (2m + 1)x² + 2(m + 3)x + m + 5 = 0
a = 2m + 1, b = 2(m + 3), c = m + 5
∴ The roots are equal
⇒ b² – 4ac = 0
⇒ 4(m + 3)² – 4(2m + 1) (m + 5) = 0
⇒ 4(m² + 6m + 9 – 2m² – 10m – m – 5) = 0
⇒ -m² – 5m + 4 = 0
⇒ m² + 5m – 4 = 0
⇒ m = \(\frac{-5 \pm \sqrt{25+16}}{2}\)
⇒ m = \(\frac{-5 \pm \sqrt{41}}{2}\)

Question 6.
If α and β are the roots of x² + px + q = 0, form a quadratic equation whose roots are (α – β)² and (α + β)².
Solution:
∵ α, β are the roots of the equation x² + px + q = 0
α + β = -p, αβ = q
(α – β)² + (α + β)² = 2(α² + β²)
= 2[(α + β)² – 2αβ]
= 2[p² – 2q]
(α – β)² (α + β)² = [(α + β)² – 4αβ)] (α + β)²
= (p² – 4q) (p²)
∴ The required equation is x² – (sum of the roots) x + product of the roots = 0
∴ x² – 2(p² – 2q)x + p²(p² – 4q) = 0

Question 7.
If x² + bx + c = 0, x² + cx + b = 0 (b ≠ c) have a common root, then show that b + c + 1 = 0.
Solution:
If α is a common root of x² + bx + c = 0, x² + cx + b = 0 then
α² + bα + c = 0 ………..(1)
α² + cα + b = 0 ……….(2)
(1) – (2) ⇒ (b – c)α + (c – b) = 0
⇒ α – 1 = 0
⇒ α = 1
From (1), 1 + b + c = 0
Hence b + c + 1 = 0

Question 8.
Prove that the roots of (x – a) (x – b) = h² are always real.
Solution:
Given equation is (x – a) (x – b) = h²
x² – (a + b)x + (ab – h²) = 0
Discriminant = (a + b)² – 4(ab – h²)
= (a + b)² – 4ab + 4h²
= (a – b)² + (2h)² > 0
∴ The roots are real.

Question 9.
Find the condition that one root of the quadratic equation ax² + bx + c = 0 shall be n times the other, where n is a positive integer.
Solution:
Let the roots of the equation ax² + bx + c = 0 be α, nα

Question 10.
Find two consecutive positive even integers, the sum of whose squares is 340.
Solution:
Let the two consecutive positive even integers be 2λ, 2λ + 2
Sum of squares = 340
⇒ (2λ)² + (2λ + 2)² = 340
⇒ λ² + (λ + 1)² = 85
⇒ λ² + λ² + 2λ + 1 – 85 = 0
⇒ 2λ² + 2λ – 84 = 0
⇒ λ² + λ – 42 = 0
⇒ (λ + 7) (λ – 6) = 0
⇒ λ = 6, λ = -7
∵ Given numbers are positive λ = 6
∴ The two consecutive positive even integers are
2λ = 2(6) = 12 and 2λ + 2 = 12 + 2 = 14

II.

Question 1.
If x₁, x₂ are the roots of the quadratic equation ax² + bx + c = 0 and c ≠ 0, find the value of (ax₁ + b)^-2 + (ax₂ + b)^-2 terms of a, b, c.
Solution:
x₁, x₂ are the roots of the equation ax² + bx + c = 0

Question 2.
If α, β are the roots of the quadratic equation ax² + bx + c = 0, form a quadratic equation whose roots are α² + β² and α^-2 + β^-2.
Solution:
α, β are the roots of ax² + bx + c = 0, then

Question 3.
Solve the following equation:
2x⁴ + x³ – 11x² + x + 2 = 0
Solution:
2x⁴ + x³ – 11x² + x + 2 = 0
Dividing by x²

Substituting in (1)
2(a² – 2) + a – 11 = 0
⇒ 2a² – 4 + a – 11 = 0
⇒ 2a² + a – 15 = 0
⇒ (a + 3) (2a – 5) = 0
⇒ a + 3 = 0 or 2a – 5 = 0
⇒ a = -3 or 2a = 5
⇒ a = -3 or a = \(\frac{5}{2}\)

⇒ 2x² + 2 = 5x
⇒ 2x² – 5x + 2 = 0
⇒ (2x – 1) (x – 2) = 0
⇒ 2x – 1 = 0 or x – 2 = 0
⇒ x = \(\frac{1}{2}\), 2
∴ The roots are \(\frac{1}{2}\), 2, \(\frac{-3 \pm \sqrt{5}}{2}\)

Question 4.
Solve 3^1+x + 3^1-x = 10
Solution:
3^1+x + 3^1-x = 10
\(\text { 3. } 3^{x}+\frac{3}{3^{x}}=10\)
Put a = 3^x so that 3a + \(\frac{3}{a}\) = 10
⇒ 3a² + 3 = 10a
⇒ 3a² – 10a + 3 = 0
⇒ (a – 3) (3a – 1) = 0
⇒ a – 3 = 0 or 3a – 1 = 0
⇒ a = 3 or a = \(\frac{1}{3}\)
Case (i): a = 3
⇒ 3^x = 3¹
⇒ x = 1
Case (ii): a = \(\frac{1}{3}\)
⇒ 3^x = 3^-1
⇒ x = -1
∴ The roots are 1, -1

Question 5.
Solve 4^x-1 – 3 . 2^x-1 + 2 = 0
Solution:
4^x-1 – 3 . 2^x-1 + 2 = 0
Put a = 2^x-1 so that a² = (2^x-1)² = 4^x-1
∴ a² – 3a + 2 = 0
⇒ (a – 2) (a – 1) = 0
⇒ a – 2 = 0 or a – 1 = 0
⇒ a = 2 or 1
Case (i): a = 2
2^x-1 = 2¹
⇒ x – 1 = 1
⇒ x = 2
Case (ii): a = 1
2^x-1 = 2⁰
⇒ x – 1 = 0
⇒ x = 1
∴ The roots are 1, 2

Question 6.
\(\sqrt{\frac{x}{x-3}}+\sqrt{\frac{x-3}{x}}=\frac{5}{2}\), when x ≠ 0 and x ≠ 3
Solution:
\(\sqrt{\frac{x}{x-3}}+\sqrt{\frac{x-3}{x}}=\frac{5}{2}\)
Put a = \(\sqrt{\frac{x}{x-3}}\)
\(a+\frac{1}{a}=\frac{5}{2}\)
⇒ \(\frac{a^{2}+1}{a}=\frac{5}{2}\)
⇒ 2a² + 2 = 5a
⇒ 2a² – 5a + 2 = 0
⇒ (2a – 1) (a – 2) = 0
⇒ 2a – 1 = 0 or a – 2 = 0
⇒ a = \(\frac{1}{2}\) or 2
Case (i): a = 2
\(\sqrt{\frac{x}{x-3}}\) = 2
⇒ \(\frac{x}{x-3}\) = 4
⇒ x = 4x – 12
⇒ 3x = 12
⇒ x = 4
Case (ii): a = \(\frac{1}{2}\)
\(\sqrt{\frac{x}{x-3}}=\frac{1}{2}\)
⇒ \(\frac{x}{x-3}=\frac{1}{4}\)
⇒ 4x = x – 3
⇒ 3x = -3
⇒ x = -1
∴ The roots are -1, 4.

Question 7.
\(\sqrt{\frac{3 x}{x+1}}+\sqrt{\frac{x+1}{3 x}}=2\), when x ≠ 0 and x ≠ -1
Solution:
Put a = \(\sqrt{\frac{3 x}{x+1}}\)
\(a+\frac{1}{a}=2\)
⇒ \(\frac{a^{2}+1}{a}\) = 2
⇒ a² + 1 = 2a
⇒ a² – 2a + 1 = 0
⇒ (a – 1)² = 0
⇒ a – 1 = 0
⇒ a = 1, 1
∴ \(\sqrt{\frac{3 x}{x+1}}\) = 1
⇒ \(\frac{3 x}{x+1}\)
⇒ 3x = x + 1
⇒ 2x = 1
⇒ x = \(\frac{1}{2}\)
∴ The root is \(\frac{1}{2}\)

Question 8.
Solve \(2\left(x+\frac{1}{x}\right)^{2}-7\left(x+\frac{1}{x}\right)+5=0\), when x ≠ 0.
Solution:
\(2\left(x+\frac{1}{x}\right)^{2}-7\left(x+\frac{1}{x}\right)+5=0\)
Put a = x + \(\frac{1}{x}\)
⇒ 2a² – 7a + 5 = 0
⇒ (2a – 5)(a – 1) = 0
⇒ 2a – 5 = 0 or a -1 = 0
⇒ a = \(\frac{5}{2}\) or 1
Case (i): a = \(\frac{5}{2}\)
x + \(\frac{1}{x}\) = \(\frac{5}{2}\)
⇒ \(\frac{x^{2}+1}{x}=\frac{5}{2}\)
⇒ 2x² + 2 = 5x
⇒ 2x² – 5x + 2 = 0
⇒ (2x – 1) (x – 2) = 0
⇒ 2x – 1 = 0 or x – 2 = 0
⇒ x = \(\frac{1}{2}\) or 2
Case (ii): a = 1
\(x+\frac{1}{x}=1\)
⇒ \(\frac{x^{2}+1}{x}\)
⇒ x² + 1 = x
⇒ x² – x + 1 = 0
⇒ x = \(\frac{1 \pm \sqrt{1-4}}{2}=\frac{1 \pm \sqrt{3 i}}{2}\)
∴ The roots are \(\frac{1 \pm \sqrt{3 i}}{2}, \frac{1}{2}\), 2

Question 9.
Solve \(\left(x^{2}+\frac{1}{x^{2}}\right)-5\left(x+\frac{1}{x}\right)+6=0\), when x ≠ 0
Solution:
Put a = x + \(\frac{1}{x}\)
⇒ a² = \(\left(x+\frac{1}{x}\right)^{2}\)
⇒ a² = \(x^{2}+\frac{1}{x^{2}}+2\)
⇒ \(x^{2}+\frac{1}{x^{2}}\) = a² – 2
∴ a² – 2 – 5a + 6 = 0
⇒ a² – 5a + 4 = 0
⇒ (a – 1) (a – 4) = 0
⇒ a = 1 or 4
Case (i): a = 1
x + \(\frac{1}{x}\) = 1
⇒ \(\frac{x^{2}+1}{x}\) = 1
⇒ x² + 1 = x
⇒ x² – x + 1 = 0
⇒ x = \(\frac{1 \pm \sqrt{1-4}}{2}=\frac{1 \pm \sqrt{3 i}}{2}\)
Case (ii): a = 4
x + \(\frac{1}{x}\) = 4
⇒ \(\frac{x^{2}+1}{x}\) = 4
⇒ x² + 1 = 4x
⇒ x² – 4x + 1 = 0
⇒ x = \(\frac{4 \pm \sqrt{16-4}}{2}\)
⇒ x = \(\frac{4 \pm 2 \sqrt{3}}{2}\)
⇒ x = 2 ± √3
∴ The roots are 2 ± √3, \(\frac{1 \pm \sqrt{3 i}}{2}\)

Question 10.
Find a quadratic equation for which the sum of the roots is 7 and the sum of the squares of the roots is 25.
Solution:
Let α, β be the roots of quadratic equation
α + β = 7, α² + β² = 25
⇒ (α + β)² – 2αβ = 25
⇒ 49 – 25 = 2αβ
⇒ αβ = 12
The required equation is x² – (α + β)x + αβ = 0
⇒ x² – 7x + 12 = 0