AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2019

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AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2019

Time: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 100

Section – A (3 × 10 = 30)

Note :

  • Answer any three of the following questions in 40 lines each.
  • Each question carries ten marks.

Question 1.
Explain the scope of Political Science.
Answer:
Introduction: Political Science is a premier social science. It is mainly concerned with the study of the state in its relation with Society, Citizens, Associations and the world at large. Aristotle is hailed as the Father of Political Science. He wrote famous book “THE POLITICS”.

Origin of the word Politics : Aristotle, the Father of Political . Science used the term “POLITICS” for the first time in his famous book “POLITICS”. The term “POLITICS” is derived from a greek word “POLIS” and latin word “POLITICUS” which means the city state.

Definitions of Political Science : Political Scientists gave various definitions on Political Science. They are as follows :

  1. J.W. Gamer : “Political Science begins and ends with the state”.
  2. Stephen Leacock : “Political Science deals with the government”.
  3. David Easton : “Political Science is concerned with the authoritative allocation of values for a society”.

Scope of Political Science : The scope of Political Science means the subject matter covered by it or the topics which are included in its study. It may be explained in the following ways :
i) Study of man in Relation to the Society and State : Aristotle stated that “Man is a Social Animal”. Man can satisfy his basic needs like food, clothing, shelter and protection in the society. Political Science explains the relationship beween man and society. It examines how man should adjust himself with the societys. It is imperative that the modern man should develop proper attitude towards the society. This is possible only when he identifies himself with the society.

Political Science is concerned with the perennial and central issue of establishing proper relationship between the state and the individuals. It deals with many topics of state activity, such as limitations of Political Authority and sphere of Individual Freedoms.

ii) Study of State : Aristotle also stated that man is a Political Animal. State is a human and political institution. It came into existence for the sake of man and continue in existence for providing happy and prosperous life for man. Individuals became members of the state since its inception. We can’t imagine the life of individuals outside of the state. Political Science studies the intimate Relationship between the state and the citizens. It also studies the Nature, Functions and Various theories of state authority.

It also comprises a study of the various activities of the state from that of ancient police state to the modem welfare state. Thus, Political Science deals with the Present, Past and Future aspects of the state.

iii) Study of the Government : Government is an important essential element of Modem State. It is an instrument which fulfills aims and goals of the state. There can be no state with out a government. Government formulates, expresses and implements the will of the state. Government consists of three organs namely Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. Legislature makes the laws, Executive implements the laws and Judiciary interpretes the laws. Political Science studies the meaning, forms, structure, nature and functions of the government. It also discusses the relationship among the various organs of the government. Hence, Political Science is treated as a science of government.

iv) Study of Associations and Institutions: Associations and Institutions help the Individuals for their moral, religious, cultural, scientific and technological progress. These carry on their activities at local, regional, national and international levels. Individuals join as members in these Associations out of their interests or purposes. There prevails a great linkage between these voluntary Associations and Institutions. Associations and Institutions in Modem times play a significant role in the Formulation and Implementation of policies of the state and government. Voluntary bodies such as trade unions, peasant groups, professional bodies etc., will have a great impact on the state and government. Political Science explains the nature, structure and functions of the various Associations and Institutions.

v) Study of Rights and Responsibilities : Scope of Political Science includes the study of Rights and Responsibilities of citizens. Citizens in democratic states enjoy certain rights such as right to life, right to liberty, right to property etc. Political Science enumerates the definition, classification and different theories of Rights. Similarly, citizens will have some Responsibilities towards the state. These include paying taxes, obeying the laws etc. It explains the significance of Rights and Responsibilities of the citizens. Hence, Political Science examines the Realtionship between Rights and Responsibilities.

vi) Study of National and International Issues : The scope of Political Science covers various issues of Modem state in relation with other states in matters of safeguarding Territorial integrity and Sovereignty. It studies the topics like Cold war, Balance of power, Disarmament, Detente etc. Modem states are not isolated. They depend upon other states in many spheres like importing raw materials, exporting finished goods, transport, technology, services and communications. This requires close relations among the states in international sphere. Political Science discusses not only the domestic policies of the state but also the issues of international dimensions. It covers a wide range of topics such as diplomacy, international politics, international law, international organisations etc.

vii) Study of Power : The behaviouralists of 20th century regarded Political Science as a study of sharing and shaping of power. They pointed out that Political Science discusses how power is grabbed, manipulated and perpetuated to have a control over the Society. Morgenthau defined the power as “Man’s control over the Minds and Actions of other Men”.

viii) Study of Public Policy: Modem Political Scientists like David Easton and Gabriel Almond argued that Political Science is a “Policy Science”. They considered Political Science as the study of formulation, execution and evaluation of Public Policy, with the advent of Public Policy the scope of Political Science has further widened to include the dimensions of vital topics such as Industrial Policy, Agricultural Policy, Land Reform Policy, Education Policy, Population Policy etc. Public Policy of a Nation in the context of International Relations plays a crucial role in the formulation of diplomatic, economic, military and scientific strategies.
Conclusion : The above contents show the wide range of subjects that come under the purview of Political Science.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2019

Question 2.
Write a short note on Whether India is a nation.
Answer:
Many western and oriental writers described that India is indeed a Nation. There are strong reasons to justify that India is a nation.

  • Indians have a common history and culture.
  • They have demonstrated their distinct qualities of National integration on many occassions.
  • Indians have expressed their dedication to make unparalled and supreme sacrifices for the accomplishment of Independence.
  • They fought unitedly against the foreign yoke under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.
  • Although the people belong to different regions and provinces, they realised the basic fact that they are all first and fore most Indians. Then only, they owe indebtedness to their respective religions and languages.
  • Some common elements concerning national anthem, national heritage, culture constitution and the government inspire the nationalist feelings and inculcate the national integration among the people.
  • Indians demonstrated their distinct qualities of National integration on many occassions. During India’s Aggression by China and Pakistan, the Indians extended unequivocal support to the government.

Question 3.
Identify the safeguards of the Rights.
Answer:
Introduction : Rights are the essential conditions for the development of the personality of individuals. They are upheld by the laws of the state. Individuals cannot achieve progress in the absence of the Rights.

Definition :

  1. T.H. Green : “Rights are those powers claimed and recognized as contributory to the common good.”
  2. H.J. Laski: “Rights are those conditions of social life without which no man can seek in general to be himself at his best.”

Safeguards of Rights : Individuals enjoy their rights only when they were fully protected or safeguarded by the State. In this regard, the following elements act as the safeguards of the rights.
1) Democratic Rule : Democratic rule safeguards the rights of the people to a great extent. People can enjoy their rights perfectly in democratic states only. This system makes constitutional and legal provisions for safeguarding the right of the people.

2) Written and Rigid Constitution : A written constitution clearly defines the powers and functions of the government. It also explains about the various limitations of governmental authority. Besides, a rigid constitution will guarantee the rights of the people by making it difficult for the rulers and legislators to make amendments on flimsy grounds.

3) Constitutional Incorporation : Incorporation of funda¬mental rights in the constitution will prevent the encroachment of individual rights by the government. Such an arrangement protects the rights of the individuals to a great extent.

4) Separation of Powers : The powers of the government should be separated among the three organs of the government. Such as measure would act as a check against other organ. Ultimately, it serves as a safeguard of individual liberty.

5) Decentralisation of Powers : Individuals enjoy their rights, when powers are decentralised among the governmental institutions. This involves allocation of powers at various levels – national, provisional, local either on functional or territorial basis.

6) Rule of Law : Rule of law implies equality before law. It also denotes equal application of laws to the citizens. It gives no scope for discrimination between citizens on the grounds of region, religion, caste, colour, community etc.

7) Independent and Impartial Judiciary : Independent and impartial judiciary is another safeguard of rights. Judges in higher judicial bodies will deliver judgement with impartial and independent outlook. In the process of delivering justice, they issue certain writs for immediate protection of the rights.

8) Indepedent Press : Independent and honest press is another essential safeguard of rights of individuals. Such agency will be able to disseminate news and views impartially and without fear or favour to anybody. In this regard the state should not try to threaten and silence the press. Then only individuals enjoy their rights to the maximum extent.

9) Social and Economic Equalities : Social and economic equalities are necessary for enjoying one’s rights. People will be able to utilize their rights properly and positively when there are social and economic equalities in the state. These equalities include absence of casteism, communalism, linguism, wide spread economic inequalities, exploitation etc.

10) Eternal Vigilance : Eternal vigilance .is said to be the most important safeguard of rights of individuals. Individuals must be vigilant and cautious about the policies of the government. They should oppose the despotic tendencies of the government through democratic and constitutional methods. Under no circumstances they should allow the self seeking politicians to acquire power. Besides several other elements like judicial review, recall, strong opposition etc., are considered as the safeguards of rights.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2019

Question 4.
What do you mean by Democracy ? Write about the Direct democratic devices.
Answer:
Meaning : The term Democracy is derived from two greek words namely, “Demos” and “Kratos”. Demos means people and Kratos mean rule (or) authority.

Definitions :

  1. Abraham Lincoln : “Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people”.
  2. Lord Bryce : “Democracy is that form of government in which the ruling power of the state is vested not in a particular class but in the members of the community as a whole”.
  3. J.R. Seely : “Democracy is a government in which every one has a share”.

Direct Democracy : Direct Democracy is said to prevail when people themselves directly express their views and participate in the deliberative and administrative affairs of the government. People in direct democracy assume all powers of making laws. They formulate laws at a meeting attended by all the people. Direct Democracy is prevalent in Switzerland. In Switzerland, the citizens living in some small cantons meet together on a Sunday in April or May to elect their representatives and to make laws.

Devices Direct Democracy :
There are four devices prescribed in direct democracies to enable the people to participate directly in the administrative activities of the State.
Those are
1) Referendum
2) Initiative
3) Recall and
4) Plebiscite.

These methods may be explained as follows.
1. Referendum : It is one of the direct democratic devices. Literally it means, “must be referred to the people”. It is a device where by the electorate may veto a proposed legislation or a bill which the legislature has already passed. In other words, bills passed by the legislature are the voters for their approval or disapproval. If majority of the voters approve them, they become acts. But if they vote against them, they will be given up. Hence, referendum is known as “Popular Veto”. It is of two types – 1) Compulsory referendum : All the constitutional bills must be sent to the people. 2) Optional Referendum : An ordinary bill passed by the legislative may be or may not be sent to the people. However, even that ordinary bill must be sent to the people, if a definite number of people demand it. Ex : In Switzerland 30,000 people or eight cantons (States) can demand referendum on an ordinary bill.

2. Initiative : It is another device of direct democracy. It is a method by means of which the people propose legislation i.e.; they can ask the legislature to pass a particular law. For instance, in Switzerland, if 50,000 voters request the legislature to pass a law, then the proposal is submitted to the consideration of the people. If majority of the people (30,000) approve it, then it becomes an act. Unlike referendum, initiative provides a chance to the people to start the making of law. It is of two types : (1) Formulative Initiative : People present a bill to the legislature (2) Unformulative Initivative : People present a demand to the legislature as king it to pass a bill.

3. Recall : It is another device of Direct Democracy. It means “Calling Back”. According to this method a specific number of voters may call back or dismiss an elected officer or a member of the legislature before the expiry of his term, if he is irresponsible. By means of this, the people can remove a representative or an officer from office when he fails to discharge his duties properly.

4. Plebiscite : The term ‘Plebiscite” is derived from a French word “Plebiscitum”, which means “decree of the people”. It is used to obtain the opinion of the people on an important political issue or when there is a dispute regarding some territory. The question of accession or secession or territory is generally solved by means of plebiscite. It is not concerned with legislation. It is not apart of legal process. It is only a democratic method of ascertaining the opinion of the people on any political issue of public importance.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2019

Question 5.
Explain about the merits and demerits of presidential Government.
Answer:
Presidential Government is one in which the executive is not responsible to the legislature for its acts. It is also known as single executive government, fixed tenure government and non responsible government. Under this system a single person, namely, the President exercises all executive powers. The President as well as the legislators assume their office and continue in power for a prescribed tenure as stipulated in the constitution. The President is directly elected by the people who form into an ‘electoral college.’ Further the President or the legislators are not responsible to others in exercise of their powers and functions. This system is based on
the theory of separation of powers as proposed by Montesquieu.
The United States is a classical example of this system.

Definition :
Prof. Gamer defined Presidential Government as “one in which the executive is constitutionally independent of legislature in respect of its duration of tenure and political policies”.

Merits of Presidential Government: The following merits are claimed for the Presidential system over the Parliamentary system.

1) Ensures stable Government : This system ensures stability because the President is elected for a fixed term. His tenure is not dependent on the support of the legislature. Hence he can continue in his office till end of his term. This ensures the stability of the Government.

2) Efficiency in Administration : Under this system, the President rules With the help of the secretaries and advisers who are experienced and efficient. They are appointed on the basis of their ability and efficiency but not on political considerations. They do not belong to any political party. They do not bother about the problems of their constituencies. They devote their time to administration. This promotes efficiency in administration.

3) Suitable for Emergencies : This system is more suitable for emergencies. Since all powers are in the hands of the President, he can take any action and face any situation. He need not seek the approval of the legislature and the advice of his secretaries. He administers the country keeping in view the welfare of the people.

4) Suitable for diverse interests : This system is best suited for countries which are inhabited by different communities with diverse interests. The President can meet the needs of diverse group of people by taking suitable decisions.

5) Consistent Policies : The president enjoys fixed term of office. He cannot be removed before the end of his term very easily. This enables him to follow continuous and consistent domestic and foreign policies.

Demerits of Presidential Government : The above merits are counter balanced by the following defects :
1. Scope for Disputes : This system is based on the theory of separation of powers. Both the legislative and the executive organs are kept apart. This leads to frequent deadlocks and disputes between the two organs.

2. No Flexibility : This system is very rigid. It is difficult to replace the President before the expiry of his term, eventhough he is weak, corrupt and inefficient.

3. Irresponsible and Autocratic : This system provides scope for the President to rule irresponsibly and autocratically. It is so because he is independent of the control of the legislature and not accountable to it for his actions. He ignores the criticism of the opposition. This makes him to misuse and abuse his powers.

4. Division of Responsibility : This system leads to division of responsibility which affects the smooth working of government. When the relations between the legislature and the executive are not cordial, each may try to shift the responsibility on the other. This leads to inefficiency and division of responsibility in administration.

5. Public opinion is not reflected : This system does not promote political consciousness because there is no significance for the legislature. The President and his secretaries are not the members of the legislature. So, they do not participate in its debates and discussions. As a result, the discussions in the legislature become formal and dry. They do not have much significance and reflect public opinion.

Despite the above defects, the Presidential system has been highly successful in the United States of America. It has become very popular with the Americans. In recent years, there has been a debate in India also on its relevance.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2019

Section – B (8 × 5 = 40)

Note :

  • Answer any eight of the following questions is not exceeding 20 lines each.
  • Each question carries five marks.

Question 6.
Explain any two essential elements of the state.
Answer:
Essential elements of state : State is the predominant and superior politico – social institution existing in the society. It consists of 4 essential elements. These elements of state may be explained in a detailed way in the following paragraphs.

1) Population : Population is the fundamental and essential element of state. There can be no state without population. Plato, Aristotle, Rousseau and others considered this feature as an important one. The famous poet Sri. Gurajada Apparao also states that it is the people, rather than the land, that comprise the state. Political writers differ in their opinions regarding the exact size of population possessed by the state. While Plato fixed 5,040, Rousseau fixed 10,000 to be an ideal population for a state. But today we can find the countries like China and India which have more than 100 crores of population on one hand and the countries like Andora, San Marino are having small number of people on the other hand is the modem world.

2) Territory : Territory is another essential element of the state. It is necessary for the origin and existence of the state. There can be no state without territory. Every state must have more or less territory of its own. There is no unanimous opinion among the political writers regarding the size of territory of the state. Some preferred vast territory, where as others preferred small territory. But today we can find the countries like America and Canada having large territory on one hand, and the countries like Vatican, Monaco having very less territory on the other hand in the modem world.

Question 7.
Point out the differences between state and society.
Answer:
Introduction : State and society are two important human organizations. Maclver described that blood relationship (kinship) created society and society in turn led to the state.

State : State is a people organized for law within a definite territory.

Society : Society is a group of men brought together by a system of common ideas, interests and aspirations.

Differences between State and Society : Inspite of close rela-tionship, state and society, differ from one another.
This may be informed through the following table.

State Society
1. State is a political organization. 1. Society is a social organization.
2. State regulates only the external relation of men in society. 2. Society controls both internal and external activities of men in society.
3. State has definite territory. 3. Society has no definite territory.
4. State has sovereignty. 4. Society has no sovereignty.
5. Membership of the state is compulsory. 5. Membership of the society is voluntary.
6. State is permanent. 6. Society is not permanent.
7. Laws of the state are uniform. 7. Rules of society are not uniform.
8. State came into existence after the origin of society. 8. Society is much older institution than the state.

Question 8.
In India a Nation State ? Explain.
Answer:
It is interesting to know whether India is a Nation-State. Some say that India is a uni-national state. As against this some state that it is a Multi-National State. It is argued that India is a Uni-National State rather than a Multi-National State due to the following reasons.

  • It consists of people who posses* the features of uni-national state like common history, common culture and traditions.
  • The Indians showed their spirit of National integration on many occassions after independence.
  • They stood as one and extended support to their government when our country was faced with wars from Pakistan and China in 1962 and 1965 respectively.
  • They stood united under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi throughout the freedom struggle against the British rule in India.
  • From the begining, our country won name and fame for its unity in diversity. Even- though the people of India belong to different regions, they are Indians first and Indians in the last resort i.e., they owe indebtedness to their respective religions and languages.
  • Some common elements concerning national anthem, national heritage, culture, constitution, national flag and the government inspire the nationalist feelings and inculcate the national integration among the people.
  • People celebrate all the national festivals with great enthusiasm and spirit.
    Hence we may say that India is a nation state with the characteristic features of unity in diversity.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2019

Question 9.
Write about any three sources of law.
Answer:
Definitions : The English word ‘Law’ originates from the ancient Teutonic word ‘Lag’ which means “something that lies fixed or uniform”. Political thinkers defined law in different ways which are listed below :

  1. “Law is the command of tfie sovereign”. – John Austin
  2. “Law is the system of ri|hts and obligations which the State enforces”. – T.H. Green

Sources of Law :
1) Customs, Practices and Traditions : These are one of the important sources of law. In primitive societies, there were no laws in written form. All disputes were settled in accordance with social customs and traditions. Customs regulated the social life in the early societies. Customs and traditions cannot be laws in political sense. But, when the State recognises certain traditions, they in turn be¬come laws. Ex : The laws relating to marriage, divorce etc., found in our Country are based on traditions, the common law of England.

2) Religion : In ancient times customary laws and religious laws were intermixed. The religious teachers enjoyed unlimited powers in those times. Their decisions were treated on par with laws. The primitive men believed that the judgements of the religious teachers had divine sanction. The ancient Roman laws were merely the religious laws. The Hindu and Muslim laws derived inspiration mainly from religion.

3) Judicial Decisions / Adjudication / Judgement of the Courts : The judgements of the judges also serve as a source of law. Generally, judges interpret laws, apply them to particular cases and deliver judgements. Their judgements become precedents and are usually followed by . other judges in similar cases. In course of time such judgements acquire the status of law. In this way judges add to the law of the country. There are many instances that new laws have evolved by way of interpretation. Many of the laws in Britain, America and India have originated from the judgements of the Judges of the respective countries.

Question 10.
Describe any three types of liberty
Answer:
Introduction : The concept of Liberty is of great significance in the study of political science. Liberty is an essential condition without which man cannot develop his personality. It became a source of inspiration to the millions of the people living all over the world.

Meaning : The term liberty is derived from the Latin word “LIBER” which means free from restrictions.

Definitions : Liberty is defined in many ways by different political thinkers. Some of them are cited below :

  1. “Liberty means the absence of restraints”. – J.R. Seeley
  2. “Liberty is the freedom of an individual to express without any external hindrance to his personality”. -G.D.H. Cole
  3. “Liberty means the positive power of doing or enjoying something worth doing or enjoying”. – T.H. Green
  4. “Liberty is the eager maintenance of that atmosphere in which men have the opportunity to be at their best selves”. – H.J. Laski

Types of Liberty : Liberty is of different types. Some of them may be described in the following :
1. Natural liberty
2. Civil liberty
3. Economic liberty
4. Political liberty
5. National liberty.

1. Natural liberty : Natural liberty is understood as unco-ntrolled freedom or absolute freedom. It is believed that natural liberty existed in the pre-social and pre-state human life. According to this concept there were no rules and regulations except the laws of nature in the past. All persons were free to do anything according to their will arid capacity. But this type of liberty is not possible in civilised society, since liberty is a social condition. True liberty does not inconvenience others. Liberty is not a license. Natural liberty is equal to anarchy. The weak cannot enjoy liberty without law. Some writers imagined that this kind of liberty existed before the origin of state.

2. Civil liberty : Civil liberty is also known as personal liberty. It relates to the individual’s freedom in his life as a member of the social organisation. It is enjoyed by the individuals in the society. Civil liberty is the essential pre-requisite to the existence and survival of human beings. It enables them to lead happy, honourable and civilised life in the state. So it is a must to everyone. The state recognises the various freedoms of individuals. In this regard Gettle said that “Civil liberty is the group of rights recognised and implemented by the state”. The constitution of the America and the India have incorporated civil liberty in the form of fundamental rights. Civil liberty is manifested in several rights.
These include :
A) Right to Life
B) Right to Work
C) Right to Property
D) Right to Religion
E) Right to Speech, Expression, Assembly, Movement and Residence etc.

3. Economic liberty : Economic liberty means the right of everyone to earn his livelihood. Laski described economic liberty as the security and opportunity to find reasonable significance in earning one’s daily bread. Economic liberty ensures everyone freedom from want and fear, hunger and starvation, unemployment and insufficiency. Economic liberty denotes freedom from want or insecurity of economic nature. Without economic liberty democracy is meaningless. It will also be secured by adopting the following measures.

  1. Provision of minimum wages:
  2. Guarantee of the right to work.
  3. Protecting the workers from unemployment, sickness and other types of insecurity.
  4. Providing adequate leisure.
  5. Giving representation to the workers in the management of the industries.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2019

Question 11.
What are the featunes of the rights ?
Answer:
Rights are the essential conditions for the development of the personality of individuals. They are upheld by the laws of the state. Individuals cannot achieve progress in the absence of rights.

Definition : “Rights are those conditions of social life without which no man can seek in general to be himself at his best.”

Features of Rights : Rights comprise the following features.
1) Rights are possible only in society : Rights originate in society. They denote human social behaviour. They do not exist outside of the society.

2) Rights are social in nature : Rights are the claims of individuals. These claims can be established only when the society or the state recognises and maintains them. So they are social in nature.

3) Rights are inherent in nature : Rights are inherent in the social nature of men. The social contractualists stated that rights are inherent in nature. Their views are accepted to some extent in modern times.

4) Rights are enforced and protected by the state : Rights are enforced and protected by the state. The various judicial organisations act as the custodians of the rights of individuals. In other words, rights are protected by the courts of law. Individuals enjoy several rights fully only in a democratic state.

5) Rights are not absolute : Rights are not absolute. Society and state impose some restrictions on the enjoyment of rights by the individuals. These restrictions are meant for maintaining peace and other in the society. Further, rights are meant for contributing social welfare and security.

6) Every right has a corresponding responsibility : Rights and responsibilities are interdependent. Every right has a corresponding responsibility. It is the responsibility of every individual to see that his neighbours also enjoy the same rights. Rights without responsibilities or responsibilities without rights cannot exist. Both are essential for leading a peaceful social life.

7) Rights are universal : Rights are universal in nature. They are applicable to all. They are given to all without any discrimination.

8) Rights vary : Rights vary from time to time according to the needs of the people. They also grow with the changes in time and conditions. Some rights which were not found in the past may exist now. The socio economic, political and cultural conditions will have an influence over the rights.

9) Rights precede the state: Rights are the products of history. Rights originated in course of time. They were prevalent even before the origin of the state. However, they were guaranteed only after the origin of the state.

10) Rights are meant for common good : Rights always exist and flourish as long as they are meant for common good. Only those rights which promote common good of the people are recognised by the society and the state. They are essential for leading a prosperous life by the individuals.

Question 12.
Describe any three types of Justice.
Answer:
Meaning : The world Justice is derived from a latin word “Jus” which Means “To bind”.
Definition : “Justice means speaking the truth and paying one’s debts”. – Caphalous

1. Natural Justice : Natural Justice is based on the notion that every person in the world possesses some rights for availing the natural resources. Natural resources provide support to the life of each and every creature on earth. As the human beings are the only rational creatures, it is their responsibility to see that natural resources have to be judiciously exploited. Human beings must keep in mind the requirements of future generations in this regard.

2. Social Justice : Social Justice envisages a balance between rights of individuals and social control. It facilitates the fulfillment of the legitimate expectations of the individuals under the existing laws. It ensure’s several benefits and extends protection to the individuals against the interference or encroachment from others in society. It is consistent with the unity and the integrity of the nation. It fulfills the needs of the society.

Social Justice enforces the principle of equality before law. It also extends protection to the downtrodden and weaker section of society.

3. Political Justice: Political Justice symbolises political equality. It implies provision of political rights to all the adult citizens in a state. It facilitates free and fair participation of the citizens in the governance of the country. It is manifested to the full extent in times of elections. It allows the citizens for their active participation in day- to-day administration. It may be noted that political justice prevails in the State when the following conditions are prevalent

  1. Rule of law
  2. Independent Judiciary
  3. Popular elections to the representative bodies
  4. Political parties
  5. Freedom of press and assembly
  6. Democratic rule etc.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2019

Question 13.
How citizenship is lost ?
Answer:
Citizens loose their citizenship under the following conditions :
1) Renunciation : A person is deprived of his citizenship, if he wishes to become the citizen of another state. One will lose the citizenship of one’s parent state and may become the citizen of a foreign state by naturalization. In India, the Constitution prescribes that a person who voluntarily acquires Citizenship of any other state will no longer be an Indian citizen.

2) Marriage : Generally a woman loses her citizenship when she marries an alien. However some states allow retention of citizenship. For instance in Britain, there is an option to retain British citizenship who marries an alien.

3) Accepting Foreign Service : A person may lose his citizenship when he enters into the service of another state. If a person accepts a permanent job in the government of a foreign state, he foregoes the citizenship of his native state.

4) Obliging Foreign Decorations or Titles : When a citizen obliges to receive foreign decorations or titles, it may lead to the forfeiture of his Citizenship.

5) Prolonged AbsenceProlonged absence in the native state beyond a certain period may lead to the loss of citizenship. In some states like France and Germany citizens who are absent themselves from their native country for more than ten years will loose their citizenship.

6) Treason or Crime : Involvement of a citizen in a serious crime and subsequent proof of his action will also lead to the loss of citizenship. Especially those persons who directly or indirectly participate or extend assistance to anti-state, anti-social and antigovernmental activities, will loose their Citizenship by a special notification to that effect.

7) Desertion from Army : Desertion from army thereby jeopardizing the security of a state leads to the forfeiture of citizenship.

Question 14.
Distinguish between secular state and theocratic state.
Answer:
Features of Secular State : Secular State comprises the following features.
1. No place for religion : Secular States does not assign significance to any particular religion. It will not make laws or implement them on religious grounds.

2. Equal status : Secular State accords equal status to its people. It makes no differentiation between individuals on the grounds of their caste, colour, community, religion, race, region, language etc. As a result, people will have satisfaction and extend co-operation to the government in the implementation of various policies and programmes. They live together with the fellow members of other religious denominations.

3. No state religion : Secular state does not recognize any particular religion as the state religion. It adopts neutral policy in religious matters. It implements various laws and social welfare measures without basing on the religious feelings of the people. It will hot assign special role to any particular religion in publicetivities. All public places like educational institutions, government offices and judicial organizations will carry on their activities with out aligning to a particular religion.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2019

Question 15.
Explain the merits and demerits of a Rigid Constitution.
Answer:
Rigid Constitution : Rigid Constitution is one whose provisions cannot be changed easily. In this system the constitutional amendment methods are different from those of ordinary laws. There will be a special procedure for amending the provisions of the rigid constitution. The rigid constitution will have firmness due to its special procedures of amendment. The Constitution of the United States is the best example of a rigid constitution.

Merits :

  1. Rigid constitution secures political stability.
  2. It is a product of political experience.
  3. It avoids hasty and ill-considered legislation.
  4. It protects the fundamental rights of the citizens.
  5. It preserves and enhances the interests of the provinces in a federal state.
  6. It is suitable for all kinds of people.

Demerits :

  1. Rigid constitution cannot be easily amended to suit the changing needs.
  2. It may affect the nation’s progress and growth.
  3. It is not suitable for tackling the issues arising during emergencies.

Question 16.
Point out the functions of Indiciary.
Answer:
The Judiciary is the third organ of the government. It refers to those officers of Government whose function is to apply the existing law to iodividual cases. It consists of the magistrates and judges charged with the duty of administering justice. In brief, it is that branch of the Government which settles disputes and administers justice.

Functions of the Judiciary :
1) Interpretation of Laws : The primary function of judiciary is interpretation of laws. Judiciary interprets laws and applies them to specific cases that come before it. It applies the elements of customs, statutes and constitutional provisions to specific cases.

Whenever the existing law is inadequate for delivering justice, it applies the principles of justice, equity and morality. As Gettle remarks, “Constitution and laws are always rigid. Flexibility must be given to them by judges”.

2) Custodian of the Constitution : Judiciary acts as guardian of the Constitution in federal system, It protects the spirit and sanctity of the constitution. Judiciary, in a federation, is empowered to declare a law as unconstitutional if it is inconsistent with the provisions of the Constitution.

3) Guardian of Civil Liberties : Judiciary acts as guardian of civil liberties of the people. It protects individual liberties by punishing those who encroach upon it. It also protects the people against the arbitrary actions of the government.

For instance, in the case of India, the Constitution under Articles 32 and 226 empowered the Supreme Court and High Courts to act as the guardians of fundamental rights of the citizens. These courts can issue injunctions to prevent the arbitrary acts of some individuals and organisations. Such injunctions include Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo-warranto and Certiorari.

4) Federal equilibrium : Judiciary plays a key role in the federal system. It solves disputes between the Centre and the State Governments and also between States. It sees that neither the Central Government nor the State Government exceed the constitutional limitations.

5) Advisory Functions : Judiciary renders advice on the request of the executive or the legislature. For instance the President of India may seek the advice of the Supreme Court on any question of Constitutional Law. In England, the practice to request a court to give declaratory judgement is very common. The Crown sometimes asks the judicial committee of the Privy Council to give its advisory opinion upon questions of law.

6) Appellate Jurisdiction : The highest court of justice hears appeals over the judgements of the lower courts. At times, it ratifies the judgements pronounced by the lower courts. Sometimes, it may reverse some of their judgements.

7) Maintenance of records : judiciary maintains all the records , of the cases along with their judgements. These records will help the advocates and judges in the trial of similar cases that may occur in future.

8) Acting as Head of the State: In some countries, under certain conditions, the Chief Justice of the highest Court assumes the powers of the acting head of the State in the absence of President and VicePresident in office.

9) Administrative Functions : The Supreme Court and High Courts are entrusted with some administrative functions. They make suggestions to the executive head in appointing the judges of the lower courts. The higher courts supervise the functioning of the lower courts. For instance the high courts in India are given the obligation of supervising the activities of the subordinate courts in their jurisdiction.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2019

Section – C (15 × 2 = 30)

Note :

  • Answer any fifteen of the following questions in not exceeding 5 lines each.
  • Each question carries two marks.

Question 17.
Write about ancient city states.
Answer:
Ancient Greece consisted of a large number of city states. They were small both in size and population. For example, Athens,Sparta, Corinth. Each city state had its own government. The greeks based their political philosophy on the concept of city-state. The population of the city-state was divided into three groups :

  1. Citizens
  2. Aliens and
  3. Slaves.

Question 18.
What do you know about Association’?
Answer:
Association is a group of people united for a specific purpose or a limited number of purposes. Associations are of various types viz., social, economic, political, cultural, religious etc. It’s membership is optional. A person can be a member of a number of associations.

Question 19.
What are the features of Law ?
Answer:
The following are some important features of law :

  1. It is enforced by the State.
  2. It is definite, precise and universal.
  3. It reflects the will of the people.
  4. Laws are compulsory and cohesive in nature.
  5. Any violation of law leads to punishment.

Question 20.
Define the term “Rule of Law”.
Ans.
Rule of Law is an important type of administration of justice. It originated in England. It implies :

  1. Legal Equality : All are equal before law.
  2. No Arbitrary Action : Punishment is given only when an existing law is violated.
  3. No Special Rights : No individual is above law and law does not recognise any special privileges.

Question 21.
What is Civil Liberty ?
Answer:
Civil liberty is also known as personal liberty. It is the essential pre requisite to the existence and survival of human beings. It enables them to lead happy, honourable and civilised life in the state. Civil liberty is manifested in several rights like
A) Right to Life
B) Right to Work
C) Right to Property
D) Right to Religion
E) Right to Speech, Expression, Assembly, Movement and Residence etc.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2019

Question 22.
What do you mean by Social Equality ?
Answer:
Social equality stands for equality of status and absence of class distinctions and discriminations. It exists when no individual is made to suffer on account of his caste, class, colour, creed, race etc. In fact it has opposed the practice of untouchability.

Question 23.
Moral Rights.
Answer:
Moral rights denote claims based on the ‘moral’ code of the community. These rights are morally prescribed to men in the society. The ethical or moral principles in the society act as the basis of the moral rights. Customs, traditions and usages are regarded as the basic source of these rights. Men enjoy these rights in a civil society. These rights are based on the moral conscience of the people. They don’t have legal support. However they are backed by the society. So violation of these rights is not considered as a crime. Individuals could be punished for their violation. Moral rights are indefinite and vague. But they are popular in nature. The State cannot ignore these rights for a long time.

Question 24.
Classification of Responsibilities.
Answer:
Responsibilities are broadly classified into (i) Moral responsibilities (ii) Legal responsibilities. Legal responsibilities are further classified into (i) Positive responsibilities (ii) Negative responsibilities.

Question 25.
Define Justice.
Answer:
“Justice is giving to every man his due. It is a combination of reason, courage, appetite and will in terms of the state”

Question 26.
What is mean by Social Justice ?
Answer:
Social Justice envisages a balance between rights of individuals and social control. It facilitates the fulfillment of the legitimate expectations of the individuals under the existing laws. It ensures several benefits and extends protection to the individuals against the interference or encroachment from others in society. It is consistent with the unity and the integrity of the nation. It fulfills the needs of the society.

Social Justice enforces the principle of equality before law. It also ensures eradication of social evils like poverty, unemployment, starvation, disease etc. It also extends protection to the downtrodden and weaker sections of society. Ultimately it provides those conditions essential for the all round development of individuals.

Question 27.
What do you mean by Jus Soli mean ?
Answer:
Jus Soli means acquisition of citizenship by the principle of place of birth. According to this method, a child acquires the citizenship of a State, where it borns. It is the place of birth which determines citizenship. This method is not more popular in modem times. At present, this method is observed exclusively in Argentina.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2019

Question 28.
Who is an Alien ?
Answer:
An Alien is a person living in a state but owing Allegiance to another State. Aliens are entitled to such rights and obligations which are incorporated in the covenants of the Foreign State.
Ex : In America, Aliens must obey the laws and pay taxes just like the American Citizens.

Question 29.
Write two definitions of Democracy.
Answer:
Definitions :

  1. Abraham Lincoln : “Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people”.
  2. J.R. Seely : “Democracy is a government in which every one has a share”.

Question 30.
Write any four conditions essential for the success of Democracy.
Answer:

  1. Sound system of Education
  2. Independent Press
  3. Strong Opposition
  4. Social Equality.

Question 31.
Define Secularism.
Answer:
Meaning : The term “Secular” in Latin language means “Of this World”. It denotes the meaning “the opposite of Religion”.

Definitions :

  1. E.S. Waterhouse: Secularism is an ideology which provides a theory of life and conduct as against one provided in Religion”.
  2. G.J. Holyoake : “Secularism is an idea of promoting a social order as separate from religion without actively dismissing or criticising religious beliefs”.

Question 32.
What do you mean by Theocracy ?
Answer:
The state having an official religion is called a Theocratic State. In such states all other religions or religious activities are either prohibited or discouraged or highly regulated or controlled by the state. All the official and important offices of the state are either appointed or elected only those from the official religion. State officially participates in the religious affairs and rituals.

Question 33.
What do you mean by Constitution ?
Answer:
The term constitution implies a written document embodying the provisions relating to the powers and functions of the Government organs, the rights and duties of the citizens.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2019

Question 34.
What is an Enacted Constitution ?
Answer:
Enacted constitution is also known as Conventional constitution. It is consciously made. It is the outcome of the deliberations of the Constituent Assembly specially constituted for that purpose. It is promulgated by the Sovereign Authority i.e., king or queen or Parliament. Ex : The Constitutions of India and the U.S.A.

Question 35.
What is a Unitary Government ? ‘
Answer:
Meaning : The word ‘Unitary’ consists of two words, namely, ‘Uhi’ and ‘Tary’, uni means one and tary means ‘rule’. Unitary Government is a single integrated government with all executive powers. The Constitution vests all powers in the Central Government.

Definition : A.V. Dicey “A Unitary government is the habited exercise of supreme legislative authority by one central power”.

Question 36.
How many organs of government are there, name them ?
Answer:
There are three organs of Government.
They are :

  1. Legislature,
  2. Executive and
  3. Judiciary.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Question Paper March 2019 with Solutions

Thoroughly analyzing AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Model Papers and AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Question Paper March 2019 helps students identify their strengths and weaknesses.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Question Paper March 2019 with Solutions

Time: 3 Hours
Max. Marks: 100

Section – A
(3 x 10 = 30)

Note:

  • Answer any three of the following questions in 40 lines each.
  • Each question carries ten marks.

Question 1.
Explain in brief the salient features of Indian Constitution.
Answer:
Introduction: The Indian constitution was prepared and adopted by the Constituent Assembly which was set up In 1946. The Constituent Assembly took nearly three years (From 9 December, 1946 to 25th November, 1949) to complete the framing of the constitution.

The Constituent Assembly approved the Indian Constitution on 26th November, 1949. The Indian constitution came into force on 26th January, 1950. Which we have been celebrating as ‘The Republic Day’. The following are the salient or basic features of the Indian constitution.
1. Preamble: The Indian constitution begins with a preamble. The preamble clearly defines the objectives of our constitution. It declares India as a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, democratic Republic. It provides liberty, equality, fraternity and justice. It states that the people of India are the chief source of the political authority.

2. A lengthy Written Document: The Constitution of India is the most written, lengthy, and detailed document in world. In 1950, the Indian Constitution had 22 parts, 8 schedules, and 395 articles. After subsequent amendments, it contains 12 schedules and 444 articles for the present.

3. A combination of rigidity and flexibility: The constitution of India is a blend of rigidity and flexibility. Our founding Fathers were programatic enough to provide for rigidity and flexibility as the situation demands. Article 368 provides the details of the amendment procedure.

i) Some of the provisions like admission of New states. (Ex: Telangana), provisions relating to citizenship, salaries, and allowances of the members of the constitutional bodies like President, Vice-President, Supreme Court and High Court judges etc. Can be amended by simple majority. It is said to be flexible.

ii) Some provisions can be amended by a special majority i.e., not less than Two-thirds of the members of the House present and voting. Ex: Fundamental Rights, Directive principles of state policy etc. It is said to be half rigid and half flexible.

iii) Some provisions can be amended by a two-thirds majority of the Parliament and with the concurrence of half of the states. Ex: Election of the President, executive powers of the union and the states, dištribution of legislative powers between the union and the states etc. It is said to be rigid.

4. Quasi-Federal polity: India is a states according to the constitution. Our constitution contains both the features of unitary and Federal governments. It prescribed unitary system in emergencies and Federal system on ordinary occasions. Provisions of unitary state such as Single Citizenship Single Integrated Judiciary, Single Election Commission, Role of All India Services Personnel etc., are found in our constitution. At the same time certain federal features like Written, Rigid constitution, Dual government, Bicameralism, etc., are profoundly seen in our constitution. Thus it is a Quasi-Federal Polity like Canada.

5. Republican government: Unlike the colonial Master, the UK, India preferred a Republican government. Here all public offices right from World member to the top president of India are open to all eligible citizens ànd there is no place for hereditary principle.

6. Parliamentary government: The constitution of India provided Parliamentary government of the British type but with an elected President of Irish Model. Accordingly, the features of Parliamentary government such as two executive heads, Ministerial accountability to the lower house of the legislature, Prime Minister leadership etc., are prevalent in our political system.

7. Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties: Part – III of the constitution, Articles from 12 to 35, provides for a set of basic human rights to all. They are justiciable and ensure basic freedoms.
They are six in number.

  1. Right to equality
  2. Right to freedom
  3. Right against exploitation
  4. Right to Religion
  5. Cultural and educational right and
  6. Right to constitutional remedies.

The 42nd Amendment to the constitution in 1976 incorporated the fundamental duties in Article 51A under part — IVA. Though they are not justiciable. But they put an obligation on the citizens to render certain duties in return for the protection they have been enjoying through fundamental rights. Fundamental duties relate to respecting the constitution, the National Flag and National Anthem, safeguarding public property, etc.

8. Single citizenship: Our Constitution provides for single citizenship for all persons who are born in India and who resided in India for a specific period. It enables the citizens to possess and enjoy identical rights and privileges. It also promotes unity. integrity and fraternity among the people.

9. Universal and Adult Franchise: The makers of the Indian constitution provided for the universal adult Franchise for all citizens without any discrimination based on caste, colour, creed, community, language, religion, region, sex, property etc. At the beginning, adult Franchise was given to all the citizens who attained the age of 21 years. Later voting age was reduced to 18 years through the 61st Constitution, Amendment Act in 1988.

10. Secular state: Our constitution stands for a secular state. It does not uphold any particular religion as the official religion of the Indian state. It ensures complete religious freedom to the people. It abolishes discrimination between individuals on religious grounds in the matters of employment, education and Legislation. It prohibits religious instructions in state-owned or state-aided educational institutions.

11. Independent judiciary: The Judiciary performs its function independently. The legislature or the executive shall not interfere in the working of the Judiciary. The Judiciary carries on its obligations according to the constitutional norms and democratic principles.

12. Directive principles of state policy: Our constitution hinted out certain directive principles as the policy of the state in part IV from Articles from 36 to 51. These principles are drawn from Irish constitution. These principles reflect the welfare state concept. They are the directions to be followed by the various governments. Equal pay for equal work, provision of employment opportunities, fair distribution of wealth, old age pension, protection of ill health, provision of education, protection of women and children etc., are the some examples of these principles. Though these principles are non-justiciable, No responsible government can afford to ignore them.

13. Bi-cameralism: The constitution of India introduced ‘Bi-cameralism at the National level. Accordingly, The Indian Parliament consists of two houses namely the Rajya Sabha (upper house) and the Lok Sabha (lower house). While the Rajya Sabha represents the states, the Lok Sabha represents the people.

14. Panchayati Rai and Nagar PIikas Acts: The Panchayati Raj and Nagar Palikas Acts are recent features of our constitution. The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendmént Acts gave constitutional recognition to the Rural and Urban local governments. Which came into force in 1993 and 1994 respectively had become operative all over the territory of India. The ideals of democratic decentralisation or the grass roof democracy are realised by these acts.

These acts provides for adequate representation for women, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other weaker sections in the policy making bodies of the local governments.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Question Paper March 2019 with Solutions

Question 2.
Explain the differences between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy.
Answer:
Fundamental Rights are incorporated in Part – III (Article 12 to 35) of our Constitution. Fúndamental Rights are of great significance. They serve as the best means to safeguard the life, liberty and properly of individuals. They act as the main instrument for releasing the inherent talents and capabilities of the individuals. Fundamental Rights are borrowed from the American Constitution. These are justifiable and can be enforced by the courts.

The Directive Principles of State Policy is a feature of Indian Constitution. They are included in Part -IV from Articles 36 to 51. The principles help to realize the objectives mentioned in the preamble of our Constitution. The mákers of our Constitution drew them from the Irish Constitution. These are directives to different governments and agencies 6f our country. These principles aim at transforming our country into a Welfare State. The rulers have to respect them. They cannot be enforced through any Court of Law. The governments have to implement them subject to availability of funds. They explain the responsibilitie of the State towards the people.

Differences between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of state policy:

Fundamental Rights Directive Principles of state
1) The concept was borrowed from the American Constitution. 1) The concept was borrowed from the Irish Constitution.
2) These are enumerated in Part -III of the Constitution covering articles from 12 to 35. 2) These are enumerated in Part -IV of the Constitution covering articles from 36 to 51.
3) These are negative in character in the sense that they prohibit the Government from doing certain things. 3) These are positive in character in the sense that they direct the government to work for the attainment of certain objects.
4) These aim at establishing political democracy in the country. 4) These aim at establishing social and economic democracy in the country.
5) These have constitutional sanction and so their implementation needs no legislation. 5) These have no constitutional sanction and so their implementation needs legislation.
6) These are justicable and can be enforced by the courts. 6) These are non – justiciable and cannot be enforced by the courts.
7) A law violating a Fundamental Right can be declared by the court as unconstitutional. 7) A law violating a Directive Principle cannot be declared by the court as unconstitutional.
8) These are personal and individualistic in nature. 8) These are societarian and socialistic in nature.
9) These promote the welfare of the individual. 9) These promote the welfare of the society.
10) These have been laid down in clear legal language. 10) These are stated in general terms.

Question 3.
Write briefly the emergency powers of the President of India.
Answer:
Articles 352 to 360 of part XVIII of Indian constitution deals with three types of emergency powers of the Indian President.

They are:

  1. National Emergency,
  2. Constitutional Emergency,
  3. Financial Emergency.

They may be explained as follows.
1. National Emergency: (Article 352):
The President exercises this power during the period of war, external aggression or armed rebellion. He declares emergency if he is satisfied that the sovereignty and security of India or any part thereof is threatened by external aggression. When National Emergency is in force, the federal, provisions of our constitution ceases to operate. So far, National Emergency was proclaimed on four occasions in our country.

They are:

  1. Chinese Aggression (1962),
  2. Indo – Pak war (1965),
  3. Indo-Pak war in the context of Bangladesh Liberation Movement (1971),
  4. Opposition’s call for blocking Parliament (1975).

2. Constitutional Emergency: (Article 356)
Article 356 of Indian constitution empowers the President to proclaim the constitutional emergency. If the President, on receipt of a report from the Governor or otherwise, is satisfied that a situation has arisen- in which the government of a state cannot be carried on according to the constitutional provisions. He is empowered to proclaim this emergency. It is also called as the President’s Rule. So far this type of emergency was proclaimed for over 100 times.

3. Financial Emergency: (Article 360) If the President is satisfied that a situation has arisen where by the financial stability or credit of India is threatened, then he may proclaim financial emergency in the country. During the period of financial emergency, the President enjoys the following powers.

  • The President may reserve all the money bills or other financial bills of the state after they are approved by the state legislature.
  • He may reduce the salaries and allowances of all or any person serving in the states.
  • The President can reduce the salaries allowances of the persons working at the union level including the judges of the Supreme Court and the State High Courts. But so far the financial emergency has not been yet imposed in the country.

Question 4.
Explain the role of Financial Committees in Parliament.
Answer:
The Financial committees of Parliament endeavour of undertake the task of detailed scrutiny of governmental spending and performance, there by securing the accountability of the administration to the Parliament in financial matters.
There are three financial committees in Indian Parliament.
They are:

  1. Public Accounts committee
  2. Estimates committee and
  3. Committee on Public Undertakings

1. Public Accounts Committee: Public Accounts Committee was set up on 1921. It consists of 22 members. Out of them, 15 members belong to the Lok Sabha and 7 members to the Rajya Sabha. Their term of office is one year. They are elected by means of proportional representation and single transferable vote. The speaker nominates one of the members as the chairman of the committee. it became a convention to appoint one of the members of the opposition in the Lok Sabha as its chairman since 1967-68.

The Committee performs the following functions:

  1. The Committee examines the annual audit reports of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India.
  2. It examines Public Expenditure not only from legal and formal point of view to discover technical irregularities but also from the point of view of economy prudence, wisdom and property.
  3. It brings out the appropriation accounts and the finance accounts of the Union Government and any other accounts laid before the Lok Sabha.
  4. It examines whether the public funds are disbursed properly.
  5. It examines the accounts of Autonomous and Semi-Autonomous bodies, the audit of which is conducted by the CAG.
  6. It investigates the money spent on any service during the financial year in the excess of the amount granted by the Lok Sabha for that purpose.

The Comptroller and Auditor General renders assistance to this committee. The members of this committee carry out a country-wide tour and meet the concerned officers non-officials, people and receive petitions from them and it submits a final report to the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.

2. Estimates Committee: The origin of this committee can be traced to the Standing Financial Committee setup in 1921. The Estimates Committee was at first constituted in April 1950 in free India. It consists of 30 members of the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha has no representation in this Committee. These members are elected by the Lok Sabha every year from among its own members according to the principle of proportional representation by means of single transferrable vote. The members hold their office for a year. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha appoints the Chairman of the Committee. If the Duty Speaker is a member of this Committee, the Speaker appoints him as the Chairman of the Committee. One-third of the total members belong to newly elected members.

The Chairman of the Committee will be appointed invariably from the ruling party. Mr. M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar acted the first chairman of this committee in the first Lok Sabha. The members of this committee may visit different projects and hold discussions with the officers, non-officials, business groups and receive suggestions from them. The committee functions on permanent basis.

The committee performs the following four important functions:

  1. It offers suggestions in regard to the economy in expenditure, improvement in organization and efficiency of the Union Government.
  2. It examines as to whether the public funds are disbursed as per the estimates.
  3. It also examines the matters assigned to it by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
  4. It examines whether the money is well laid out within the limits of the policy implied in the estimates. Hence, it has been described as a ‘continuous economy committee.

3. Committee on Public Undertakings: The Committee on Public Undertakings was created in 1964 on the recommendations of the Krishan Menen Committee. It consists of 22 members out of which 15 are from Lok Sabha and 7. from Rajya Sabha. The members of the committee are elected by the Parliament every year from amongst its own members according to the principle of proportional representation by means of single transferable vote.

The purpose of the committee is to lighten the burden of Public Accounts Committee. The Chairman of the committee is appointed by the speaker from amongst its members who are drawn from the Lok Sabha only. The members of Rajya Sabha are not be appointed as a Chairman of the committee.

The functions of the committee are:

  1. To examine the reports and accounts of Public Undertakings.
  2. To examine the reports of the Comptroller and Audit of General on undertakings.
  3. To examine whether the affairs of the public undertakings are being managed in accordance with sound business principles and practices.
  4. To exercise such other functions vested in the Public Accounts Committee and the Estimates Committee.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Question Paper March 2019 with Solutions

Question 5.
Estimate the powers and functions of the District Collector.
Answer:
Power and Functions of District Collector: The District Collector enjoys vast power and performs several functions as the head of the district administration. These may be explained as follows :
A) The Collector as District Revenue Officer: The Collector is the Chief District Revenue Officer. He, in that capacity, serves as the chief guide to the farmers in the district by fulfilling several obligations. His revenue functions include various activities such age collection of land revenue, sanction of agricultural loans to farmers, rescuing the farmers in times of natural calamities by assessing the loss incurred by them, rendering assistance to the union and state authorities in emergency relief measures, etc.

B) The Collector as District Magistrate: The Collector acts as the District Magistrate. He will have supervision over the activities of the district police personnel. He sees that law and order conditions in the district are normal. For this purpose he will be assisted by a large number of police personnel. The district superintendent of police and other police officers owe responsibility to the Collector in matters such as supervision over police personnel prisons etc. The Collector can inspect the police stations in the district. He is empowered to issue prohibitory orders on the occasion of breakdown of law and order. He can issue firing orders when all peaceful efforts failed in the restoration of normal.

C) The Collector as Chief Coordinator: The District Collector acts as the chief co-ordinator of various government departments in the district. He acts as the chief counsel and co-ordinator of the departments such as agriculture, irrigation, cooperation and labour affairs. The heads of these departments shall oblige and implement the suggestions and guidelines of the collector in the district. Even though these heads formulate their policies independently, they are answerable to the District Collector in their discharge of their obligations.

D) The Collector as District Electoral Officer: The Collector acts the chief district electoral officer. He serves as the main agent of the Election Commission of India for conducting elections to the various representative bodies in the district. He takes steps for conducting the elections in fair and impartial manner. These include preparation of electoral list and its modification, hearing public grievances on voters list, registration of new voters, appointing returning officers assistant returning officers etc.

E) The Collector as the Chief Census Officer: The Collector acts as the chief census officer in the district. He on behalf of the union and state governments, takes steps for holding census operations in the district for every ten years. He a1o sees that the statistical data regarding the number of much cattle, trees and domesticated animals in the district is collected properly. He also compiles such of the information as required by the higher authorities in regard to the construction of houses for the poor, family welfare, women empowerment, rural infrastructure etc.

F) The Collector as Permanènt Invitee of Local Bodies: The District Collector is a permanent invitee to the meetings of Panchayat Raj and urban local bodies in the district. He acts as a main link between the union and state governments and district local bodies on various matters. He participates in the normal/emergency meetings of Zilla Parishad and mandal parishads in the district. He sends confidential reports to the state government on the nature of functioning of these bodies. He conducts the meeting meant for considering the no-confidence motion against the Zila Parishad chairman.

Other Functions: This District Collector also performs the following functions.

  1. Matters concerning the welfare of Ex-servicemen.
  2. Provision of irrigation facilities.
  3. Supervision over sub treasuries.
  4. Co-ordinating the activities of various government departments.
  5. Supervising the training programmes for Junior Officers.

Role of District Collector in Local Government: The District Collector plays a crucial role in the affairs of local governments in the district. He serves as the friend, philosopher and guide to the common men living in the district. He also serves as a link between people and local bodies in the district. Normally the common men seek guidance and solace from the Collector in times of natural calamities and other unforeseen contengencies.

The Collector makes recommendations to the state government in regard to the working of the local bodies in the district. His valuable remarks are required for constituting new gram panchayats and mandal parishads in the district. The entire administrative, revenue, police, health, educational and agricultural personnel working in rural areas depend to a great extent upon the advice and suggestions forwarded by the Collector on may occasions. He sees that the farmers in the district receive sufficient agricultural inputs such as fertilizers, water, rural credit, marketing facilities etc. He supervises the activities of village extension officers and sees that the farmers receive various types of assistance for carrying on their agricultural operations smoothly.

He also sees that all persons below poverty line will receive, ration and pension facilities. The fact that the Collector heads more than one hundred committees at the district level demonstrates his role in district affairs.
He, like the Chief Minister at the state level, will have tremendous influence and powers in the district. Many programmes of union and state governments like National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS), Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY), Aam Admi Bima Yojana (AABY), Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP). Prime Ministers Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP).

The union and state governments, rely on the District Collector in tackling the financial, political and cultural matters of the people living in local areas, They nominate the District Collector as the chairman, co-ordinator or secretary of the above programmes at the district level. People regard the Collector as a repository of authority functioning independently with dedicated spirit. Even though some states like Gujarath and Maharashtra relieved the Collector from the perspective.

Section – B
(8 × 5 = 40)

Note:

  • Answer any eight of the following questions in 20 lines each.
  • Each question comes five marks.

Question 6.
Write a note on the sources of Indian Constitution.
Answer:
The constitution of India was formulated on the basis of various experiences. Almost all the noble features of the world constitutions have been incorporated in it. Similarly the peculiar political, social and cultural conditions present in India have been taken into account at the time of drafting the constitution. The makers of Indian constitution ignored those conditions prevalent in other countries which are contrary to the socio-economic and political background of India. On the whole the following sources figure prominently in making the Indian constitution.

1.Many provisions of Indian constitution have been drawn on the basis of West Minister Model (british). These include parliamentary traditions, rule of law, cabinet government, legislative-executive relations, single citizenship, nominal executive head etc.

2. Some provisions like fundamental rights, judicial review, federal system, presidents election, impeachirg the president etc., have been taken from the American constitution.

3. Items relating to Directive Principles of State Policy have been drawn from the constitution of Ireland.

4. The emergency powers of the President have been taken basing on the German constitution.

5. Matters such as Concurrent List, Business, Commerce, Inter-State trade, Special privileges of legislators etc., have been added on the model of Australia.

6. The Union-State relations mentioned in Indian constitution have been designed basing on the Canadian constitution.

7. Matters of constitutional amendment procedure were drawn from South African constitution.

8. The idea of republic and the ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity have been taken from the constitution of France.

9. Most of provisions of Indian constitution were drawn from the Government of India Act, 1935.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Question Paper March 2019 with Solutions

Question 7.
Explain any three fundamental rights of a citizen.
Answer:
1. Right to freedom of Religion: This right denotes the secular nature of Indian political system. It aims at transforming India into a secular state. Both the citizens and aliens of India enjoy this right. Article 25 empowers every persons to profess, practice and propagate a religion of this liking. Article 26 guarantees the following rights to every person.

  • To establish and maintain religious and charitable institutions.
  • To mange his their religious affairs.
  • To own and acquire moveable and immovable properties and
  • To maintain such properties in accordance with the provision of the law.

Article 27 prohibits the state to impose or collect taxes from individuals purely on religious grounds. It also prohibits the state to impose and collect taxes for the benefit and maintenance of any particular religion or religious denominations. Article 28 bans religious instructions in educational institutions wholly or partly maintained by the state funds.

2. Educational and Cultural Rights: Indian constitution provided several cultural and educational opportunities for Indian
citizens through this right. Article 29 enables every citizen to preserve and protect his own language and culture irrespective of one’s religion, language or region.

Article 30 prohibits special treatment to any citizen in the mission into educational institutions either wholly or partly funded by the state on the grounds of caste, religion, region, colour, language or sect. However, it allowed the minorities some special facilities for preserving and promoting their language and culture. The state can grant financial assistance to them in this regard.

3. Right to Constitutional Remedies: This right enables the individuals to approach a high court under Article 226 or the supreme court under Article 32 to get any of the fundamental rights restored in case of their violation. The Supreme court and the state High courts issue various writs for the implementation of Fundamental Rights. Dr. Ambedkar described this right as the Heart and Soul of the constitution.

Question 8.
Explain the advisory jurisdiction of Supreme Court.
Answer:
Under Article 143, the Supreme Court has advisory jurisdiction. Accordingly, the supreme Court offers its advice to the President on those matters of legal or public or constitutional importance, when the President seeks such advice. It also reports its opinion over the disputes referred to it by the President, arising out of any treaty, agreement which was made or executed before the commencement of the Constitution. So far the Supreme Court rendered its advice to the President on eight occasions.

The president, in the recent past, sought the advice of the Supreme Court on the ‘Ayodhya Lssue’. These are excluded by Article 131. However, the Supreme Court is not bound to render advice on such matters and the president is not bound to accept such an advice.

One may immediately question about the utility of the advisory powers of the Supreme Court. The utility is twofold. In the first place, it allows the government to seek legal opinion on a matter of importance before taking action on it. This may prevent unnecessary litigations later. Secondly, in the light of the advice of the Supreme Court, the government can make suitable changes in its actions or legislations.

Question 9.
Explain any three powers and functions of Chief Minister.
Answer:
The following are the three important powers and functions of the Chief Minister.
i) Formation of the Ministiy: The first and foremost responsibility of the Chief Minister is the formation of Ministry of his choice. The CM has a free hand in the selection and appointment of Ministers. He chooses some members of his party (or coalition partners in the case of a coalition) and recommends their names to the Governor to be appointed as Ministers. He advises the Governor to allocate portfolios among the Ministers.

ii) Leader of the State Council of Ministers: The Chief Minister is the head of the Council of Ministers. As such he occupies a position of exceptional authority. He is the Chairman of the State Council of Ministers. The Chief Minister decides the time, venue, and the agenda of Cabinet meetings. The CM presides over such meetings, discussions are carried under his direction. He guides, directs, controls and co-ordinates the activities of the Ministers.

iii) Link between the Governor and the State Council of Ministers: The Chief Minister is the principal channel of communication between the Governor and the State Council of Ministers. As part of his Constitutional duty, he communicates all the administrative decisions and legislative proposals of the State Council of Ministers to the Governor. it is his responsibility to furnish any information related to the actives of the Ministers as the Governor may call for. No minister shall meet the Governor without the consent of the Chief Minister.

Question 10.
Write a note on the legislative assembly.
Answer:
Legislative Assembly is the Lower House of the State Legislature. The Members of Legislative Assembly are called M.LAs. According to Article 170 of the Indian Constitution, it consists of not more than 500 members and not less than 60 members. It means that it’s strength depends on the population and size of the state. But small states have been allowed to have less number of members. Thus Goa and Mizoram have only 40 members, while Sikkim has 32 Members.

Composition of the Legislative Assembly: The Legislative Assembly is the popular and powerful chamber of the State Legislature. It is the lower house and resembles more or less the Lok Sabha at the Centre. It consists of representatives directly elected by the people of the State on the basis of universal adult franchise. Those who become members of. State Legislative Assembly must be citizens of India and must be above 25 years of age.

Term of office: The normal term of Assembly is 5 years. It may be dissolved earlier by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Parliament may extend it’s term by one year, when National Emergency is in force.

Presiding officers: The Presiding Officer of Assembly is known as Speaker. He is elected by the members of the Assembly. The Assembly also elects a Deputy Speaker to conduct the business of the House in the absence of the speaker.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Question Paper March 2019 with Solutions

Question 11.
Explain the administrative functions of the High Court.
Answer:
The High Court exercises certain administrative functions within its territorial jurisdictions.

  1. Under Article 227, every High Court has the power of supervision over all Courts and Tribunals functioning in its territorial jurisdiction except Military Courts or Tribunals in the State.
  2. It ensures the proper working of these courts. It exercises the power to make and issue general rules and regulations for securing the efficient working of the court.
  3. The High Court can transfer any case from one court to another court under Article 228 and can even transfer the quse itself and decide the same.
  4. The High Court has the power to investigate or enquire into the records or other connected documents of any court subordinate to it.
  5. It appoints its administrative staff and determines the salaries and allowances and other conditions of the personnel working in subordinate courts.
  6. It is empowered to withdraw any case involving the interpretation of the Constitution and dispose of the case itself.
  7. The High Court is the Highest Court of Justice in the State. All other Courts and Tribunals (except Military Courts and Tribunals) in State function under the direct supervision and control of the State High Court.

Question 12.
Explain the composition, powers and functions of the Finance Commission.
Answer:
Composition: Article 280 of the Indian Constitution deals with the composition, powers and functions of the Finance Commission The President of India constitutes a Finance Commission, a quasi-judicial body with Chairman and four members. The Chauan well as the members is appointed by the President for a period of fives years. They are eligible for reappointment. The constitution at authorities the Parliament to decide the qualifications of the members and Chairman of the Commission. Accordingly, the Parliament has specified the qualifications of the Chairman and other members of the Commission.

The Commission makes recommendations to the President on the distribution of financial resources between the Union and States. The Chairman should be a person having experience in the field of public affairs of the Union or the States. The other four members of the Finance Commission should be appointed from amongst the following fields.

  • A high Court judge or one qualified to be appointed as such.
  • person having special knowledge of the finances and accounts of the government.
  • A person having wide experience in financial matters and administration.
  • A person having special knowledge of Economics.

Powers and Functions: The Finance Commission reviews the financial relations between the Centre and States from time to time and makes recommendations to the President of India in the following matters:

  • It makes recommendations as to what proportion of the central taxes is to be distributed among the State.
  • To determine the principles that should govern the grants-in-aid of the revenues of the State out of the Consolidated fund of India.
  • It also makes recommendations regarding the continuance or modifications of agreements entered into by the Union Government with any state.
  • It makes suggestions on any other matter referred to the Commission by the President in the interest of financial stability.
  • The functions of Finance Commission have been enlarged by 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments, which makes it the duty of the Commission to suggest measures needed to augment the Consolidated Fund of a State to supplement the resources of the Panchayat and Municipalities in the States.
  • It also holds discussions with the higher officials and prominent leaders on administrative and political affairs, and invites suggestions from the heads of various financial institutions in the country for sound financial stability.

The Finance Commission submits its report tothe President of India, which is generally accepted by the Central Government. The President may or may not accept all or few of the recommendations of the Commission. These recommendations are applicable for a period of five years.

Question 13.
Evaluate the recommendations of the Sarkaria Commission.
Answer:
The Union Government appointed a three-member Commission on Centre-State relations under the Chairmanship of R.S.Sarkaria, a retired judge of the Supreme Court. B.Sivaraman, S.R.Sen, and Rama Subrahmaniam were appointed as other members. The Commission was asked to overhaul and review the working of existing arrangements between the Union and States in all spheres as and recommend such changes and measures as may be appropriate. It was initially given one year time to complete its work, but its term was extended four times.

The final report was submitted on October, 27, 1987 and the summary was later officially released in January, 1988. The Sarkaria Commission made 247 recommendations to improve the center-state relations. The important recommendations are mentioned below:

  1. A permanent Inter-State Council called the Inter-Governmental Council should be set up under Article 263.
  2. Article 356 (President’s Rule) should be used very sparingly in extreme cases as a last resort when all the available alternatives fail.
  3. The institution of All India Services should be further strengthened and some more such services should be created.
  4. The residuary powers of taxation should continue to remain with the Parliament, while the other residuary powers should be placed in the Concurrent list.
  5. When the President withholds his assent to the State bills, the reasons should be communicated the State Government.
  6. The National Development Council (NDC) should be renamed and reconstituted as the National Economic and Development Council (NEDC).
  7. The zonal councils should be constituted afresh and reactivated to promote the spirit of federalism.
  8. The Union should have powers to deploy its armed forces, even without the consent of States. However, it is desirable that the States should be consulted.
  9. The Centre should consult the States before making a law on a subject of the Concurrent List.
  10. The procedure of consulting the Chief Minister in the appointment of the State Governor should be prescribed in the Constitutional itself.
  11. The net proceeds of the Corporation tax may be made permissibly shareable with the States.
  12. The Governor cannot dismiss the Council of Ministers so long as it commands a majority in the assembly.
  13. The Governor’s term of five years in a State should not be disturbed except for some extremely compelling reasons.
  14. No commission of enquiry should be set up against a State Minister unless a demand is made by the Parliament.
  15. The surcharge on income tax should not be levied by the Centre except for a specific purpose and or a strictly limited period.
  16. The present division of functions between the Finance Commission and the Planning Commission is reasonable and should continue.
  17. Steps should be taken to uniformly implement the three-language formula in its true spirit.
  18. No autonomy for radio and television but decentralization in their operations.
  19. No change in the role of Rajya Sabha and the Centre’s power to reorganize the States.
  20. Giving powers to the Municipalities to issue tax-free bonds.

The Union Government has implemented 180 (out of 247) recommendations of the Sarkaria Commission. The most important is the establishment of the Inter-State Council in 1990 but it has not served the purpose.

Question 14.
Discuss the election process in India.
Answer:
The electoral process in India is operationalized in several stages which can be explained as under.
1. Delimitation of Constituencies: The first step of conducting the elections can be described as the delimitation of constituencies which is done by a Delimitation Commission appointed after every census by the President. This happens for every 10 years. Generally, a constituency which elects a member of the Lok Sabha consists of six or seven State Legislative Assembly Constituencies. The decisions of the Delimitation commission are final and cannot be challenged in any court.

2. Recognition of Political Parties: Political parties have to be registered with the Election Commission. According to certain criteria, set by the Election Commission regarding the length of political activity and success in elections, parties are categorized by the Commission as National or State parties, or simply declared registered-unrecognized parties. National parties are given a symbol that is for their use only, throughout the country. Slate parties have the sole use of a symbol in the state in which they are recognized as such registered-unrecognized parties can choose a symbol from a selection of free’ symbols.

3. Photo Identity Cards: In an attempt to improve the accuracy of the electoral roll and prevent electoral fraud, the Election Commission ordered the making of photo identity cards for all voters in the country in Aug, 1993. To take advantage of latest technological innovations, the Commission issued revised guidelines for Election Photo Identity Card (EPIC) Program in May 2000.

4. Electoral Rolls: An important step in the conduct of elections is to get prepared constituency-wise electoral rolls which record the names of the eligible voters. The electoral rolls are revised after each census, before every election or after regular intervals.

5. Notification and Appointment of Returning Officers: When general elections are to be held, the President of India sends a communication to the Election Commission, and the latter, after consulting Central and State Governments, announces the poil calendar, i.e., the dates for, filing the nomination papers, scrutiny of nomination papers and withdrawal of nominations by the candidates. The Election Commission then appoints Returning Officers for various constituencies. The Regional Election Commissioners help the Election Commission in the smooth conduct of elections.

6. Filing of Nomination Papers: The candidates who wish to contest in the elections have to file their nomination papers with the Returning Officer in their respective constituencies. Such candidates must submit their nominations in a given formats prescribed by the Election Commission. If the contestant is a party candidate, the name has to be proposed by a voter and seconded by another voter. In the case of non-party contestant, the candidate has to be subscribed by 10 registered electors of the constituency as proposers.

7. Scrutiny of Nominations: After the last date for the filing of the nominations, all the nomination papers are duly scrutinized by the Returning Officers in the presence of the candidates or his nominee. The scrutiny is conducted for determining whether the nomination papers have been filed properly, the candidates possess the required qualifications, and they have complied with all rules and regulations. Later, the Returning Officer decides all cases and notifies the names of those candidates whose nomination papers are found in order.

8. Withdraw of Nominations: After scrutiny, the candidates are allowed to voluntarily withdraw their nominations within a fixed date and time as fixed by the Election Commission. For this purpose a candidate has to apply in writing to the Returning Officers.

9. Election Campaign: The next stage in the electoral process involves the election campaign. The contestants and parties get engaged in the election campaign. Each party issues an Election manifesto which states its policies, programmes and promises.

10. Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs): An electronic voting machine is a simple electronic device used to record votes in place of ballot papers and boxes which were used earlier in conventional voting system. The advantages of the EVM over the traditional ballot paper system are given here.

  • It eliminates the possibility of invalid and doubtful votes.
  • It makes the process of counting of votes much faster than the conventional system.
  • It reduces to a great extent the quantity of paper used, thus saving a large number of trees.
  • It reduces cost printing as only, one sheet of ballot papers required for each polling station.

11. Polling of Votes: Polling personnel are appointed and polling booths are set up in different localities. Each polling booth, on an average caters to about a more than thousand voters. The voting is a secret one.

12. Supervising Elections by Observers: The Election Commission appoints a large number of Election Observers to ensure that the campaign is conducted fairly, and that people are free to vote as they choose. Election Observers keep a check on the amount that each candidate and party spends on the election.

13. Media Coverage: In order to bring as much transparency as possible to the electoral process, the media are encouraged and provided with facilities to cover the election.

14. Counting of votes and Declaration of Results: After the process of polling of votes, on a fixed day and time, the Returning Officer and his staff members open the voting machines in the presence of the agents. Then each candidate verifies his votes polled recorded in the EVM.

A candidate who gets more valid votes than the other contesting candidate in every constituency is declared elected. These results declared on the basis of relative majority of vote victory system. The Returning Officer makes an announcement of the results in this regard.

15. Election Petitions: Any elector or candidate can file an election petition if he or she thinks there has been malpractice during the election. An election petition is not an ordinary civil suit, but treated as a contest in which the whole constituency is involved. Election petitions are tried by the High Court of the state concerned and if upheld can even lead to the restaging of the election in that constituency.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Question Paper March 2019 with Solutions

Question 15.
Write briefly the characteristics of Indian Party System.
Answer:
Political parties are essential for the success of Democracy. They acts as agencies of public opinion and link between the government and the people. Modern democracy is unthinkable in the absence of political parties.

Characteristics (or) Features of India party system: The Indian party system has the following characteristics (or) features.
1. Multi-Party System: The continental size of the country, the diversified character of Indian Society, the adoption of universal adult franchise, the peculiar type of political process and other factors have given rise to a large number of political parties. In fact, India has the largest number of political parties in the world. At present there are 6 National parties, 64 State Parties and 1737 registered- unrecognized parties in the country. Further, India has all categories of parties leftist parties, centrist parties, rightist parties, communal parties, non-communal parties and so on. Consequently, the hung Parliament, hung Assemblies and coalition governments have become a common phenomena ni Indian Political System.

2. One-Party Dominance System: Inspite of the multi-party system, the political scence in India was dominated for a long period by the Congress party. Hence, Rajani Kothari, an eminent political scientist, preferred to call the Indian Party System as One Party Dominance System’ or the ‘Congress System’.

3. Lack of Clear Ideology: Except the BJP CPI and CPM, all other parties do not have a clear-out ideology. They are ideologically close to each other. They have close resemblance in their policies and programmes. Almost every party advocates democracy, secularism, socialism and Gandhian. More than this, every party has only one consideration i.e., power capture.

4. Personality Cult: Quite often the parties are organized around an eminent leader who becomes more important than the party and its ideology. Parties are known by their leaders rather than by their manifesto. It is a fact that the popularity of the Congress was mainly due to the leadership of Nehru, Indira Gandhi, and Rajiv Gandhi.

Similarly, the AIADMK in Tamil Nadu and TDP in Andhra Pradesh got identified with M.G. Ramachandran and N.T. Rama Rao respectively. In Tamil Nadu, after M.G. Ramachandran, Jayalalitha became the icon of the party for this culture. Hence, it is said that “there are political personalities rather than political parties in India”.

5. Traditional Factors: A large number of parties in India are formed on the basis of religion, caste, language, culture, race and so on. For example, Shiv Sena, Muslim League, Hindu Maha Sabha, Akali Dal, Bahujan Samajwadi Party, Gorkha League etc., work for the promotion of communal and sectional interests and thereby under mine the general public interest.

6. Emergence of Regional Parties: Another significant feature of the Indian Party System is the emergence of a large number of regional parties and their growing role. They have become the ruling parties in various states like BJP in Orissa, DMK and AIADMK in Tamil Nadu, Akali Dal in Punjab, AGP in Assom, National Conference in J & K, JD(U) in Bihar and so on. These regional parties have come to play a significant role in the national politics due to coalition governments at the Centre. In 1984 elections, the TDP emerged as the largest opposition party in the [ok Sabba and played a decisive role in national politics. In one context, i.e., during the NDA Government when Vajpayee was the Prime Minister at the Centre, Nara Chandra Babu Naidu played a ‘King Make? role at the center.

7. Factions and Defections: Factionalism, defections, splits, mergers, fragmentation, polarization so, etc., have been important aspects of the functioning of political parties in India. These factors led to the disintegration of the parties. Thus there are two Janata Dals, two Communist parties, two Congresses and so on.

8. Lack of Effective opposition: In the last 63 years, an effective strong, organized and a viable national opposition could never emerge except in flashes. The Opposition parties have no unity and very offen adopt mutually conflicting positions with respect to the ruling party.

Question 16.
Describe the formation of Andhra State.
Answer:
During the Vandhemataram movement, the senior congressmen of Andhra Region, Sri Bhoga Raju Pattabhi Seetha Ramaiah, Mutnuri Krishna Rao, Konda Venkatappaiah, and Tanguturi Prakasam Met at Machilipatnam and discussed about formation of an Integrated Andhra state by uniting the regions of Andhra, Rayalaseema and Telangana.

In the Madras State, There are 58% of Telugu areas and 40% of Telugu people were remained backward. This created The feeling of separate state of Andhra among them strongly. In 1912 the joint session of Godavari, Krishna and Guntur was held at Nidadavole under the chairmanship of Sri Vemavarapu Ramadas and passed a Resolution for formation of separate Andhra State.
1. The First Andhra Mahasabha, Bapatla 1913: In 1913 at Bapatla of Guntur district, the First Andhra Mahasabha was held which was presided by Sri B.N.Sarma. It was attended by 800 delegates and 2000 Audience.

2. The Second Andhra Mahasabha, Vijayawada 1914: On 11th April of 1914 the second Andhra Mahasabha was held at Vijayawada which was presided by Sri ‘Nyapathi Subba Rao, Sri Ayyadevara Kaleswara Rao of Vijayawada was its Convener. It was attended by 1600 delegates.

3. The Third Andhra Mahasabha, Visakhapatnam 1915: In 1915, May the third Andhra Mahasabha was held at Visakhapatnam, under the chairmanship of Sri Panagallu Raja Rama Rayanim. It pass two resolutions.

  • Formation of separate Anihra State is inevitable
  • Teaching in mother tongue upto secondary school level

The Nagpur congress session in 1920 has declared officially by accepting the doctrine of linguistic states. It has Recognised 21 languages on that basis the separate Pradesh congress was launched. Article 52 of Indian Council Act of 1919 which was made on the Report of Montague – Chelmsford stated that the government may accept the proposal of separate Andhra State if such resolution is passed by majority in the state legislature.

In 1926, the Aridhra University was established with a view to provide higher education to Andhra people due to sincere efforts by the education minister, Sri Anem Parasuram Pathro.

In 1932, under the chairmanship of Sri Kadapa Kotireddy, The separate Andhra Mahasabha was held at Madras. Sri Kasinadhuni Nageswara Rao Pantulu and Prominent leaders of Andhra and Rayalaseema were participated.

4) Sri Bagh Pact: On 14th November, 1937 at Madras in the residence of Sri Kasinadhuni Nageswara Rao panthulu namely “Sri Bagh’’ the meeting of leaders of Andhra and Rayalaseema was held. Leaders from Andhra region were Dr. Bhoga Raju, Pattabhi Seetha Ramaiah, Konda Venlatappaiah, Mahboob Alibegh, Desi Raju Hanumantha Rao, Mullapudi Pallam Raju and Kasinadhuni Nageswara Rao Pantulu.

Leaders from Rayalaseema were Sri Kadapa Kotireddy, Seetha Rami Reddy, Subbu Rami Reddy, T.N.Rama Krishna Reddy, Pappun Ramachari and Varadachari. On 30th march, 1938 Konda Venkatappaiah introduced a Resolution in Madras Assembly and it was seconded by Kadapa Koti Reddy. The then chief minister addressed the house on resolution. Later it was passed by the house unanimously.

  • In 1938 The Andhra Mahasabha was held which was presided by Dr. SarvepalLi Radha Krishna and discussed about capital.
  • The First Andhra Mahasabha, I3apatla 1913
  • The Second Andhra Mahasabha, Vijayawada 1914
  • The Third Andhra Mahasabha, Visakhapatnam, 1915 Sri Bagh Pact
  • Events that led to the formation of Andhra State.
  • J.V.R Report
  • Hunger Strike of Swami Seetharam
  • Hunger Strike fast unto death of Potti Sreeramulu
  • Waanchu Committee 1953

5. J.V.R Report: The Jaipur congress session appointed three men committee which consists of Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhaipatel and Pattabhi Seetha Ramaiah, Popularly Known as JVP Committee to reconsider the Separate state demand. The committee submitted report in 1949 April Stating that the separate state can be formed upon a condition that the Andhra people has to set a side the desire of Madras city.

6. Hunger Strike of Swami Seetha Ram: With a view to get easy and speedy formation of separate Andhra State by over coming of all hurdles Sri Swami Seetha Ram (Sri Gollapudi Seetha Ram Sasthri) Started hunger strike on 15th August, 1952 at Guntur Town hail it was continued for 36 days.

7. Hunger Strike Fast unto death of Potti Sreeramulu: For the Separate statehood of Andhra Potti Sreeramulu has started fast unto death on 19th October, 1952 at the Residence of Maharshi Bulusu Sambamurthy and it was later named as ‘Yagnasala”.

Under these circumstances on 9th December 1952 the union government announced that the government would consider the issue of Separate Andhra state if the Andhra people will agree for separate Andhra apärt from Madras By that time Fast unto death of Potti Sreeramulu has gone to 52 day 15th December 1952 at 11.39 p.m. Potti Sreeramulu Possess away.

8. Waanchu Committee 1953: In Jan, 1953 the Government of India has appointed Justice Waanchu, the chief Justice of Rajasthan High Court to study tle formation of separate Andhra state soon after the receipt of Waanchu report prime minister Nehru announced that the Andhra state will be formed on 18th October, 1953 and furtherly he stated it is the responsibility of Andhra Legislators to decide the capital, which has to be set up in Andhra region except Madras.

Formation of Andhra State: The government of India appointed C.M. Trivedi as special officer to look into the New state formation activities. The separate state of Andhra was officially formed with ‘Kurnool’ as its capital on 18th October, 1953 as announced earlier.

New Andhra State Consists of 11 Andhra districts Viz, Srikakulam, Visakhapatnam East Godavari, West Godavari, Krishna, Guntur, Nellore, Chittoor, Kadapa, Anantapur and Kurnool.

High court was set up at Guntur on 4th July, 1954 Justice Koka Subba Rao was the first chief justice C.M. Trivedi was the First Governor of Andhra state.

“Tanguturi Prakasam Panthulu” was the first chief minister. Prime Minister Jawaharlala Nehru launched the Andhra State on October, 1953. The people throughout the state had Celebrated it as great event and Festival.

Question 17.
What are the powers and functions of Information Commission?
Answer:
The following are the powers and functions of Information Commission both at central and state levels.
1. The Central Information Commission/State Information Commission (CIC/SCIC) has a duty to receive complaints from any person

  • Who was not been able to submit an information request because a PIO has not been appointed
  • Who has been refused information that was requested?
  • Who has received no response to his/her information request within the specified time limits?
  • Who thinks the fees charged are unreasonable?
  • Who thinks the information given is incomplete or false or misleading? and
  • Any other matter relating to obtaining information under this law.

2. Power to order inquiry if there are reasonable grounds.

3. The Central Information Commission/State Information Commission (CIC/SCIC) will have powers of Civil Court such as-

  • Summoning and enforcing attendance of persons, compelling them to give oral or written evidence on oath and to produce documents or things.
  • Requiring the discovery and inspecition of documents.
  • Receiving evidence on affidavit.
  • Requisitioning public records or copies from any court or office.
  • Issuing summaries for examination of witnesses or documents.
  • Any other matter which may be prescribed.

4. All records covered by this law (including those covered by exemptions) must be given to Central Information Commission State Information Commísšiofl (CIC/SCIC) during inquiry for examination.

5. Power to secure compliance of its decisions from the Public Authority includes

  • Providing access to information in a particular form.
  • Directing the public authority to appoint a PTO/APIO where none exists.
  • Publishing information or categories of information.
  • Making necessary changes to the practices relating to management, maintenance and destruction of records.
  • Enhancing training provision for officials on RTI.
  • Seeking an annual report from the public authority on compliance with this law.
  • Require it to compensate for any loss or other detriment suffered by the applicant.
  • Impose penalties under this law.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Question Paper March 2019 with Solutions

Section – C
(15 × 2 = 30)

Note:

  • Answer any fifteen of the following questions in 5 lines each.
  • Each question cames two marks.

Question 18.
Preamble.
Answer:
The Indian constitution begins with a preamble. The preamble clearly defines the objectives of our constitution, It declares India as a sovereign, as a socialist, Secular Democratic Republic. It provides liberty, equality, fraternity and justice. It states that the people of India are the chief sources of the political authority.

Question 19.
Types of Directive Principles of State Policy.
Answer:
Our constitution hinted out certain directive principles as the policy of the state in part IV from Articles from 36 to 51. These principles are drawn from Irish constitution. These principles reflect the welfare state concepts. They are the directions to be followed by the various governments. Though these principles are non-justiciable, No responsible government can afford to ignore them.

Question 20.
Categories of Union Council of Ministers.
Answer:
There are three kinds of ministers in the Union Council of ministers. They are

  1. Cabinet Minister.
  2. Ministers of State.
  3. Deputy Ministers.

1. The Cabinet Ministers are entrusted with the maintenance of some important ministries like Finance, Home, Defence, etc.
2. The Ministers of state act as the heads of some important sections in the Ministry. Thëy are directly responsible to the
Prime Minister for. their activities.
3. The Deputy Ministers have no independent and discretionary powers. They assist the Cabinet Ministers.

Question 21.
Composition of the Union Executive.
Answer:
The constitution of India provides for the Union Executive. Articles 52 to 78 in part V of the constitution deal with the union executive. The Union Executive consists.

  • The President
  • The Vice – President
  • The Prime Minister and
  • The Union Council of Ministers

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Question Paper March 2019 with Solutions

Question 22.
The Speaker of Lok Sabha.
Answer:
The office of the Speaker has great dignity, honour and authority. As the speaker acts as the chairman of the Lok Sabha and as the member of the Lok Sabha represents the people directly. He represents the whole Nation. He acts as the friend, philosopher, and guide to the members.

Question 23.
Question Hour.
Answer:
In both houses of Parliament, first hour is allotted to question hour. The members, be giving notice to the presiding officer, can ask questions pertaining to public issues, administrative inefficiency or about the role of the government.

Question 24.
Court of Record.
Answer:
According to Article 141, Supreme Court acts as court of Record. Being the highest court of the land, its proceedings acts arid judgements are kept in record for perpetual memory and further verification and reference.

Question 25.
State Executive.
Answer:
Articles 153 to 167 deal with the matters of the state executive. The state executive consists of

  • the Governor
  • the Chief Minister and
  • Members of the State Council of Ministers.

In our Parliamentary system Governor is the titular or constitutional head of the state The Chief Minister is the real executive head of the Government. The Chief Minister and the Ministers being represents the people.

Question 26.
Qualifications of Governor.
Answer:
Article 157 of our Constitution lays down the following qualifications for the appointment of a person as a Governor.

  1. He shall be a citizen of India.
  2. He should have completed the age of 35 years.
  3. He should not be a member of either house of Parliament or state legislature.
  4. He should not hold any other office of profit.
  5. He should not be an insolvent declared by any court of law.

Question 27.
Quorum.
Answer:
Quorum is the minimum number of members required to be present in the house before it can transact any business. According to Article 188 of the constitution, the Quorum for conducting the State Legislative Assembly meeting was fixed at 1110th of the total membership. However, in some states, where the strength of the State Legislative Assembly is very less, the quorum will be a minimum number of 10. The speaker decides whether there is a quorum or not on a particular day.

Question 28.
Qualifications of High Court Judges.
Answer:
A person to be appointed as judge of High Court should possess the following qualifications.

  • He should be a citizen of India.
  • He should have held a judicial office in the territory of India at least 10 years. or
  • He should have been an advocate of a High Court or of two or more such courts for 10 years period. However, the constitution has not prescribed a minimum age for appointment as a judge of a High Court.

Question 29.
Appointment of High Court Judges.
Answer:
The Chief Justice of High Court is appointed by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice of India and the Governor of the concerned State. The other judges f Nigh Court are appointed by the President with the consultation of the Chief Justice of High Court of the concerned State. In case of a common High Court for two or more States, the Governors of concerned States are consulted by the president.

Question 30.
Union – State relations.
Answer:
A person who wishes to contest for the membership of the State Legislative Council must possess the following qualifications.

  • He should be a citizen of India.
  • He should have completed 30 years of age.
  • He should possess such other qualifications as laid down by an Act of Parliament.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Question Paper March 2019 with Solutions

Question 31.
Rural Local Government.
Answer:
During the operation of a national emergency, the Union Government wifi work as a powerful body. The state governments are brought under its complete control. However, they can’t be suspended by the union. When the President rule is imposed in a state the President can assume to himself the functions of the state government. He can assign such functions to the Governor. During the financial emergency, the union can direct the states to observe canons of financial propriety. The President can issue directions including the reduction of salaries of persons serving in the state government and the High Court Judge.

Question 32.
Grama Sabha.
Answer:
Articles 245 to 255 in Part XI and Chapter I of the Indian constitution deal with the legislative relations between the union and the states. The constitutions of Indian makes three-fold distributions of legislative powers between the union and states. List -I (The Union List), List -II (The State List) and List – III (the concurrent List).

Question 33.
Electronic Voting Machine.’
Answer:
Zilla Parishad is the upper tier of the Panchayat Raj System. There will be a Zilla Parishad in every district. Zilla Parishad is the superior local body at the district level and has the corporate status. Zilla Parishad comprises six organs, namely;

  • Zilla Parishad
  • Zilla Parishad Chairman
  • Zilla Mahasabha
  • Chief Executive Officer
  • Standing Committees and
  • District Collector

Question 34.
Electoral Reforms.
Answer:
Mandal Parishad Development Officer (MPDO) is the administrative head of Mandai Parishad the plays a crucial role in
the administrative affairs of the Mandai Parishad. He prepares the agenda of the parishad meetings and participates in the meeting and renders advice to the members on several matters of the Mandal Parishad. He prepares the annual budget of the Mandal Parishad. He takes steps for the effective working of the Mandal Parishad.

Question 35.
Types of Party System.
Answer:
In the territorial or geographical representation system, the total electorate of the country is divided into territorial units called constituencies which elect one or more representatives. The constituencies are more or less equal in size and population. All voters living in a particular constituency take part in the election of representatives. Where one representative is elected from a constituency it is known as a single-member constituency. Where more than one representative is elected, it is known as a multi-member constituency Most of the modern states, including India, have followed single Members constituencies for the elections to the lower houses of the legislature.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Question Paper March 2019 with Solutions

Question 36.
National Parties.
Answer:
A political party which participates in four or more states in Lok Sabha elections and secures 6% of valid polled votes plus 4 Lok Sabha seats can be recognised as National Party by the election commission of India. At present, there are 6 National Parties in India. Indian National Congress, BJP, CPI, CPM, BSP, NCP.

Question 37.
J.V.R Committee.
Answer:
On 22nd December, 1953 the Indian government has announced the formation of States Re-organization Commission (SRC) under the chairmanship of Fazal Ali, besides him H.N Kunzty, and KM Phanikkar were other members. The committee had submitted its report to the union government on 30th September 1955.

AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 6 with Solutions

Thoroughly analyzing AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Papers Set 6 helps students identify their strengths and weaknesses.

AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 6 with Solutions

Time: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 100

Part – I (50 Marks)
Section – A
(2 × 10 = 20)

Answer any two of the following questions in not exceeding 40 lines each.

Question 1.
Explain the types of entrepreneurs.
Answer:
Entrepreneurs can be found among various sections of society viz., fanners, artisans, workers, etc.’In a study of American Agriculture, Danhof has classified entrepreneurs into four categories. They are:

  • Innovating Entrepreneurs
  • Adoptive or Initiative Entrepreneurs
  • Fabian Entrepreneurs
  • Drone Entrepreneurs

(a) Innovating Entrepreneurs:
Schumpeter’s entrepreneur was of this type. He introduces new products, and new methods of production and opens new markets. The entrepreneurs are aggressive. Innovating entrepreneurs experiment and convert attractive possibilities into practice.

(b) Adaptive or Initiative Entrepreneur:
Entrepreneurs of this type are found in underdeveloped countries. This type of entrepreneur instead of innovating new things, just adopt the successful innovations innovated by others. However, some of the innovations made by others, may not suit the needs of underdeveloped countries. In such cases, the initiative innovators may make some changes in the innovations made by innovative entrepreneurs to suit their requirements.

(c) Fabian Entrepreneur:
These entrepreneurs neither fall in the innovative entrepreneur category nor the adoptive entrepreneur category. These are very cautious people. These entrepreneurs are rigid and fundamental in approach. They follow in the footsteps of their successors. They are shy to introduce new methods and ideas. Fabian entrepreneurs are no risk-takers.

(d) Drone Entrepreneur:
Drone entrepreneurs are lazy in adopting new methods, but Drone entrepreneurs are more rigid than Fabian entrepreneurs. They resist changes. They are laggards. They may close down their business but they don’t adapt to changes. Drone entrepreneurs refuse to adopt changes.

Question 2.
Explain the limitations and problems of international trade.
Answer:
The exchange of goods and services between the nations is called international trade. It has certain limitations and problems. The following are the limitations of international trade.

  • Economic interdependence is gained from international trade. In case of war or any other political deadlock, it creates a crisis.
  • Industrialization of developing countries may be adversely affected by unrestricted imports.
  • Foreign trade leads to unhealthy competition among the countries, creating rivalry between them.
  • The concept of comparative cost principle which leads to rigid specialization in a few countries may create many difficulties.
  • International trade may lead to lopsided or partial development at the cost of neglect of certain sectors of the economy.

Problems of Foreign Trade:

  • Currency problems: Payment between the countries creates complications because every country has its own currency. To avoid losses in transactions the rate of exchange has to be carefully determined.
  • Legal problems: Laws and customs regulations are affecting the import and export trade because every country has its laws, and customs regulations. These regulations stand in the way of smooth inflow and outflow of goods.
  • Credit problems: The exporter has to take special steps to ascertain the creditworthiness of the buyer as there is no direct contact between the exporter and importer.
  • Greater risk: In foreign trade goods are to be exported to long distances. So exporting the goods creates greater risk.
  • Time gap: In foreign trade, there is a wide gap between the time when the goods are dispatched and the time when the goods are received and paid.

AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 6 with Solutions

Question 3.
Define stock exchanges and explain their functions.
Answer:
According to Securities Contracts Act 1956, a stock exchange is defined as “an association, organization, or body of individuals, whether incorporated or not, established to assist, regulate and controlling business in buying, selling and dealing in securities”.

Functions of Stock Exchange:
1. Ready and Continuous Market:
The stock exchange provides a ready and continuous market for securities. The exchange provides a regular market for trading securities.

2. Protection to Investors:
The stock exchange protects the interest of the investors through the enforcement of rules. The rules of the securities contracts (Regulation) Acl, 1956 also govern the dealings on stock exchanges.

3. Provides the information to assess the real worth of the Securities:
The value of securities is made properly on the stock exchange. This is made by taking into consideration various factors such as present and future competition in securities, and financial and general economic conditions. The stock exchange publishes the quotation of different securities on the faith of these quotations every investor knows the worth of his holdings at any time.

4. Provides Liquidity of Investment:
The stock exchange is a market for existing securities. This market is continuously available for the conversion of securities into cash and vice-versa. Persons who do not need hard cash can dispose of their securities easily.

5. Helps in Raising Capital:
There is always a demand for additional capital from the existing concerns. The demand is met through the issue of shares. Stock exchange provides a ready market for such shares.

6. Raising Public Debt:
The increasing government’s role in economic development has necessitated the raising of huge amounts and the stock exchange provides a platform for raising public debt.

7. Listing of Securities:
The company that wants its shares to be traded on the stock exchange should list its securities by applying to the stock exchange authorities giving all the details regarding capital structure, management, etc.

8. Encourage Savings Habit:
Stock exchange creates the habit of saving and investing among the members in the public. It leads to the investment of their funds in corporate and government securities. In this way, it contributes to capital formation.

9. Economic Barometer:
The pulse of the market can be known by its stock indices. The prevailing economic conditions affect the share prices. So, stock exchanges can be called as an economic barometer.

10. Improve the Company’s Performance:
In stock exchanges, only those securities are traded which are listed. The stock exchanges exercise influence over the management of the company.

Section – B
(4 × 5 = 20)

Answer any four of the following questions in not exceeding 20 lines each.

Question 4.
Explain the opportunities for entrepreneurship in drugs and pharmaceuticals and mines and minerals in A.P.
Answer:
1. Drugs and Pharmaceuticals:
The state offers excellent opportunities for the growth of the pharmaceutical industry due to the availability of trained and skilled manpower, good infrastructure as well as research and development facilities. Hyderabad accounts for around one-third of India’s total bulk production and is considered the drug capital of the country. It provides plenty of opportunities for entrepreneurs as govt, decided the establish a pharma city near Visakhapatnam.

2. Mines and Minerals:
Andhra Pradesh is the second largest storehouse of mineral resources in India. It includes vast deposits of coal, limestone, slabs, oil and natural gas, manganese, iron ore, etc. A wide range of these minerals are used in fertilizers, ceramics, abrasives, glass, foundry, oil well drilling filters, and pigments. Besides the state has immense potential for untapped and under-tapped minerals and provides opportunities for entrepreneurs.

Question 5.
Criticism against SEZs.
Answer:
The following are the disadvantages of SEZ.

  • Special economic zones are criticized on many grounds. The first major criticism against a special economic zone is the forcible acquisition of agricultural land. This displaces many people from their traditional livelihood and employment sources such as farming, fishing, etc. SEZs are encouraging real estate speculation. Small and marginal farmers, weaving, and livestock-rearing communities are away from their professions due to SEZs.
  • The special economic zones are not only dispossessing people of resources but also of democracy and governance. There has been criticism regarding the governance model of special economic zones and their accountability. The problem of the special economic zone is that there would be no democratic local governance institutions.
  • Special economic zones are also criticized for payment of meager and inadequate compensation and rehabilitation measures to the displaced. There are several environmental and health problems in the establishment of special economic zones. The SEZ Act is completely on environmental concerns.
  • Special economic zones are to be established in backward areas to bring balanced regional development. But it has not happened. The majority of the units are located nearer to larger cities.

AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 6 with Solutions

Question 6.
Define Services and Goods.
Answer:
Services are those separately identifiable, essentially intangible, activities that provide the satisfaction of wants and are not necessarily linked to the sale of a product or another service. Services are intangible as they are not seen or touched. Service is inconsistent since there is no standard tangible product. Service is the simultaneous activities of production and consumption. Services cannot be stored for the future. Service is the participation of the customer in the service delivery process. Goods are physical objects and are homogeneous. They are tangible.

  • Medicine Different customers get standardized demands fulfilled.
  • Mobile phones. There will be a separation of production and consumption.
  • Purchasing ice cream from a store. Goods can be kept in stock.
  • Train journey ticket. Involvement at the time of delivery is not possible.
  • Manufacturing a vehicle.

Question 7.
What are the facets of electronic banking?
Answer:
The following are the different facets of E-Banking.

  • ATM: ATM is popularly known as Any Time Money Machine. The customer gets cash fast, withdrawal, transfer, payment of bills, or cash deposit through ATM.
  • Tele Banking (Home Banking): Customers can perform several transactions from their telephone such as checking the balance in the accounts, transferring funds from one account to another, paying certain bills ordering statements or checkbooks, etc.
  • E-mail Banking: Customers may communicate with the bank by electronic mail or E-mail. The most frequently used service is sending account statements periodically to the client’s mailbox.
  • Network Banking or Online Banking: Internet or online banking is a facility provided by banks to enable the user to execute bank-related transactions through the Internet. The people sitting at home can transact business and they need not visit a bank.
  • Mobile Banking: The delivery of bank services to a customer through a mobile (cell) phone is called mobile banking.

Question 8.
Briefly explain dematerialization.
Answer:
Dematerialisation:
All trading in securities is now done through computer terminals. Since all systems are computerized, the buying and selling of securities are settled through an electronic book entry form. This is mainly done to eliminate problems like theft, fake/forged transfers, transfer delays, and paperwork associated with share certificates or debentures held in physical form. In this process securities held by the investor in physical form are canceled and the investor is given an electronic entry or number so that he can hold it as an electronic balance in an account. The process of holding securities in an electronic form is called dematerialization. For this, the investor has to open a Demat account with an organization called a depository. Now all initial public offers are issued in dematerialized form.

Question 9.
What is an index? Explain NIFTY.
Answer:
A stock market index is a barometer of market behavior. It measures overall market sentiment through a set of stocks that are representative of the market. It reflects market direction and indicates day-to-day fluctuations in stock prices. An ideal index number must represent changes in the prices of securities and reflect the price movement of typical shares for better market representation. If the index rises, it indicates that the market is doing well, and vice versa. In the Indian market, the BSE – SENSEX and NSE – Nifty are important indices.

NIFTY:
NIFTY is an index of NSE, which is computed from the performance of top stocks from different sectors listed in NSE. NIFTY stands for National Stock Exchanges Fifty. It consists of 50 companies from 24 different sectors. The companies that form an index of nifty may vary from time to time based on many factors considered by the NSE. The base year for the index is 1995-96 with the base value as 1000.

Section – C
(5 × 2 = 10)

Answer any five of the following questions in not exceeding 5 lines each.

Question 10.
Write the types of entrepreneurs.
Answer:
Entrepreneurs are classified into four types. They are:

  • Innovating Entrepreneurs
  • Initiative Entrepreneurs
  • Fabian Entrepreneurs
  • Drone Entrepreneurs

Question 11.
Mail order business.
Answer:
Mail order refers to shopping by post. It is a district form of retail business where in orders are accepted and goods are delivered by post. It is a method of non-store, impersonal, and direct selling that eliminates the middlemen. Thus mail order business can be defined as an establishment that receives orders by mail and makes its sales by mail, parcels, etc.

AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 6 with Solutions

Question 12.
What is meant by SEZ?
Answer:
Special Economic Zones (SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than the country’s economic laws. The main aim of SEZ is to attract large foreign investments. It is intended to make SEZ engines for economic growth. The SEZ Act was passed by the Parliament in May 2005. An SEZ is specifically described as a duty-free enclave deemed to be a foreign territory for trade operations.

Question 13.
Bill discounting.
Answer:
The holder of a bill or drawer may be in urgent need of cash before the due date. In such circumstances, he can sell or discount the bill to the bank at a lesser amount than the actual.

Question 14.
What is premium?
Answer:
It is the money that is paid periodically by the insured to the insurer in consideration for which the insurer gives protection to the insured.

Question 15.
Treasury bills.
Answer:
A treasury bill is an instrument of short-term borrowing by the Government of India maturing in less than one year. These are issued by RBI on behalf of the Government to meet its short-term requirements. The purchase price is less than face value and at maturity govt, will pay full face value.

Question 16.
SENSEX.
Answer:
BSE Sensex is called BSE-30. Since BSE has been the leading exchange of the Indian secondary market, SENSEX is an important indicator of the Indian Stock Market. SENSEX which was launched in 1986 is made up of 30 of the most actively traded stocks in the market.

Question 17.
State Commission.
Answer:
The state commission settles the consumer dispute at the state level. The state commission is headed by the judge of the High Court and comprised of other members not less than two and not more than such members as prescribed. The state commission is empowered to call for the records and appropriate orders in respect of any consumer dispute within the state jurisdiction. The state commission shall have jurisdiction to entertain consumer complaints where the value of goods and services for which compensation claimed exceeds ₹ 20 lakhs.

Part – II (50 Marks)
Section – D
(1 × 20 = 20)

Answer the following question.

Question 18.
A and B are partners in a firm, sharing profits and losses in the ratio of 5 : 3, on 31st December 2014 their Balance sheet was as under:
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 6 with Solutions Q18
On the above date, they decided to admit C as a partner on the following terms:
(a) C will bring ₹ 90,000 as his capital and ₹ 24,000 for his share of goodwill for 1/4th share in the profit.
(b) Machinery is to be valued at ₹ 1,50,000, stock 1,00,000 and provision for bad debts of ₹ 10,000 is to be created.
Prepare Revaluation A/c, partners’ capital A/c, and new Balance Sheet.
Answer:
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 6 with Solutions Q18.1
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 6 with Solutions Q18.2
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 6 with Solutions Q18.3
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 6 with Solutions Q18.4

Section – E
(1 × 10 = 10)

Answer any one of the following questions.

Question 19.
A & Co., of Hyderabad, consigned 100 Video Games to B & Co., of Delhi to be sold on consignment ₹ 500 each. He paid transport ₹ 2,000 warehouse charges ₹ 3,000. B & Co., sent account sales stating that
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 6 with Solutions Q19
Prepare necessary ledger accounts in the books of both parties.
Answer:
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 6 with Solutions Q19.1
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 6 with Solutions Q19.2

(or)

Question 20.
From the following Receipts and Payments of Nethajee Sports Club, prepare income and Expenditure A/c for the year ended on 31-Mar-2012.
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 6 with Solutions Q20
Additional Information:
(a) Subscriptions Include ₹ 1,000 Received for the last year.
(b) Rent Includes ₹ 600 paid for the last year.
From the above particulars Prepare Income and Expenditure A/c for the year ending 31-03-2012.
Answer:
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 6 with Solutions Q20.1
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 6 with Solutions Q20.2

Section – F
(2 × 5 = 10)

Answer any two of the following questions.

Question 21.
Explain the categories of share capital.
Answer:
From the accounting point of view, the share capital of the company can be classified as follows:

  • Authorized Capital: Authorised capital is the amount of share capital that a company is authorized to issue to the public by the memorandum of association. It is also called nominal or registered capital.
  • Issued Capital: Issued capital is part of authorized capital that is issued to the public for subscription. A company may issue its entire authorized capital or may issue in parts from time to time as per the needs of the company.
  • Subscribed Capital: It is that part of the issued capital which has been subscribed by the public. This capital can be equal to or less than the issued capital.
  • Called-up Capital: It is that part of the subscribed capital that is called up by the company to pay on the allotted shares. The company may decide to call the entire amount or part of the face value of shares.
  • Paid-up Capital: That part of the called-up capital that has been paid by the shareholders.
  • Reserve Capital: A company may reserve a portion of its uncalled capital to be called only in the event of the winding up of the company, Such an uncalled amount is called the reserve capital of the company.

AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 6 with Solutions

Question 22.
Parvathi sold goods worth ₹ 14,000 to Suneetha on 1st January 2014. Suneetha paid ₹ 4,000 immediately and for the balance, she accepted a bill of exchange drawn upon her by Parvathi payable after 3 months. Parvathi discounted the bill immediately with her bank @ 10% p.a. On the due date, Suneetha dishonored the bill and the bank paid ₹ 30 as noting charges. Pass necessary journal entries in the books of Parvathi.
Answer:
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 6 with Solutions Q22

Question 23.
Manoj & Company purchased a secondhand machine for ₹ 18,000 on 1st April 2011 and spent ₹ 2,000 on repairs and installed the same. Depreciation is written off at 10% p.a. on the Straight Line Method. On 30th June 2013, it was sold for ₹ 13,000. Prepare machine accounts assuming that the accounts are closed on 31st December every year.
Answer:
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 6 with Solutions Q23

Question 24.
Mr. J. Keeps his books by a single entry. He started the business on 1st January 2014 with ₹ 20,000 on 31st December 2014 his position was as under.
Assets: Cash in hand ₹ 500; Cash at bank ₹ 1,000; Furniture ₹ 2,500; Plant ₹ 10,000; Sundry debtors ₹ 5,000; Stock ₹ 9,000 and Bills receivables ₹ 1,000.
Liabilities: Sunday creditors ₹ 4,000; Bills payable ₹ 500 and Outstanding expenses ₹ 500. Ascertain the profit or loss made by J.
Answer:
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 6 with Solutions Q24

Section – G
(5 × 2 = 10)

Answer any Five of the following questions.

Question 25.
What is a bill of exchange?
Answer:
When goods are sold on credit, the buyer promises the seller that he will pay the amount of goods purchased after a certain period. The buyer has to give a promise in writing. The bill of exchange contains an unconditional order to pay a certain amount on an agreed date.

Question 26.
What is obsolescence and depletion?
Answer:
Obsolescence implies an existing asset becoming out of date on account of the availability of a better type of asset due to technological changes or improvements in production methods. Assets of waste in nature such as mines, quarries, etc., get depleted with the extraction of raw materials out of them.

Question 27.
What is an overriding commission?
Answer:
It is an extra commission allowed over the normal commission. This commission is generally offered when an agent is required to work hard either to introduce a new product or to supervise the work of other agents in a particular area.

Question 28.
What is capital income? Give two examples.
Answer:
Any amount received as investment by owners or raised by way of loans and sale of fixed assets is known as capital receipts. These amounts lie in huge amounts. These are non-recurring. All the items of capital receipts are to be shown on the liabilities side of the balance sheet.

Question 29.
Bose is a partner in a firm. He withdraws ₹ 3,000 at the start of each month for 12 months. The books of the firm close on March 31 every year. Calculate interest on drawings at the rate of interest is 10% p.a.
Answer:
When the amount is withdrawn at the beginning of every month:
Total drawings = 3,000 × 12 = ₹ 36,000
Interest on drawings = 36,000 × \(\frac{10}{100} \times \frac{6.5}{12}\) = ₹ 1,950

Question 30.
Sacrificing Ratio.
Answer:
The ratio in which the old partners agree to sacrifice their share of profit in favor of the incoming partner is called the sacrificing ratio.
∴ Sacrificing Ratio = Old Share of Profit – New Share of Profit

AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 6 with Solutions

Question 31.
X and Y share profits and losses in the Ratio of 4 : 3, they admit Z with 3/7th share; which he gets 2/7th from X and 1/7th from Y. What is the new profit sharing ratio?
Answer:
New Oartner Z’s Share = \(\frac{3}{7}\) (This acquired \(\frac{2}{7}\) from X and \(\frac{1}{7}\) from Y)
Old Ratio 4 : 3
New Share = Old Share – Sacrificing Ratio
X = \(\frac{4}{7}-\frac{2}{7}=\frac{2}{7}\)
Y = \(\frac{3}{7}-\frac{1}{7}=\frac{2}{7}\)
Z = \(\frac{3}{7}\)

Question 32.
Preference Shares.
Answer:
Shares refer to the units into which the total share capital of the company is divided. Thus, a share is a fractional part of the share capital and forms the basis of ownership interest in the company. The persons who contribute money through shares are all called shareholders. As per section, 86 of the Companies Act a company can issue two types of shares: Preference shares and equity shares.

Preference Shares:
According to section, 85 of the Companies Act, of 1956, a preference share fulfills the following two conditions.

  • It carries a preferential right to dividend, to be paid as a fixed amount or an amount calculated by a fixed rate of the nominal value of each share before any dividend is paid to the equity shareholders.
  • That concerning capital it carries or will carry, on the winding up of the company, the preferential right to the repayment of capital before anything is paid to equity shareholders.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2019

A diverse collection of AP Inter 1st Year Civics Model Papers and AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2019 caters to various learning preferences and styles.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2019

Time: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 100

Section – A (3 × 10 = 30)

Note :

  • Answer any three of the following questions in 40 lines each.
  • Each question carries ten marks.

Question 1.
Discuss the significance of the study of the Political Science.
Answer:
The study of Political Science is very useful and valuable. It’s knowledge is indispensible to the rulers as well as the ruled. Its significance or importance is analysed as follows.
i) Information about the State : The primary aim of studying Political Science is to inculcate knowledge of the state. It’s origin, nature, structure and functions. Knowledge of the state is of great significance to every one. Solutions to various political is¬sues are found only when we have a proper understanding of the political institutions.

ii) Knowledge of Government and Administration : The Administrators, political leaders and diplomats who manipulate the affairs of the state require a sound knowledge of political science in order to perform their functions with efficiency. Political Science, creates awareness about the organisation, control and coordination of Administrative machinery. It also covers the study of local self-governments like Gram Panchayats, Mandal Parishads, Zilla Parishads, Municipalities, Corporations etc.

iii) Provides information about Democratic values : Political Science provides accurate information about the various political terms such as State, Government, Nation, Constitution, Democracy, Sovereignty, Law etc., which are used commonly. Political Science also provides a good knowledge and awareness about the Democratic values like Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, Justice and Rights.

iv) Makes Democracy Successful : At present Democracy is in vogue in several countries of the world. It is the best form of government. People in democracy elect their representatives and are ruled by them. If honest, selfless and committed representatives are not elected, the expectations of the people will not be fulfilled. Political Science explains the significance of Franchise. It educates the common men on the conditions essential for the successful functioning of democratic government.

v) Awareness about rights and responsibilities : The study of Political Science makes people conscious of their rights and responsibilities. It also enables the citizens to be familiar with their rights and responsibilities and the interrelationship between the two. Its study makes the citizens to realize the fact that a proper exercise of rights and responsibilities is a must for leading civilised life.

vi) Teaches the Qualities of Good Citizenship : Political Science impacts the best civic knowledge by explaining the qualities of good citizenship like cooperation, sacrifice, patriotism, obedience to the state and to the laws, farsightedness, social service etc. It trains the people to become ideal citizens.

vii) Knowledge about World Affairs : The study of Political Science enriches individual’s knowledge on World Affairs. Political Science is useful for observing and understanding the contemporary world affairs. It stimulates right thinking, broad vision and universal understanding of various phenomena of international politics. It’s study is useful for proper analysis and solution of various National and International Issues.

viii) Provides knowledge about International Organizations : A citizen of the present is not only a member of the state but also a member of the world at large. The study of Political Science promotes the spirit of internationalism provides a good knowledge about International Organizations like Ignited Nations Organisation, SAARC, ASEAN, NAM, OPEC etc. It teaches about the need for harmonious relations among the nations.

ix) Develops Political Awareness : The study of Political Science is of great importance in the sense that it imports best political knowledge. It explains about the structure and functioning of different political institutions like State Government, Political parties, Occupational Associations. Hence the study of Political Science is the best training ground for knowing, following and practising the art of leadership.

x) Explains the need for Co-Operation and Toleration : National Integration has become a crucial factor in several states. Many obstacles like communalism, linguism, sub-national regional and sub-regional feelings etc., have been threatening the national integration in these states. In this context, the study of Political Science teaches about the need for adjustment, cooperation and toleration.

xi) Knowledge of Political Science is Indispensable : The study of Political Science helps everyone to understand the mechanism and constitutional system of modem governments. It creates awareness about the contemporary issues in national and international spheres. If creates awareness about Rights arid Responsibilities. It’s study is essentially indispensable for the people in developing nations like India. As the majority people in these states are poor, ignorant, illiterate and sentimental in their out look. The study of Political Science inculcates a good political knowledge among them.
Aristotle regarded Political Science as the supreme science and the master of all social sciences.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2019

Question 2.
Define Nationality. Explain%he Essential elements of Nationality.
Answer:
Introduction : The concepts of Nation and Nationality have become important components in the domain of International Relations and political science respectively. Both inspired the people of several countries with patriotic feeling prior to the two world wars.

The Events that took place in the erstwhile Soviet Union, ethnic Riots between Serbians and croatians in the former Yugo slavia, the unification of East and west Germanies, the peace talks between Israel and Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) on West Asia etc., reflect the serious concern of the people for realising Nationality and Nation States.

Meaning : The Word “Nation” is derived from a latin word “NATIO” which means “BORN” (BIRTH) or “Common Descent”.

Definitions :

  1. R.G. Gettle: “Nationality is a population having the common bonds of Race, Language, Religion, Traditions and History.
  2. J.H. Rose : “Nationality is a union of Hearts once made and never unmade”.
  3. J.W. Gamer: “Nationality is a group or portion of population which is united by Racial and other bonds”.

Essential Elements of Nationality :
1) Purity of Race : Racial purity helps in the formation and strengthening of the idea of Nationality. Race is a physical phenomenon. It depends on certain distinctions of skull, stature, hair, complexion etc. These distinctions serve as a cementing bond among the members of a group.

But we should remember that common race is not an indispensable factor in the growth of Nationality. Modern races are so mixed that none of them can claim to be pure. Pure races have disappeared because of wars and migrations. Racial purity is now a myth only.

Ex: Canada and United states have transformed into single nations inspite of their racial diversities in their respective populations. Similarly, Australia and Britain are two distinct Nations although they belong to one racial stock.

2) Common Language : Language plays a key role in the promotion of nationality. The philosophers and scientists said that common language is essential for the development of nationality. Language is a medium to express all their feelings. It helps to express one’s ownSelves to have cordial relations and to share the miseries and happiness in a group languages also promotes common feelings and traditions. Common language promotes the feeling of oneness and keeps the entire race on single track.

3) Common Religion : Religion is one important factor to strengthen nationality. There are many instances when people of different nationalities with common religion remain citizens in the same state. For instance, the main reason for the partition of In¬dian subcontinent into India and Pakistan in 1947 lies in the religion.

4) Geographical Unity: Geographical unity is necessary for the emergence of nationality. Nationality sentiments prevail and develop among the people living in a single geographical area. The people residing in such an area love, worship their country and make sacrifices for the sake of their motherland. People, who belong to one religion, converse the same language, same race living in a geographical area inculcate and improve their nationality sentiments. The formation of Israel in 1946 was purely due to the feelings of the hitherto wandering Jewish people to live in a single geographical area. Hence their desire of live in a territory made them united. This ultimately transformed them as patriotic persons.

5) Common History : Common history is considered as an important element of Nationality. It invokes an inspiration among the people and binds them together. Some historical incidents may give a chance to the people to develop national sentiments. Ex : Indians have learnt the lessons of Nationalism from the British legacy.

6) Common Culture : Culture in its broad sense means a way of life. It is reflected through certain common elements like dress, customs, conventions, food habits, religious beliefs, ethical values etc. They easily develop into a single Nation. These elements bind the people together and hold together.

7) Common Political aspirations : Nationality sentiments prevail and develop among the people having common political aspirations. The political ideas, conventions and institutions which were formed due to the single political rule will have a considerable impact and influence over the people. For instance, the Swiss people love very much their direct democratic devices in political matters. Similarly the Americans express the feeling of worship towards their constitution. The British people also feel proud of their political and judicial institutions like rule of law, parliamentary democracy and judicial review etc.

8) Common Economic ties : This element of nationality has been stressed by ‘Karl Marx’. Since then onwards the importance of this element has been increasing. The Russians have great regard for their economic system, eventhough there exist diversities. Their unflinching love for socialism inspired nationalism among them. They successfully repulsed the attacks of Germany during the Second World War. Thus the common economic ties made them united and integrated them into a nation.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2019

Question 3.
Identify the safeguards of the Rights.
Answer:
Introduction : Rights are the essential conditions for the development of the personality of individuals. They are upheld by the laws of the state. Individuals cannot achieve progress in the absence of the Rights.

Definition :

  1. T.H. Green : “Rights are those powers claimed and recognized as contributory to the common good.”
  2. H.J. Laski: “Rights are those conditions of social life without which no man can seek in general to be himself at his best.”

Safeguards of Rights : Individuals enjoy their rights only when they were fully protected or safeguarded by the State. In this regard, the following elements act as the safeguards of the rights.
1) Democratic Rule : Democratic rule safeguards the rights of the people to a great extent. People can enjoy their rights perfectly in democratic states only. This system makes constitutional and legal provisions for safeguarding the right of the people.

2) Written and Rigid Constitution : A written constitution clearly defines the powers and functions of the government. It also explains about the various limitations of governmental authority. Besides, a rigid constitution will guarantee the rights of the people by making it difficult for the rulers and legislators to make amendments on flimsy grounds.

3) Constitutional Incorporation : Incorporation of funda¬mental rights in the constitution will prevent the encroachment of individual rights by the government. Such an arrangement protects the rights of the individuals to a great extent.

4) Separation of Powers : The powers of the government should be separated among the three organs of the government. Such as measure would act as a check against other organ. Ultimately, it serves as a safeguard of individual liberty.

5) Decentralisation of Powers : Individuals enjoy their rights, when powers are decentralised among the governmental institutions. This involves allocation of powers at various levels – national, provisional, local either on functional or territorial basis.

6) Rule of Law : Rule of law implies equality before law. It also denotes equal application of laws to the citizens. It gives no scope for discrimination between citizens on the grounds of region, religion, caste, colour, community etc.

7) Independent and Impartial Judiciary : Independent and impartial judiciary is another safeguard of rights. Judges in higher judicial bodies will deliver judgement with impartial and independent outlook. In the process of delivering justice, they issue certain writs for immediate protection of the rights.

8) Indepedent Press : Independent and honest press is another essential safeguard of rights of individuals. Such agency will be able to disseminate news and views impartially and without fear or favour to anybody. In this regard the state should not try to threaten and silence the press. Then only individuals enjoy their rights to the maximum extent.

9) Social and Economic Equalities : Social and economic equalities are necessary for enjoying one’s rights. People will be able to utilize their rights properly and positively when there are social and economic equalities in the state. These equalities include absence of casteism, communalism, linguism, wide spread economic inequalities, exploitation etc.

10) Eternal Vigilance : Eternal vigilance .is said to be the most important safeguard of rights of individuals. Individuals must be vigilant and cautious about the policies of the government. They should oppose the despotic tendencies of the government through democratic and constitutional methods. Under no circumstances they should allow the self seeking politicians to acquire power. Besides several other elements like judicial review, recall, strong opposition etc., are considered as the safeguards of rights.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2019

Question 4.
What do you mean by Democracy ? Write about the Direct democratic devices.
Answer:
Meaning : The term Democracy is derived from two greek words namely, “Demos” and “Kratos”. Demos means people and Kratos mean rule (or) authority.

Definitions :

  1. Abraham Lincoln : “Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people”.
  2. Lord Bryce : “Democracy is that form of government in which the ruling power of the state is vested not in a particular class but in the members of the community as a whole”.
  3. J.R. Seely : “Democracy is a government in which every one has a share”.

Direct Democracy : Direct Democracy is said to prevail when people themselves directly express their views and participate in the deliberative and administrative affairs of the government. People in direct democracy assume all powers of making laws. They formulate laws at a meeting attended by all the people. Direct Democracy is prevalent in Switzerland. In Switzerland, the citizens living in some small cantons meet together on a Sunday in April or May to elect their representatives and to make laws.

Devices Direct Democracy :
There are four devices prescribed in direct democracies to enable the people to participate directly in the administrative activities of the State.
Those are
1) Referendum
2) Initiative
3) Recall and
4) Plebiscite.

These methods may be explained as follows.
1. Referendum : It is one of the direct democratic devices. Literally it means, “must be referred to the people”. It is a device where by the electorate may veto a proposed legislation or a bill which the legislature has already passed. In other words, bills passed by the legislature are the voters for their approval or disapproval. If majority of the voters approve them, they become acts. But if they vote against them, they will be given up. Hence, referendum is known as “Popular Veto”. It is of two types – 1) Compulsory referendum : All the constitutional bills must be sent to the people. 2) Optional Referendum : An ordinary bill passed by the legislative may be or may not be sent to the people. However, even that ordinary bill must be sent to the people, if a definite number of people demand it. Ex : In Switzerland 30,000 people or eight cantons (States) can demand referendum on an ordinary bill.

2. Initiative : It is another device of direct democracy. It is a method by means of which the people propose legislation i.e.; they can ask the legislature to pass a particular law. For instance, in Switzerland, if 50,000 voters request the legislature to pass a law, then the proposal is submitted to the consideration of the people. If majority of the people (30,000) approve it, then it becomes an act. Unlike referendum, initiative provides a chance to the people to start the making of law. It is of two types : (1) Formulative Initiative : People present a bill to the legislature (2) Unformulative Initivative : People present a demand to the legislature as king it to pass a bill.

3. Recall : It is another device of Direct Democracy. It means “Calling Back”. According to this method a specific number of voters may call back or dismiss an elected officer or a member of the legislature before the expiry of his term, if he is irresponsible. By means of this, the people can remove a representative or an officer from office when he fails to discharge his duties properly.

4. Plebiscite : The term ‘Plebiscite” is derived from a French word “Plebiscitum”, which means “decree of the people”. It is used to obtain the opinion of the people on an important political issue or when there is a dispute regarding some territory. The question of accession or secession or territory is generally solved by means of plebiscite. It is not concerned with legislation. It is not apart of legal process. It is only a democratic method of ascertaining the opinion of the people on any political issue of public importance.

Question 5.
What is Parliamentary Government ? Explain its features.
Answer:
Governments are classified into (1) Parliamentary and (2) Presidential on the basis of the relationship between the legislature and the executive. A Parliamentary system of Government is one in which the executive is a part of the legislature and held accountable to it. It is also called ‘Cabinet’ or ‘Responsible form of Government’. It originated first in Britain and later was adopted by many countries including India.

Definition :
Prof. Garner defined Parliamentary Government as “a system in which the real executive-the cabinet or ministry is (i) Immediately and legally responsible to the legislature for its political policies and acts and (ii) Immediately or ultimately responsible to the electorate.”

The main features of Parliamentary Government are :
1) IXvo types of executives: There are two types of executives in Parliamentary Government. They are : 1) Nominal executive and 2) Real executive. The nominal executive is the head of the State and the real executive is the head of the Government. The’ King of Britain and the President of India are nominal-executives. Both enjoy a position of glory without any real power. In both the countries, the Prime Minister with his council of ministers is the real executive.

2) Membership of the Parliament : The ministers in this system are the members of legislature ^Parliament). Ministers who are not members of the legislature must become its members within a stipulated period. Otherwise they have to leave the cabinet.

3) Political homogeneity : The ministers in this system belong to the same political party. They have similar political views and ideals. They run the Government as a team. In case if no party gets absolute majority, coalition governments are formed.

4) Collective responsibility : The council of ministers is collectively held responsible to the lower house of Parliament for its decisions, policies, failures and success. By collective responsibility we mean that if the lower house rejects the decisions of the cabinet, it has to resign. In the same way if the lower house passes no confidence motion, it has to submit its resignation.

5) Indefinite tenure of the real executive : The tenure of the council of ministers is not definite in this system. The cabinet remains in office as long as it enjoys the confidence of the lower house of Parliament. The council of minister resigns when it loses its confidence.

6) Leadership of the Prime Minister : The Prime Minister is central to the life and death of the cabinet in this system. The council of ministers works under his leadership. He chooses his ministers, distributes portfolios to them and dismisses them. If he resigns, the whole government resigns.

7) Party discipline : Party discipline is greatly found in a real Parliamentary Government. Every party in this system imposes discipline on its members by asking them to strictly adhere to its ideology, principles and programmes. Such a policy makes the members both in the party and government to fulfil their respective obligations with honesty, impartiality and sincerity. It ultimately secures political stability in the State.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2019

Section – B (8 × 5 = 40)

Note :

  • Answer any eight of the following questions is not exceeding 20 lines each.
  • Each question carries five marks.

Question 6.
Explain any two essential elements of the state.
Answer:
Essential elements of state : State is the predominant and superior politico – social institution existing in the society. It consists of 4 essential elements. These elements of state may be explained in a detailed way in the following paragraphs.

1) Population : Population is the fundamental and essential element of state. There can be no state without population. Plato, Aristotle, Rousseau and others considered this feature as an important one. The famous poet Sri. Gurajada Apparao also states that it is the people, rather than the land, that comprise the state. Political writers differ in their opinions regarding the exact size of population possessed by the state. While Plato fixed 5,040, Rousseau fixed 10,000 to be an ideal population for a state. But today we can find the countries like China and India which have more than 100 crores of population on one hand and the countries like Andora, San Marino are having small number of people on the other hand is the modem world.

2) Territory : Territory is another essential element of the state. It is necessary for the origin and existence of the state. There can be no state without territory. Every state must have more or less territory of its own. There is no unanimous opinion among the political writers regarding the size of territory of the state. Some preferred vast territory, where as others preferred small territory. But today we can find the countries like America and Canada having large territory on one hand, and the countries like Vatican, Monaco having very less territory on the other hand in the modem world.

Question 7.
Point out the differences between state and society.
Answer:
Introduction : State and society are two important human organizations. Maclver described that blood relationship (kinship) created society and society in turn led to the state.

State : State is a people organized for law within a definite territory.

Society : Society is a group of men brought together by a system of common ideas, interests and aspirations.

Differences between State and Society : Inspite of close rela-tionship, state and society, differ from one another.
This may be informed through the following table.

State Society
1. State is a political organization. 1. Society is a social organization.
2. State regulates only the external relation of men in society. 2. Society controls both internal and external activities of men in society.
3. State has definite territory. 3. Society has no definite territory.
4. State has sovereignty. 4. Society has no sovereignty.
5. Membership of the state is compulsory. 5. Membership of the society is voluntary.
6. State is permanent. 6. Society is not permanent.
7. Laws of the state are uniform. 7. Rules of society are not uniform.
8. State came into existence after the origin of society. 8. Society is much older institution than the state.

Question 8.
What are the differences between Nation and Nationality ?
Answer:
The concepts of Nation and Nationality laid formidable foundations to several modem political systems.

Nation : “Nation is a nationality which has organised itself into a political body either independent or desiring to be independent”.

Nationality : “Nationality is a population having the common bonds of race, language, religion, traditions and history”.

Differences between Nation and Nationality :

Nation Nationality
1) Nation is a political concept, logical feeling. 1) Nationality is a psycho
2) Nation is always a politically organised state. 2) Nationality is always an unorganised and flexible feeling.
3) Nation is always independent. 3) Nationality is not independent.
4) There can’t be a nation without nationaltiy. 4) There can be nationality without a nation.
5) People who form into a nation should obey the laws of the state. 5) Untill the people of nationality form into a nation. There can’t be constitutional laws. But they oblige certain common rules in their best interests.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2019

Question 9.
Write about any three sources of law.
Answer:
Definitions : The English word ‘Law1 originates from the ancient Teutonic word ‘Lag’ which means “something that lies fixed or uniform”. Political thinkers defined law in different ways which are listed below :

  1. “Law is the command of the sovereign”. – John Austin
  2. “Law is the system of rights and obligations which the State enforces”. – T.H. Green

Sources of Law :
1) Customs, Practices and Traditions : These are one of the important sources of law. In primitive societies, there were no laws in written form. All disputes were settled in accordance with social customs and traditions. Customs regulated the social life in the early societies. Customs and traditions cannot be laws in political sense. But, when the State recognises certain traditions, they in turn become laws. Ex : The laws relating to marriage, divorce etc., found in our Country are based on traditions, the common law of England.

2) Religion : In ancient times customary laws and religious laws were intermixed. The religious teachers enjoyed unlimited powers in those times. Their decisions were treated on par with laws. The primitive men believed that the judgements of the religious teachers had divine sanction. The ancient Roman laws were merely the religious laws. The Hindu and Muslim laws derived inspiration mainly from religion.

3) Judicial Decisions / Adjudication / Judgement of the Courts : The judgements of the judges also serve as a source of law. Generally, judges interpret laws, apply them to particular cases and deliver judgements. Their judgements become precedents and are usually followed by other judges in similar cases. In course of time such judgements acquire the status of law. In this way judges add to the law of the country. There are many instances that new laws have evolved by way of interpretation. Many of the laws in Britain, America and India have originated from the judgements of the Judges of the respective countries.

Question 10.
What is equality ? Explain any three types of equality.
Answer:
Meaning and explanation of Equality : The concept of Equality is of great significance in the study of political science. The term Equality’ became an important slogan and inspired the people of France, America, Russia and India during their struggle for freedom and independence.
The term “Equality” implies absolute equality of treatment.

In Political science, the term ‘Equality’ refers to a state which , grants its citizens equality before the law and equal opportunities to develop their personality. But it may be noted that individuals are not equal in many respects. While some of them are strong, some others may be weak. Similarly some are more intelligent than others. In this way, men differ in many respects. Hence, equality of treatment is not possible. In other words, it implies that State should grant to its citizens equality before law and equal protection by law.

Definitions :

  1. “Equality means first of all the absence of special privilege. In the second place “It means that adequate opportunities are laid open to all”. – H.J. Laski
  2. “Equality implies equal rights for all the people and abolition of special rights and privileges”. – Barker

Types of equality : There are many types of equality. They may be analysed in the following.
1. Natural equality : This kind of equality existed in the “State of Nature”. It is based on the principle that nature has created everyone as equal. But natural equality exists no where in the world. Nature has not created all people with the same qualities. So by natural equality we generally mean the provision of equal opportu¬nities to ail. It implies the abolition of man-made and artificial – inequalities.

2. Political equality : Political equality is an important kind of equality. It means that all citizens will have equal access to the avenues of authority. All of them possess the same political rights, an equal voice in government and equal right Jo hold public offices. It may be noted that political equality is enjoyed by the citizens only. It is not given to aliens and foreign nationals living in a state. Citizens have to utilise the opportunities given by political equality with great case, farsighted outlook and broad-mindedness. Then only political equality brings the required fruits. Then only political equality brings the required fruits. Political equality prevails and flourishes when all citizens were provided with political rights like Right to vote, Right to contest elections, Right to make petitions and Right to criticism. That means political equality flourishes only in democratic countries.

3. International equality : International equality means that all the states are treated equally irrespective of their geographical, economic or military composition. According to this element all nations of the world are equal whether they are large or small. For instance, the United Nations have extended equal dignity and status to all the nations in its Charter. International Equality reflects the traits of humanism. It emphasizes the peaceful settlement of disputes between the nations. Some cautioned about the occurrence of Third World War in the absence of respect to international law. They expressed apprehensions thinking that human beings will go back to the stone ages.

Question 11.
Explain Political Rights.
Answer:
Political rights are those rights which enable the individuals to participate in the political affairs of the state.

The following are the important political rights :
1) Right to vote : Right to vote is the most important political right enjoyed by the citizens in modem democratic states. It serves as a powerful weapon for adult citizens in choosing their representatives to various legislative bodies. It makes them as real sovereign. All the citizens are entitled to this right without any discrimination based on creed, colour, language, race, region, religion, sex etc. However, persons such as aliens and minors are deprived of this right.

2) Right to contest in elections : This right empowers the citizens to contest as candidates to various legislative bodies in the state. Especially this right enables those, who have political sagacity, enthusiasm and dynamic nature, to actively participate in the political dynamics of the state. As a result, it increases political enthusiasm among the citizens. Such an element is considered as a base of democratic polity.

3) Right to hold public offices : This right provides opportunities to the citizens to hold various public offices for a definite period. It gives no scope for exclusion of citizens or conferring special privileges to some at the cost of others. This helps the citizens to exercise authority in a dignified manner.

4) Right to petition : This right enables the citizens to forward petitions denoting their requirements or grievances. It is considered as a vital political right in the modem state. The citizens could be able to find solutions to their immediate or long pending issues by bringing them to the notice of the government through this right. It also helps the public authorities to know the grievances of the people and attend to them properly and promptly.

5) Right to criticism : This right gives opportunity to the citizens to criticize the various public policies and programmes. It also enables them to highlight the omissions and commissions of the leaders, and administrative personnel at various levels. It also gives scope for the citizens to render positive and constructive criticism about the on goings in the government from time to time. Ultimately it keeps the administrative authorities and policy makers to be vigilant in discharging their obligations.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2019

Question 12.
Describe any three types ofglustice.
Answer:
1. Natural Justice : Natural Justice is based on the notion that every person in the world possesses some rights for availing the natural resources. Natural resources provide support to the life of each and every creature on earth. As the human beings are the only rational creatures, it is their responsibility to see that natural resources have to be judiciously exploited. Human beings must keep in mind the requirements of future generations in this regard.

2. Social Justice: Social Justice envisages a balance between rights of individuals and social control. It facilitates the fulfillment of the legitimate expectations of the individuals under the existing laws. It ensures several benefits and extends protection to the individuals against the interference or encroachment from others in society. It is consistent with the unity and the integrity of the nation. It fulfills the heeds of the society.

Social Justice enforces the principle of equality before law. It also ensures eradication of social evils like poverty, unemployment, starvation, disease etc. It also extends protection to the downtrodden and weaker sections of society. Ultimately it provides those conditions essential for the all round development of individuals.

3. Political Justice : Political Justice symbolises political equality. It implies provision of political rights to all the adult citizens in a state. It facilitates free and fair participation of the citizens in the governance of the country. It is manifested to the full extent in times of elections. It allows the citizens for their active participation in day-to-day administration. It is based on the premise that everyone is counted as one and none for more than one. It may be noted that political justice prevails in the State when the following conditions are prevalent

  1. Rule of law
  2. Independent Judiciary
  3. Popular elections to the representative bodies
  4. Political parties
  5. Freedom of press and assembly
  6. Democratic rule etc.

Question 13.
How citizenship is lost ?
Answer:
Citizens loose their citizenship under the following conditions :
1) Renunciation : A person is deprived of his citizenship, if he wishes to become the citizen of another state. One will lose the citizenship of one’s parent state and may become the citizen of a foreign state by naturalization. In India, the Constitution prescribes that a person who voluntarily acquires Citizenship of any other state will no longer be an Indian citizen.

2) Marriage : Generally a woman loses her citizenship when she marries an alien. However some states allow retention of citizenship. For instance in Britain, there is an option to retain British citizenship who marries an alien.

3) Accepting Foreign Service : A person may lose his citizenship when he enters into the service of another state. If a person accepts a permanent job in the government of a foreign state, he foregoes the citizenship of his native state.

4) Obliging Foreign Decorations or Titles : When a citizen obliges to receive foreign decorations or titles, it may lead to the forfeiture of his Citizenship.

5) Prolonged AbsenceProlonged absence in the native state beyond a certain period may lead to the loss of citizenship. In some states like France and Germany citizens who are absent themselves from their native country for more than ten years will loose their citizenship.

6) Treason or Crime : Involvement of a citizen in a serious crime and subsequent proof of his action will also lead to the loss of citizenship. Especially those persons who directly or indirectly participate or extend assistance to anti-state, anti-social and antigovernmental activities, will loose their Citizenship by a special notification to that effect.

7) Desertion from Army : Desertion from army thereby jeopardizing the security of a state leads to the forfeiture of citizenship.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2019

Question 14.
What are the features of secular state ?
Answer:
Features of Secular State : Secular State comprises the following features.
1. No place for religion : Secular States does not assign significance to any particular religion. It will not make laws or implement them on religious grounds.

2. Equal status : Secular State accords equal status to its people. It makes no differentiation between individuals on the grounds of their caste, colour, community, religion, race, region, language etc. As a result, people will have satisfaction and extend co-operation to the government in the implementation of various policies and programmes. They live together with the fellow members of other religious denominations.

3. No state religion : Secular state does not recognize any particular religion as the state religion. It adopts neutral policy in religious matters. It implements various laws and social welfare measures without basing on the religious feelings of the people. It will hot assign special role to any particular religion in publicetivities. All public places like educational institutions, government offices and judicial organizations will carry on their activities with ?ut aligning to a particular religion.

Question 15.
Define constitution. Explain its features.
Answer:
Features of the Constitution :
1) Preamble : Every Constitution will have a preamble. The preamble denotes the aims and aspirations of the Cdnstitution. It is like the soul of the Constitution. Hence, preamble is considered as an important feature of the Constitution.

2) Clarity : Clarity is another important feature of the Constitution. The Constitution clearly explains about .the different policies and methods of governance. It is written in a simple and clear language.

3) Incorporation of Fundamental Rights : Every Constitution includes some fundamental rights. These fundamental rights are meant for safeguarding the freedoms of the citizens. They enable the citizens to realise their personality in various spheres. They help the citizens for leading a happy and honourable life in the state.

4) Brevity : Brevity is another feature of a Constitution. Brevity avoids confussion among the individuals in understanding and interpreting provisions. Unnecessary elements are not included in the Constitution. It should be precise. It must not contain large number of clauses.

5) Flexibility : The Constitution must be flexible for adapting the wishes are aspirations of the people from time to time. There must be a scope of amending the provisions of the Constitution if necessary. Frequent changes in the Constitution tend to weaken the spirit of the Constitution. But, at the same time, the Constitution of a modem state should be adaptable to the progressive changes.

6) Permanence : Permanence is one more feature of the Constitution. The Constitution must have everlasting values for the welfare of the whole nation. It represents the actual structure of the state and its political institutions. It obliges the customs of the people.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2019

Question 16.
What are the features of Unitary Government ?
Answer:
Definition : A.V Dicey “A Unitary Government is the habital exercise of supreme legislative authority by one central power”.

Features of Unitary Government:
The basic or essential features are as follows :

  • Single government : A Unitary government consists of a single Central Government for the entire country. It has all the powers. The concentration of all powers in the Central Government is meant for uniformity and efficiency in administration.
  • Provincial government : In a Unitary Government, the provisional governments are not created by constitution. They are created by the Central Government for the sake of administrative convenience. The Central Government has the power to destroy the provincial governments. The states are the agents of the Central Government.
  • Transfer of powers : For the sake of administrative convenience, the Central Government may transfer some of its powers to the provincial governments. These powers can also be taken back by the centre at any time.
  • Constitution : A Unitary Government may have an unwritten constitution. Ex : Britain has an unwritten constitution. However, all the unitary states do not follow the model of Britain. France, a unitary state has a written constitution.
  • Single citizenship : In a unitary state, all the citizens will have only one citizenship. No citizen will have the citizenship of the state in which he lives.
  • Unicameral legislature : A unitary state may also function with a unicameral legislature (one house only). It is possible because, in a unitary state, the states need not have representation in the upper chamber. However, all the unicameral states do not opt for it. Ex : Britain, France, China have bicameral legislatures.

Section – C (15 × 2 = 30)

Note :

  • Answer any fifteen of the following questions in not exceeding 5 lines each.
  • Each question carries two marks.

Question 17.
Write about Ancient city states.
Answer:
Ancient Greece consisted of a large number of city states. They were small both in size and population. For example, Athens,Sparta, Corinth. Each city state had its own government. The greeks based their political philosophy on the concept of city-state. The population of the city-state was divided into three groups :

  1. Citizens
  2. Aliens and
  3. Slaves.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2019

Question 18.
What do you know about association ?
Answer:
Association is a group of people united for a specific purpose or a limited number of purposes. Associations are of various types viz., social, economic, political, cultural, religious etc. It’s membership is optional. A person can be a member of a number of associations.

Question 19.
Rule of law.
Answer:
Rule of Law is an important type of administration of justice. It originated in England. It implies :

  1. Legal Equality : All are equal before law.
  2. No Arbitrary Action : Punishment is given only when an existing law is violated.
  3. No Special Rights : No individual is above law and law does not recognise any special privileges.

Question 20.
Explain the origin of the term law.
Answer:
The term “LAW” is derived from the Teutonic route (German) “Lag” which means “To Lay”, “To Set” or something fixed. The second dimension is that the word “Law” had its roots in the Latin Words “Jus and Jungere” which mean bond or tie.

Question 21.
Mention the names of four types of liberty.
Answer:
Liberty is of in the following types namely :

  1. Natural liberty
  2. Civil liberty
  3. Economic liberty
  4. Political liberty and
  5. National liberty.

Question 22.
Give any two definitions of liberty.
Answer:

  1. “Liberty means the absence of restraints”. -J.R. Seeley
  2. “Liberty is the freedom of an individual to express without any external hindrance to his personality”. – G.D.H. Cole

Question 23.
Classify Rights.
Answer:
Rights are broadly classified into three categories namely,

  1. Natural rights
  2. Moral rights and
  3. Legal rights.

Legal Rights intum classified into

  1. Civil rights
  2. Political rights and
  3. Economic rights.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2019

Question 24.
Give two examples of Responsibilities.
Answer:
The following are some examples of Responsibilities :

  1. Payment of Taxes
  2. Co-operation in law and order matters
  3. Honest exercise of Franchise etc.

Question 25.
Define Justice.
Answer:
“Justice is giving to every man his due. It is a combination of reason, courage, appetite and will in terms of the state” – Plato

Question 26.
What is Distributive Justice ?
Answer:
Distributive justice implies the distribution of goods and wealth of citizens by the state on merit basis. Aristotle stated that Justice is a sort of proportion. He regarded it as the most powerful instrument against revolutions. But modem writers like John Rawls denied Aristotle’s view. He pointed out that inequalities are inherent in the society. He remarked that inequalities must be balanced by some restrictive arrangements in the political system.

Question 27.
Who is an Alien ?
Answer:
An Alien is a person living in a state but owing Allegiance to another State. Aliens are entitled to such rights and obligations which are incorporated in the covenants of the Foreign State.
Ex : In America, Aliens must obey the laws and pay taxes just like the American Citizens.

Question 28.
Define citizenship.
Answer:

  1. Prof. Laski defines “Citizenship is one’s contribution of instructed judgement to the public good”.
  2. T.H.Marshall defines “Citizenship is a status bestowed on those who are full members of a community. All who possess this status are equal with respect to the rights and duties with which the state is endowed”.

Question 29.
Write any four conditions essential for the success of Democracy.
Answer:

  1. Sound system of Education
  2. Independent Press
  3. Strong Opposition
  4. Social Equality.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2019

Question 30.
Write two definitions of Democracy.
Answer:
Definitions :

  1. Abraham Lincoln : “Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people”.
  2. J.R. Seely : “Democracy is a government in which every one has a share”.

Question 31.
What are the types of Secularism ?
Answer:
Secularism is of two types, namely, i) Subjective ii) Objective Subjective Secularism means the gradual separation of religious feelings from everyday transactions of the people. Objective Secularism implies the elimination of religious rituals and institutions from public life and government activity.

Question 32.
What do you mean by Theocracy ?
Answer:
The state having an official religion is called a Theocratic State. In such states all other religions or religious activities are either prohibited or discouraged or highly regulated or controlled by the state. All the official and important offices of the state are either appointed or elected only those from the official religion. State officially participates in the religious affairs and rituals.

Question 33.
Mention any two differences between Rigid and Flexible Constitution.
Answer:
Differences between Flexible and Rigid Constitution :

Flexible Constitution Rigid Constitution
1. Constitutional matters are not clearly mentioned. 1. Constitutional matters are clearly written.
2. Constitution can be easily amended. 2. Constitution cannot be easily amended.

Question 34.
What is an Evolved Constitution ?
Answer:
Evolved constitution is also called Cumulative constitution. It is the result of evolutionary changes. It may be the product of collected material. It acts as the basis to the political institutions of a country. Several customs, usages, traditions, principles and judicial decisions are the major sources of this Constitution.
Ex : British Constitution.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2019

Question 35.
What do you mean by Federal Government ?
Answer:
Governments are classified into Federal and Unitary on the basis of the distribution of powers between the Centre and the States. A federal system is one in which the powers of the government are distributed constitutionally between the Centre and the State Governments. Ex : America, Switzerland etc.

Meaning: The term “Federation” is derived from a Latin word “Foedus” which means “Treaty of Agreement”.

Question 36.
Write the meaning of Aristocracy.
Answer:
Aristocracy is a noble form of Government in which few persons by virtue of their birth, talent, status, wealth etc., will act as rulers. When these persons exercise their powers with selfish motivations, such a Government is known as oligarchy.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2018

A diverse collection of AP Inter 1st Year Civics Model Papers and AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2018 caters to various learning preferences and styles.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2018

Time: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 100

Section – A (3 × 10 = 30)

Note :

  • Answer any three of the following questions in 40 lines each.
  • Each question carries ten marks.

Question 1.
Define political science and explain its scope.
Answer:
Introduction : Political Science is a premier social science. It is mainly concerned with the study of the state in its relation with Society, Citizens, Associations and the world at large. Aristotle is hailed as the Father of Political Science. He wrote famous book ‘THE POLITICS”.

Origin of the word Politics : Aristotle, the Father of Political Science used the term “POLITICS” for the first time in his famous book “POLITICS”. The term “POLITICS” is derived from a greek word “POLIS” and latin word “POLITICUS” which means the city state.

Definitions of Political Science:
Political Scientists gave various definitions on Political Science.
They are as follows :

  1. J.W. Garner : “Political Science begins and ends with the state”.
  2. Stephen Leacock : “Political Science deals with the government”.
  3. David Easton : “Political Science is concerned with the authoritative allocation of values for a society”.

Scope of Political Science: The scope of Political Science means the subject matter covered by it or the topics which are included in its study. It may be explained in the following ways :

i) Study of man in Relation to the Society and State: Aristotle stated that “Man is a Social Animal”. Man can satisfy his basic needs like food, clothing, shelter and protection in the society. Political Science explains the relationship between man and society. It examines how man should adjust himself with the society.

Political Science is concerned with the perennial and central issue of establishing proper relationship between the state and the individuals. It deals with many topics of state activity, such as limitations of Political Authority and sphere of Individual Freedoms.

ii) Study of State : Aristotle also stated that man is a Political Animal. State is a human and political institution. It came into existence for the sake of man and continue in existence for providing happy and prosperous life for man. Individuals became members of the state since its inception. We can’t imagine the life of individuals outside of the state. Political Science studies the intimate Relationship between the state and the citizens. It also studies the Nature, Functions and Various theories of state authority.
Thus, Political Science deals with the Present, Past and Future aspects of the state.

iii) Study of the Government : Government is an important essential element of Modern State. It is an instrument which fulfills aims and goals of the state. There can be no state without a government. Government consists of three organs namely Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. Legislature makes the laws, Executive implements the laws and Judiciary interpretes the laws. Political Science studies the meaning, forms, structure, nature and functions of the government. It also discusses the relationship among the various organs of the government.

iv) Study of Associations and Institutions : Associations and Institutions help the Individuals for their moral, religious, cultural, scientific and technological progress. These carry on their activities at local, regional, national and international levels. Individuals join as members in these associations out of their interests or purposes. There prevails a great linkage between these voluntary Associations and Institutions. Political Science explains the nature, structure and functions of the various Associations and Institutions.

v) Study of Rights and Responsibilities : Scope of Political Science includes the study of Rights and Responsibilities of citizens. Citizens in democratic states enjoy certain rights such as right to life, right to liberty, right to property etc. Political Science enumerates the definition, classification and different theories of Rights. Similarly, citizens will have some Responsibilities towards the state. These include paying taxes, obeying the laws etc. It explains the significance of Rights and Responsibilities of the citizens. Hence, Political Science examines the Realtionship between Rights and Responsibilities.

vi) Study of National and International Issues : The scope of Political Science covers various issues of Modern state in relation with other states in matters of safeguarding Territorial integrity and Sovereignty. It studies the topics like Cold war. Balance of power. Disarmament, Detente etc. Political Science discusses not only the domestic policies of the state but also the issues of international dimensions. It covers a wide range of topics such as diplomacy, international politics, international law, international organisations etc.

vii) Study of Power : The behaviouralists of 20th century regarded Political Science as a study of sharing and shaping of power.
They pointed out that Political Science discusses how power is grabbed, manipulated and perpetuated to have a control over the society. Morgenthau defined the power as “Man’s control over the Minds and Actions of other Men”.

viii) Study of Public Policy: Modern Political Scientists like David Easton and Gabriel Almond argued that Political Science is a “Policy Science”. They considered Political Science as the study of formulation, execution and evaluation of Public Policy.
Conclusion : The above contents show the wide range of sub-jects that come under the purview of Political Science.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2018

Question 2.
Define Nationality. Explain the essential elements of Nationality.
Answer:
Meaning: The Word “Nation” is derived from a latin word “NATIO” which means “BORN” (BIRTH) or “Common Descent”.

Definitions:

  1. R.G. Gettle: “Nationality is a population having the common bonds of Race, Language, Religion, Traditions and History.
  2. J.H. Rose : “Nationality is a union of Hearts once made and never unmade”.
  3. J.W. Garner: “Nationality is a group or portion of population which is united by Racial and other bonds”.

Essential Elements of Nationality :
i) Purity of Race : Racial purity helps in the formation and strengthening of the idea of Nationality. Race is a physical phenomenon. It depends on certain distinctions of skull, stature, hair, complexion etc. These distinctions serve as a cementing bond among the members of a group.

But we should remember that common race is not an indispens¬able factor in the growth of Nationality. Modern races are so mixed that none of them can claim to be pure. Pure races have disappeared because of wars and migrations. Racial purity is now a myth only.

Ex : Canada and United states have transformed into single nations inspite of their racial diversities in their respective populations. Similarly, Australia and Britain are two distinct Nations although they belong to one racial stock.

2) Common Language : Language plays a key role in the promotion of nationality. The philosophers and scientists said that common language is essential for the development of nationality. Language is a medium to express all their feelings. It helps to express one’s ownselves to have cordial relations and to share the miseries and happiness in a group languages also promotes common feelings and traditions. Common language promotes the feeling of oneness and keeps the entire race on single track.

3) Common Religion : Religion is one important factor to strengthen nationality. There are many instances when people of different nationalities with common religion remain citizens in the same state. For instance, the main reason for the partition of Indian subcontinent into India and Pakistan in 1947 lies in the religion.

4) Geographical Unity: Geographical unity is necessary for the emergence of nationality. Nationality sentiments prevail and develop among the people living in a single geographical area. The people residing in such an area love, worship their country and make sacrifices for the sake of their motherland. People, who belong to one religion, converse, the same language, same race living in a geographical area inculcate and improve their nationality Sentiments. The formation of Israel in 1946 was purely due to the feelings of the hitherto wandering Jewish people to live in a single geographical area. Hence their desire of live in a territory made them united. This ultimately transformed them as patriotic persons.

5) Common History : Common History is considered as an important element of Nationality. It invokes an inspiration among the people and binds them together. Some historical incidents may give a chance to the people to develop national sentiments.
Ex : Indians have learnt the lessons of Nationalism from the British legacy.

6) Common Culture : Culture in its broad sense means a way of life. It is reflected through certain common elements, like dress, customs, conventions, food habits, religious beliefs, ethical values etc. They easily develop into a single Nation. These elements bind the people together and hold together.

7) Common Political aspirations : Nationality sentiments prevail and develop among the people having common political aspirations. The political ideas, conventions and institutions which were formed due to the single political rule will have a considerable impact and influence over the people. For instance, the Swiss people love very much their direct democratic devices in political matters. Similarly the Americans express the feeling of worship towards their constitution. The British people also feel proud of their political and judicial institutions like rule of law, parliamentary democracy and judicial review etc.

8) Common Economic ties: This element of nationality has been stressed by ‘Karl Marx’. Since then onwards the importance of this element has been increasing. The Russians have great regard for their economic system,‘eventhough there exist diversities. Their unflinching love for socialism inspired nationalism among them. They successfully repulsed the attacks of Germany during the Second World War. Thus the common economic ties fnade them united and integrated them into a nation.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2018

Question 3.
Define rights and describe various kinds of Civil Rights.
Answer:
Introduction : Rights are the essential conditions for the development of the personality of individuals. They are upheld by the laws of the state. They are regarded as a power or privilege which the law invests in a person. They are treated as the sum total of the opportunities meant for enhancing one’s personality. Individuals can not achieve progress in the absence of the rights.

Definitions of rights : Political scientists have defined the term ‘Right’ in several ways. Some of their definitions are explained below :

  1. T.H. Green: “Rights are those powers claimed and recognized as contributory to the common good.”
  2. H.J. Laski: “Rights are those conditions of social life without which no man can seek in general to be himself at his best.”

Civil rights : Civil rights aim at providing basic conditions for individuals to lead a happy and dignified social life. These rights are considered vital for a civilized society. Social life becomes impossible in their absence.

Individuals in a civilized society enjoy the following Civil rights. These are :
1) Right to life : This is the most important civil right. T.H. Green considered it as the most fundamental civil right. This right provides security to the individual’s life, individuals can not lead their lives in the absence of this right. This right is based on the premise that the life of an individual is valuable not only to himself, but also to the society and the state as a whole. Hence it prescribes at large the state to extend protection to the life of individuals.

2) Right to liberty : This right enables individuals to have freedom in various walks of life. It makes their lives worth living. It enables them to develop their personality in various spheres. It includes various freedoms such as freedom of movement, speech, expression, thought, residence etc.

3) Right to equality : This right implies that individuals are equal before law. It forbids discrimination on the basis of one’s caste, colour, creed, education, region, race, religion, wealth etc. It enables equal treatment to all persons. It provides scope for uniform application of laws. It enables equal opportunities to all persons in social, economic and political fields.

4) Right to property : This right enables every individual to acquire, enjoy, donate or inherit the property. It is essential to the individual for securing higher standards of living. This right is crucial for the growth of individual’s personality.

5) Right to family : Family is a fundamental social institution. This right enables individuals to maintain family relations in society. Consequently, individuals will have freedom to marry persons of their choice. They will have choice to procreate children and rear their offspring.

6) Right to religion : This right allows the individuals to have freedom to practice, propagate and profess any religion of their choice. Every.individual is at liberty to preach or practice the religious doctrines as they like. The secular states provide religious freedoms to their citizens.

7) Right to contract : This right provides freedom to every individual to enter into contract or legal arrangements with others regarding his life, property and work. It regulates the two parties in carrying their contracts in letter and spirit.

8) Right to education: In the modern era education is regarded as vital to every individual. Uneducated and innocent individuals cannot play an active role in public affairs. Similarly, illiterate persons cannot fully make use of their abilities. Education and literacy enable the people to understand the problems of the society and policies of the government. This right guarantees a minimum level of education to every citizen in democratic states.

9) Right to form associations and unions : This right enables individuals to form associations and unions for realising some specific objectives. Individuals may join, continue or keep away from the membership of associations according to their will and pleasure.

10) Right to constitutional remedies : Civil rights are meaningless in the absence of this right. This right is essential to every individual for safeguarding his rights. This right empowers a person (who was deprived of his liberty due to the intervention or manhandling by others including the government) to seek justice and relief from the concerned judicial organizations. The affected individuals are authorised to approach an appropriate court for correcting such imbalance. In this regard the higher judicial organizations issue several writs and effectively check such tendencies. These writs are in the form of Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo-warranto and Certiorari etc.

Political rights : Political rights are those rights which enable the individuals to participate in the political affairs of the state.

The following are the important political rights :
1) Right to vote : Right to vote is the most important political right enjoyed by the citizens in modern democratic states, it serves as a powerful weapon for adult citizens in choosing their representatives to various legislative bodies. It makes them as real sovereign. All the citizens are entitled to this right without any discrimination based on creed, colour, language, race, region, religion, sex etc. However, persons such as aliens and minors are deprived of this right.

2) Right to contest in elections : This right empowers the citizens to contest as candidates to various legislative bodies in the state. Especially this right enables those, who have political sagacity, enthusiasm and dynamic nature, to actively participate in the political dynamics of the state. As a result, it increases political enthusiasm among the citizens. Such an element is considered as a base of democratic polity.

3) Right to hold public offices : This right provides opportunities to the citizens to hold various public offices for a definite period. It gives no scope for exclusion of citizens or conferring special privileges to some at the cost of others. This helps the citizens to exercise authority in a dignified manner.

4) Right to petition : This right enables the citizens to forward petitions denoting their requirements or grievances. It is considered as a vital political right in the modern state. The citizens could be able to find solutions to their immediate or long pending issues by bringing them to the notice of the government through this right. It also helps the public authorities to know the grievances of the people and attend to them properly and promptly.

5) Right to criticism : This right gives opportunity to the citizens to criticize the various public policies and programmes. It also enables them to highlight the omissions and commissions of the leaders, and administrative personnel at various levels. It also gives scope for the citizens to render positive and constructive criticism about the on goings in the government from time to time. Ultimately it keeps the administrative authorities and policy makers to be vigilant in discharging their obligations.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2018

Question 4.
Briefly explain about direct democratic devices.
Answer:
Devices Direct Democracy :
There are four devices prescribed in direct democracies to enable the people to participate directly in the administrative activities of the State.

Those are
1. Referendum
2. Initiative
3. Recall and
4. Plebiscite

These methods may be explained as follows.
1. Referendum : It is one of the direct democratic devices. Literally it means, “must be referred to the people”. It is a device where by the electorate may veto a proposed legislation or a bill which the legislature has already passed. In other words, bills passed by the legislature are the voters for their approval or disapproval. If majority of the voters approve them, they become acts. But if they vote against them, they will be given up. Hence, referendum is known as “Popular Veto”. It is of two types – 1) Compulsory referendum : All the con¬stitutional bills must be sent to the people. 2) Optional Referendum : An ordinary bill passed by the legislative may be or may not be sent to the people. However, even that ordinary bill must be sent to the people, if a definite number of people demand it.

Ex : In Switzerland 30,000 people or eight cantons (States) can demand referendum on an ordinary bill.

2. Initiative : It is another device of direct democracy. It is a method by means of which the people propose legislation i.e.; they can ask the legislature to pass a particular law. For instance, in Switzerland, if 50,000 voters request the legislature to pass a law, then the proposal is submitted to the consideration of the people. If majority of the people (30,000) approve it, then it becomes an act. Unlike referendum, initiative provides a chance to the people to start the making of law. It is of two types : (1) Formulative Initiative: People present a bill to the legislature (2) Unformulative Initivative : People present a demand to the legislature as king it to pass a bill.

3. Re Call : It is another devices, of Direct Democracy. It means “Calling Back”. According to this method a specific number of voters may call back or dismiss an elected officer or a member of the legislature before the expiry of his term, if he is irresponsible. By means of this, the people can remove a representative or an officer from office when he fails to discharge his duties properly.

4. Plebiscite : The term ‘Plebiscite” is derived from a French word “Plebiscitum”, which means “decree of the people”. It is used to obtain the opinion of the people on an important political issue or when there is a dispute regarding some territory. The question of accession or secession or territory is generally solved by means of plebiscite.

Question 5.
Explain about the merits and demerits of Presidential Government.
Answer:
Definition : Prof. Gamer defined presidential government as “one in which the executive is constitutionally independent of legislature in respect of its duration of tenure and political policies”.

Merits of presidential government : The following merits are claimed for the presidential system over the parliamentary system.

1) Ensures stable government : This system ensures stability because the president is elected for a fixed term. His tenure is not dependent on the support of the legislature. Hence he can continue in his office till end of his term. This ensures the stability of the government.

2) Efficiency in administration : Under this system, the president rules with the help of the secretaries and advisers who are experienced and efficient. They are appointed on the basis of their ability and efficiency but not on political considerations. They do not belong to any political party. They do not bother about the problems of their constituencies. They devote their time to administration. This promotes efficiency in administration.

3) Suitable for emergencies : This system is more suitable for emergencies. Since all powers are in the hands of the president, he can take any action and face any situation He need not seek the approval of the legislature and the advice of his secretaries. He administers the country keeping in view the welfare of the people.

4) Suitable for diverse interests : This system is best suited for countries which are inhabited by different communities with diverse interests. The president can meet the needs of diverse group of people by taking suitable decisions.

5) Consistent policies: The president enjoys fixed term of office. He cannot be removed before the end of his term very easily. This enables him to follow continuous and consistent domestic and foreign policies.

Demerits of presidential government : The above merits are counter balanced by the following defects :
1) Scope for disputes : This system is based on the theory of separation of powers. Both the legislative and the executive organs are kept apart. This leads to frequent deadlocks and disputes between the two organs.

2) No flexibility: This system is very rigid. It is difficult to replace the President before the expiry of his term, eventhough he is weak, corrupt and inefficient.

3) Irresponsible and Autocratic : This system provides scope for the president to rule irresponsibly and autocratically. It is so because he is independent of the control of the legislature and not accountable to it for his actions. He ignores the criticism of the opposition. This makes him to misuse and abuse his powers.

4) Division of responsibility : This system leads to division of responsibility which affects the smooth working of government. When the relations between the legislature and the executive are not cordial, each may try to shift the responsibility on the other. This leads to inefficiency and division of responsibility in administration.

5) Public opinion is not reflected: This system does not promote political consciousness because there is no significance for the legislature. The president and his secretaries are not the members of the legislature. So, they do not participate in its debates and discussions. As a result, the discussions in the legislature become formal and dry. They do not have much significance and reflect public opinion.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2018

Section – B (8 × 5 = 40)

Note :

  • Answer any eight of the following questions is not exceeding 20 lines each.
  • Each question carries five marks.

Question 6.
Define state and explain its essential features.
Answer:
Introduction : State is an important political organisation. The study of political science begins and ends with the state. The term state for the first time, was used by an Italian political thinker, Machiavlly in his famous book ‘The Prince” in 16th century.

Meaning : The word state is derived from a Tuetonic word “sta¬tus” which means political organisation.

Definitions :

  1. “State is a people organised for law within a definite Territory” – Woodrow Wilson.
  2. “State is a politically organised people of a definite Territory” – Bluntschlli.
  3. “State is a territorial society divided into government and subjects claiming within its allotted physical area, a supremacy over all other institutions. – Harold. J. Laski.

Essential elements of state : State is the predominant and superior politico – social institution existing in the society. It consists of 4 essential elements. These elements of state may be explained in a detailed way in the following paragraphs.

1) Population : Population is the fundamental and essential element of state. There can be no state without population. Plato, Aristotle, Rousseau and others considered this feature as an important one. The famous poet Sri. Gurajada Apparao also states that it is the people, rather than the land, that comprise the state. Political writers differ in their opinions regarding the exact size of population possessed by the state. While Plato fixed 5,040, Rousseau fixed 10,000 to be an ideal population for a state. But today we can find the countries like China and India which have more than 100 crores of population on one hand and the countries like Andora, San Marino are having small number of people on the other hand is the modern world.

2) Territory : Territory is another essential element of the state. It is necessary for the origin and existence of the state. There can be no state without territory. Every state must have more or less territory of its own. There is no unanimous opinion among the political writers regarding the size of territory of the state. Some preferred vast terri-tory, where as others preferred small territory. But today we can find the countries like America and Canada having large territory on one hand, and the countries like Vatican, Monaco having very less territory on the other hand in the modern world.

3) Government: Government is the third essential element of the state. There can be no state without government. State enforces its authority through the government. Govern- ment consists of 3 organs namely.
Legislature – which makes laws
Executive – which implements laws and
Judiciary – which interpretes laws.

Government are of different kinds namely. Unitary, Federal, Parliamentary and Presidential governments. Governments are at different levels like Local, State level and National level.

4) Sovereignty : Sovereignty is the most essential element of the state. It is spirit and soul of the state. There can be no state without sovereignty. It distinguishes the state from other associations and institutions. Sovereignty is the supreme political power of the state over citizens and subjects.

Question 7.
Distinguish between state and government.
Answer:
Introduction: We often use the terms “State” and “Government” indiscriminately one for the other”. State means government in practice” said by H.J. Laski. “State means almost government machinery”.

State : State is a people organized for law within a definite territory.

Government : Government is an instrument which fulfills aims and goals of the state.

Differences between State and Government : The following are the differences between state and government.

State Government
1. State has four elements namely popu- lation, territory, government and sovereignty. 1. Government is one of the essential elements of the state.
2. State is a permanent organisation. 2. Government is a temporary organisation.
3. State consists of the whole body of people – The rulers and the ruled. 3. Government consists of only the rulers.
4. State has the sovereignty. 4. Government does not have sovereignty.
5. State is the master. 5. Government is the servant.
6. Membership of the state is compulsory. 6. Membership in government is not compulsory, to that of state is narrow.
7. All states are alike in the sense they possess the same four features (or) elements like Population, Territory, Government and Sovereignty. 7. Governments are different types, viz. Parliamentary – Presidential – Unitary – Federal, Democratic – Dictatorial etc.
8. Peoples are not entitled to revolt against the state. 8. People have the right to oppose and criticize the policies and programmes of the government.
9. The scope of state when compared to that of government is wider. 9. The scope of government when compared to that of state is narrow.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2018

Question 8.
Is India a National State ? Explain.
Answer:
It is interesting to know whether India is a Nation-State. Some say that India is a uni-national state. As against this some state that it is a Multi-National State. It is argued that India is a Uni-National State rather than a Multi-National State due to the following reasons.

  • It consists of people who posses* the features of uni-national state like common history, common culture and traditions.
  • The Indians showed their spirit of National integration on many occassions after independence.
  • They stood as one and extended support to their government when our country was faced with wars from Pakistan and China in 1962 and 1965 respectively.
  • They stood united under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi throughout the freedom struggle against the British rule in India.
  • From the begining, our country won name and fame for its unity in diversity. Even- though the people of India belong to different regions, they are Indians first and Indians in the last resort i.e., they owe indebtedness to their respective religions and languages.
  • Some common elements concerning national anthem, national heritage, culture, constitution, national flag and the government inspire the nationalist feelings and inculcate the national integration among the people.
  • People celebrate all the national festivals with great enthusiasm and spirit.
    Hence we may say that India is a nation state with the characteristic features of unity in diversity.

Question 9.
Define Law and explain its sources.
Answer:
Definitions: The English word ‘Law’ originates from the ancient Teutonic word ‘Lag’ which means “something that lies fixed or uniform”. Political thinkers defined law in different ways which are listed below :

  1. “Law is the command of the sovereign”. – John Austin
  2. “Law is the system of rights and obligations which the State enforces”. – T.H. Green

Sources of Law :
1) Customs, Practices and Traditions : These are one of the important sources of law. In primitive societies, there were no laws in written form. All disputes were settled in accordance with social customs and traditions. Customs regulated the social life in the early societies. Customs and traditions cannot be laws in political sense. But, when the State recognises certain traditions, they in turn become laws. Ex : The laws relating to marriage, divorce etc., found in our Country are based on traditions, the common law of England.

2) Religion : In ancient times customary laws and religious laws were intermixed. The religious teachers enjoyed unlimited powers in those times. Their decisions were treated on par with laws. The primitive men believed that the judgements of the religious teachers had divine sanction. The ancient Roman laws were merely the religious laws. The Hindu and Muslim laws derived inspiration mainly from religion.

3) Judicial Decisions / Adjudication / Judgement of the Courts : The judgements of the judges also serve as a source of law. Generally, judges interpret laws, apply them to particular cases and deliver judgements. Their judgements become precedents and are usually followed by other judges in similar cases. In course of time such judgements acquire the status of law. In this way judges add to the law of the country. There are many instances that new laws have evolved by way of interpretation. Many of the laws in Britain, America and India have originated from the judgements of the Judges of the respective countries.

Question 10.
Define liberty and describe three types of liberty.
Answer:
Introduction : The concept of Liberty is of great significance in the study of political science. Liberty is an essential condition without which man cannot develop his personality.

Meaning : The term liberty is derived from the Latin word “LIBER” which means free from restrictions.

Definitions: Liberty is defined in many ways by different political thinkers.
Some of them are cited below :

  1. “Liberty means the absence of restraints”. – J.R. Seeley
  2. “Liberty is the freedom of an individual to express without any external hindrance to his personality”.
    – G.D.H. Cole
  3. “Liberty means the positive power of doing or enjoying something worth doing or enjoying”. – TH. Green

1. Natural liberty : Natural liberty is understood as uncontrolled freedom or absolute freedom. It is believed that natural liberty existed in the pre-social and pre-state human life. According to this concept there were no rules and regulations except the laws of nature in the past. All persons were free to do anything according to their will and capacity. But this type of liberty is not possible in civilised society. This kind of liberty existed before the origin of state.

2. Civil liberty : Civil liberty is also known as personal liberty. It relates to the individual’s freedom in his life as a member of the social organisation. It is enjoyed by the individuals in the society. Civil liberty is the essential pre-requisite to the existence and survival of human beings. It enables them to lead happy, honourable and civilised life in the state. So it is a must to every one. The state recognises the various freedoms of individuals. Civil liberty is manifested in several rights.

These include A) Right to Life B) Right to Work C) Right to Property D) Right to Religion E) Right to Speech, Expression, Assembly, Movement and Residence etc.

3. Economic liberty : Economic liberty means the right of everyone to earn his livelihood. Laski described economic liberty as the security and opportunity to find reasonable significance in earning one’s daily bread. Economic liberty ensures everyone freedom from want and fear, hunger and starvation, unemployment and insufficiency. It will also be secured by adopting the following measures.

  1. Provision of minimum wages.
  2. Guarantee of the right to work.
  3. Protecting the workers from unemployment, sickness and other types of insecurity.
  4. Providing adequate leisure.
  5. Giving representation to the workers in the management of the industries.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2018

Question 11.
What are the features of the rights ?
Answer:
Rights are the essential conditions for the development of the personality of individuals. They are upheld by the laws of the state. Individuals cannot achieve progress in the absence of rights.

Definition : “Rights are those conditions of social life without which no man can seek in general to be himself at his best.”

Features of Rights : Rights comprise the following features.
1) Rights are possible only in society : Rights originate in society. They denote human social behaviour. They do not exist outside of the society.

2) Rights are social in nature : Rights are the claims of individuals. These claims can be established only when the society or the state recognises and maintains them. So they are social in nature.

3) Rights are inherent in nature : Rights are inherent in the social nature of men. The social contractualists stated that rights are inherent in nature. Their views are accepted to some extent in modern times.

4) Rights are enforced and protected by the state : Rights are enforced and protected by the state. The various judicial organisations act as the custodians of the rights of individuals. In other words, rights are protected by the courts of law. Individuals enjoy several rights fully only in a democratic state.

5) Rights are not absolute : Rights are not absolute. Society and state impose some restrictions on the enjoyment of rights by the individuals. These restrictions are meant for maintaining peace and other in the society. Further, rights are meant for contributing social welfare and security.

6) Every right has a corresponding responsibility : Rights and responsibilities are interdependent. Every right has a corresponding responsibility. It is the responsibility of every individual to see that his neighbours also enjoy the same rights. Rights without responsibilities or responsibilities without rights cannot exist. Both are essential for leading a peaceful social life.

7) Rights are universal : Rights are universal in nature. They are applicable to all. They are given to all without any discrimination.

8) Rights vary : Rights vary from time to time according to the needs of the people. They also grow with the changes in time and conditions. Some rights which were not found in the past may exist now. The socio economic, political and cultural conditions will have an influence over the rights.

9) Rights precede the state: Rights are the products of history. Rights originated in course of time. They were prevalent even before the origin of the state. However, they were guaranteed only after the origin of the state.

10) Rights are meant for common good : Rights always exist and flourish as long as they are meant for common good. Only those rights which promote common good of the people are recognised by the society and the state. They are essential for leading a prosperous life by the individuals.

Question 12.
Describe any three types of Justice.
Answer:
Meaning : The world Justice is derived from a latin word “Jus” which Means “To bind”.
Definition : “Justice means speaking the truth and paying one’s debts”. – Caphalous

1. Natural Justice : Natural Justice is based on the notion that every person in the world possesses some rights for availing the natural resources. Natural resources provide support to the life of each and every creature on earth. As the human beings are the only rational creatures, it is their responsibility to see that natural resources have to be judiciously exploited. Human beings must keep in mind the requirements of future generations in this regard.

2. Social Justice : Social Justice envisages a balance between rights of individuals and social control. It facilitates the fulfillment of the legitimate expectations of the individuals under the existing laws. It ensure’s several benefits and extends protection to the individuals against the interference or encroachment from others in society. It is consistent with the unity and the integrity of the nation. It fulfills the needs of the society.

Social Justice enforces the principle of equality before law. It also extends protection to the downtrodden and weaker section of society.

3. Political Justice: Political Justice symbolises political equality. It implies provision of political rights to all the adult citizens in a state. It facilitates free and fair participation of the citizens in the governance of the country. It is manifested to the full extent in times of elections. It allows the citizens for their active participation in day- to-day administration. It may be noted that political justice prevails in the State when the following conditions are prevalent

  1. Rule of law
  2. Independent Judiciary
  3. Popular elections to the representative bodies
  4. Political parties
  5. Freedom of press and assembly
  6. Democratic rule etc.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2018

Question 13.
Define citizenship. Describe the methods of acquiring citizenship.
Answer:
Introduction : Citizenship is a privilege of individual residing in democratic states. People fed that citizenship enables them to lead a happy, honourable and harmonious life in the state. Citizenship instills the feelings of patriotism, sacrifice, broad outlook etc., among the people.

Definitions :
Prof. Laski : “Citizenship is one’s contribution of instructed judgement to the public good”.
T.H. Marshall : “Citizenship is a status bestowed on those who are full members of a community. All who possess this status are equal with respect to the rights and duties with which the state is endowed”.

Methods of acquiring citizenship : There are two methods of acquiring citizenship.
They are :
i) Natural
ii) Naturalization. The two methods may be studied as follows.

i) Natural Citizenship : Natural Citizenship is one which is acquired by the persons without specific application or request to the authorities. It comprises three elements.
They are :
i) Blood relationship (Jus Sanguinis) ,
ii) Soil (Jus Soil) and
iii) Mixed principle.

i) Jus Sanguinis – (Kinship or Blood Relationship) : This type of Citizenship denotes acquiring citizenship by kinship or blood relationship. Under this method birth within the territory of a state entitles a person to have citizenship. Every person is treated as a citizen of the state where he is born. According to Jus Sanguinis, a child acquires the citizenship of the parents irrespective of its place of birth. Here blood relationship alone determines the Citizenship. Ex : A child born to the Indian parents will be treated as Indian citizen irrespective of its place of birth.

ii) Jus Soil (Land or Place of Birth) : Jus Soil means acquisition of citizenship by the principle of place of birth. According to this method, citizenship is determined by the place of birth and not by parentage. It is the place of birth which determines citizenship. However this method is not more popular in modern times. It was popular in the Middle Ages when citizenship was associated with land. At present, however, this practice is observed exclusively in Argentina.

iii) Mixed Principle : Under this method citizenship is granted by following either of the two principles of Jus Sanguinis and Jus Soli. Many states adopted both these principles. Ex : In Britain, France and United States, the above two principles are employed simul- taneously. In this context there may arise duplication of citizenship. Ex : A child born to British parents in the United States becomes an american citizen according to the practice of Jus Soli. The same child becomes a citizen of Britain according to the principle of Jus Sanguinis. In such a case, the child is given option to choose one of its citizenship, after becoming a major.

ii) Naturalised Citizenship : Citizenship may also be acquired through naturalization. According to this method, an alien will become a citizen after fulfilling certain conditions. These conditions vary from state to state. Some of them may be summed up as follows.

1) Residence : An alien who resides in a state for a prescribed period automatically become its citizen. Residence in any part of the state is a must for an alien. The period of residence varies from state to state. For instance it is 5 years in Britain and United States and 10 years in France respectively.

2) Choice: The children of alien parents could receive citizenship of the state according to their option and choice.

3) Application : An alien in a state may apply for the citizenship of that state. Then the government of that state considers his application on its merits. It grants citizenship to him with or without some conditions. These prescribed conditions refer to a minimum period of residence, good moral character, financial capability and knowledge of one of the national languages. Besides, an alien must take an oath of allegiance before he assumes the citizenship of another state.

4) Fixed Assets : An alien who buys some portion of land or acquires some fixed property can acquire citizenship in a state.

5) Service (Public or Private) : An alien who serves in the government of a state or in a private recognised enterprise could become the citizen of that state. He is entitled for such citizenship if he serves in the public or private authorised departments. He may also be given Citizenship if the renders meritorious service in another state.

6) Marriage : An alien woman acquires citizenship of a state when she marries the citizen of that state. In some countries when a person marries an alien. Citizenship of either of the husband or wife is acquired. For instance, a British lady will acquire Indian citizenship if she marries an Indian citizen Japanese women do not lose their citizenship even if they marry persons of alien states. The alien person on the other hand, acquires the citizenship of Japan if he marries a Japanese lady.

In this context it may be noted that an alien who receives the citizenship of the new state, he will have to forego his native citizenship. In other words no one is allowed to have dual citizenships simultaneously.

Question 14.
Explain any five merits and demerits of democracy.
Answer:
Merits : Democracy has the following merits.
a) Efficient government : Prof. Garner described democracy as an efficient and effective government. The government in democracy carries all its activities efficiently and effectively both in normal times and emergencies.

b) Upholds individual liberties : Democracy is the only government that upholds individual liberties. It guarantees certain civil rights to the people thereby providing an opportunity for them to become ideal and responsible citizens.

c) Assures equality : Democracy assures equality of individuals in political and economic spheres. The people living in democratic nation enjoy all the political. Civil and economic rights and privileges equally without any discrimination.

Demerits : Democracy has the following demerits.
a) Rule of Ignorance : Plato criticised democracy as a rule of ignorance. Aristotle called it a perverted form of government. Anybody can become a ruler in this system and no special qualifications are prescribed for voters or rulers.

b) Favourable to rich : The ruling political party in democracy depends on the rich people for their financial support at the time of elections. Therefore it becomes an obligation to the party in power to make laws which are favourable to the rich.

c) Quality is ignored : The votes in democracy are counted not weighted. Everything is decided according to majority opinion. The quality of majority cannot always be correct. Thus quantity is given greater importance than quality.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2018

Question 15.
Define the secular state and elaborate the features and importance of secular state.
Answer:
Features of Secular State : Secular State comprises the following features.
1. No place for religion : Secular States does not assign significance to any particular religion. It will not make laws or implement them on religious grounds.

2. Equal status : Secular State accords equal status to its people. It makes no differentiation between individuals on the grounds of their caste, colour, community, religion, race, region, language etc. As a result, people will have satisfaction and extend co-operation to the government in the implementation of various policies and programmes. They live together with the fellow members of other religious denominations.

3. No state religion : Secular state does not recognize any particular religion as the state religion. It adopts neutral policy in religious matters. It implements various laws and social welfare measures without basing on the religious feelings of the people. It will not assign special role to any particular religion in public activities. All public places like educational institutions, government offices and judicial organizations will carry On their activities with out aligning to a particular religion.

Question 16.
Define constitution and differentiate between rigid and flexible constitutions.
Answer:
Definition : The age of Democracy led to political civilisation. Now-a-days every civilised state possess a Constitution. A constitution is a condition of modern state. The constitution is a living text of a political system. It represents the political character of the state and its constituents.

Differences between Flexible and Rigid Constitutions.

Flexible Constitution Rigid Constitution
1. Constitutional matters are not clearly mentioned. 1. Constitutional matters are clearly written.
2. Not appropriate to a federal state. 2. Appropriate for a federal state.
3. Highly unstable. 3. Highly stable.
4. Constitution can be easily amended. 4. Constitution cannot be easily amended.
5. Provides no scope for judicial review. 5. Provides scope for judicial review.
6. Only one type of law is found. 6. Two types of laws are found, constitutional and ordinary. Constitutional laws precede ordinary laws.
7. Rights, freedoms and liberties of people may not be safeguarded by the Judiciary. 7. Rights, freedoms and liberties of people will be better safeguarded by the Judiciary.
8. No scope for revolutions. 8. Scope for revolutions.
9. Possibility of unlimited legislative power. 9. Possibility of a limited legislative power.
10. More suitable to the politically advanced states. 10. More suitable to the developing nations.
11. It makes no differentiation between constitutional and ordinary laws. 11. It makes differentiation between constitutional and ordinary laws.
12. Appropriate to small states. 12. Appropriate to large states.

Question 17.
Point out the functions of Judiciary.
Answer:
The Judiciary is the third organ of the government. It refers to those officers of Government whose function is to apply the existing law to iodividual cases. It consists of the magistrates and judges charged with the duty of administering justice. In brief, it is that branch of the Government which settles disputes and administers justice.

Functions of the Judiciary :
1) Interpretation of Laws : The primary function of judiciary is interpretation of laws. Judiciary interprets laws and applies them to specific cases that come before it. It applies the elements of customs, statutes and constitutional provisions to specific cases.

Whenever the existing law is inadequate for delivering justice, it applies the principles of justice, equity and morality. As Gettle remarks, “Constitution and laws are always rigid. Flexibility must be given to them by judges”.

2) Custodian of the Constitution : Judiciary acts as guardian of the Constitution in federal system, It protects the spirit and sanctity of the constitution. Judiciary, in a federation, is empowered to declare a law as unconstitutional if it is inconsistent with the provisions of the Constitution.

3) Guardian of Civil Liberties : Judiciary acts as guardian of civil liberties of the people. It protects individual liberties by punishing those who encroach upon it. It also protects the people against the arbitrary actions of the government.

For instance, in the case of India, the Constitution under Articles 32 and 226 empowered the Supreme Court and High Courts to act as the guardians of fundamental rights of the citizens. These courts can issue injunctions to prevent the arbitrary acts of some individuals and organisations. Such injunctions include Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo-warranto and Certiorari.

4) Federal equilibrium : Judiciary plays a key role in the federal system. It solves disputes between the Centre and the State Governments and also between States. It sees that neither the Central Government nor the State Government exceed the constitutional limitations.

5) Advisory Functions : Judiciary renders advice on the request of the executive or the legislature. For instance the President of India may seek the advice of the Supreme Court on any question of Constitutional Law. In England, the practice to request a court to give declaratory judgement is very common. The Crown sometimes asks the judicial committee of the Privy Council to give its advisory opinion upon questions of law.

6) Appellate Jurisdiction : The highest court of justice hears appeals over the judgements of the lower courts. At times, it ratifies the judgements pronounced by the lower courts. Sometimes, it may reverse some of their judgements.

7) Maintenance of records : judiciary maintains all the records , of the cases along with their judgements. These records will help the advocates and judges in the trial of similar cases that may occur in future.

8) Acting as Head of the State: In some countries, under certain conditions, the Chief Justice of the highest Court assumes the powers of the acting head of the State in the absence of President and VicePresident in office.

9) Administrative Functions : The Supreme Court and High Courts are entrusted with some administrative functions. They make suggestions to the executive head in appointing the judges of the lower courts. The higher courts supervise the functioning of the lower courts. For instance the high courts in India are given the obligation of supervising the activities of the subordinate courts in their jurisdiction.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2018

Section – C (15 × 2 = 30)

Note :

  • Answer any fifteen of the following questions in not exceeding 5 lines each.
  • Each question carries two marks.

Question 18.
Write about Ancient City States.
Answer:
Ancient Greece consisted of a large number of city states. They were small both in size and population. For example, Athens,Sparta, Corinth. Each city state had its own government. The greeks based their political philosophy on the concept of city-state. The population of the city-state was divided into three groups :

  1. Citizens
  2. Aliens and
  3. Slaves.

Question 19.
Mention any two differences between State and Association.
Answer:
Differences between State and Association.

State Association
1. State is a political organization. 1. Association is a social organization.
2. State has sovereignty. 2. Association has no sovereignty.

Question 20.
Define Rule of Law.
Answer:
Rule of law is an important type of administration of justice. It originated in England it implies.

  1. Legal equality : All are equal before law.
  2. No Arbitrary action : Punishment is given only when an existing law is violated.
  3. No Special Rights : No Individual is above law and law does not recognise any special privileges.

Question 21.
Define Equity.
Answer:
According to H.J. Laski “Equality means first of all the absence of special privilege. In the second place “It means that adequate opportunities are laid open to all”.

Question 22.
Economic Liberty.
Answer:
Economic Liberty means the right of everyone to learn his livelihood. Economic liberty ensures everyone freedom from want and fear, hunger and starvation, unemployment and insufficiency. It will be secured by adopting the following measures.

  1. Provision of minimum wages.
  2. Guarantee of the right to work.
  3. Protecting the workers from unemployment, sickness and other types of insecurity.
  4. Providing adequate leisure etc.

Question 23.
Natural Equality.
Answer:
Natural equality : This kind of equality existed in the “State of Nature”. It is based on the principle that nature has created everyone as equal. But natural equality exists no where in the world. Nature has not created all people with the same qualities. So by natural equality we generally mean the provision of equal opportunities to all. It implies the abolition of man-made and artificial inequalities.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2018

Question 24.
Write any four Political Rights.
Answer:
Political rights are those rights which enable the individuals to participate in the political affairs of the state. Right to vote, right to contest as candidates in elections, right to hold public offices, right to petition, right to criticize the government etc., are some examples of the political rights.

Question 25.
Give any two examples of responsibilities.
Answer:
The following are some examples of Responsibilities :

  1. Payment of Taxes
  2. Cooperation in law and order matters
  3. Honest exercise of Franchise etc.

Question 26.
Define ‘Justice’.
Answer:
“Justice is giving to every man his due. It is a combination of reason, courage, appetite and will in terms of the state” – Plato.

Question 27.
What is meant by Political Justice ?
Answer:
Political Justice symbolises political equality. It implies provision of political rights to all the adult citizens in a state. It facilitates free and fair participation of the citizens in the governance of the country. It is manifested to the full extent in times of elections. It allows the citizens for their active participation in day-to-day administration. It is based on the premise that everyone is counted as one and none for more than one. It may be noted that political justice prevails in the State when the following conditions are prevalent

  1. Rule of law
  2. Independent Judiciary
  3. Popular elections to the representative bodies
  4. Political parties
  5. Freedom of press and assembly
  6. Democratic rule etc.

Question 28.
Who is an Alien ?
Answer:
An Alien is a person living in a state but owing allegiance to another state. Aliens are entitled to such rights and obligations which are incorporated in the convenants of the Foreign State.
Ex : In America, Aliens must obey the laws and pay taxes just like the American citizens.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2018

Question 29.
What do you mean by Jus soli ?
Answer:
Jus soli means acquistion of citizenship by the principle of place of birth. According to this method, a child accquites the citizenship of a state, where it borns. It is the place of birth which determines citizenship. This method is not more popular in modern times. At present, this method is observed exclusively in Argentina.

Question 30.
Write any two definitions of Democracy.
Answer:
Democracy is form of govemcpent in which the people rule themselves directly or indirectly through their periodically elected representatives.

Definitions :

  1. Abraham Lincoln : “Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people”.
  2. J.R. Seely : “Democracy is a government in which every one has a share”.

Question 31.
Write any two conditions for the success of Democracy.
Answer:

  1. Sound system of education
  2. Independent press
  3. Strong opposition
  4. Social equality

Question 32.
Define secular state.
Answer:
D.E. Smith defined secular state as “None while guaranteeing individual and corporate freedom of religion, which deals with the individual as a citizen irrespective of his religion”.

Question 33.
What do you mean by theocratical state ?
Answer:
Theocracy technically means rule by God. In practice, it implies rule by priests. It originated from the theory that all legitimate powers emanate from God. It found expression in the priestly order having the sole right to interpret laws as was the case in Ancient Judiasm and Hinduism. It is also exhibited in the present day Islam. The state having an official religion is called a Theocratic State. In such states all other religions or religious activities are either prohibited or discouraged or highly regulated or controlled by the State.

All the official and important offices of the State are either appointed or elected only those-from the official religion. State officially participates in the religious affairs and rituals. State provides funds to the religious propagation and to the restoration or construction of the places of worship. Religious co-existence and religious tolerance are said to be minimal in these States. The religious teachers and the religious rituals play a pivotal role in State affairs. Religious personal law is predominant in the enactment of laws and in the way of life of the people. Even in food habits and dress, the importance of religions dictates the public life. States like Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and so many other Islamic states are the best examples of a Theocratic State.

Question 34.
What do you mean by Constitution ?
Answer:
The term constitution implies a written document embodying the provisions relating to the powers and functions of the Government organs, the rights and duties of the citizens.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2018

Question 35.
What is an enacted Constitution ?
Answer:
Enacted constitution is also known as Conventional constitution. It is consciously made. It is the outcome of the deliberations of the Constituent Assembly specially constituted for that purpose. It is promulgated by the Sovereign Authority i.e., king or queen or Parliament. Ex : The Constitutions of India and the U.S.A.

Question 36.
What is a unitary type of government ?
Answer:
Meaning : The word ‘Unitary’ consists of two words, namely, ‘Uni’ and ‘Tary’, uni means one and tary means ‘rule’. Unitary Government is a single integrated government with all executive powers. The Constitution vests all powers in the Central Government.

Definition : A.V. Dicey “A Unitary government is the habital exercise of supreme legislative authority by one central power”.

Question 37.
How many organs of the government are there ? Name them.
Answer:
There are three organs of government.
They are:

  1. Legislature
  2. Executive and
  3. Judiciary.

AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 5 with Solutions

Thoroughly analyzing AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Papers Set 5 helps students identify their strengths and weaknesses.

AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 5 with Solutions

Time: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 100

Part – I (50 Marks)
Section – A
(2 × 10 = 20)

Answer any two of the following questions in not exceeding 40 lines each.

Question 1.
What is international trade? Discuss various types of international trade.
Answer:
The trade that takes place between nations is international trade. The exchange of goods and services between the traders of two nations is international trade. International trade involves the exchange of not only goods but also currencies between nations. International trade is the process of transferring goods produced by one country for the consumers in another country. The international trade can be divided into three types. They are:

  • Import trade
  • Export trade
  • Entrepot trade

1. Import trade:
The term import is derived from the conceptual meaning as to bring in goods and services into the port city of the country. When purchases are made from another country, goods are said to be imported from that country to the buyer’s country. For example, Japan has the most modern technology for producing electronic products cheaply, so we import these products into our country.

2. Export trade:
The term export is derived from the conceptual meaning as to ship goods and services out of the port of the country. When goods are sold to a trader in another country, goods are exported to that country by the seller’s country. For example, India is a major exporter of tea because of the fertile land in Assam and Darjeeling, so we export tea products to other countries.

3. Entrepot trade:
When goods are imported into a country, not for consumption in that country, but for exporting them to a third country, it is known as ‘Entrepot trade’.
e.g.: India importing wheat from the U.S. and exporting the same to Sri Lanka.

AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 5 with Solutions

Question 2.
Distinguish between the capital market and the money market.
Answer:
Distinction between capital market and money market.

Points of Distinction Capital Market Money Market
1. Participants The participants in the capital market are development banks and investment companies. The central bank and commercial banks are major participants.
2. Instruments The main instruments traded in the capital market are equity shares, preference shares, bonds, debentures, etc. The main instruments are short-term debt instruments such as treasury bills, trade bills, commercial paper, and certificates of deposits.
3. Investment Outlay Investment in the capital market does not necessarily require a huge financial outlay. The value of units of securities is generally low. In the money market, transactions entail huge sums of money as the instruments are quite expensive.
4. Period It is a market for long-term funds for more than one year. It is a market for short-term funds for a period not exceeding one year.
5. Liquidity Capital market securities are considered liquid investments because they are marketable in the stock exchanges. Money market instruments, on the other hand, enjoy a higher degree of liquidity as there is formal agreement for this.
6. Safety Capital market instruments are riskier both concerning returns and principal repayment. But the money market is generally much safer with a minimum risk of default. This is due to the shorter duration of investing and also to the financial soundness of the issues.
7. Expected Return Investment in the capital market generally yields higher returns for investors than the money market. The returns in the money market investments are low when compared with capital markets.
8. Regulator SEBI regulates the institutions and procedures. Reserve Bank of India regulates the market.

Question 3.
What are the responsibilities of a consumer?
Answer:
Various efforts have been made by government or non-government organizations to protect the interest of consumers, but the exploitation of consumers will stop only when the consumer comes forward to safeguard his interest. The consumer has to bear the following responsibilities.

1. Be Quality Conscious:
To put to stop adulteration and corrupt practices of the manufacturers and traders, every consumer must be conscious of the quality of the products they buy. They should look for standard quality certification marks like ISI, Agmark, Woolmark, Ecomark, Hallmark, etc. While making the purchases.

2. Beware of Misleading Advertisements:
The advertisement often exaggerates the quality of the products. Hence the consumers should not rely on the advertisement and carefully check the product or ask the users before making a purchase.

3. Responsibility to inspect a variety of goods before making a selection:
The consumer should inspect a variety of goods before buying the goods and services. For this purpose, he/she should compare their quality, price, durability, after-sales service, etc.

4. Collect Proof of Transaction:
The consumer should insist a valid documentary evidence (Cash memo/invoice) relating to the purchase of goods or availing of any services and preserve it carefully. Such proof of purchase is required for filing a complaint. In the case of durable goods the manufacturers generally provide the warrantee/guarantee card with the product. The consumers must obtain these documents and ensure that they are duly signed, stamped, and dated. The consumer must preserve them till the warranty/guarantee period is over.

5. Consumers must be aware of their Rights:
Consumers must be aware of their rights as stated above and exercise them while buying goods and services. For example, it is the responsibility of a consumer to insist on getting all information about the quality of the product and ensure himself/herself that it is free from any kind of defect.

6. Complaint for Genuine Grievances:
As a consumer, if you are dissatisfied with the product, you can ask for redressal of your grievances. In this regard, you must file a proper claim with the company first. If the manufacturer/company does not respond, then you can approach the forums. But your claim must state the actual loss and the compensation claim must be reasonable. At no cost fictitious complaints should be filed otherwise the forum may penalize you.

7. Proper use of Product/Service:
It is expected from consumers that they use and handle the product/service properly. It has been noticed that during the guarantee period, people tend to recklessly use the product, thinking that it will be replaced during the guarantee period. This practice should be avoided.

Section – B
(4 × 10 = 20)

Answer any four of the following questions in not exceeding 20 lines each.

Question 4.
State commission.
Answer:
The state commission settles the consumer dispute at the state level. The state commission is headed by the judge of the High Court and comprised of other members not less than two and not more than such members as prescribed. The state commission is empowered to call for the records and appropriate orders in respect of any consumer dispute within the state jurisdiction. The state commission shall have jurisdiction to entertain consumer complaints where the value of goods and services for which compensation claimed exceeds ₹ 20 lakhs.

Question 5.
What is an index? Explain SENSEX (Sensitive Index).
Answer:
A stock market index is a barometer of market behavior. It measures overall market sentiment through a set of stocks that are representative of the market. It reflects market direction and indicates day-to-day fluctuations in stock prices. An ideal index number must represent changes in the prices of securities and reflect the price movement of typical shares for better market representation. If the index rises, it indicates that the market is doing well, and vice versa. In the Indian market, the BSE – SENSEX and NSE – Nifty are important indices.

SENSEX (Sensitive Index):
SENSEX is the benchmark index of the BSE. The BSE Sensex is also called the BSE-30. Since the BSE has been the leading exchange of the Indian secondary market, the Sensex has been an important indicator of the Indian stock market. It is the most frequently used indicator while reporting on the state of the market. The SENSEX, launched in 1986 is made up of 30 of the most actively traded stocks in the market. They represent 13 sectors of the economy and are leaders in their respective industries. The index with a base year of 1978-79, and the value base year was 100.

AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 5 with Solutions

Question 6.
Advantages of road transportation.
Answer:
Advantages of Road transport: The following are some of the merits of Road transport.

  • Low capital: It requires less capital to construct roads. Roads are maintained by government and local authorities.
  • Low Maintenance: The maintenance charges of the road carriers are much less than the cost of railways.
  • Flexible: Road transport is flexible. The route and timing can be adjusted to the individual requirements.
  • Suitable for Short Distance: It is more economical and quicker for carrying goods and people over short distances.
  • Door-to-door delivery: Road transport provides door-to-door delivery service for industries. Goods can be loaded at sellers’ doors and unloaded at buyers’ doors.
  • Service to Rural Areas: Exchange of goods between villages and towns is made possible by road transport.
  • Feeder to other modes of transport: All the movement of goods begins and ultimately ends by making use of roads.
  • High Speed: Road transport reduces the effective duration of the transit.

Question 7.
What are the advantages of Life insurance policies?
Answer:
In a life insurance contract, the policy amount is definitely, it is a question of time. The policy may mature during the lifetime of the assured or it may be paid on his death.

Advantages of Life Assurance Policies:

  • Encourages Savings: The insured has to pay a premium to the insurance company every year. Otherwise, the policy will be canceled. So, the insurance helps create the habit of saving money.
  • Exemption from Income Tax: The amount paid as a premium on a life insurance policy is allowed as a deduction from income for calculating income tax.
  • Protection: Life insurance protects the family members if the policyholder dies suddenly. Life insurance builds a fund for the benefit of the dependents.
  • Credit Facilities: Insured can get loans against their policies to meet emergency needs. Life Insurance Corporation itself gives a loan against the policy to the insured at a lower rate of interest.
  • Surrender: The life insurance company can surrender the life policy if the insured is unable to continue it. The insurance company can return some premium known as ‘surrender value’.
  • Meets the Future Needs: An insurance policy can help provide funds for the marriage and educational needs of insured children.

Question 8.
Explain the problems of international trade.
Answer:
Problems of Foreign Trade:

  • Currency Problems: Payment between the countries creates complications because every country has its currency. To avoid losses in transactions the rate of exchange has to be carefully determined.
  • Legal Problems: Laws and customs regulations are affecting the import and export trade because every country has its laws, and customs regulations. These regulations stand in the way of smooth inflow and outflow of goods.
  • Credit Problems: The exporter has to take special steps to ascertain the creditworthiness of the buyer as there is no direct contact between the exporter and importer.
  • Greater Risk: In foreign trade goods are to be exported to long distances. So exporting the goods creates greater risk.
  • Time Gap: In foreign trade, there is a wide gap between the time when the goods are dispatched and the time when the goods are received and paid.

Question 9.
State the opportunities for entrepreneurs in information technology and Automobiles in A.P.
Answer:
Andhra Pradesh, with its rich and abundant natural resources base as well as diverse agricultural and forest wealth, provides tremendous opportunities for entrepreneurs in the state. The various opportunities for entrepreneurs in A.P. are as follows.

1. Information Technology:
The government of A.P. has declared the Information Technology (IT) industry as an essential service under the Essential Services Maintenance Act and the industry has been exempted from power cuts. It aims to transform the state into a knowledge society and make available the benefits of IT to all citizens, especially those in rural areas. People with innovative ideas would be encouraged to set up their IT and IT-enabled services units in the state.

2. Automobiles:
A broad base of automotive equipment manufacturers and a large pool of highly trained, skilled, and disciplined manpower make Andhra Pradesh the desired location for automobile industries. There are more than 100 automotive component manufacturing companies in the state. The industry is highly potential and there is plenty of demand for automobile components, hence the entrepreneurs in the state may grab the opportunities.

Section – C
(5 × 2 = 10)

Answer any five of the following questions in not exceeding 5 lines each.

Question 10.
Write one definition of entrepreneurship.
Answer:
In a conference on entrepreneurship held in the United States, the term entrepreneurship was defined as “Entrepreneurship is an attempt to create value through recognition of business opportunity, the management of risk-taking appropriate to the opportunity and through the communication and management skills to mobilize human, financial and material resources necessary to bring a project to function”.

AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 5 with Solutions

Question 11.
Export trade.
Answer:
The term export is derived from the conceptual meaning as to ship goods and services out of the port of the country. When goods are sold to a trader in another country, goods are exported to that country by the seller’s country. For example, India is a major exporter of tea because of the fertile land in Assam and Darjeeling, so we export tea products to other countries.

Question 12.
Tele-banking.
Answer:
Customers can perform several transactions from their telephone such as they can check balances and statement information, transferring funds from one account to another, paying certain bills, and ordering statements, checkbooks, etc.

Question 13.
Define insurance.
Answer:
Insurance is the pooling of fortuitous losses by transfer of such risks to insurers, who agree to indemnify the insured for such losses, to provide other pecuniary benefits on the occurrence, or to render service connected with the risk.

Question 14.
Whole life policy.
Answer:
This policy runs throughout the life of the insured. The sum assured under this policy is payable only after the death of the insured. The premium is low and it is meant to protect the family. The insured will have to pay the premium throughout his life even at old age when he is not earning.

Question 15.
Secondary market.
Answer:
It is also known as the stock market or stock exchange. It is a market for the purchase and sale of existing securities. It helps existing investors to disinvest and fresh investors to enter the market. It provides liquidity and marketability to existing securities.

Question 16.
Treasury bills.
Answer:
A treasury bill is an instrument of short-term borrowing by the Government of India maturing in less than one year. These are issued by RBI on behalf of the Government to meet its short-term requirements. The purchase price is less than face value and at maturity govt, will pay full face value.

Question 17.
District Forums.
Answer:

  • Composition: The district forum consists of a chairman and two other members one of whom shall be a woman. The district forms are headed by the person of the rank of a District Judge.
  • Jurisdiction: A written complaint can be filed before the district forum where the value of goods or services and the compensation claimed does not exceed ₹ 20 lakhs.
  • Appeal: If a consumer is not satisfied by the decision of the District Forum, he can challenge the same before the state commission, within 30 days of the order.

Part – II (50 Marks)
Section – D
(1 × 20 = 20)

Answer the following question.

Question 18.
Venu and Subbu are partners sharing profits in the ratio of 3 : 2, with capitals of ₹ 1,00,000 and ₹ 60,000 respectively. Interest on capital is agreed @ 10% p.a. Subbu is to be allowed an annual salary of ₹ 2,500. During the year 2014-15, the profits before the calculation of interest on capital but after charging Subbu’s salary amounted to ₹ 22,500. Prepare Profit and Loss Appropriation Account and the partners’ capital accounts for the year ending March 31, 2015.
Answer:
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 5 with Solutions Q18

Section – E
(1 × 10 = 10)

Answer any one of the following questions.

Question 19.
On 1st January 2011, Bhargava traders purchased machinery for ₹ 40,000. On 1st July in the same year the firm purchased additional machinery for ₹ 20,000. On 1st July 2013, the machinery purchased on 1st January 2011 having become obsolete, it was sold for ₹ 32,000. The books are closed on 31st December every year. Prepare Machinery Account for three years providing depreciation @ 10% p.a. on Reducing Balance Method.
Answer:
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 5 with Solutions Q19
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 5 with Solutions Q19.1
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 5 with Solutions Q19.2

(Or)

Question 20.
Nellore Sports Club started on 01-01-2010. Their Receipts and Payments A/c for the year ended 31-Dec-2010.
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 5 with Solutions Q20
Additional Information:
(a) Subscription receivable for the 2010 – ₹ 300.
(b) Salaries Unpaid – ₹ 170.
(c) Entrance fees are to be capitalized.
(d) Insurance includes 9 months premium for 2011.
Answer:
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 5 with Solutions Q20.1

Section – F
(2 × 5 = 10)

Question 21.
Define depreciation. What are the main causes of depreciation?
Answer:
Spicer and Pegler define depreciation as follows:
‘Depreciation is the measure of exhaustion of the effective life of an asset from any cause during a given period’. Depreciation means a decline in the value of a fixed asset due to use, passage of time, obsolescence, or any other cause.

Causes of Depreciation:
The main causes of depreciation include the following:

  • Wear and Tear: When the fixed assets are put to use in business operations for earning revenue, the value of such assets may decrease. Such a decrease in the value of assets is said to be due to wear and tear.
  • Physical Forces: When the assets are exposed to the forces of nature like weather, winds, rains, etc. The value of such assets may decrease even if they are not being put to use.
  • Expiration of Legal Rights: When the use of assets like patents, copyrights, leases, etc., is governed by a time-bound agreement, the value of such assets may decrease with time.
  • Obsolescence: Obsolescence implies an existing asset becoming out of date on account of the availability of a better type of asset due to technological changes or improvements in production methods.
  • Accidents: A decline in the usefulness of the asset may be caused by accidents due to fire, earthquakes, floods, etc. Accidental loss is permanent.
  • Depletion: Assets of wasting character such as mines, quarries, oil wells, etc., get depleted with the extraction of raw materials.

AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 5 with Solutions

Question 22.
Sandhya sold goods for ₹ 14,000 to Rajeswari on 1st March 2014 and drew upon her a bill of exchange payable after 2 months. Rajeswari accepted the bill and handed over the same to Sandhya. Sandhya immediately discounted the bill with her bank @ 12% p.a. On the due date, Rajeswari met her acceptance. Pass the necessary journal entries in the books of Sandhya and Rajeswari.
Answer:
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 5 with Solutions Q22
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 5 with Solutions Q22.1

Question 23.
Robert consigned goods to Rahim valued at ₹ 5,000 to be sold on a 5% commission basis. Robert has paid ₹ 500 freight and ₹ 550 towards insurance. Robert received account sales and a draft for the balance from Rahim showing the following particulars.
Gross Sales – ₹ 7,500
Selling Expenses – ₹ 450
Commission – ₹ 375
Pass necessary journal entries in the books of Robert.
Answer:
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 5 with Solutions Q23

Question 24.
Gopal started his business on January 01, 2014, with a capital of ₹ 4,50,000 on December 31, 2014, his position was as under.
Cash – ₹ 99,000
Bills Receivables – ₹ 75,000
Plant – ₹ 48,000
Land and Buildings – ₹ 1,80,000
Furniture – ₹ 50,000
Creditors – ₹ 30,000
He owned ₹ 45,000 from his friend Sukumar on that date. He withdrew ₹ 8000 per month for his household purposes. Ascertain his profit or loss for this year ended December 31, 2014.
Answer:
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 5 with Solutions Q24
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 5 with Solutions Q24.1

Section – G
(5 × 2 = 10)

Answer any five of the following questions.

Question 25.
What is meant by the dishonor of a bill?
Answer:
When the drawee or acceptor of the bill fails to make payment of the bill on the date of maturity it is called ‘Dishonour of the bill’.

Question 26.
Write different methods of providing depreciation.
Answer:
The following are the different methods of providing depreciation:

  • Straight line method
  • Reducing balance method
  • Annuity method
  • Depreciation fund method
  • Insurance policy method
  • Revaluation method
  • Depletion method
  • Machine hour rate method

Question 27.
Specimen of Account Sales.
Answer:
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 5 with Solutions Q27

Question 28.
Subscription and life membership.
Answer:
Subscriptions are a major recurring source of income for non-profit entities that are paid by members periodically. Subscriptions relating to the current year are shown as income. It is paid to a member once in a lifetime. So it should be capitalized and shown on the liabilities side of the balance sheet.

AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 5 with Solutions

Question 29.
Goodwill.
Answer:
Over some time, a well-established business develops the advantage of a good name and reputation which helps the business to earn more profits. The monetary value is called goodwill. It is regarded as an intangible asset. So, goodwill is the value of the reputation of a firm concerning profits expected in the future over and above the normal profits.

Question 30.
Ranjana, Sadhana, and Kamana are partners sharing profits in the ratio of 4 : 3 : 2. Ranjana retired, and Sadhana and Kamana decided to share future profits in the ratio of 5 : 3. Calculate the gaining ratio.
Answer:
Old Profit Sharing Ratio = 4 : 3 : 2
New Ratio = 5 : 3
Sadhana Gaining Ratio = New Ratio – Old Ratio
= \(\frac{5}{8}-\frac{3}{9}\)
= \(\frac{45-24}{72}\)
= \(\frac{21}{72}\)
Kamana Gaining Ratio = \(\frac{3}{8}-\frac{2}{9}\)
= \(\frac{27-16}{72}\)
= \(\frac{11}{72}\)
∴ Gaining Ratio = 21 : 11

Question 31.
Explain the issue of shares at a premium.
Answer:
When a company issues its shares at a price higher than the face value, it is said to have been issued at a premium. The money collected more than the face value is called the premium.
Ex: If the face value of a share is ₹ 100 it is issued for ₹ 110.

Question 32.
Customized accounting software.
Answer:
Accounting software may be customized to meet the special requirements of the user. For example, standardized accounting software may contain the sales voucher and inventory status as separate options. However, when the user requires that inventory status be updated immediately upon entry of sales voucher and report be printed, the software needs to be customized.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Question Paper May 2017 with Solutions

Thoroughly analyzing AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Model Papers and AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Question Paper May 2017 helps students identify their strengths and weaknesses.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Question Paper May 2017 with Solutions

Time: 3 Hours
Max. Marks: 100

Section – A
3 x 10 = 30

Note:

  • Answer any THREE of the following questions in 40 lines each.
  •  Each question cames 10 marks.

Question 1.
Explain the salient features of Indian constitution.
Answer:
Introduction: The Indian constitution was prepared and adopted by the Constituent Assembly which was set up in 1946.
The Constituent Assembly took nearly three years (From December, 1946 to 25’ November, 1949) to complete the framing of the constitution.

The Constituent Assembly approved the Indian Constitution on 26th November, 1949. The Indian constitution came into force on 26th January; 1950. Which we have been celebrating as The Republic Day”. The following are the salient or basic features of the Indian constitution.

1. Preamble: The Indian constitution begins with a preamble. The preamble clearly defines the objectives of our constitution. It declares India as a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, democratic Republic. It provides liberty, equality, fraternity, and justice. It states that the people of India are the chief source of the political authority.

2. A Lengthy Written Document: The Constitution of India is the most written, lengthy, and detailed document in the world. In 1950, the Indian Constitution had 22 parts, 8 schedules, and 395 articles. After subsequent amendments, it contains 12 schedules and 444 articles for the present.

3. A combination of rigidity and flexibility: The constitution of India is a blend of rigidity and flexibility. Our founding Fathers were programatic enough to provide for rigidity and flexibility as the situation demands. Article 368 provides the details of the amendment procedure.

i) Some of the provisions limit admission of New states (Ex: Telangana), provisions relating to citizenship, salaries and allowances of the members of the constitutional bodies like President, Vice-President, Supreme Court and High Court judges, etc. Can be amended by simple majority It is said to be flexible.

ii) Some provisions can be amended by a special majority i.e., not less than Two-thirds of the members of the House present and voting. Ex: Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of state policy etc. It is said to be half rigid and half flexible.

iii) Some provisions can be amended by a two-thirds majority of the Parliament and with the concurrence of half of the states. Ex: Election of the President, executive powers of the union and the states, distribution of legislative powers between the union and the states, etc. It is said to be rigid.

4. Quasi-Federal polity: India is a states according to the constitution. Our constitution contains both the features of unitary and Federal Governments. It prescribed unitary system in emergencies and Federal system on ordinary occasions. Provisions of unitary state such as Single Citizenship, Single Integrated Judiciary, Single Election Commission, Role of All India Services Personnel, etc., are found in our constitution. At the same time certain federal features like written, rigid constitution, Dual government, Bicameralism etc., are profoundly seen in our constitution. Thus it is a Quasi-Federal. Polity like Canada.

5. Republican government: Unlike the colonial Master, the UK, India preferred a Republican government. Here all public
offices right from World members to the top president of India are open to all eligible citizens and there is no place for hereditary principles.

6. Parliamentary government: The constitution of India provided a Parliamentary government of the British type but with an elected President of Irish Model. Accordingly, the features of a Parliamentary government such as two executive heads, Ministerial accountability to the lower house of the legislature, Prime Minister leadership, etc., are prevalent in our political system.

7. Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties: Part – III of the constitution, Articles from 12 to 35, provides for a set of
basic human rights to all. They are justifiable and ensure basic freedoms.
They are six in number.

  1. Right to equality
  2. Right to freedom
  3. Right against exploitation
  4. Right to Religion
  5. Cultural and educational rights and
  6. Right to constitutional remedies.

The 42nd Amendment to the constitution in 1976 incorporated the fundamental duties in Article 51A under part – IVA. Though they are not justiciable. But they put an obligation on the citizens to render certain duties in return for the protection they have been enjoying through fundamental rights. Fundamental duties relate to respecting the constitution, the National Flag and National Anthem, safeguarding public property etc.

8. Single citizenship: Our Constitution provides for single citizenship for all persons who are born in India and who resided in India for a specific period. It enables the citizens to possess and enjoy identical rights and privileges. It also promotes unity integrity and fraternity among the people.

9. Universal and Adult Franchise: The makers of the Indian constitution provided for the universal adult Franchise for all
citizens without any discrimination based on caste, colour, creed, community, language, religion, region, sex, property, etc. At the beginning, adult Franchise was given to all the citizens who attained the age of 21 years. Later voting age was reduced to 18 years through the 61st constitution, Amendment Act in 1988.

10. Secular state: Our constitution stands for a secular state. It does not uphold any particular religion as the official religion of the Indian state. It ensures complete religious freedom to the people. It abolishes discrimination between individuals on religious grounds in the matters of employment, education, and legislation. It prohibits religious instructions in state-owned or state-aided educational institutions.

11. Independent judiciary: The Judiciary performs its functions independently. The legislature or the executive shall not interfere in the working of the Judiciary. The Judiciary carries on its obligations according to the constitutional norms and democratic principles.

12. Directive principles of state policy: Our constitution hinted out certain directive principles as the policy of the state in part IV from Articles from 36 to 51. These principles are drawn from Irish constitution. These principles reflect the welfare state concept. They are the directions to be followed by the various governments. Equal pay for equal work, provision of employment opportunities, fair distribution of wealth, old age pension, protection of ill health, provision of education, protection of women and children, etc., are the some examples of these principles. Though these principles are non-justiciable, No responsible government can afford to ignore them.

13. Bi-cameralism: The constitution of India introduced Bicameralism at the National level. Accordingly, The Indian Parliament consists of two houses namely the Rajya Sabha (upper house) and the Lok Sabha (lower house). While the Rajya Sabha represents the states, the Lok Sabha represents the people.

14. Panchayati Raj and Nagar Palikas Acts: The Panchayati Raj and Nagar Palikas Acts are recent features of our constitution. The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts gave constitutional recognition to the Rural and Urban local governments. Which came into force in 1993 and 1994 respectively had become operative all over the territory of India. The ideals of democratic decentralization or the grassroots democracy are realised by these acts.

These acts provides for adequate representation for women, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, and other weaker sections in the policy-making bodies of the local governments.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Question Paper May 2017 with Solutions

Question 2.
Explain any five differences between Fundamental rights and Directive principles of state policy.
Answer:

Fundamental rights Directive Principles
1) The concept was borrowed from American constitution. 1) The concept was borrowed from Irish Constitution.
2) These aim at establishing a political democracy in the country. 2) These aim at establishing a social and economical democracy in the society.
3) These are justicable and then enforced by the courts. 3) These are non-justicable and cannot be enforced by the courts.
4) These are personal and Individualistic in nature. 4) These are societarian and socialistic in nature.
5) These promote the welfare of the Individual. 5) These promote the welfare of the society.

Question 3.
Explain the powers and functions of the President of India.
Answer:
Introduction: The President of India is the constitutional head of the Indian Republic. He is the First citizen of India. He
administers the affairs of the union Government either himself or through the officers subordinate to him. (Articles 52 and 53)

Qualifications: A person to be eligible to contest the office of the President shall possess the following qualifications:

  1. He should be a citizen of India.
  2. He should have completed the age of 35 years.
  3. He should be qualified for election as a member of the Lok Sabha.
  4. He should not hold any office of profit under the union, state or local Governments (Article 59 (i))
  5. Possess such other qualifications as prescribed by the Parliament.

Election Procedure: The President of India shall be elected indirectly by an electoral college consisting of the elected members of both Houses of Parliament. State Legislative Assemblies and elected members of Delhi and Pondicheri. The election is held in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote system and secret ballot.

Oath of office: The person who is elected as President assumes office only after he takes oath of office and secrecy by the Chief Justice of India.

Term of office: The President continues in office for five years from the date of his assumption of office.

Salary and Allowances: The President now gets a monthly salary of ₹ 1,50,000/-. His official residence is Rashtrapathi Bhavan at New Delhi. On retirement, he will get a monthly pension of ₹ 75,000/-.

Removal (or) Impeachment: The President can be removed from the office by a process of impeachment for violation of the Constitution. Impeachment is a quasi-judicial procedure adopted by the Parliament.

Powers and Functions: The President shall exercise his powers with the help of the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister.

His powers may be analysed under the following heads:
1. Executive Powers: An executive action of the Union Government shall be expressed in the name of the President. The
President appoints the Prime Minister and other Ministers, Attorney General, Comptroller and Auditor General of India, State Governors, Judges of the Supreme Court and State High Courts, Finance Commission, Chairman and members of U.P.S.C., Election Commission and Chief Commissioners of Union Territories. He allocates portfolios to the Ministers.

2. Legislative Powers: The President is an integral part of Parliament (Art. 79) and as such enjoys extensive legislative powers.
They are:

  • He summons from time to time each House of Parliament, adjours and prorogues either or both the Houses.
  • He addresses either House separately or both the Houses Jointly.
  • He can dissolve the Lok Sabha on the advice of the Prime Minister.
  • He opens the first session of Parliament after the General Elections and at the commencement of the first session of each year.
  • He can send messages to the Parliament.
  • He arranges a joint session of both the Houses when there is a deadlock over an ordinary bill.
  • All bills passed by Parament require his assent for becoming in acts.
  • He nominates 12 members to Rajya Sabha and two Anglo-Indian members to Lok Sabha.
  • He promulgates ordinances when the Parliament is not in session.
  • He sends the annual reports of the Finance Commission, U.P.S.C etc., for the consideration and approval of Parliament.

3. Financial Powers: The President also enjoys some financial powers. They are:

  1. He recommends the financial bills to be introduced by the members in parliament. The Budget is caused to be laid down before the Parliament by the President.
  2. He operates the Consolidated Fund of India.
  3. He determines the shares of States in the proceeds of Income Tax.
  4. No Money Bill can be introduced in the Parliament except on his recommendations.
  5. He constitutes a Finance Commission for every five years etc.

4. Judicial Powers:

  1. The President can grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remission of punishments.
  2. He appoints the judges of the Supreme Court and State High Courts.
  3. He can also remove them on an address by the Parliament.

5. Military Powers: The President is the Supreme Commander of the Defence Forces of the Union. He appoints the Chiefs on the Staff for”Army, Navy and Air Force. He can declare war and conclude peace. But he has to take the approval of Parliament.

6. Diplomatic Powers: The president appoints Ambassadors to foreign countries to represent India.,He receives the credentials of the Ambassadors appointed in India. He represents our Nation in International affairs. He makes treaties and agreements with other countries subject to the ratification by the Parliament.

7. Emergency Powers: in extraordinary conditions, the President can proclaim emergency to safeguard the security, integrity and independence of our country They are of three types:

  • Emergency caused by war or external aggression or armed rebellion (Article 352),
  • Emergency due to failure of Constitutional machinery in the States (Article 356) and
  • Emergency due to threat to the financial stability of India (Article 360).

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Question Paper May 2017 with Solutions

Question 4.
Describe the powers and functions of the Speaker.
Answer:
Articles 93 to 97 of the Indian Constitution deal with the office of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. The Speaker acts as head of the Lok Sabha, guardian of members and principal spokesman of the house. He enjoys Supreme Authority and power on the floor of the house.

Election: The members of the Lok Sabha elect the Speaker from among themselves. According to the Parliamentary convention the speaker is unanimously elected or chosen by the members on the request of the Prime Minister. A person elected as the speaker must be a member of the Lok Sabha.

Tenure: The speaker continues in office for five years. Though the Lok Sabha is dissolved the speaker continues in office until the new Lok Sabha elects its speaker, (Article 94).

Removal: The speaker can be removed from office by a majority members, resolution, preceeded by a 14-day prior notice to that effect.

Salary and allowances: At present, the speaker receives a monthly salary of ₹ 1,40,000. Besides he is provided with rent-free accommodation, Medical, travelling, and telephone facilities.

Powers and functions of the Speaker:

  1. The speaker presides over the meetings of the Lok Sabha. He conducts the meetings with dignity, order, and efficiency.
  2. He allots time to the members to express their views on the bills, conducts voting if necessary, and announces the results.
  3. He sends bills to the Rajya Sabha after they are approved by the Lok Sabha. On the receipt of the Bills from the Rajya Sabha, he certifies and sends them to the President of India for his consent.
  4. He acts as the representative of the Lok Sabha. He sends messages and directives to the members on behalf of the Lok Sabha.
  5. He takes steps for safeguarding the rights and privileges of the members and for upholding the respect of the house.
  6. He has the privilege of determining whether a bill is money bill or not.
  7. He accords permission to the members for introducing various bills in the house. He gives his signature on the bill approved by the house.
  8. He is empowered to permit the members to move a No- confidence motion against the government, postpone the meetings of the house and decide the Quorum in the house.
  9. He constitutes various house committees and appoints their chairpersons.
  10. He presides over the joint session of the Parliament.
  11. He exercises his casting vote in case of a tie over a bill.
  12. He conducts the election of the Deputy Speaker in case of a vacancy.

Question 5.
Estimate the powers and functions of the District Collector.
Answer:
Power and Functions of District Collector: The District Collector enjoys vast power and performs several functions as the head of the district administration. These may be explained as follows :
A) The Collector as District Revenue Officer: The Collector is the Chief District Revenue Officer. He, in that capacity, serves as the chief guide to the farmers in the district by fulfilling several obligations. His revenue functions include various activities such as a collection of land revenue, sanction of agricultural loans to farmers, rescuing the farmers in times of natural calamities by assessing the loss incurred by them, rendering assistance to the union and state authorities in emergency relief measures, etc.

B) The Collector as District Magistrate: The Collector acts as the District Magistrate. He will have supervision over the activities of the district police personnel. He sees that law and order conditions in the district are normal. For this purpose he will be assisted by a large number of police personnel. The district superintendent of police and other police officers owe a responsibility to the Collector in matters such as supervision over police personnel prisons etc,. The Collector can inspect the police stations in the district. He is empowered to issue prohibitory orders on the occasion of breakdown of law and order. He can issue firing orders when all peaceful efforts failed in the restoration of normal.

C) The Collector as Chief Coordinator: The District Collector acts as the chief co-ordinator of various government departments in the district. He acts as the chief counsel and co-ordinator of the departments such as agriculture, irrigation, co-operation and labor affairs.’ The heads of these departments shall oblige and implement the suggestions and guidelines of the collector in the district. Even though these heads formulate their policies independently, they are answerable to the District Collector in their discharge of their obligations.

D) The Collector as District Electoral Officer: The Collector acts the chief district electoral officer. He serves as the main agent of the Election Commission of India for conducting elections to the various representative bodies in the district. He takes steps for conducting the elections in fair and impartial manner. These include preparation of electoral list and its modification, hearing public grievances on voters list, registration of new voters, appointing returning officers assistant returning officers etc.

E) The Collector as the Chief Census Officer: The Collector acts as the chief census officer in the district. He on behalf of the union and state governments, takes steps for holding census operations in the district for every ten years. He also sees that the statistical data regarding the number of much cattle, trees, and domesticated animals in the district is collected properly. He also compiles such other information as required by the higher authorities in regard to the construction of houses for the poor, family welfare, women empowerment, rural infrastructure, etc.

F) The Collector as Permanent invitee of Local Bodies;
The District Collector is a permanent invitee to the meetings of Panchayat Raj and urban local bodies in the district. He acts as a main link between the union and state governments and district local bodies on various matters. He participates in the normal emergency meetings of Zilla Parishad and mandal parishads in the district. He sends confidential reports to the state government on the nature of the functioning of these bodies. He conducts the meeting meant for considering the no-confidence motion against the Zilla Parishad chairman.

Other Functions: This Ditrct Collector also performs the following functions.

  1. Matters concerning the welfare of Ex-servicemen.
  2. Provision of irrigation facilities.
  3. Supervision over sub treasuries.
  4. Co-ordinating the activities of various government departments.
  5. Supervising the training programmes for Junior Officers.

Role of District Collector in Local Government: The District Collector plays a crucial role in the affairs of local governments in the district. He serves as the friend, philosopher, and guide to the common men living in the district. He also serves as a link between people and local bodies in the district. Normally the common men seek guidance and solace from the Collector in times of natural calamities and other unforeseen contingencies.

The Collector makes recommendations to the state government in regard to the working of the local bodies in the district. His valuable remarks are required for constituting new gram panchayats and mandal parishads in the district. The entire administrative, revenue, police, health, educational, and agricultural personnel working in rural areas depend to a great extent upon the advice and suggestions forwarded by the Collector on may occasions. He sees that the farmers in the district receive sufficient agricultural inputs such as fertilizers, water, rural credit, marketing facilities etc.

He supervises the activities of village extension officers and sees that the farmers receive various types of assistance for carrying on their agricultural operations smoothly. He also sees that all persons below poverty line will receive, ration and pension facilities. The fact that the Collector heads more than one hundred committees at the district level demonstrates his role in district affairs. He, like the Chief Minister at the state level, will have tremendous influence and powers in the district. Many programmes of union and state governments like National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (WREGS), Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY), Aam Admi Bima Yojana (AABY), Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP), Prime Ministers Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP).

The union and state governments rely on the District Collector in tackling the financial, political, and cultural matters of the people living in local areas. They nominate the District Collector as the chairman, co-ordinator or secretary of the above programmes at the district level. People regard the Collector as a repository of authority functioning independently with dedicated spirit. Even though some states like Gujarath and Maharashtra relieved the Collector from the perspective.

Section – B
8 x 5 = 40

Note:

  • Answer any EIGHT of the following questions in 20 lines each.
  • Each question carries 5 marks.

Question 6.
Write a note on the source of the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
The constitution of India was formulated on the basis of various experiences. Almost all the noble features of the world constitutions have been incorporated in it. Similarly, the peculiar political, social, and cultural conditions present in India have been taken into account at the time of drafting the constitution. The makers of Indian constitution ignored those conditions prevalent in other countries which are contrary to the socio-economic and political background of India.

On the whole the following sources figure prominently in making the Indian constitution.
1. Many provisions of Indian constitution have been drawn on the basis of West Minister Model (British). These include parliamentary traditions, rule of law, cabinet government, legislative-executive relations, single citizenship, nominal executive head etc.

2. Some provisions like fundamental rights, judicial review, federal system, president’s election, impeaching the president etc., have been taken from the American constitution.

3. Items relating to Directive Principles of State Policy have been drawn from the constitution of Ireland.

4. The emergency powers of the President have been taken basing on the German constitution.

5. Matters such as Concurrent List, Business, Commerce, Interstate trade, Special privileges of legislators etc., have been added on the model of Australia.

6. The Union-State relations mentioned in Indian constitution have been designed basing on the Canadian constitution.

7. Matters of constitutional amendment procedure were drawn from South African constitution.

8. The idea of republic and the ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity have been taken from the constitution of France.

9. Most of provisions of Indian constitution were drawn from the Government of India Act, 1935.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Question Paper May 2017 with Solutions

Question 7.
Describe the six freedoms of a citizen.
Answer:
Our constitution in Chapter III under Article 19 (clause 1) guarantees certain fundamental rights subject to certain restrictions. They are also known as fundamental freedoms.
They are:

  1. Freedom of speech and expression.
  2. Freedom of peaceful Assembiry without Arms.
  3. Freedom of Associations and Unions.
  4. Freedom of movement throughout the territory of India.
  5. Freedom of residence and settlement in any part of the Territory of India.
  6. Freedom of profession, trade occupation or business.

These freedoms would facilitate the progress of Indian citizens in social, political and economic spheres. These freedoms are not absolute. The state may, if necessary, impose certain reasonable restrictions on the enjoyment of the above freedoms by the Indian citizens. These restrictions relate to the maintenance and safe guarding of the independence, sovereignty, integrity, law and order.

Question 8.
Mention any two jurisdictions of the Supreme Court.
Answer:
1. Original Jurisdiction: The original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is purely of federal in nature. This power is confined to disputes between

  • the Government of India and any of the States in India.
  • The Government of India and any State or States on one side and other States on the other side or
  • two or more States.

This power exclusively belongs to the Supreme Court and no other court in India is empowered to entertain any such suit. However, disputes arising out of any treaty agreement, covenant, engagement, etc., do not come under this Jurisdiction unless referred to by the President for advisory opinion. The Supreme Court can directly hear the disputes concerning the election of the President and the Vice-President.

2. Appellate Jurisdiction: The Supreme Court ¡s the highest court of appeal in India. Its appellate Jurisdiction may be divided into three heads.

  • Cases involving interpretation of the constitution,
  • Civil cases and.
  • Criminal cases.

i) The Supreme Court hears cases involving a substantial question of Law as the interpretation of the Constitution. It requires the certificate of the High Court for hearing such a case. Sometimes the Supreme Court can take up the appeal it is satisfied that the case has do with certain interpretation of the constitution.

ii) In case where no constitutional question is involved, the Supreme Court hears appeals on the basis of a certificate of the High Court. Such cases, in the opinion of High Court involve

  • a substantial question of law and
  • the decision of the Supreme Court.

iii) In case of the criminal matters the Supreme Court hears appeals from any Judgement, whether they are in the form of final order or sentence of the High Court. It hears two specified cases namely.

  • Where the High Court has on an appeal reversed on order of acquittal of an accused and sentenced him to death and
  • Where the High Court has tried the appeals from any of its subordinate courts convicted the accused and sentenced him to death.

Question 9.
Explain any three powers an functions of the Governor.
Answer:
1. Legislative Powers and Functions: Article 168 describes that the Governor is an integral part of the State Legislature. In that capacity, he exercises certain powers and performs functions related to the State Legislature.

  • The Governor inaugurates the first sessions of the State Legislative Assembly after the general elections are over.
  • He also addressing the first session of State Legislative Assembly every year i.e. budget session.
  • He appoints Pro4em Speaker of the State Legislative Assembly.
  • He summons and prorogues the sessions of the two houses of the State Legislature.
  • He addresses the Members of the state legislature and sends messages in relation to the state legislature.
  • The Governor gives his assent to the bills passed by the state Legislature.
  • He may return a bill sent the State Legislature for its reconsideration.
  • He dissolves the State Legislative Assembly when he feels no party is in a position to form a stable and viable Government and the advice of the Chief Minister.
  • He may promulgate Ordinances to meet an emergency which require immediate action during the recess of the State Legislature.
  • He nominates members of the Anglo-Indian community to the Legislative Assembly of the state if he feels that community is not represented in the house.
  • The Governor nominates 1/6 of the total members of the State Legislative Council.

2. Executive Powers and Functions: The Governor has the following executive powers.

  1. The Governor appoints the Chief Minister and the members of the Council of Ministers on the advice of the Chief Minister.
  2. He allocates Portfolios among the ministers and reshuffles their portfolios.
  3. He removes the Ministers on the advice of the Chief Minister.
  4. He appoints the Vice-Chancellors of the Universities in the State. He acts as the Chancellor of the universities.
  5. He appoints the Chief Secretary and Advocate General of the State Government.

6. He appoints the Chairmen and other members of the State Commissions such as

  • State Public Service Commission
  • State Election Commission
  • Official Language Commission
  • Commission for Women
  • Minorities Commission
  • Backward Classes Commission and
  • SC & ST Commission.

7. He regulates the postings and transfers of the All India Services personnel working in the state.

3. Judicial Powers and Functions: The Governor also exercises the following judicial powers and functions.

  1. The Governor renders advice to the President of India in the appointment of Chief Justice and other judges of the High Court of the State.
  2. The Governor appoints the Advocate General of the State.
  3. He makes appointments, postings and promotions of the District Judges in consultation with the Chief Justice of High Court of the State.
  4. He also appoints persons to the judicial services of the state (other than the district courts) in consultation with the Chief Justice of High court and State Public Service Commission.
  5.  He can grant pardon, retrieve, remit and commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offense against any law of the concerned state.

Question 10.
What do you know about Public Accounts Committee.
Answer:
Public Accounts Committee was set up in 1921. It consists of 22 members. Out of them 15 members belong to the Lok Sabha and 7 members to the Rajya Sabha. Their term of office is one year. They are elected by means of proportional representation and single transferable vote. It became a convention to appoint one of the members of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha as its chairman since 1967-68.

The Committee performs the following functions:

  1. The Committee examines the annual audit reports of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India.
  2. It examines Public Expenðfture not only from legal and formal points of view to discover technical irregularities but also from the point of view of economic prudence, wisdom, and property.
  3. It brings out the appropriation accounts and the finance accounts of the Union Government and any other accounts laid before the Lok Sabha.
  4. It examines whether the public funds are disbursed properly.
  5. It examines the accounts of Autonomous and Semi-Autonomous bodies, the audit of which is conducted by the CAG.
  6. It investigates the money spent on any service during the financial year in the excess of the amount granted by the Lok Sabha for that purpose.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Question Paper May 2017 with Solutions

Question 11.
Explain the Administrative functions of the High Court.
Answer:
The High Court exercises certain administrative functions within its territorial jurisdictions.
1. Under Article 227, every High Court has the power of supervision over all Courts and Tribunals functioning in its territorial jurisdiction except Military Courts or Tribunals in the State.
2. It ensures the proper working of these courts. It exercises the power to make and issue general rules and regulations for securing the efficient working of the court.
3. The High Court can transfer any case from one court to another court under Article 228 and can even transfer the case itself and decide the same.
4. The High Court has the power to investigate or enquire into the records or other connected documents of any court subordinate to it.
5. It appoints its administrative staff and determines the salaries and allowances and other conditions of the personnel working in subordinate courts.
6. It is empowered to withdraw any case involving the interpretation of the Constitution and dispose of the case itself.
7. The High Court is the Highest Court of Justice in the State. All other Courts and Tribunals (except Military Courts and Tribunals) in the State function under the direct supervision and control of the State High Court.

Question 12.
Discuss the Administrative relations between the Union and the States in India.
Answer:
Articles 256 to 263 in Part XI of our Constitution deal with the administrative relations between the Union and States. They are discussed under the following heads:

  • during emergencies,
  • in normal times.

In normal times: In normal times, our Constitution has devised techniques of control over the states by the Union to ensure that the State Governments do not interfere with the legislative and executive policies of the Union. The Union Government exercises its influence over the State Governments in the following ways. The Union Government is empowered to issue directions to the State Governments in the following matters:

  • To ensure due compliance with the Union laws in the implementation of the State laws.
  • To ensure that the exercise of the executive power of the State does not impede the implementation of the Union laws.
  • The ensure the Constitution and the Maintenance of the means of communication of military or national importance.
  • To ensure protection of Railways within the state.
  • To devise and execute schemes for the welfare of the tribal communities as mentioned in the directions.
  • To secure the provisions of the adequate facilities for the instruction in the mother tongue at the primary stage to linguistic minorities.
  • To ensure the development of Hindi language.
  • To entrust certain functions of the Centre to the State and its officers and the Centre will meet the additional expenditure involved in carrying out such functions.
  • To issue directions to the State for the welfare of the scheduled castes and Scheduled Tribes.
  • The State Governments have to see that the laws made by the Parliament and other laws prevalent in the State are property executed. The Union Government is empowered to give directions to the States for this purpose.
  • The Parliament can frame rules regarding the settlement of disputes between two States with regard to the use of water and boundaries.
  • The President is empowered to constitute an Inter-State Council to advise the State in settling their disputes.
  • The personnel belonging to All India Services working in the State are governed by the rules, regulations and service conditions laid down by the Central government only. They can be removed only by that government.
  • The Central Government dispatches the central resource power to the States for tackling any situation of disturbances affecting law and order conditions in the State.
  • The Union can impose presidential rule in any State if there is a breakdown of the Constitutional machinery in the State.
  • The Election Commission, an independent Constitutional body constituted by the Central Government conduct elections of the Union and State legislatures.
  • The Parliament can empower to make grants in aid to any State which is in need of such assistance.

During Emergencies: During the operation of a national emergency, the Union Government will work as a powerful body. The state governments are brought under its complete control. However, they can’t be suspended by the union. When the President’s rule is imposed in a state the President can assume to himself the functions of the state government. He can assign such functions to the Governor. During the financial emergency, the union can direct the states to observe canons of financial propriety The President can issue directions including the reduction of salaries of persons serving in the state government and the High Court Judges.

Question 13.
Evaluate the recommendations of the Sarkara Commission.
Answer:
The Union Government appointed a three-member Commission on Centre-State relations under the Chairmanship of R.S.Sarkaria, a retired judge of the Supreme Court. B.Sivaraman, S.R.Sen, and Rama Subramaniam were appointed as other members. The Commission was asked to overhaul and review the working of existing arrangements between the Union and States in all spheres as and recommend such changes and measures as may be appropriate. It was initially given one year time to complete its work, but its term was extended four times. The final report was submitted on October, 27, 1987 and the summary was later officially released in January, 1988.

The Sarkaria Commission made 247 recommendations to improve the center-state relations. The important recommendations are mentioned below:

  1. A permanent Inter-State Council called the Inter-Governmental Council should be set up under Article 263.
  2. Article 356 (Presidents Rule) should be used very sparingly in extreme cases as a last resort when all the available alternatives fail.
  3. The institution of All India Services should be further strengthened and some more such services should be created.
  4. The residuary powers of taxation should continue to remain with the Parliament, while the other residuary powers should be placed in the Concurrent list.
  5. When the President withholds his assent to the State bills, the reasons should be communicated the State Government.
  6. The National Development Council (NDC) should be renamed and reconstituted as the National Economic and Development Council (NEDC).
  7. The zonal councils should be constituted afresh and reactivated to promote the spirit of federalism.
  8. The Union should have powers to deploy its armed forces, even without the consent of States. However, it is desirable that the States should be consulted.
  9. The Centre should consult the States before making a law on a subject of the Concurrent List.
  10. The procedure of consulting the Chief Minister in the appointment of the State Governor should be prescribed in the Constitutional itself.
  11. The net proceeds of the Corporation tax may be made permissibly shareable with the States.
  12. The Governor cannot dismiss the Council of Ministers so long as it commands a majority in the assembly.
  13. The Governor’s term of five years in a State should not be disturbed except for some extremely compelling reasons.
  14. No commission of enquiry should be set up against a State Minister unless a demand is made by the Parliament.
  15. The surcharge on income tax should not be levied by the Centre except for a specific purpose and or a strictly limited period.
  16. The present division of functions between the Finance Commission and the Planning Commission is reasonable and should continue.
  17. Steps should be taken to uniformly implement the three language formula in its true spirit.
  18. No autonomy for radio and television but decentralization in their operations.
  19. No change in the role of Rajya Sabha and the Centre’s power to reorganize the States.
  20. Giving powers to the Municipalities to issue tax-free bonds.

The Union Government has implemented 180 (out of 247) recommendations of the Sarkaria Commission. The most important is the establishment of the Inter-State Council in 1990 but it has not served the purpose.

Question 14.
Write a Note on the Electoral Reforms.
Answer:
The Electoral Reforms will ensure the free and fair elections in the country. The successful functioning of Indian democracy depends on the electoral reforms.

Some Electoral Reforms proposed:

  1. The donation of companies to the political parties should be strictly banned.
  2. The accounts of the political parties are to be audited by the Election Commission periodically.
  3. The number of members of the Election Commission shall be raised.
  4. The limit on election expenditure of the candidates must be proper, practical and realistic.
  5. The announcement of new policies, projects and programmes by the party in power during elections should be banned.
  6. The members of the election commission should be appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister, leader of the opposition in the Lok Sabha and the chief justice of India.
  7. The government should meet the election expenditure of the candidates.
  8. The election commission should be authorised to invalidate the election of a candidate if it was proved that he had used government machinery during elections.
  9. Notification should be issued to the voters and electronic voting machines should be introduced after fool-proof arrangements.
  10. The candidate who secure 51 percent of the polled votes shall be declared as winner.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Question Paper May 2017 with Solutions

Question 15.
Explain briefly about the Bharatiya Janata Party.
Answer:
Bharatiya Janatha Party is one of the All India Parties in India. It was established on April 6, 1980. Earlier it was known as
Bharatiya Jan Sangh was founded by Shyam Prasad Mukherjee on October 21, 1951. Deenadayal Upadhyaya, Atal Bihari Vaj Payee, Lal Krishna Advani, Murali Manohar Joshi, Jana Krishna Murthy, Kushbhav Thakre, and Venkaiah Naidu acted at its presidents. Although initially unsuccessful, winning only two seats in the 1984 general election, it grew in strength on the back of the Ram Janmabhoomi and Babri Majid issue. Following victories in several state elections and better performances in national elections, the BJP became the largest party in the Parliament in 1996; however, it lacked a maòrity in the lower house of Parliament, and its government lasted only 13 days. After the 198 general elections, the BJP-led coalition known as the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) formed a government under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee for a year.

Following fresh elections, the NDA government, again headed by Vajpayee, lasted for a full term in office; this was the first non-Congress government to do so. In the 2004 general election, the BJP-led NDA suffered an unexpected defeat, and for the next ten years the BJP was the principal Opposition party Long time Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi, a principal campaigner and charismatic leader of the party, led it to a landslide victory in the 2014 general elections. Since that election, Narendra Modi leads the NDA government as Prime Minister with the alliance of 13 states owned parties.

Sri Amith Shah is the present President of the party. The party had spread its influence in Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi etc.

Policies: Bharatiya Janatha Party favours a strong unitary state in place of the present quasi-federation. It has the following policies.

  1. The party is committed to adopt the principles of nationalism, democracy, value-based politics, national integration, positive secularism, and Gandhian socialism.
  2. It strives to implement five concepts, namely Suraksha, Sucharita, Swadeshi, Somrastha, and Suvajya.
  3. It aims at the construction of Ram temple at Ayodhya, abrogation of Article 3 to, and implementation of Uniform Civil Code.
  4. It also aims at adopting electoral reforms.
  5. It believes in the implementation of Swadeshi and Swabhiman policies.
  6. It also aims at the adoption of a practical non-aligned policy in foreign affairs. It faours settlement of all disputes with the neighboring states through dialogue and discussion. It strongly believes in the utilization of nuclear energy and arms for achieving peace and prosperity. It demands more democratization of the United Nations Organisation by expanding the membership of the security council.
  7. It favours the continuation of the economic reforms initiated by the earlier governments through the policies of liberalization, privatization and globalization.
  8. It vehemently opposes dynastic rule, assigning top executive offices and strongly supports decentralization of power and empowerment of women.

Question 16.
What are the powers and functions of Information Commission?
Answer:
The following are the powers and functions of information commissions both at the central and state levels.
1. The Central Information Commission State Information Commission (CIC/SCIC) has a duty to receive complaints from any person

  • Who was not been able to submit an information request because a PIO has not been appointed?
  • Who has been refused information that was requested?
  • Who has received no response to his/her information request within the specified time limits;
  • Who thinks the fees charged are unreasonable;
  • Who thinks the information given is incomplete or false or misleading; and
  • Any other matter relating to obtaining information under this law.

2. Power to order inquiry if there are reasonable grounds.

3. The Central Information Commission / State Information Commissions (CIC/SCIC) will have powers of the Civil Court such as-

  • Summoning and enforcing attendance of persons, compelling them to give oral or written evidence on oath and to produce documents or things.
  • Requiring the discovery and inspection of documents.
  • Receiving evidence on affidavit.
  • Requisitioning public records or copies from any court or office.
  • issuing summons for examination of witnesses or documents.
  • Any other matter which may be prescribed.

4. All records covered by this law (including those covered by exemptions) must be given to Central Information Commission / State Information Commission (CIC / SCIC) during inquiry for examination.

5. Power to secure compliance of its decisions from the Public Authority includes

  • Providing access to information in a particular form.
  • Directing the public authority to appoint a PIO / APIO where none exists.
  • Publishing information or categories of information.
  • Making necessary changes to the practices relating to management, maintenance, and destruction of records.
  • Enhancing training provision for officials on RTI.
  • Seeking an annual report from the public authority on compliance with this law.
  • Require it to compensate for any loss or other detriment suffered by the applicant.
  • Impose penalties under this law.

Question 17.
What are the different options suggested by Sri Krishna Committee regarding the status of Andhra Pradesh.
Answer:
The government of India constituted a Committee for consultations on the situation in Andhra Pradesh on February, 2010 headed by Justice B.N.Sri Krishna. It Examined two main issues namely:

  • The demand for separate statehood of Telangana.
  • Keeping the state united in the present form, Andhra Pradesh.

The Committee submitted its report on 30 December, 2010 to the union home ministry. The committee’s report contained the following six options.

  1. Maintaining the status quo.
  2. Bifurcation of the state into Seemandhra and Telangana. Each state is to develop its own capital. Hyderabad is to
    be converted into a Union Territory.
  3. Dividing A.P into two states – one of Rayala Telangana with Hyderabad as its capital and the second one of the coastal Andhra Pradesh.
  4. Dividing Andhra Pradesh into Seemandhra and Telangana with Hyderabad metropolis as a separate union Territory. It will be linked geographically to Guntur district in coastal Andhra via Nalgonda district in the south East and via Mahaboob Nagar district in the South to Kurnool district in Rayalaseema.
  5. Bifurcation of the state into Telangana and Seemandhra as per existing boundaries, with Hyderabad as capital of Telangana and Seemandhra to have new capital.
  6. Keeping the state united and providing for creation of statutorily empowered Telangana Regional Council for the Socio-economic development and political development of the Telangana Region.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Question Paper May 2017 with Solutions

Section – C
15 x 2 = 30

Note:

  • Answer any FIFTEEN of the following questions in 5 lines each.
  • Each question carries 2 marks.

Question 18.
Preamble.
Answer:
The Indian constitution begins with a preamble. The preamble clearly defines the objectives of our constitution. It declares India as a sovereign, as a socialist, Secular Democratic Republic. It provides liberty, equality, fraternity and justice. It states that the people of India are the chief sources of the political authority.

Question 19.
Significance of Fundamental Duties.
Answer:
Fundamental duties are considered most significant from the following viewpoints.

  1. The Fundamental Duties act as a reminder to the citizens that while enjoying their rights, they should also be conscious of duties they owe to their country, their society, and to their fellow citizens.
  2. They serve as warning against antinational and anti-social activities.
  3. They serve as the source of inspiration for the citizens and promote sense of discipline and commitment among them.
  4. They help the courts in examining and determining the constitutional validity of a law.

Question 20.
Chairman of Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
The Vice President is the ex-officio chairman of the Rajya Sabha. As such he enjoys the same powers like the speaker of Lok Sabha such as

  1. Presiding over the meetings of Rajya Sabha.
  2. Maintaining discipline, decency, and decorum in the House.
  3. Exercising casting vote in case of a tie.
  4. Protecting the privileges and rights of the members.

Question 21.
Categories of Union Council of Ministers.
Answer:
There are three kinds of ministers in the Union Council of ministers. They are

  1. Cabinet Minister.
  2. Ministers of State.
  3. Deputy Ministers.

1. The Cabinet Ministers are entrusted with the maintenance of some important ministries like Finance, Home, Defence, etc.
2. The Ministers of state act as the heads of some important sections in the Ministry. They are directly responsible to the Prime Minister for their activities.
3. The Deputy Ministers have no independent and discretionary powers. They assist the Cabinet Ministers.

Question 22.
Qualifications of Rajya Sabha member.
Answer:

  1. He shall be a citizen of Idia.
  2. He shall have completed 3o years of age.
  3. He should not hold any office of profit under union state or local government.
  4. He shall possess such other qualifications as prescribed by the Parliament.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Question Paper May 2017 with Solutions

Question 23.
Question Hour.
Answer:
In both houses of Parliament, first hour is allotted to question hour. The members, by giving notice to the presiding officer, can ask questions pertaining to public issues, administrative inefficiency or about the role of the government.

Question 24.
High Court as a court of record.
Answer:
The State High Court acts as a court of Record. It records all its decisions and judgements. Such records are of great significance. They carry evidentiary value. They are taken as Judicial precedents to the Judges and Advocates in legal matters.

Question 25.
The Chief Minister.
Answer:
The Chief Minister is the center of the real executive authority at the state level. He plays a decisive role and occupies a key position in the State Government. The progress of the people and development of the state largely depends upon the Cabinet, Personality, Preservance, and political stature of the Chief Minister.

Question 26.
Cabinet minister.
Answer:
The Cabinet is a small boy consisting of Ministers holding the most important portfolios such as Home, Finance, Planning and Industries etc. They enjoy independence in taking and implementing decisions concerning their Ministry They attend the Cabinet meetings, concerned by the Chief Minister. Sometimes the Ministers of state and Deputy Ministers may attend the Cabinet meetings, in case their presence is needed during deliberations. They met frequently and determine the policies of the State Government under the Stewardship of the Chief Minister.

Question 27.
Qualifications of M.L.C.
Answer:
A person who wishes to contest for the membership of the State Legislative Council must possess the following qualifications.

  • He should be a citizen of India.
  • He should have completed 30 years of age.
  • He should possess such other qualifications as laid down by an Act of Parliameñt.

Question 28.
Quorum.
Answer:
Quorum is the minimum number of members required to be present in the house before it can transact any business. According to Article 188 of the constitution, the Quorum for conducting the State LegislatÏve Assembly meeting was fixed at 1/10th of the total membership. However, in some states, where the strength of the State Legislative Assembly is very less, the quorum will be a minimum number of 10. The speaker decides whether there is a quorum or not on a particular day.

Question 29.
Appointment of High Court Judges.
Answer:
The Chief Justice of High Court is appointed by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice of India and the Governor of the concerned State. The other judges of High Court are appointed by the President with the consultation of the Chief Justice of High Court of the concerned State. In thecase of a common High Court for two or more States, the Governors of concerned States are consulted by the President.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Question Paper May 2017 with Solutions

Question 30.
NITI Aayog.
Answer:
The NITI Aayog (National Institute for Transforming India) is tasked with the role of formulating policies and directions for the government. Its governing council will consist of the Chief Ministers of all the states in Indian Union and the Lieutenant Governors of the Union Territories.

Question 31.
Gram Sabha.
Answer:
There will be a Gram Sabha in every Panchayat. it comprises all the adult citizens who have been entitled to vote. It meets at least twice a yeat It discusses and approves the administrative and audit reports. It identifies the beneficiaries of development schemes. It takes steps for mobilizing voluntary labour for community welfare programmes. The Union Government directed the state governments to make arrangements for convening Gram Sabha on April 14 of every year. (Second one in the month of October).

Question 32.
Cantonment Board.
Answer:
Cantonment Boards are established in India under the Cantonment Act of 1924. At present, there are 62 Cantonment
Boards in India. These bodies take steps for improving the conditions of civilian population and military personnel in their jurisdiction. There are three types of Cantonment Boards in India. They are created by an Act of the defense ministry Each Board comprises some members belonging to the elected, nominated and ex-officio categories. There will be a General Officer on Command (GOC) for every Cantonment Board.

Question 33.
Functional Representation.
Answer:
It is based on occupation. People engaged in the same kind of occupation have more things in common than people living in the same locality. Doctors, farmers, industrial workers, traders, journalists, lawyers, teachers, etc., have more in common than those who live as neighbors. One man cannot represent all traders. Hence, representation should be on a functional basis. A legislature representing such different occupational groups would be a proper forum where different interests would be projected and pleaded for. But it is not possible to provide representation to each and every occupation which are innumerable in number and the classification of profession is a touchy task.

Question 34.
Composition of Election Commission of India.
Answer:
Article 324 of the constitution has made the following provisions with regard to the composition of election commission. Since its inception 1950 and till 15th Oct, 19, the election commission functioned a single-member body consiting of the Chief Election Commissioner. 16th October, 1989 the President of India appointed two more election Commissioners to cope up with the increased work of tle Election Commission. Thereafter, the Election Commission started functioning a multimember body consisting of 3 Election Commissioners.

Question 35.
Regional Parties.
Answer:
A political party which participates in state Assembly elections and secures 6% of valid polled votes and 2 Assembly seats can be recognised as a regional party. Ex: TDP in Andhra Pradesh, DMK and AIADMK in Tamil Nadu, AGP in Assom, National conference in J & K, Akalidal in Punjab, BJP in Odissa etc.

Question 36.
Multi-Party system.
Answer:
In a multi-party system, there are more than two parties operating in a political system. Ex: This type of party system is in existence in India, France, Sweeden, etc.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Question Paper May 2017 with Solutions

Question 37.
What is Information?
Answer:
Information is any material in any form. It includes Records, documents, memos, e-mails, opinions, advice, press releases, circulars, orders, log books, contracts, reports, papers, samples, models, and data material in any electronic form.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2018

A diverse collection of AP Inter 1st Year Civics Model Papers and AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2018 caters to various learning preferences and styles.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2018

Time: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 100

Section – A (3 × 10 = 30)

Note :

  • Answer any three of the following questions in 40 lines each.
  • Each question carries ten marks.

Question 1.
Define Political Science and explain its scope.
Answer:
Introduction : Political Science is a premier social science. It is mainly concerned with the study of the state in its relation with Society, Citizens, Associations and the world at large. Aristotle is hailed as the Father of Political Science. He wrote famous book “THE POLITICS”.

Origin of the word Politics : Aristotle, the Father of Political Science used the term “POLITICS” for the first time in his famous book “POLITICS”. The term “POLITICS” is derived from a greek word “POLIS” and latin word “POLITICUS” which means the city state.

Definitions of Political Science : Political Scientists gave various definitions on Political Science. They are as follows :

  1. J.W. Gamer : “Political Science begins and ends with the state”.
  2. Stephen Leacock : “Political Science deals With the government”.
  3. David Easton : “Political Science is concerned with the authoritative allocation of values for a society”.

Scope of Political Science : The scope of Political Sci-ence means the subject matter covered by it or the topics which are included in its study. It may be explained in the following ways :
i) Study of man in Relation to the Society and State : Aristotle stated that “Man is a Social Animal”. Man can satisfy his basic needs like food, clothing, shelter and protection in the society. Political Science explains the relationship between man kind society. It examines how man should adjust himself with the society. It is imperative that the modem man should develop proper attitude towards the society. This is possible only when he identifies him-self with the society.

Political Science is concerned with the perennial and central issue of establishing proper relationship between the state and the individuals. It deals with many topics of state activity, such as limitations of Political Authority and sphere of Individual Freedoms,

ii) Study of State : Aristotle also stated that man is a Political Animal. State is a human and political institution. It came into existence for the sake of man and continue in existence for providing happy and prosperous life for man. Individuals became members of the state since its inception. We can’t imagine the life of individuals outside of the state. Political Science studies the intimate Relationship between the state and the citizens. It also studies the Nature, Functions and Various theories of state authority.

It also comprises a study of the various activities of the state from that of ancient police state to the modern welfare state. Thus, Political Science deals with the Present, Past and Future aspects of the state.

iii) Study of the Government: Government is an important essential element of Modern State. It is an instrument which fulfills aims and goals of the state. There can be no state without a government. Government formulates, expresses and implements the will of the state. Government consists of three organs namely Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. Legislature makes the laws, Executive implements the laws and Judiciary interpretes the laws. Political Science studies the meting, forms, structure, nature and functions of the government. It also discusses the relationship among the various organs of the government. Hence, Political Science is treated as a science of government.

iv) Study of Associations and Institutions: Associations and Institutions help the Individuals for their moral, religious, cultural, scientific and technological progress. These carry on their activities at local, regional, national and international levels. Individuals join as members in these Associations out of their interests or purposes. There prevails a great linkage between these voluntary Associations and Institutions. Associations and Institutions in Modem times play a significant role in the Formulation and Implementation of policies of the state and government. Voluntary bodies such as trade unions, peasant groups, professional bodies etc., will have a great impact on the state and government. Political Science explains the nature, structure and functions of.the various Associations and Institutions.

v) Study of Rights and Responsibilities : Scope of Political Science includes the study of Rights and Responsibilities of citizens. Citizens in democratic states enjoy certain rights such as right to life, right to liberty, right to property etc. Political Science enumerates the definition, classification and different theories of Rights. Similarly, citizens will have some Responsibilities towards the state. These include paying taxes, obeying the laws etc. It explains the significance of Rights and Responsibilities of the citizens. Hence, Political Science examines the Relationship between Rights and Responsibilities.

vi) Study of National and International Issues : The scope of Political Science covers various issues of Modem state in relation with other stamps in matters of safeguarding Territorial integrity and Sovereignty. It studies the topics like Cold war, Balance of power, Disarmament, Detente etc. Modem states are not isolated. They depend upon other states in many spheres like importing raw materials, exporting finished goods, transport, technology, services and communications. This requires close relations among the states in international sphere. Political Science discusses not only the domestic policies of the state but also the issues of international dimensions. It covers a wide range of topics such as diplomacy, international politics, international law, international organisations etc.

vii) Study of Power : The behaviouralists of 20th century regarded Political Science as a study of sharing and shaping of power. They pointed out that Political Science discusses how power is grabbed, manipulated and perpetuated to have a control over the society. Morgenthau defined the power as “Man’s control over the Minds and Actions of other Men”.

viii) Study of Public Policy : Modem Political Scientists like David Easton and Gabriel Almond argued that Political Science is a “Policy Science”. They considered Political Science as the study of formulation, execution and evaluation of Public Policy, with the advent of Public Policy the scope of Political Science has further widened to include the dimensions of vital topics such as Industrial Policy, Agricultural Policy, Land Reform Policy, Education Policy, Population Policy etc. Public Policy of a Nation in the context of International Relations plays a crucial role in the formulation of diplomaticfeconomic, military and scientific strategies.
Conclusion : The above contents show the wide range of subjects that come under the purview of Political Science.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2018

Question 2.
Define Nationality. Explain the essential elements of Nationality.
Answer:
Introduction : The concepts of Nation and Nationality have become important components in the domain of International Relations and political science respectively. Both inspired the people of several countries with patriotic feeling prior to the two world wars.

The events that took place in the erstwhile Soviet Union, ethnic Riots between Serbians and croatians in the former Yugo slavia, the unification of East and West Germanies, the peace talks between Israel and Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) on West Asia etc., reflect the serious concern of the people for realising Nationality and Nation States. Meaning : The word “Nation” is derived from a latin word “NATIO” which means “BORN” (BIRTH) or “Common Descent”.

Definitions :

  1. R.G. Gettle : “Nationality is a population having the common bonds of Race, Language, Religion, Traditions and History”.
  2. J.H. Rose : “Nationality is a union of Hearts once made and never unmade”.
  3. J.W. Garner : “Nationality is a group or portion of population which is united by Racial and other bonds”.

Essential Elements of Nationality :
1) Purity of Race : Racial purity helps in the formation and strengthening of the idea of Nationality. Race is a physical phenomenon. It depends on certain distinctions of skull, stature, hair, complexion etc. These distinctions serve as a cementing bond among the members of a group.

But we should remember that common race is not an indispensable factor in the growth of Nationality. Modem races are so mixed that none of them can claim to be pure. Pure races have disappeared because of wars and migrations. Racial purity is now a myth only.

Ex: Canada and United states have transformed into single nations inspite of their racial diversities in their respective populations. Similarly, Australia and Britain are two distinct Nations although they belong to one racial stock.

2) Common Language : Language plays a key role in the promotion of nationality. The philosophers and scientists said that common language is essential for the development of nationality. Language is a medium to express all their feelings. It helps to express one’s ownselves to have cordial relations and to share the miseries and happiness in a group languages also promotes common feelings and traditions. Common language promotes the feeling of oneness and keeps the entire race on single track.

3) Common Religion : Religion is one important factor to strengthen nationality. There are many instances when people of different nationalities with common religion remain citizens in the same state. For instance, the main reason for the partition of Indian subcontinent into India and Pakistan in 1947 lies in the religion.

4) Geographical Unity : Geographical unity is necessary for the emergence of nationality. Nationality sentiments prevail and develop among the people living in a single geographical area. The people residing in such an area love, worship their country and make sacrifices for the sake of their motherland, people, who belong to one religion, converse the same language, same race living in a geographical area inculcate and improve their nationality sentiments. The formation of Israel in 1946 was purely due to the feelings of the hitherto wandering Jewish people to live in a single geographical area. Hence their desire of live in a territory made them united. This ultimately transformed them as patriotic persons.

5) Common History : Common History is considered as an important element of Nationality. It invokes an inspiration among the people and binds them together. Some historical incidents may give a . chance to the people to develop national sentiments. Ex : Indians have learnt the lessons of Nationalism from the British legacy.

6) Common Culture : Culture in its broad sense means a way of life. It is reflected through certain common elements like dress, customs, conventions, food habits, religious beliefs, ethical values etc. They easily develop into a single Nation. These elements bind the people together and hold together.

7) Common Political aspirations : Nationality sentiments prevail and develop among the people having common political aspirations. The political ideas, conventions and institutions which were formed due to the single political rule will have a considerable impact and influence over the people. For instance, the Swiss people love very much their direct democratic devices in political matters. Similarly the Americans express the feeling of worship towards their constitution. The British people also feel proud of their political and judicial institutions like rule of law, parliamentary democracy and judicial review etc.

8) Common Economic ties : This element of nationality has been stressed by ‘Karl Marx’. Since then onwards the importance of this element has been increasing. The Russians have great regard for their economic system, eventhough there exist diversities. Their unflinching love for socialism inspired nationalism among them. They successfully repulsed the attacks of Germany during the Second World War. Thus the common economic ties made them united and integrated them into a nation.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2018

Question 3.
Identify the safeguards of Rights.
Answer:
Introduction : Rights are the essential conditions for the development of the personality of individuals. They are up-held by the laws of the state. Individuals cannot achieve progress in the absence of the Rights.

Definitions :

  1. T.H. Green : “Rights are those powers claimed and recognized as contributory to the common good.”
  2. H.J. Laski : “Rights are those conditions of social life without which no man can seek in general to be himself at his best.”

Safeguards of Rights : Individuals enjoy their rights only when they were fully protected or safeguarded by the State. In this regard, the following elements act as the safeguards of the rights.
1) Democratic Rule : Democratic rule safeguards the rights of the people to a great extent. People can enjoy their rights perfectly in democratic states only. This system – makes constitutional and legal provisions for safeguarding the right of the people.

2) Written and Rigid Constitution : A written constitution clearly defines the povers and functions of the government. It also explains about the various limitations of governmental authority. Besides, a rigid constitution will guarantee the rights of the people by making it difficult for the rulers and legislators to make amendments on flimsy grounds.

3) Constitutional Incorporation : Incorporation of fundamental rights in the constitution will prevent the encroachment of individual rights by the government. Such an arrangement protects the rights of the individuals to a great extent.

4) Separation of Powers : The powers of the government should be separated among the three organs of the government. Such as measure would act as a check against other organ. Ultimately, it serves as a safeguard of individual liberty.

5) Decentralisation of Powers: Individuals enjoy their rights, when powers are decentralised among the governmental institutions. This involves allocation of powers at various levels – national, provisional, local either on functional or territorial basis.

6) Rule of Law : Rule of law implies equality before law. It also denotes equal application of laws to the citizens. It gives no scope for discrimination between citizens on the grounds of region, religion, caste, colour, community etc.

7) Independent and Impartial Judiciary : Independent and impartial judiciary is another safeguard of rights. Judges in higher judicial bodies will deliver judgement with impartial and independent outlook. In the process of delivering justice, they jssue certain writs for immediate ‘ protection of the rights.

8) Independent Press : Independent and honest press is another essential safeguard of rights of individuals. Such agency will be able to disseminate news and views impartially and without fear or favour to anybody. In this regard the state should not try to threaten and silence the press. Then only individuals enjoy their rights to the maximum extent.

9) Social and Economic Equalities : Social and economic equalities are necessary for enjoying one’s rights. People will be able to utilize their rights properly and positively when there are social and economic equalities in the state. These equalities include absence of casteism, communalism, linguism, wide spread economic inequalities, exploitation etc.

10) Eternal Vigilance: Eternal vigilance is said to be the most important safeguard of rights of individuals. Individuals must be vigilant and cautious about the policies of the government. They should oppose the despotic tendencies of the government through democratic and constitutional methods. Under no circumstances they should allow the self seeking politicians to acquire power. Besides several other elements like judicial review, recall, strong opposition etc., are considered as the safeguards of rights.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2018

Question 4.
What do you mean by Democracy ? Write about the Direct democratic devices.
Answer:
Meaning : The term Democracy is derived from two greek words namely, “Demos” and “Kratos”. Demos means people and Kratos means rule (or) authority.

Definitions :

  1. Abraham Lincoln : “Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people”.
  2. Lord Bryce : “Democracy is that form of government in which the ruling power of the state is vested not in a particular class but in the members of the community as a whole”.
  3. J.R. Seely : “Democracy is a government in which everyone has a share”.

Direct Democracy : Direct Democracy is said to prevail when people themselves directly express their views and participate in the deliberative and administrative affairs of the government. People in direct democracy assume all powers of making laws. They formulate laws at a meeting attended by all the people. Direct Democracy is prevalent in Switzerland. In Switzerland, the citizens living in some small cantons meet together on a Sunday in April or May to elect their representatives and to make laws.

Devices of Direct Democracy :
There are four devices prescribed in direct democracies to enable the people to participate directly in the administrative activities of the State.
Those are :
1) Referendum
2) Initiative
3) Recall and
4) Plebiscite.

These methods may be explained as follows.
1. Referendum : It is one of the direct democratic devices. Literally it means, “must be referred to the people”. It is a device where by the electorate may veto a proposed legislation or a bill which the legislature has already passed. In other words, bills passed by the legislature are the voters for their approval or disapproval. If majority of the voters approve them, they become acts. But if they vote against them, they will be given up. Hence, referendum is known as “Popular Veto”. It is of two types – 1) Compulsory referendum : All the constitutional bills must be sent to the people. 2) Optional referendum: An ordinary bill passed by the legislative may be or may not be sent to the people. However, even that ordinary bill must be sent to the people, if a definite number of people demand it. Ex : In Switzerland 30,000 people or eight cantons (States) can demand referendum on an ordinary bill.

2. Initiative : It is another device of direct democracy. It is a method by means of which the people propose legislation i. e.; they can ask the legislature to pass a particular law. For instance, in Switzerland, if 50,000 voters request the legislature to pass a law, then the proposal is submitted to the consideration of the people. If majority of the people (30,000) approve it, then it becomes an act. Unlike referendum, initiative provides a chance to the people to start the making of law. It is of two types : (1) Formulative Initiative : People present a bill to the legislature (2) Unformulative Initiative : People present a demand to the legislature as king it to pass a bill.

3. Recall : It is another device of Direct Democracy. It means “Calling Back”. According to this method a specific number of voters may call back or dismiss an elected officer or a member of the legislature before the expiry of his term, if he is irresponsible. By means of this, the people can remove a representative or an officer from office when he fails to discharge his duties properly.

4. Plebiscite: The term “PlelSseite” is derived from a French word “Plebiscite”, which means “decree of the people”. It is used to obtain the opinion of the people on an important political issue or when there is a dispute regarding some territory. The question of accession or secession or territory is generally solved by means of plebiscite. It is not concerned with legislation. It is not apart of legal process. It is only a democratic method of ascertaining the opinion of the people on any political issue of public importance.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2018

Question 5.
Describe the merits and demerits of Unitary Government.
Answer:
On the basis of distribution of powers between the Centre and the States, Governments are classified into Unitary and Federal. A Unitary Government is one in which all powers are vested in the Centre. For administrative convenience, the country may be divided into regional units which may be called as States. The units are mere agents of the Centre. They have no autonomy. The Centre transfers some of its powers to the units and they can be withdrawn by the centre at any time. Herman Finer defined Unitary Government as “a Government in which all authority and powers are lodged in a single centre whose will and agents are legally omnipotent over the whole area”. This type of Government exists in Britain, France, China, Japan, Italy etc.

Meaning: The word ‘Unitary’ consists of two words, namely, ‘Uni’ and Tary’, uni means ‘one’ and tary means ‘rule’. Unitary Government is a single integrated government with all executive powers. The Constitution vests all powers in the Central Government.

Definitions of Unitary Government:

  1. A.V. Dicey : “Unitary Government is one in which one central power habitually exercises the Supreme legislative authority”.
  2. Herman Finer : “Unitary Government is one in which all powers and authority are lodged with a centre whose will and agents are legally omnipotent over the whole area”.
  3. Prof. J.W. Garner : “Unitary Government is one in which the whole power of the Government is conferred by the Constitution upon a single central organ or organs from which the local governments derive their authority”.

Merits of Unitary Government :
Unitary Government has many merits. Some of them may be identified in the following lines as below.

  • Powerful Government : Unitary Government brings uniformity in administrative and legislative matters. As there is only one central government having single legislature, executive and judicial wings, the central government will remain most powerful in its working. So this government provides stable and integrated rule.
  • Efficient Rule : In a unitary set up all the regional or Provincial Governments strictly follow the instructions of the Central Government. The Central Government tackles all issues efficiently and effectively. This is due to the concentration of governmental powers in the Central Government.
  • Less expensive and time saving: There will be only one Government in a Unitary System. Provincial units may or may not exist. As a result, the formation and maintenance of Unitary Government requires less amount of finances. There will be no duplication of institutions. As a result public money and time are saVed in Unitary System.
  • Administrate Uniformity: In unitary system the entire country is placed under the direct rule and control of the Central Government. As a result there will be uniform laws, rules and regulations throughout the country. This secures uniformity in law-making and administrative process.
  • Quick decisions possible : Unitary system comprises one government for the entire State. That Government takes decisions quickly and promptly. As a result Unitary Government will tackle any unforeseen events in times of emergency.
  • Single citizenship : The citizens in a unitary state will have single citizenship. So, there will be no discrimination between them within the four corners of the country. Ultimately, single citizenship promotes national unity, integrity and solidarity among the people.
  • Useful for small countries : Unitary Government is suitable to the small countries having limited population and geographical area. Moreover, it embodies the element of homogeneity irrespective of culture, language, race, religion etc.

Demerits of Unitary Government :
Unitary Government has several demerits. They may be listed out as follows.

  • Scope for Despotism : As all the powers are vested with the Central Government in a Unitary System, the persons at the helm of affairs may adopt despotic policies thereby affecting the freedoms of individuals.
  • More burden on Central Government: There will be no distribution of powers between the Central and State Governments in this system. Only the Central Government carries on all the functions. As a result, there will be a scope for more burden on Central Government leading to negligence and delay.
  • Growth of inefficiency : The local or regional governments do not have much autonomy and independence in this system. So the former depend upon the Central Government. People too lose their political initiative at local levels. This leads to the growth of inefficiency in administration.
  • Not suitable for large countries : Unitary Government is not suitable for large countries having extensive population, vast territory, diverse cultures and religions. So unity in diversity is difficult to achieve in large countries.
  • Irresponsibility : The Central Government is not responsible to anybody in a unitary set up. The units cannot dictate terms to the Central Government. So there is a scope for the Central Government to behave irresponsibly.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2018

Section – B (8 × 5 = 40)

Note :

  • Answer any eight of the following questions is not exceeding 20 lines each.
  • Each question carries five marks.

Question 6.
Explain any two essential elements of state.
Answer:
Essential elements of state : State is the predominant and superior politico – social institution existing in the society. It consists of 4 essential elements. These elements of state may be explained in a detailed way in the following paragraphs.

1) Population : Population is the fundamental and essential element of state. There can be no state without population. Plato, Aristotle, Rousseau and others considered this feature as an important one. The famous poet Sri. Gurajada Apparao also states that it is the people, rather than the land, that comprise the state. Political writers differ in their opinions regarding the exact size of population possessed by the state. While Plato fixed 5,040, Rousseau fixed 10,000 to be an ideal population for a state. But today we can find the countries like China and India which have more than 100 crores of population on one hand and the countries like Andora, San Marino are having small number of people on the other hand in the modem world.

2) Territory : Territory is another essential element of the state. It is necessary for the origin and existence of the state. There can be no state without territory. Every state must have more or less territory of its own. There is no unanimous opinion among the political writers regarding the size of territory of the state. Some preferred vast territory, where as others preferred small territory. But today we can find the countries like America and Canada having large territory on one hand, and tfie countries like Vatican, Monaco having very less territory on the other hand in the modem world.

Question 7.
Distinguish between State and Government.
Answer:
Introduction : We often use the terms “State” and “Govem- ment” indiscriminately one for the other”. “State means gov-ernment in practice” said by H.J. Laski. “State means almost government machinery”.

State : State is a people organized for law within a definite territory.

Government : Government is an instrument which fulfills aims and goals of the state.

Differences between State and Government : The following are the differences between state and government.

State Government
1. State has four elements namely population, territory, government and sovereignty. 1. Government is one of the essential elements of the state.
2. State is a permanent organisation. 2. Government is a temporary organisation.
3. State consists of the whole body of people – The rulers and the ruled. 3. Government consists of only the rulers.
4. State has the sovereignty. 4. Government does not have sovereignty.
5. State is the master. 5. Government is the servant.
6. Membership of the state is compulsory. 6. Membership in government is not compulsory.
7. All states are alike in the sense they possess the same four features (or) elements like Population, Territory, Government and Sovereignty. 7. Governments are different types, viz. Parliamentary – Presidential – Unitary – Federal, Democratic – Dictatorial etc.

Question 8.
What are the differences between Nation and Nationality ?
Answer:
The concepts of Nation and Nationality laid formidable foundations to several modem political systems.

Nation : “Nation is a nationality which has organised itself into a political body either independent or desiring to be in-dependent”.

Nationality : “Nationality is a population having the common bonds of race, language, religion, traditions and history”.

Differences between Nation and Nationality :

Nation Nationality
1) Nation is a political concept. 1) Nationality is a psycho logical feeling.
2) Nation is always a politically organised state. 2) Nationality is always an unorganised and flexible feeling.
3) Nation is always independent. 3) Nationality is not independent.
4) There can’t be a nation without nationality. 4) There can be nationality without a nation.
5) People who form into a nation should obey the laws of the state. 5) Untill the people of nationality form into a nation, there can’t be constitution¬al laws. But they oblige certain common rules in their best interests.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2018

Question 9.
Write about any three sources of law.
Answer:
Definitions : The English word ‘Law’ originates from the ancient Teutonic word ‘Lag’ which means “something that lies fixed or uniform”. Political thinkers defined law in different ways which are listed below :

  1. “Law is the command of tfie sovereign”. – John Austin
  2. “Law is the system of ri|hts and obligations which the State enforces”. – T.H. Green

Sources of Law :
1) Customs, Practices and Traditions : These are one of the important sources of law. In primitive societies, there were no laws in written form. All disputes were settled in accordance with social customs and traditions. Customs regulated the social life in the early societies. Customs and traditions cannot be laws in political sense. But, when the State recognises certain traditions, they in turn be¬come laws. Ex : The laws relating to marriage, divorce etc., found in our Country are based on traditions, the common law of England.

2) Religion : In ancient times customary laws and religious laws were intermixed. The religious teachers enjoyed unlimited powers in those times. Their decisions were treated on par with laws. The primitive men believed that the judgements of the religious teachers had divine sanction. The ancient Roman laws were merely the religious laws. The Hindu and Muslim laws derived inspiration mainly from religion.

3) Judicial Decisions / Adjudication / Judgement of the Courts : The judgements of the judges also serve as a source of law. Generally, judges interpret laws, apply them to particular cases and deliver judgements. Their judgements become precedents and are usually followed by . other judges in similar cases. In course of time such judgements acquire the status of law. In this way judges add to the law of the country. There are many instances that new laws have evolved by way of interpretation. Many of the laws in Britain, America and India have originated from the judgements of the Judges of the respective countries.

Question 10.
Describe any three types of liberty.
Answer:
Introduction : The concept of Liberty is of great significance in the study of political science. Liberty is an essential condition without which man cannot develop his personality. It became a source of inspiration to the millions of the people living all over the world.

Meaning : The term liberty is derived from the Latin word “LIBER” which means free from restrictions.

Definitions : Liberty is defined in many ways by different political thinkers. Some of them are cited below :

  1. “Liberty means the absence of restraints”. – J.R. Seeley
  2. “Liberty is the freedom of an individual to express without any external hindrance to his personality”. -G.D.H. Cole
  3. “Liberty means the positive power of doing or enjoying something worth doing or enjoying”. – T.H. Green
  4. “Liberty is the eager maintenance of that atmosphere in which men have the opportunity to be at their best selves”. – H.J. Laski

Types of Liberty : Liberty is of different types. Some of them may be described in the following :
1. Natural liberty
2. Civil liberty
3. Economic liberty
4. Political liberty
5. National liberty.

1. Natural liberty : Natural liberty is understood as unco-ntrolled freedom or absolute freedom. It is believed that natural liberty existed in the pre-social and pre-state human life. According to this concept there were no rules and regulations except the laws of nature in the past. All persons were free to do anything according to their will arid capacity. But this type of liberty is not possible in civilised society, since liberty is a social condition. True liberty does not inconvenience others. Liberty is not a license. Natural liberty is equal to anarchy. The weak cannot enjoy liberty without law. Some writers imagined that this kind of liberty existed before the origin of state.

2. Civil liberty : Civil liberty is also known as personal liberty. It relates to the individual’s freedom in his life as a member of the social organisation. It is enjoyed by the individuals in the society. Civil liberty is the essential pre-requisite to the existence and survival of human beings. It enables them to lead happy, honourable and civilised life in the state. So it is a must to everyone. The state recognises the various freedoms of individuals. In this regard Gettle said that “Civil liberty is the group of rights recognised and implemented by the state”. The constitution of the America and the India have incorporated civil liberty in the form of fundamental rights. Civil liberty is manifested in several rights.
These include :
A) Right to Life
B) Right to Work
C) Right to Property
D) Right to Religion
E) Right to Speech, Expression, Assembly, Movement and Residence etc.

3. Economic liberty : Economic liberty means the right of everyone to earn his livelihood. Laski described economic liberty as the security and opportunity to find reasonable significance in earning one’s daily bread. Economic liberty ensures everyone freedom from want and fear, hunger and starvation, unemployment and insufficiency. Economic liberty denotes freedom from want or insecurity of economic nature. Without economic liberty democracy is meaningless. It will also be secured by adopting the following measures.

  1. Provision of minimum wages:
  2. Guarantee of the right to work.
  3. Protecting the workers from unemployment, sickness and other types of insecurity.
  4. Providing adequate leisure.
  5. Giving representation to the workers in the management of the industries.

Question 11.
Explain Political Rights.
Answer:
Political rights are those rights which enable the individuals to participate in the political affairs of the state.

The following are the important political rights :
1. Right to vote : Right to vote is the most important political right enjoyed by the citizens in modern democratic states. It serves as a powerful weapon for adult citizens in choosing their representatives to various legislative bodies. It makes them as real sovereign. All the citizens are entitled to this right without any discrimination based on creed, colour, language, race, region, religion, sex etc. However, persons such as aliens and minors are deprived of this right.

2. Right to contest in elections : This right empowers the citizens to contest as candidates to various legislative bodies in the state. Especially this right enables those, who have political sagacity, enthusiasm and dynamic nature, to actively participate in the political dynamics of the state. As a result, it increases political enthusiasm among the citizens. Such an element is considered as a base of democratic polity.

3. Right to hold public offices : This right provides opportunities to the citizens to hold various public offices for a definite period. It gives no scope for exclusion of citizens or conferring special privileges to some at the cost of others. This helps the citizens to exercise authority in a dignified manner.

4. Right to petition : This right enables the citizens to forward petitions denoting their requirements or grievances. It is considered as a vital political right in the modern state. The citizens could be able to find solutions to their immediate or long pending issues by bringing them to the notice of the government through this right. It also helps the public authorities to know the grievances of the people and attend to them properly and promptly.

5. Right to criticism : This right gives opportunity to the citizens to criticize the various public policies and programmes. It also enables them to highlight the omissions and commissions of the leaders, and administrative personnel at various levels. It also gives scope for the citizens to render positive and constructive criticism about the on goings in the government from time to time. Ultimately it keeps the administrative authorities and policy makers to be vigilant in discharging their obligations.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2018

Question 12.
Point out any three sources of justice.
Answer:
Meaning : The word “Justice” is derived from a Latin word “JUS” which means “to bind”.

Definition : “Justice means speaking the truth and paying one’s debts”. – Caphalous

Sources of Justice :
Earnest Barker gives four sources of Justice. They are mentioned as below.
1. Nature
2. Ethics
3. Religion
4. Economic elements

1. Nature : The Greek stoics perceived nature to be a source of Justice. Their perception of nature was a combination of moral philosophy and religious beliefs. For them nature, God and reason were inseparable entities. They pointed out that men who lived according to nature shared similar views of reason and God. They viewed that nature embodies three things. They are : 1. Man should be free, 2. Man should be treated equally, 3. Man should be associated with his fellow beings by the common element of reason. These three things in turn have remained as a basis for liberty, equality and fraternity in society in course of time.

2. Ethics : Idealist thinkers like Plato, Emanuel Kant, Thomas Hilly Green, Earnest Barker and other propounded that justice originated from ethical practices. They pointed out that values accepted by the society over a period of time have intum become the impersonaL source of positive Justice. The state enforced this positive justice in course of time.

3. Religion : Religion is regarded as another source of Justice. This source has been in force since medieval age. The church authorities held the notion that it was God who propounded the notions of justice, right and wrong. God, through church, initiated the concept of justice as the rule of the theory of might. Thomas Acqinas a philosopher turned saint believed that the Church is the manifestation of religion. According to him, life based on laws is the best one. The king must lead the people in right directions. He must exercise his authority in compliance to the church authority.

4. Economic elements: Economic elements are also treated as a source of justice. These elements attained significance with the advent of industrial revolution which led to glaring economic disparities between different sections of society. Industrial revolution, inspite of its tremendous achievements, led to the growth of miseries, poverty and immorality in society. It forced the people to have a strong zeal of enterprise. Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Thomas Robert Malthus and other classical economists analysed justice in terms of economic factors. Later, revolutionary thinkers like Karl Marx and Frederich Engles strongly advocated the role of economic elements as a basis to the justice. These thinkers began to prove the deficiencies in capitalist society. They argued that justice prevails only when economic equality is achieved through a classless society.

Question 13.
Write about the two methods of acquiring Natural Citizen- . ship.
Answer:
i) Jus Sanguinis – (Kinship or Blood Relationship) : This type, of Citizenship denotes acquiring citizenship by kinship or blood relationship. Under this method birth within the territory of a state entitles a person to have citizenship. Every person is treated as a citizen of the state where he is born. According to Jus Sanguinis, a child acquires the citizenship of the parents irrespective of its place of birth. Here blood relationship alone determines the Citizenship. Ex : A child bom to the Indian parents will be – treated as Indian citizen irrespective of its place of birth,

ii) Jus Soli (Land or Place of Birth) : Jus Soli means acquisition of citizenship by the principle of place of birth. According to this method, citizenship is determined by the place of birth and not by parentage. It is the place of birth which determines citizenship. However this method is not more popular in modem times. It was popular in the Middle Ages when, citizenship was associated with land. At present, however, this practice is observed exclusively in Argentina.

Question 14.
Write briefly about Representative Democracy.
Answer:
Indirect democracy is also known as representative democracy. According to J.S. Mill “Representative democracy is one in which the whole people or some numerous portion ‘ of them exercise the governing power through deputies periodically elected by themselves”. This type of democracy for the first time, came into vogue in England. Later on, France, Germany, Italy and India adopted this system. At present representative democracy is prevalent in several countries like India, France, Japan, America, Canada, Holland, Sri Lanka etc. Under this system, citizens who attained the age of maturity elect their representatives in times of elections.

These representatives will assume the deliberative and legislative powers of the government on behalf of the people. They formulate different legislative policies in accordance with the wishes and aspirations of the electorate. They are responsible and responsive to the people for their acts. They continue in office only for a definite period of time. They can be removed by the citizens in times of elections when they fail to promote the welfare of the people. Hence in indirect democracy the people rule the country not themselves directly but indirectly through the periodically elected representatives.

Respond to public opinion. Indirect or representative democracy is again classified into two types namely. 1. Presidential 2. Parliamentary. In Presidential system all executive powers are exercised by a single executive head. Ex : In USA where there is Presidential system all executive powers are concentrated in the office of the President. On the other hand, in Parliamentary system executive powers are exercised by some ministers under Prime Minister’s leadership and in the name of the President. The ministers along with the Prime Minister are responsible for their acts to the Parliament. Ex : U.K., India, Australia etc.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2018

Question 15.
Distinguish between Secular State and Theocratic State.
Answer:
Secular state and theocratic state are not same and identical. Eventhough both arise in human political organizations like State, they completely differ from one another in several aspects. These may be demonstrated with the help of the following table.

Secular State Theocratic State
1. Secular State is based on elements other than religion. 1. Theocratic State is based primarily on religious elements.
2. There will be no official religion in a Secular State. 2. There will be a particular religion which is declared as official religion in a Theocratic State.
3. Citizens belonging to all religions enjoy religious freedom without any discrimination. 3. Citizens of a particular majority religion will have priority and privileges over those of other religious denominations.
4. Rule of law prevails in a Secular State. 4. Religious diktats take precedence over the ordinary laws.
5. Secular State is based on the principle equality of all religions. 5. Theocratic State is based on the premise that some men belonging to a particular religion will be more important in public affairs.
6. Religion is not a criteria or basis for the imposition of taxes 6. Religion will be treated as the basis for imposing taxes or for extending tax concessions.
7. The state will be neither religious nor irreligious. 7. The state will be pro-reli¬gious by showing special favour to a particular community in several matters.
8. Education is imparted on secular model in the state aided or partially state aided institutions. 8. Educational curriculum comprises some pro-religious topics.

Question 16.
Explain the merits and demerits of a Rigid Constitution.
Answer:
Rigid Constitution : Rigid Constitution is one whose provisions cannot be changed easily. In this system the constitutional amendment methods are different from those of ordinary laws. There will be a special procedure for amending the provisions of the rigid constitution. The rigid constitution will have firmness due to its special procedures of amendment. The Constitution of the United States is the best example of a rigid constitution.

Merits :

  1. Rigid constitution secures political stability.
  2. It is a product of political experience.
  3. It avoids hasty and ill-considered legislation.
  4. It protects the fundamental rights of the citizens.
  5. It preserves and enhances the interests of the provinces in a federal state.
  6. It is suitable for all kinds of people.

Demerits :

  1. Rigid constitution cannot be easily amended to suit the changing needs.
  2. It may affect the nation’s progress and growth.
  3. It is not suitable for tackling the issues arising during emergencies.

Question 17.
Discuss the features of Federal Government.
Answer:
Governments are classified into Federal and Unitary on the basis of the distribution of powers between the Centre and the States. A federal system is one in which the powers of the government are distributed constitutionally between the Centre and the State Governments. Ex : America, Switzerland etc.

Meaning : The term “Federation”*is derived from a Latin word “Foedus” which means “Treaty of Agreement”.’

Definitions :

  1. A.V. Dicey : “A federal government is a political contrivance intended to reconcile national unity with the maintenance of State’s rights”.
  2. J.W. Gamer : “Federal government is a system in which the totality of governmental power is divided and distributed between the Centre and the States by the National Constitution”.
  3. Hamilton : “Federation is an association of states that forms a new one”.
  4. K.C. Wheare : “A federal government is a method of dividing powers so that the regional and Central Government are each within their sphere, co-ordinate and independent.”

Features of Federal Government :
Federal Government comprises several features. They may be denoted as follows :
1. Written Constitution : A Federal Government normally has a Written Constitution. Such a Constitution is considered as the supreme law of the land. It defines, decides and devises powers between the Central and State Governments. Hence, it became a practical necessity of Federal Government.

2. Dual Citizenship : Fecferal State provides dual citizenship to the citizens. Accordingly, the citizens will have membership in both the Centre and the States simultaneously. As a result, they participate in the election of representatives to both the national and provisional bodies.

3. Division of Powers : In a Federation, the Powers of Government are divided between the Centre and the States. The Central Government exercises control over matters of national importance like defence, external affairs, customs, exports and imports etc. On the other hand, certain matters like education, agriculture, health, irrigation etc., having provincial importance are allocated to the State Governments.

4. Bicameralism: Bicameralism is another important feature of a federation. In a federal state, we observe two chambers in the union legislature and some of the provincial legislative organisations. The first or lower chamber represents the interests of the people. The second chamber or upper house comprises the members representing the States.

5. Rigidity : Generally, the Constitution of a federation is very rigid. So it Cannot be amended easily. The concurrence of the Centre and States is required for amending some of the important provisions. So, neither the Centre nor the states unilaterally can amend the constitutional provisions.

6. Independent Judiciary : Independent judiciary is another essential feature of a Federal Government. Such an organisation will settle disputes between the Centre and the States. Th ’ Judges in Judiciary constitutionally enjoy independent position. Once appointed, they could not be removed by anybody under normal conditions. They will be there to safeguard the fundamental rights of citizens. They can check the misuse of powers by the executive and legislative authorities.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2018

Section – C (15 × 2 = 30)

Note :

  • Answer any fifteen of the following questions in not exceeding 5 lines each.
  • Each question carries two marks.

Question 18.
Write about ancient city states.
Answer:
Ancient Greece consisted of a large number of city’states. They were small both in size and population. For example, Athens, Sparta, Corinth. Each city – state had its own government. The greeks based their political philosophy on the concept of city-state. The population of the city-state was divided into three groups :

  1. Citizens
  2. Aliens and
  3. Slaves.

Question 19.
Write any two differences between State and Association.
Answer:

State Association
1. State is a political oi ganization. 1. Association is a social organization.
2. State has sovereignty. 2. Association has no sovereignty.

Question 20.
What are the features of law ?
Answer:
The following are some important features of law :

  1. It is enforced by the State.
  2. It is definite, precise and universal.
  3. It reflects the will of the people.
  4. Laws are compulsory and cohesive in nature.
  5. Any violation of law leads to punishment.

Question 21.
What is constitutional law ?
Answer:
The basic law according to which the Government in a State is conducted is called constitutional law. It defines the political system. It is usually prepared by a body known as Constituent Assembly, formed only for that purpose. All other laws in the State are subordinate to this law. It also contains fundamental rights and fundamental duties.

Question 22.
Mention any four safeguards of liberty.
Answer:

  1. Democratic rule
  2. Written and rigid constitution
  3. Independent judiciary
  4. Rule of law
  5. Fundamental rights

Question 23.
What is meant by political equality ?
Answer:
Political equality implies the provision of adequate conditions for the people in the political affairs of the state. It is enjoyed by the citizens only. It could be achieved by granting various political rights such as :

  1. Right to vote
  2. Right to contest in elections
  3. Right to hold public offices
  4. Right to criticise the government etc.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2018

Question 24.
Moral Rights.
Answer:
Moral rights denote claims based on the ‘moral’ code of the community. These rights are morally prescribed to men in the society. The ethical or moral principles in the society act as the basis of the moral rights. Customs, traditions and us¬ages are regarded as the basic source of these rights. Men enjoy these rights in a civil society. These rights are based on the moral conscience of the people. They don’t have legal support. However, they are backed by the society. So violation of these rights is not considered as a crime. Individuals could be punished for their violation. Moral rights are indefinite and vague. But they are popular in nature. The State cannot ignore these rights for a long time.

Question 25.
Classification of Responsibilities.
Answer:
Responsibilities are broadly classified into : (i) Moral respon-sibilities (ii) Legal responsibilities. Legal responsibilities are further classified into : (i) Positive responsibilities (ii) Negative responsibilities.

Question 26.
What is Distributive Justice ?
Answer:
Distributive justice implies the distribution of goods and wealth of citizens by the state on Merit basis. Aristotle stated that justice is a sort of proportions. He regarded it as the most powerful instrument against revolutions. But modern writers like John Rawls denied Aristotle’s view. He pointed out that inequalities are inherent in the society. He remarked that inequalities must be balanced by some restrictive arrangements in the political system.

Question 27.
What are the views of John Rawls on social justice ?
Answer:
John Rawls Admitted that :

  1. Social Justice implies equal access to the liberties, rights and opportunities to the deprived sections of the society.
  2. Social Justice is built around the idea of a social contract committed by the people for obeying certain rules.

Question 28.
Who is an Alien ?
Answer:
An Alien is a person living in a state but owing Allegiance to another State. Aliens are entitled to such rights and obligations which are incorporated in the covenants of the Foreign State. Ex : In America, Aligns must obey the laws and pay taxes just like the American Citizens.

Question 29.
List out two conditions of loss of citizenship.
Answer:

  1. Renunciation : A person is deprived of his citizenship, if he wishes to become the citizen of any other State.
  2. Marriage : Generally a woman loses her citizenship when she marries an alien.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2018

Question 30.
Write any four conditions essential for the success of Democracy.
Answer:

  1. Sound system of Education
  2. Independent Press
  3. Strong Opposition
  4. Social Equality

Question 31.
Write any two definitions of Democracy. ,
Answer:
Democracy is form of government in which the people rule themselves directly or indirectly through their periodically elected representatives.

Definitions :

  1. Abraham Lincoln : “Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people”.
  2. J.R. Seely : “Democracy is a government in which every one has a share”.

Question 32.
Write about any two features of Secular State.
Answer:
Features of Secular State : Secular State comprises the following features.

1. No place for religion : Secular States does not assign significance to any particular religion. It will not make laws or implement them on religious grounds.

2. Equal status : Secular state accords equal status to its people. It makes no differentiation between individuals on the grounds of their caste colour, community, religion, race, region, language etc. As a result, people will have satisfaction and extend co-operation to the government in the implementation of various policies and programmes. They live together with the fellow members of other religious denominations.

Question 33.
What do you mean by Theocracy ?
Answer:
The state having an official religion is called a Theocratic State. In such states all other religions or religious activities are either prohibited or discouraged or highly regulated or controlled by the state. At the official and important offices of the state are either appointed or elected only those from the official religion. State officially participates in the religious affairs and rituals.

Question 34.
What do you mean by Constitution ?
Answer:
The term constitution implies a written document embodying the provisions relating to the powers and functions of the Government organs, the rights and duties of the citizens.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2018

Question 35.
What is an Evolved Constitution ?
Answer:
Evolved constitution is also called Cumulative constitution. It is the result of evolutionary changes. It may be the product of collected material. It acts as the basis to the political institutions of a country. Several customs, usages, traditions, principles and judicial decisions are the major sources of this Constitution. Ex : British Constitution.

Question 36.
Write briefly about the theory of Separation of Powers.
Answer:
Theory of separation of powers is propounded by Montesquieu in his famous book ‘The Spirit of Laws’. The powers among the three organs of the Government in presidential executive will be distributive on the basis of the theory of separation of powers. Its main feature is Checks and Balance’. Which means the three organs of the Government possess equal powers and each organ checks the other two organs from crossing their limits.

Question 37.
How many organs of government are there ? Name them.
Answer:
There are three organs of Government.
They are :

  1. Legislature,
  2. Executive and
  3. Judiciary.

AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 4 with Solutions

Thoroughly analyzing AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Papers Set 4 helps students identify their strengths and weaknesses.

AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 4 with Solutions

Time: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 100

Part – I (50 Marks)
Section – A
(2 × 10 = 20)

Answer any two of the following questions in not exceeding 40 lines each.

Question 1.
Distinguish between Home trade and Foreign trade.
Answer:
The following are the differences between Home trade and Foreign trade.

Home Trade Foreign Trade
1. Trade Trade carries within the country. Trade carried with other countries.
2. Currency It does not Involve any exchange of currency. It involves the exchange of currencies.
3. Restrictions It is not subjected to any restrictions. It is subject to many restrictions.
4. Risk Transport costs and risks are less. Transport costs and risks are higher.
5. Nature It consists of sales, transfer, or exchange of goods within the country. It involves the import and export of goods.
6. Transport of Goods The movement of goods depends on the internal transport systems, e.g: Roads and railways. The movement of goods takes place usually by sea wherever possible.
7. Specialisation It helps to derive benefits of specialization within the country. It helps all trading countries to derive the benefits of specialization.
8. Volume of Trade The volume of trade depends upon the size of the population, the volume of production, development of banking facilities. There are restrictions imposed on the free entry of goods and duties and taxes are to be paid.
9. Suitable It facilitates the movement of goods from the point of production to the areas where they are consumed. It facilitates countries to specialize in the production of goods for which they have maximum advantage.

Question 2.
What do you understand by the word transport?
Answer:
Transport is the physical means of moving goods and persons from one place to another. Transport creates place utility of goods by moving them from different centers of production to places of consumption. Goods are” now produced thousand miles away from places where the consumer resides. Transportation only helps businessmen reach consumers. Not only does transport give place utility, but it also renders time utility in various ways. Transportation, in simple language can be defined as “a means through which goods are transferred from one place to another”.

Benefits of Functions of Transport:

  1. Movement of goods: The first and most important function of transport is the movement of goods. The raw materials have to move from their sources to the factory. The manufactured goods have to move from the factory to the consuming areas.
  2. Transport enhances the mobility of labour and capital: An efficient network of transport services encourages the movement of people from one place to another labour can migrate to the place where they can get better job opportunities which reduces the exploitation of labour.
  3. Creation of place utility: It moves goods from places where they are abundant to places where they are scarce and thus creates place utility.
  4. Specialization and division of labour: Transportation facilitates the optimum utilization of the natural resources of a country. For example, the petroleum resources of Arab countries, watches of Switzerland, etc.
  5. Creation of time utility: With the advancement of technology, transportation time is being shortened. So, it creates time utility.
  6. Stability in prices: Goods can be transported from the place where the goods are abundant, to the places where scarcity exists. In this way, prices are equalized throughout the country.
  7. Contribution to national income: Transportation also contributes national income of a nation. For example, our railways.
  8. Economies of large-scale production: Transport has helped the development of large-scale industries. Transport procures raw materials, and labor and sells the finished goods.
  9. Improve the standard of living: Availability of a wide variety of goods at reasonable prices improves the standard of living.
  10. National defense: Transport strengthens the national defense transport system. During the war period, all the personnel, materials, and equipment can be moved rapidly to the border areas.

Limitations of Transport:

  1. Cottage and small-scale industries lost their glory: With the development of transport, labor is showing interest in working in big factories. This has led to a shortage of workers in tiny and small-scale industries.
  2. Accidents: Improvement in transport facilities has given rise to new problems viz. accidents.
  3. High urbanization: Improved means of transport have helped in creating big cities, which have further resulted in the concentration of the population in these cities. This has given rise to many new problems such as housing, health, and pollution.

AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 4 with Solutions

Question 3.
What is meant by the financial market? Briefly explain its functions and classification.
Answer:
A financial market is a broad term describing any marketplace where buyers and sellers participate in the trade of financial assets such as equities, bonds, currencies, and derivatives. Investors have access to a large number of financial markets and exchanges representing a vast range of financial products. Some of these markets have always been open to private investors; Others remained the exclusive domain of major international banks and financial professionals until the very end of the twentieth century. Specifically, financial markets play an important role in the allocation of scarce resources in an economy by performing the following four important functions.

1. Mobilisation of Savings and Channelling them into most Productive Uses:
A financial market facilitates the transfer of savings from savers to investors. It gives savers to choice of different investments and thus helps to channel surplus funds into the most productive use.

2. Facilitating Price Discovery:
It is known that the forces of demand, and supply help to establish a price for a commodity or service in the market. In the financial markets, households are suppliers of funds and business firms represent the demand. The interaction between them helps to establish a price for the financial asset that is being traded in that particular market.

3. Providing Liquidity to Financial Assets:
Financial markets facilitate the easy purchase and sale of financial assets. In doing so, they provide liquidity to financial assets, so that they can be easily converted into cash whenever required. Holders of assets can readily sell their financial assets through the mechanism of their financial market.

4. Reducing Cost of Transaction:
Financial markets provide valuable information about securities being traded in the market. It helps to save time, effort, and money that both buyers and sellers of financial assets would have to otherwise spend to try and find each other. The financial market is thus, a common platform where buyers and sellers can meet for fulfilment of their individual needs.

Financial markets are classified, based on the maturity of financial instruments traded in them, into the money market and capital market. Financial instruments with a maturity of less than one year are traded in the money market and those with long maturity are traded in the capital market. Further, the money market is classified primarily into the call money market, acceptance market, bill market, and collateral loan market, whereas the capital market may include both primary market and secondary market.

Section – B
(4 × 5 = 20)

Answer any four of the following questions in not exceeding 20 lines each.

Question 4.
Role of entrepreneurship in economic development.
Answer:

  • Entrepreneurship promotes capital formation by mobilizing the idle savings of the public.
  • It provides large-scale employment and helps to reduce the unemployment problem.
  • Entrepreneurship promotes balanced regional development.
  • It helps to reduce the concentration of economic power.
  • Entrepreneurship stimulates the equitable distribution of wealth, income, and even political power in the interest of the country.
  • Entrepreneurship encourages effective resource mobilization of capital and skill which might otherwise remain unutilized and idle.
  • It also induces backward and forward linkages which stimulate the process of economic development.
  • Entrepreneurship also promotes the country’s export trade. It is an important ingredient to economic development.

Question 5.
Objectives of SEZ.
Answer:
Objectives: The following are the objectives of special economic zones.

  • To create employment opportunities.
  • To generate additional economic activity.
  • To promote the export of goods and services.
  • To develop infrastructural facilities.
  • To promote investment from domestic and foreign sources.
  • To import capital goods and raw materials duty-free.
  • To create a foreign territory for trade operations and tariffs.
  • To allow 100% foreign direct investment for developing townships.
  • To exempt import duties and service tax.
  • To get a wide range of income tax benefits.

Question 6.
Explain the features of fire insurance.
Answer:
According to Asbury, Fire insurance is defined as “It is a contract of insurance by which the insurer agrees for consideration to indemnify the insured upto a certain extent and subject to certain terms and conditions against loss or damage by fire which may happen to the property of the insured during a specified period”.

Features of Fire Insurance:

  1. Contract of indemnity: The fire insurance contract is a contract of indemnity and the insured cannot claim more than the value of goods lost or damaged by fire or the amount of the policy whichever is less.
  2. Lawful consideration: There must be a consideration in the fire insurance contract. The consideration is paid by the insured, which is called the premium. Thus the essential element of a fire insurance contract is the premium received from the insured.
  3. Insurable interest: The insured must have an insurable interest in the property or goods insured against fire. He must have an insurable interest at the time of taking the policy and also at the time when the loss occurs and the claim is filed for compensation.
  4. Claim over residue: The scrap or damaged goods after the fire accident automatically pass on to the insurer after the payment of the claim under fire insurance.
  5. Cause of accident: The loss must be the outcome of fire or ignition. No other reason for loss of property is accepted for settlement of claim.
  6. Utmost good faith: In a fire insurance contract, both the insured and insurer must have utmost good faith in each other.

AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 4 with Solutions

Question 7.
Disadvantages of Railway transportation.
Answer:

  • The railways require a large investment of capital. The cost of construction, maintenance, and overhead expenses are very high compared to other modes of transport.
  • Railway transport is not flexible. The routes and timings cannot be adjusted to the individual requirements.
  • Rail transport cannot provide door-to-door service as it is tied to a particular track.
  • Railway transport is unsuitable and uneconomical for short distances and small tariffs on goods.
  • It involves much time and labour for booking and taking delivery of goods through railways.

Question 8.
Write the regulating functions of SEBI.
Answer:

  • Registration of brokers, sub-brokers, and other players in the market.
  • Registration of collective investment schemes and mutual funds.
  • Regulation of stock brokers, portfolio exchanges, underwriters, and merchant bankers and the business of stock exchange and any other securities market.
  • Regulation of takeover bids by companies.
  • Calling for information by undertaking inspections, conducting inquiries, and audits of stock exchanges and intermediaries.
  • Levying fee or other charges for carrying out the purposes of the Act.
  • Performing and exercising such power under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act 1956, as may be delegated by the Government of India.

Question 9.
Explain about depositing.
Answer:
Depository:
Just like a bank keeps money in safe custody for customers, a depository is also like a bank and keeps all securities in electronic form on behalf of the investor. In the depository, a securities account can be opened, all shares can be deposited, they can be withdrawn/sold at any time, and instruction to deliver or receive shares on behalf of the investor can be given. It is a technology-driven electronic storage system. It has no paperwork relating to share certificates, transfer forms, etc. All investors’ transactions are settled with greater speed and efficiency and all securities are entered in a book entry.

Dematerialisation:
All trading in securities is now done through computer terminals. Since all systems are computerized, the buying and selling of securities are settled through an electronic book entry form. This is mainly done to eliminate problems like theft, fake/forged transfers, transfer delays, and paperwork associated with share certificates or debentures held in physical form. In this process securities held by the investor in physical form are canceled and the investor is given an electronic entry or number so that he can hold it as an electronic balance in an account. The process of holding securities in an electronic form is called dematerialization. For this, the investor has to open a Demat account with an organization called a depository. Now all initial public offers are issued in dematerialized form.

Section – C
(5 × 2 = 10)

Answer any five of the following questions in not exceeding 5 lines each.

Question 10.
Explain any one function of an entrepreneur.
Answer:
An entrepreneur performs all the functions necessary right from the generation of an idea and upto setting up an enterprise. The following are the functions of an entrepreneur.

Decision Making:
An entrepreneur as a decision maker takes various decisions regarding the following:

  • Ascertaining the objective of the enterprise
  • Sources of finance
  • Product mix
  • Pricing policies
  • Promotion strategies
  • Appropriate technology or new equipment etc.

Question 11.
Entrepot trade.
Answer:
When goods are imported into a country, not for consumption in that country, but for exporting them to a third country, it is known as ‘Entrepot trade’.
e.g.: India importing wheat from the U.S. and exporting the same to Sri Lanka.

Question 12.
Electronic banking.
Answer:
The concept of E-banking will enable anyone to transact with the bank from anywhere such as home or office at any time convenient to him, which can be beyond banking hours. Electronic banking is banking with the use of electronic tools and facilities and through electronic delivery channels.

Question 13.
What is the proximate cause?
Answer:
According to this principle, if the loss is caused by a nearest and direct factor, then only the insurer will have to bear the loss. The principle is useful in deciding the actual cause of loss when several causes have contributed to the occurrence of loss.

Question 14.
What is freight insurance?
Answer:
If the cargo does not reach the destination due to damage or loss in transit, the shipping company is not paid freight charges. Freight insurance is for reimbursing the loss of freight to the shipping company i.e., insured.

AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 4 with Solutions

Question 15.
Cash credit.
Answer:
A cash credit is an agreement where by a bank agrees to lend money to the borrower upto a certain limit. The amount is credited to the account of the borrower. The borrower draws money as and when he needs it. Interest is charged on the amount drawn.

Question 16.
Primary market.
Answer:
It is also known as the new issue market. It deals with new securities being issued for the first time. The essential function of the primary market is to facilitate the transfer of investible funds from savers to entrepreneurs.

Question 17.
What is consumerism?
Answer:
Consumerism is defined as a social force designed to protect consumer interest in the marketplace by organizing consumer pressure on businesses. By consumerism, we mean the process of realizing the rights of the consumer as entries in the Consumer Protection Act, of 1986, and ensuring the right standards for the goods and services for which one makes payment.

Part – II (50 Marks)
Section – D
(1 × 20 = 20)

Answer the following question.

Question 18.
Siva, Rama, and Krishna were partners in a firm sharing profits in the ratio of 2 : 2 : 1. Their Balance Sheet as of March 31, 2015, was as follows:
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 4 with Solutions Q18
Rama retired on 31st March 2015 on the following terms:
(i) The firm’s goodwill was valued at ₹ 70,000 and was not to appear in the books.
(ii) Bad debts amounting to ₹ 2,000 were to be written off.
(iii) Patents were considered as valueless.
Prepare the Revaluation account, partners’ capital accounts, and the Balance sheet.
Answer:
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 4 with Solutions Q18.1
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 4 with Solutions Q18.2
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 4 with Solutions Q18.3

Section – E
(1 × 10 = 10)

Answer any one of the following questions.

Question 19.
On 1st April 2011, Rajesh Transport Company purchased 4 trucks at ₹ 6,00,000 each. The company writes off depreciation @ 10% per annum on the original cost. On 1st July 2013, one of the trucks was involved in an accident and destroyed. The insurance company paid ₹ 3,00,000 in full settlement of the claim. The books are closed on 31st December every year. Prepare truck account for three years.
Answer:
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 4 with Solutions Q19
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 4 with Solutions Q19.1

(Or)

Question 20.
Visakha Sports Association extracts the following receipts and payments A/c for the year ended 31-Dec-2014. From the particulars given, prepare income and expenditure a/c.
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 4 with Solutions Q20
Adjustments:
(a) Subscriptions outstanding on 31, Dec., 2013 – ₹ 450, and on 31, Dec., 2014 – ₹ 400. Subscriptions received include ₹ 100 on account of the year 2015.
(b) Sports equipment was valued on 31, Dec., 2013 – ₹ 550, and on 31, Dec., 2014 – ₹ 1,090.
(c) Office expenses include ₹ 150, for the year 2013 whereas ₹ 200 is still payable on this account for 2014.
Answer:
Income and Expenditure of Visakha Sports Association for the year ended 31st Dec. 2014
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 4 with Solutions Q20.1

Section – F
(2 × 5 = 10)

Answer any two of the following questions.

Question 21.
Difference between receipts and payments account and income and expenditure account.
Answer:

Basis of Distinction Receipts and Payment Account Income and Expenditure Account
1. Type of Account Real Account Nominal Account
2. In Lieu of It is prepared in lieu of a cash book. It is prepared in lieu of a profit and loss account.
3. Sides Debit side receipts and credit side payments. Debit side payments and Credit side receipts.
4. Opening There can be an opening balance which represents cash in hand/cash at the bank. No opening balance.
5. Closing Balance This shows cash in hand/cash at the bank at the end of the accounting period. There is no closing balance but the difference represents either surplus or deficit.
6. Capital and Revenue All items are taken irrespective of capital and revenue. Only revenue items are taken. Capital items are excluded.
7. Period All receipts and payments whether relating to current succeeding or preceding periods are taken into consideration. Only current-period incomes and expenditures are taken into consideration. Preceding and Succeeding period items are excluded.
8. Balance Sheet It is not necessary to prepare a Balance sheet along with this account. The balance sheet must be prepared along with this account.
9. Adjustments No adjustments are required to be made at the end of the year. All adjustments are made at the end of the year.
10. Non-Cash Items It does not record non-cash items such as depreciation etc. It records non-cash items.
11. Basis of Accountancy Balance It is prepared on cash baste. It is prepared on an accrual basis.

Question 22.
Viswanadh sold goods to Srinivas on 1st April 2014 for ₹ 4,000 and drew a bill for 3 months on Srinivas for the same amount. Srinivas accepted the bill and returned it to Viswanadh. On the due date, Srinivas requested Viswanadh to draw a new bill for 3 months. Srinivas agreed to pay interest in cash @ 9% p.a. immediately. Viswanadh agreed to this proposal. The new bill was honored on the due date. Pass the necessary journal entries in the books of Viswanadh and Srinivas.
Answer:
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 4 with Solutions Q22
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 4 with Solutions Q22.1
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 4 with Solutions Q22.2

AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 4 with Solutions

Question 23.
On 1st January 2009, Sudha of Srinagar consigned goods valued at ₹ 20,000 to Indira of Warangal. Sudha paid cartage and other expenses ₹ 1,500. On 1st April 2009, Indira sent on account sales with the following information.
(a) 1/2 of the goods sold for ₹ 15,000
(b) Indira incurred expenses of ₹ 750
(c) Indira is entitled to receive commission @ 5% on sales.
The bank draft was enclosed for the balance due. Prepare consignment account in the books of Sudha.
Answer:
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 4 with Solutions Q23
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 4 with Solutions Q23.1
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 4 with Solutions Q23.2

Question 24.
Ramaiah Ltd. issued 50,000 shares of ₹ 10 each at a premium of ₹ 5 per share, payable as follows, on application ₹ 5 (including premium ₹ 2) per share, on allotment ₹ 6 (including premium ₹ 3) per share, the remaining balance ₹ 4 on first and final call, the issue was fully subscribed. All the money was duly received. Make Journal entries.
Answer:
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 4 with Solutions Q24
AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 4 with Solutions Q24.1

Section – G
(5 × 2 = 10)

Answer any five of the following questions.

Question 25.
What is a retirement bill of exchange?
Answer:
When the drawee makes the payment of the bill before its due date it is called ‘retirement of bill’. In such a case, the holder of the bill usually allows a certain amount as a rebate to the drawee.

Question 26.
What is the Reducing balance method?
Answer:
This method is also known as written down value method. Under this method, depreciation is charged at a fixed percentage on the book value of the asset. Since the book value keeps on reducing by the annual charge of depreciation, it is known as the reducing balance method.

Question 27.
Explain the term normal loss.
Answer:
In the case of some goods, even after taking all the precautions, some loss of quantity is bound to take place. Therefore, the loss that is unavoidable, natural, and due to the inherent nature of goods is called normal loss. For example, if coal is consigned a small portion of coal is bound to be lost while loading and unloading. Similarly, in the case of oil and petroleum products, a portion may last due to evaporation and leakage when they are stored.

Question 28.
What is deferred revenue expenditure?
Answer:
It is like revenue expenditure. But when a huge amount is paid, the benefit of which may be for more than one year, a portion will be debited to P&L A/c and the balance is shown as an asset in the balance sheet, e.g. for differed revenue expenditure is a huge amount spent on advertisement.

Question 29.
The capitals of A and B are ₹ 50,000 and ₹ 30,000. Interest on capital is agreed @ 6% p.a. Calculate interest on capital.
Answer:
Calculation of interest capital:
A = 50,000 × \(\frac{6}{100}\) = ₹ 3,000
B = 30,000 × \(\frac{6}{100}\) = ₹ 1,800

Question 30.
What do you understand by a Gaining ratio?
Answer:
The ratio in which the share of the retiring partner is taken over by other partners is called the ‘Gaining Ratio’. To calculate the new profit sharing ratio, the share of profit of the retiring partner taken over by each continuing partner is added to his respective share of profit before the retirement of the outgoing partner.
∴ Gaining Ratio = New Ratio – Old Ratio

AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Model Paper Set 4 with Solutions

Question 31.
Explain the issue of shares at a discount.
Answer:
When the company issues its shares at a price less than the face value, it is said to be an issue at a discount. The difference between the face value and issue price is called ‘Discount’.
Ex: If the face value of the share is ₹ 100 and it is issued at ₹ 90.

Question 32.
Write any three differences between a statement of Affairs and a Balance sheet.
Answer:

Basis Statement of Affairs Balance Sheet
1. Purpose It shows the financial position as well as to find out capital in ascertaining profit/loss. It shows the financial position on a particular date.
2. Source It is prepared from ledger balances and partly from other particulars and estimates etc. It is prepared from balances only.
3. Accounting Method It is prepared when accounts are prepared under a single entry. It is prepared when accounts are maintained double-entry system.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2017

A diverse collection of AP Inter 1st Year Civics Model Papers and AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2017 caters to various learning preferences and styles.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2017

Time: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 100

Section – A (3 × 10 = 30)

Note :

  • Answer any three of the following questions in 40 lines each.
  • Each question carries ten marks.

Question 1.
Define Political Science. Explain its scope.
Answer:
Introduction : Political Science is a premier social science. It is mainly concerned with the study of the state in its relation with Society, Citizens, Associations and the world at large. Aristotle is hailed as the Father of Political Science. He wrote famous book ‘THE POLITICS”.

Origin of the word Politics : Aristotle, the Father of Political Science used the term “POLITICS” for the first time in his famous book “POLITICS”. The term “POLITICS” is derived from a greek word “POLIS” and latin word “POLITICUS” which means the city state.

Definitions of Political Science:
Political Scientists gave various definitions on Political Science.
They are as follows :

  1. J.W. Garner : “Political Science begins and ends with the state”.
  2. Stephen Leacock : “Political Science deals with the government”.
  3. David Easton : “Political Science is concerned with the authoritative allocation of values for a society”.

Scope of Political Science: The scope of Political Science means the subject matter covered by it or the topics which are included in its study. It may be explained in the following ways :

i) Study of man in Relation to the Society and State: Aristotle stated that “Man is a Social Animal”. Man can satisfy his basic needs like food, clothing, shelter and protection in the society. Political Science explains the relationship between man and society. It examines how man should adjust himself with the society.

Political Science is concerned with the perennial and central issue of establishing proper relationship between the state and the individuals. It deals with many topics of state activity, such as limitations of Political Authority and sphere of Individual Freedoms.

ii) Study of State : Aristotle also stated that man is a Political Animal. State is a human and political institution. It came into existence for the sake of man and continue in existence for providing happy and prosperous life for man. Individuals became members of the state since its inception. We can’t imagine the life of individuals outside of the state. Political Science studies the intimate Relationship between the state and the citizens. It also studies the Nature, Functions and Various theories of state authority.
Thus, Political Science deals with the Present, Past and Future aspects of the state.

iii) Study of the Government : Government is an important essential element of Modern State. It is an instrument which fulfills aims and goals of the state. There can be no state without a government. Government consists of three organs namely Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. Legislature makes the laws, Executive implements the laws and Judiciary interpretes the laws. Political Science studies the meaning, forms, structure, nature and functions of the government. It also discusses the relationship among the various organs of the government.

iv) Study of Associations and Institutions : Associations and Institutions help the Individuals for their moral, religious, cultural, scientific and technological progress. These carry on their activities at local, regional, national and international levels. Individuals join as members in these associations out of their interests or purposes. There prevails a great linkage between these voluntary Associations and Institutions. Political Science explains the nature, structure and functions of the various Associations and Institutions.

v) Study of Rights and Responsibilities : Scope of Political Science includes the study of Rights and Responsibilities of citizens. Citizens in democratic states enjoy certain rights such as right to life, right to liberty, right to property etc. Political Science enumerates the definition, classification and different theories of Rights. Similarly, citizens will have some Responsibilities towards the state. These include paying taxes, obeying the laws etc. It explains the significance of Rights and Responsibilities of the citizens. Hence, Political Science examines the Realtionship between Rights and Responsibilities.

vi) Study of National and International Issues : The scope of Political Science covers various issues of Modern state in relation with other states in matters of safeguarding Territorial integrity and Sovereignty. It studies the topics like Cold war. Balance of power. Disarmament, Detente etc. Political Science discusses not only the domestic policies of the state but also the issues of international dimensions. It covers a wide range of topics such as diplomacy, international politics, international law, international organisations etc.

vii) Study of Power : The behaviouralists of 20th century regarded Political Science as a study of sharing and shaping of power.
They pointed out that Political Science discusses how power is grabbed, manipulated and perpetuated to have a control over the society. Morgenthau defined the power as “Man’s control over the Minds and Actions of other Men”.

viii) Study of Public Policy: Modern Political Scientists like David Easton and Gabriel Almond argued that Political Science is a “Policy Science”. They considered Political Science as the study of formulation, execution and evaluation of Public Policy.
Conclusion : The above contents show the wide range of sub-jects that come under the purview of Political Science.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2017

Question 2.
Define Nationality. Explain the essential elements of Nationality.
Answer:
Meaning: The Word “Nation” is derived from a latin word “NATIO” which means “BORN” (BIRTH) or “Common Descent”.

Definitions:

  1. R.G. Gettle: “Nationality is a population having the common bonds of Race, Language, Religion, Traditions and History.
  2. J.H. Rose : “Nationality is a union of Hearts once made and never unmade”.
  3. J.W. Garner: “Nationality is a group or portion of population which is united by Racial and other bonds”.

Essential Elements of Nationality :
i) Purity of Race : Racial purity helps in the formation and strengthening of the idea of Nationality. Race is a physical phenomenon. It depends on certain distinctions of skull, stature, hair, complexion etc. These distinctions serve as a cementing bond among the members of a group.

But we should remember that common race is not an indispens¬able factor in the growth of Nationality. Modern races are so mixed that none of them can claim to be pure. Pure races have disappeared because of wars and migrations. Racial purity is now a myth only.

Ex : Canada and United states have transformed into single nations inspite of their racial diversities in their respective populations. Similarly, Australia and Britain are two distinct Nations although they belong to one racial stock.

2) Common Language : Language plays a key role in the promotion of nationality. The philosophers and scientists said that common language is essential for the development of nationality. Language is a medium to express all their feelings. It helps to express one’s ownselves to have cordial relations and to share the miseries and happiness in a group languages also promotes common feelings and traditions. Common language promotes the feeling of oneness and keeps the entire race on single track.

3) Common Religion : Religion is one important factor to strengthen nationality. There are many instances when people of different nationalities with common religion remain citizens in the same state. For instance, the main reason for the partition of Indian subcontinent into India and Pakistan in 1947 lies in the religion.

4) Geographical Unity: Geographical unity is necessary for the emergence of nationality. Nationality sentiments prevail and develop among the people living in a single geographical area. The people residing in such an area love, worship their country and make sacrifices for the sake of their motherland. People, who belong to one religion, converse, the same language, same race living in a geographical area inculcate and improve their nationality Sentiments. The formation of Israel in 1946 was purely due to the feelings of the hitherto wandering Jewish people to live in a single geographical area. Hence their desire of live in a territory made them united. This ultimately transformed them as patriotic persons.

5) Common History : Common History is considered as an important element of Nationality. It invokes an inspiration among the people and binds them together. Some historical incidents may give a chance to the people to develop national sentiments.
Ex : Indians have learnt the lessons of Nationalism from the British legacy.

6) Common Culture : Culture in its broad sense means a way of life. It is reflected through certain common elements, like dress, customs, conventions, food habits, religious beliefs, ethical values etc. They easily develop into a single Nation. These elements bind the people together and hold together.

7) Common Political aspirations : Nationality sentiments prevail and develop among the people having common political aspirations. The political ideas, conventions and institutions which were formed due to the single political rule will have a considerable impact and influence over the people. For instance, the Swiss people love very much their direct democratic devices in political matters. Similarly the Americans express the feeling of worship towards their constitution. The British people also feel proud of their political and judicial institutions like rule of law, parliamentary democracy and judicial review etc.

8) Common Economic ties: This element of nationality has been stressed by ‘Karl Marx’. Since then onwards the importance of this element has been increasing. The Russians have great regard for their economic system,‘eventhough there exist diversities. Their unflinching love for socialism inspired nationalism among them. They successfully repulsed the attacks of Germany during the Second World War. Thus the common economic ties fnade them united and integrated them into a nation.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2017

Question 3.
Identify the Safeguards of Rights.
Answer:
Introduction : Rights are the essential conditions for the development of the personality of individuals. They are upheld by the laws of the state. Individuals cannot achieve progress in the absence of the Rights.

Definition:

  1. T.H. Green : “Rights are those powers claimed and recognized as contributory to the common good.”
  2. HJ. Laski: “Rights are those conditions of social life without which no man can seek in general to be himself at his best.”

Safeguards of Rights : Individuals enjoy their rights only when they were fully protected or safeguarded by the State. In this regard, the following elements act as the safeguards of the rights.

1) Democratic Rule : Democratic rule safeguards the rights of the people to a great extent. People can enjoy their rights perfectly in democratic states only. This system makes constitutional and legal provisions for safeguarding the right of the people.

2) Written and Rigid Constitution : A written constitution clearly defines the powers and functions of the government. It also explains about the various limitations of governmental authority. Besides, a rigid constitution will guarantee the rights of the people by making it difficult for the rulers and legislators to make amendments on flimsy grounds.

3) Constitutional Incorporation : Incorporation of fundamental rights in the constitution will prevent the encroachment of individual rights by the government. Such an arrangement protects the rights of the individuals to a great extent.

4) Separation of Powers : The powers of the government should be separated among the three organs of the government. Such as measure would act as a check against other organ. Ultimately, it serves as a safeguard of individual liberty.

5) Decentralisation of Powers : Individuals enjoy their rights, when powers are decentralised among the governmental institutions. This involves allocation of powers at various levels – national, provisional, local either on functional or territorial basis.

6) Rule of Law : Rule of law implies equality before law. It also denotes equal application of laws to the citizens. It gives no scope for discrimination between citizens on the grounds of region, religion, caste, colour, community etc.

7) Independent and Impartial Judiciary : Independent and impartial judiciary is another safeguard of rights. Judges in higher judicial bodies will deliver judgement with impartial and independent outlook. In the process of delivering justice, they issue certain writs for immediate protection of the rights.

8) Indepedent Press : Independent and honest press is another essential safeguard of rights of individuals. Such agency will be able to disseminate news and views impartially and without fear or favour to anybody. In this regard the state should not try to threaten and silence the press. Then only individuals enjoy their rights to the maximum extent.

9) Social and Economic Equalities : Social and economic equalities are necessary for enjoying one’s rights. People will be able to utilize their rights properly and positively when there are social and economic equalities in the state. These equalities include absence of casteism, communalism, linguism, wide spread economic inequalities, exploitation etc.

10) Eternal Vigilance : Eternal vigilance is said to be the most important safeguard of rights of individuals. Individuals must be vigilant and cautious about the policies of the government. They should oppose the despotic tendencies of the government through democratic and constitutional methods. Under no circumstances they should allow the self seeking politicians to acquire power. Besides several other elements like judicial review, recall, strong opposition etc., are considered as the safeguards of rights.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2017

Question 4.
What do you mean by Democracy ? Write about the direct democratic devices.
Answer:
Meaning: The term Democracy is derived from two greek words namely, “Demos” and “Kratos”. Demos means people and Kratos mean rule (or) authority.

Definitions :

  1. Abraham LincoIn : “Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people”.
  2. Lord Bryce: “Democracy is that form of government in which the ruling power of the state is vested not in a particular class but in the members of the community as a whole”.
  3. J.R. Seely : “Democracy is a government in which every one has a share”.

Direct Democracy : Direct Democracy is said to prevail when people themselves directly express their views and participate in the deliberative and administrative affairs of the government. People in direct democracy assume all powers of making laws. They formulate laws at a meeting attended by all the people. Direct Democracy is prevalent in Switzerland. In Switzerland, the citizens living in some small cantons meet together on a Sunday in April or May to elect their representatives and to make laws.

Devices Direct Democracy :
There are four devices prescribed in direct democracies to enable the people to participate directly in the administrative activities of the State.
Those are
1) Referendum
2) Initiative
3) Recall and
4) Plebiscite.

These methods may be explained as follows.
1. Referendum : It is one of the direct democratic devices. Literally it means, “must be referred to the people”. It is a device where by the electorate may veto a proposed legislation or a bill which the legislature has already passed. In other words, bills passed by the legislature are the voters for their approval or disapproval. If majority of the voters approve them, they become acts. But if they vote against them, they will be given up. Hence, referendum is known as “Popular Veto”.

It is of two types –

  1. Compulsory referendum : All the constitutional bills must be sent to the people.
  2. Optional Referendum : An ordinary bill passed by the legislative may be or may not be sent to the people. However, even that ordinary bill must be sent to the people, if a definite number of people demand it.
    Ex : In Switzerland 30,000 people or eight cantons (States) can demand referendum on an ordinary bill.

2. Initiative : It is another device of direct democracy. It is a method by means of which the people propose legislation i.e.; they can ask the legislature to pass a particular law. For instance, in Switzerland, if 50,000 voters request the legislature to pass a law, then the proposal is submitted to the consideration of the people. If majority of the people (30,000) approve it, then it becomes an act.

Unlike referendum, initiative provides a chance to the people to start the making of law.
It is of two types :

  1. Formulative Initiative : People present a bill to the legislature
  2. Unformulative Initiative : People present a demand to the legislature as king it to pass a bill.

3. Recall : It is another device of Direct Democracy. It means “Calling Back”. According to this method a specific number of voters may call back or dismiss an elected officer or a member of the legislature before the expiry of his term, if he is irresponsible. By means of this, the people can remove a representative or an officer from office when he fails to discharge his duties properly.

4. Plebiscite : The term ‘Plebiscite” is derived from a French word “Plebiscitum”, which means “decree of the people”. It is used to obtain the opinion of the people on an important political issue or when there is a dispute regarding some territory. The question of accession or secession or territory is generally solved by means of plebiscite. It is not concerned with legislation. It is not apart of legal process. It is only a democratic method of ascertaining the opinion of the people on any political issue of public importance.

Question 5.
Point out the functions of the Judiciary.
Answer:
The Judiciary is the third organ of the government. It refers to those officers of Government whose function is to apply the existing law to individual cases. It consists of the magistrates and judges charged with the duty of administering justice. In brief, it is that branch of the Government which settles disputes and administers justice.

Functions of the Judiciary :
1. Interpretation of Laws: The primary function of judiciary is interpretation of laws. Judiciary interprets laws and applies them to specific cases that come before it. It applies the elements of customs, statutes and constitutional provisions to specific cases.

Whenever the existing law is inadequate for delivering justice, it applies the principles of justice, equity and morality. As Gettle remarks, “Constitution and laws are always rigid. Flexibility must be given to them by judges”.

2. Custodian of the Constitution: Judiciary acts as guardian of the Constitution in federal system. It protects the spirit and sanctity of the constitution. Judiciary, in a federation, is empowered to declare a law as unconstitutional if it is inconsistent with the provisions of the Constitution.

3. Guardian of Civil Liberties : Judiciary acts as guardian of civil liberties of the people. It protects individual liberties by punishing those who encroach upon it. It also protects the people against the arbitrary actions of the government.

For instance, in the case of India, the Constitution under Articles 32 and 226 empowered the Supreme Court and High Courts to act as the guardians of fundamental rights of the citizens. These courts can issue injunctions to prevent the arbitrary acts of some individuals and organisations. Such injunctions include Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo-warranto and Certiorari.

4. Federal equilibrium : Judiciary plays a key role in the federal system. It solves disputes between the Centre and the State Governments and also between States. It Sees that neither the Central Government nor the State Government exceed the constitutional limitations.

5. Advisory Functions : Judiciary renders advice on the request of the executive or the legislature. For instance the President of India may seek the advice of the Supreme Court on any question of Constitutional Law. In England, the practice to request a court to give declaratory judgement is very common. The Crown sometimes asks the judicial committee of the Privy Council to give its advisory opinion upon questions of law.

6. Appellate Jurisdiction : The highest court of justice hears appeals over the judgements of the lower courts. At times, it ratifies the judgements pronounced by the lower courts. Sometimes, it may reverse some of their judgements.

7. Maintenance of records : Judiciary maintains all the records of the cases along with their judgements. These records will help the advocates and judges in the trial of similar cases that may occur in future.

8. Acting as Head of the State : In some countries, under certain , conditions, the Chief Justice of the highest Court assumes the powers of the acting head of the State in the absence of President and VicePresident in office.

9. Administrative Functions : The Supreme Court and High Courts are entrusted with some administrative functions. They make suggestions to the executive head in appointing the judges of the lower courts. The higher courts supervise the functioning of the lower courts. For instance the high courts in India are given the obligation of supervising the activities of the subordinate courts in their jurisdiction.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2017

Section – B (8 × 5 = 40)

Note :

  • Answer any eight of the following questions is not exceeding 20 lines each.
  • Each question carries five marks.

Question 6.
Explain any two essential elements of the State.
Answer:
Essential elements of state : State is the predominant and superior politico – social institution existing in the society. It consists of 4 essential elements. These elements of state may be explained in a detailed way in the following paragraphs.

1) Population : Population is the fundamental and essential element of state. There can be no state without population. Plato, Aristotle, Rousseau and others considered this feature as an important one. The famous poet Sri. Gurajada Apparao also states that it is the people, rather than the land, that comprise the state. Political writers differ in their opinions regarding the exact size of population possessed by the state. While Plato fixetl 5,040, Rousseau fixed 10,000 to be an ideal population for a state. But today we can find the countries like China and India which have more than 100 crores of population on one hand and the countries like Andora, San Marino are having small number of people on the other hand is the modern world.

2) Territory : Territory is another essential element of the state. It is necessary for the origin and existence of the state. There can be no state without territory. Every state must have more or less territory of its own. There is no unanimous opinion among the political writers regarding the size of territory of the state. Some preferred vast territory, where as others preferred small territory. But today we can find the countries lik^America and Canada having large territory on one hand, and the countries like Vatican, Monaco having very less territory on the other hand in the modern world.

Question 7.
Point out the differences between State and Society.
Answer:
Introduction : State and society are two important human organizations. Maclver described that blood relationship (kinship) created society and society in turn led to the state.

State: State is a people organized for law within a definite territory.

Society : Society is a group of men brought together by a system of common ideas, interests and aspirations.

Differences between State and Society : Inspite of close relationship, state and society differ from one another. This may be informed through the following table.

State Society
1. State is a political organization. 1. Society is a social organization.
2. State regulates only the external relation of men in society. 2. Society controls both internal and external activities of men in society.
3. State has definite territory. 3. Society has no definite territory.
4. State has sovereignty. 4. Society has no sovereignty.
5. Membership of the state is compulsory. 5. Membership of the society is voluntary.
6. State is permanent. 6. Society is not permanent.
7. Laws of the state are uniform. 7. Rules of society are not uniform.
8. State came into existence after the origin of society. 8. Society is much older institution than the state.

Question 8.
Is India a Nation State ? Explain.
Answer:
It is interesting to know whether India is a Nation-State. Some say that India is a uni-national state. As against this some state that it is a Multi-National State. It is argued that India is a Uni-National State rather than a Multi-National State due to the following reasons.

  • It consists of people who posses* the features of uni-national state like common history, common culture and traditions.
  • The Indians showed their spirit of National integration on many occassions after independence.
  • They stood as one and extended support to their government when our country was faced with wars from Pakistan and China in 1962 and 1965 respectively.
  • They stood united under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi throughout the freedom struggle against the British rule in India.
  • From the begining, our country won name and fame for its unity in diversity. Even- though the people of India belong to different regions, they are Indians first and Indians in the last resort i.e., they owe indebtedness to their respective religions and languages.
  • Some common elements concerning national anthem, national heritage, culture, constitution, national flag and the government inspire the nationalist feelings and inculcate the national integration among the people.
  • People celebrate all the national festivals with great enthusiasm and spirit.
    Hence we may say that India is a nation state with the characteristic features of unity in diversity.

Question 9.
Write about any three sources of Law.
Answer:
Introduction : Law is an important concept in the study of political science. It is an important feature of modern state. Law regulates the external behaviour of individuals. It determines and regulates the nature of individual’s activities.

Meaning : The term “Law” is derived from the teutonic (German) word “Lag” which means “To Lay”, “To Set” or something fixed.

The second dimension is that the word “Law” had its roots in the Latin words “Jus and Jungere” which means bond or Tie.

Definitions :
Political thinkers defined law in different ways which are listed below:

  1. “Law is the command of the sovereign”. – John Austin.
  2. “Law is the system of rights and obligations which the State enforces”. – T.H. Green.
  3. “Law is a general rule of external action enforced by the sovereign’political authority”. – T.E. Holland.

Sources of Law: Professor T.E. Holland mentioned six sources of Law.
They are :
1) Customs
2) Religion
3) Judicial Decisions
4) Scientific commentaries
5) Equity and
6) Legislature.

1) Customs, Practices and Traditions : These are one of the important sources of law. In primitive societies, there were no laws in written form. All disputes were settled in accordance with social customs and traditions. Customs regulated the social life in the early societies. Customs and traditions cannot be laws in political sense. But, when the State recognises certain traditions, they in turn become laws. Ex : The laws relating to marriage, divorce etc., found in our Country are based on traditions, the common law of England.

2) Religion: In ancient times customary laws and religious laws were intermixed. The religious teachers enjoyed unlimited powers in those times. Their decisions were treated on par with laws. The primitive men believed that the judgements of the religious teachers had divine sanction. The ancient Roman laws were merely the religious laws. The Hindu and Muslim laws derived inspiration mainly from religion.

3) Judicial Decisions / Adjudication / Judgement of the Courts : The judgements of the judges also serve as a source of law. Generally, judges interpret laws, apply them to particular cases and deliver judgements. Their judgements become precedents and are usually followed by other judges in similar cases. In course of time such judgements acquire the status of law. In this way judges add to the law of the country. There are many instances that new laws have evolved by way of interpretation. Many of the laws in Britain, America and India have originated-from the judgements of the Judges of the respective countries.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2017

Question 10.
Define Liberty. Describe any three types of Liberty.
Answer:
Introduction : The concept of Liberty is of great significance in the study of political science. Liberty is an essential condition without which man cannot develop his personality.

Meaning : The term liberty is derived from the Latin word “LIBER” which means free from restrictions.

Definitions: Liberty is defined in many ways by different political thinkers.
Some of them are cited below :

  1. “Liberty means the absence of restraints”. – J.R. Seeley
  2. “Liberty is the freedom of an individual to express without any external hindrance to his personality”.
    – G.D.H. Cole
  3. “Liberty means the positive power of doing or enjoying something worth doing or enjoying”. – TH. Green

1. Natural liberty : Natural liberty is understood as uncontrolled freedom or absolute freedom. It is believed that natural liberty existed in the pre-social and pre-state human life. According to this concept there were no rules and regulations except the laws of nature in the past. All persons were free to do anything according to their will and capacity. But this type of liberty is not possible in civilised society. This kind of liberty existed before the origin of state.

2. Civil liberty : Civil liberty is also known as personal liberty. It relates to the individual’s freedom in his life as a member of the social organisation. It is enjoyed by the individuals in the society. Civil liberty is the essential pre-requisite to the existence and survival of human beings. It enables them to lead happy, honourable and civilised life in the state. So it is a must to every one. The state recognises the various freedoms of individuals. Civil liberty is manifested in several rights.

These include A) Right to Life B) Right to Work C) Right to Property D) Right to Religion E) Right to Speech, Expression, Assembly, Movement and Residence etc.

3. Economic liberty : Economic liberty means the right of everyone to earn his livelihood. Laski described economic liberty as the security and opportunity to find reasonable significance in earning one’s daily bread. Economic liberty ensures everyone freedom from want and fear, hunger and starvation, unemployment and insufficiency. It will also be secured by adopting the following measures.

  1. Provision of minimum wages.
  2. Guarantee of the right to work.
  3. Protecting the workers from unemployment, sickness and other types of insecurity.
  4. Providing adequate leisure.
  5. Giving representation to the workers in the management of the industries.

Question 11.
Explain Political Rights.
Answer:
Political rights are those rights which enable the individuals to participate in the political affairs of the state.

The following are the important political rights :
1) Right to vote : Right to vote is the most important political right enjoyed by the citizens in modern democratic states. It serves as a powerful weapon for adult citizens in choosing their representatives to various legislative bodies. It makes them as real sovereign. All the citizens are entitled to this right without any discrimination based on creed, colour, language, race, region, religion, sex etc. However, persons such as aliens and minors are deprived of this right.

2) Right to contest in elections : This right empowers the citizens to contest as candidates to various legislative bodies in the state. Especially this right enables those, who have political sagacity, enthusiasm and dynamic nature, to actively participate in the political dynamics of the state. As a result, it increases political enthusiasm among the citizens. Such an element is considered as a base’s of democratic polity.

3) Right to hold public offices : This right provides opportunities to the citizens to hold various public offices for a definite period. It gives no scope for exclusion of citizens or conferring special privileges to some at the cost of others. This helps the citizens to exercise authority in a dignified manner.

4) Right to petition : This right enables the citizens to forward petitions denoting their requirements or grievances. It is considered as a vital political right in the modern state. The citizens could be able to find solutions to their immediate or long pending issues by bringing them to the notice of the government through this right. It also helps the public authorities to know the grievances of the people and attend to them properly and promptly.

5) Right to criticism : This right gives opportunity to the citizens to criticize the various public policies and programmes. It also enables them to highlight the omissions and commissions of the leaders, and administrative personnel at various levels. It also gives scope for the citizens to render positive and constructive criticism about the on goings in the government from time to time.

Question 12.
Describe any three types of Justice.
Answer:
Meaning : The world Justice is derived from a latin word “Jus” which Means “To bind”.
Definition : “Justice means speaking the truth and paying one’s debts”. – Caphalous

1. Natural Justice : Natural Justice is based on the notion that every person in the world possesses some rights for availing the natural resources. Natural resources provide support to the life of each and every creature on earth. As the human beings are the only rational creatures, it is their responsibility to see that natural resources have to be judiciously exploited. Human beings must keep in mind the requirements of future generations in this regard.

2. Social Justice : Social Justice envisages a balance between rights of individuals and social control. It facilitates the fulfillment of the legitimate expectations of the individuals under the existing laws. It ensure’s several benefits and extends protection to the individuals against the interference or encroachment from others in society. It is consistent with the unity and the integrity of the nation. It fulfills the needs of the society.

Social Justice enforces the principle of equality before law. It also extends protection to the downtrodden and weaker section of society.

3. Political Justice: Political Justice symbolises political equality. It implies provision of political rights to all the adult citizens in a state. It facilitates free and fair participation of the citizens in the governance of the country. It is manifested to the full extent in times of elections. It allows the citizens for their active participation in day- to-day administration. It may be noted that political justice prevails in the State when the following conditions are prevalent

  1. Rule of law
  2. Independent Judiciary
  3. Popular elections to the representative bodies
  4. Political parties
  5. Freedom of press and assembly
  6. Democratic rule etc.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2017

Question 13.
Point out the ways for overcoming the hindrances of Good Citizenship.
Answer:
The following are some ways to remove hindrances to good citizenship.
1) Solving People’s Grievances : First of all government should address the basic grievances of the people. Issues of poverty and unemployment should be tackled with great commitment. Good citizenship can’t be realized when people’s basic needs are not satisfied.

2) Education and awareness : Education, which is the most important need of the hour should be given top priority. Steps should be taken to spread education and awareness among the people. Citizens must be provided with such instructions which make possible the understanding of human life. They must be trained for expressing their wishes and aspirations which they come across in their life.

3) Efforts of Leaders: Citizens should always feel that government itself cannot provide succour and rescue them on every occasion. The leaders at various levels should come forward and co-operate with the government in promoting good citizenship.

On the whole, Lord Bryce suggested two types of remedies for overcoming the hindrances of good citizenship. They are: 1. Mechanical and 2. Ethical. The first relates to the laws of the state and second relates to the character of the citizens.

Mechanical Remedies improve the machinery of the state to make it more useful to the public. The entire social structure has to be built up on the principles of equality, justice and democracy. Citizens should be allowed to utilise their civil and political rights to their maximum extent.

Ethical remedies enhance the general character of citizens in the state. Ignorance and narrow party interests must be avoided. On the other hand, honesty and literacy would induce the citizens to take active role in public life.

Question 14.
Explain any three merits and demerits of Democracy.
Answer:
Merits : Democracy has the following merits.
a) Efficient government : Prof. Garner described democracy as an efficient and effective government. The government in democracy carries all its activities efficiently and effectively both in normal times and emergencies.

b) Upholds individual liberties : Democracy is the only government that upholds individual liberties. It guarantees certain civil rights to the people thereby providing an opportunity for them to become ideal and responsible citizens.

c) Assures equality : Democracy assures equality of individuals in political and economic spheres. The people living in democratic nation enjoy all the political. Civil and economic rights and privileges equally without any discrimination.

Demerits : Democracy has the following demerits.
a) Rule of Ignorance : Plato criticised democracy as a rule of ignorance. Aristotle called it a perverted form of government. Anybody can become a ruler in this system and no special qualifications are prescribed for voters or rulers.

b) Favourable to rich : The ruling political party in democracy v depends on the rich people for their financial support at the time of elections. Therefore it becomes an obligation to the . party in power to make laws which are favourable to the rich.

c) Quality is ignored : The votes in democracy are counted not weighted. Everything is decided according to majority opinion. The quality of majority cannot always be correct. Thus quantity is given greater importance than quality.

Question 15.
What are the features of Secular State ?
Answer:
Features of Secular State : Secular State comprises the following features.
1. No place for religion : Secular States does not assign significance to any particular religion. It will not make laws or implement them on religious grounds.

2. Equal status : Secular State accords equal status to its people. It makes no differentiation between individuals on the grounds of their caste, colour, community, religion, race, region, language etc. As a result, people will have satisfaction and extend co-operation to the government in the implementation of various policies and programmes. They live together with the fellow members of other religious denominations.

3. No state religion : Secular state does not recognize any particular religion as the state religion. It adopts neutral policy in religious matters. It implements various laws and social welfare measures without basing on the religious feelings of the people. It will not assign special role to any particular religion in public activities. All public places like educational institutions, government offices and judicial organizations will carry On their activities with out aligning to a particular religion.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2017

Question 16.
Explain the merits and demerits of a Rigid Constitution.
Answer:
Rigid constitution : Rigid constitution is one whose provisions cannot be changed easily. In this system the constitutional amendment methods are different from those of ordinary laws. There will be a special procedure for amending the provisions of the rigid constitution. The rigid constitution will have firmness due to its special procedures of amendment. The Constitution of the United States is the best example of a rigid constitution.

Merits :

  1. Rigid constitution secures political stability.
  2. It is a product of political experience.
  3. It avoids hasty and ill-considered legislation.
  4. It protects the fundamental rights of the citizens.
  5. It preserves and enhances the interests of the provinces in a federal state.
  6. It is suitable for all kinds of people.

Demerits :

  1. Rigid constitution cannot be easily amended to suit the changing needs.
  2. It may affect the nation’s progress and growth.
  3. It is not suitable for tackling the issues arising during emergencies.

Question 17.
Discuss the features of the Federal Government.
Answer:
Governments are classified into Federal and Unitary on the basis of the distribution of powers between the Centre and the States. A federal system is one in which the powers of the government are distributed constitutionally between the Centre and the State Governments. Ex America, Switzerland etc.

Meaning : The term “Federation” is derived from a Latin word “Foedus” which means ‘Treaty of Agreement”.

Definitions :

  1. A.V. Dicey : “A federal government is a political contrivance intended to reconcile national unity with the maintenance of State’s rights.
  2. J.W. Garner : Federal government is a system in which the totality of governmental power is divided and distributed between the Centre and the States by the National Constitution”.
  3. Hamilton : “Federation is an association of states that forms a new one”.
  4. K.C. Wheare: “A federal government is a method of dividing powers so that the regional and Central Government are each within their sphere, co-ordinate and independent.”

Features of Federal Government :
Federal Government comprises several features. They may be denoted as follows :
1) Written Constitution : A Federal Government normally has a Written Constitution. Such a Constitution is considered as the supreme law of the land. It defines, decides and devises powers between the Central and State Governments. Hence, it became a practical necessity of Federal Government.

2) Dual Citizenship : Federal State provides dual citizenship to the citizens. Accordingly, the citizens will have membership in both the Centre and the States simultaneously. As a result, they participate in the election of representatives to both the national and provisional bodies.

3) Division of Powers : In a Federation, the Powers of Govern-ment are divided between the Centre and the States. The Central Government exercises control over matters of national importance like defence, external affairs, customs, exports and imports etc. On the other hand, certain matters like education, agriculture, health, irrigation etc.’, having provincial importance are allocated to the State Governments.

4) Bicameralism : Bicameralism is another important feature of a federation. In a federal state, we observe two chambers in the union legislature and some of the provincial legislative organisations. The first or lower chamber represents the interests of the people. The second chamber or upper house comprises the members representing the States.

5) Rigidity : Generally, the Constitution of a federation is very rigid. So it cannot be amended easily. The concurrence of the Centre and States is required for amending some of the important provisions. So, neither the Centre nor the states unilaterally can amend the constitutional provisions.

6) Independent Judiciary : Independent judiciary is another essential feature of a Federal Government. Such an organisation will settle disputes between the Centre and the States. The Judges in Judiciary constitutionally enjoy independent position. Once appointed, they could not be removed by any body under normal conditions. They will be there to safeguard the fundamental rights of citizens. They can check the misuse of powers by the executive and legislative authorities.

Section – C (15 × 2 = 30)

Note :

  • Answer any fifteen of the following questions in not exceeding 5 lines each.
  • Each question carries two marks.

Question 18.
Write about ancient city states.
Answer:
Ancient Greece consisted of a large number of city states. They were small both in size and population. For example, Athens,Sparta, Corinth. Each city state had its own government. The greeks based their political philosophy on the concept of city-state.
The population of the city-state was divided into three groups :

  1. Citizens
  2. Aliens and
  3. Slaves.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2017

Question 19.
What do you mean by Government ?
Answer:
Government is the third essential element of the state. There can be no state without government. It is an instrument which fulfills aims and goals of the state.

Question 20.
Define the term, “Rule of Law”.
Answer:
Rule of law is an important type of administration of justice. It originated in England it implies.

  1. Legal equality : All are equal before law.
  2. No Arbitrary action : Punishment is given only when an existing law is violated.
  3. No Special Rights : No Individual is above law and law does not recognise any special privileges.

Question 21.
What is Constitutional Law ?
Answer:
The basic law according to which the Government in a State is conducted is called constitutional law. It defines the political system. It is usually prepared by a body known as Constituent Assembly, formed only for that purpose. All other laws in the State are subordinate to this law. It also contains fundamental rights and fundamental duties.

Question 22.
Mention any four safeguards of Liberty.
Answer:
The four safeguards of liberty are :
a) Democractic system
b) Rule of law
c) Decentralisaion of power
d) Independent Judiciary

Question 23.
WOiat do you mean by Social Equality ?
Answer:
Social Equality stands for equality of status and absence of class distinctions and discriminations. It exists when no individual is made to suffer on account of his caste, class, colour, creed, race etc. Infact it has opposed the practice of untouchability.

Question 24.
Classify Rights.
Answer:
Rights are broadly classified into three categories namely.

  1. Natural rights
  2. Moral rights and
  3. Legal rights.

Legal rights inturjn classified into
(a) Civil rights
(b) Political rights and
(c) Economic rights.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2017

Question 25.
Give two examples of Responsibilities.
Answer:
The following are some examples of responsibilities.

  1. Payment of taxes.
  2. Cooperation in law and order matters.
  3. Honest exercise of franchise etc.

Question 26.
Define Justice.
Answer:
“Justice is giving to every man his due. It is a combination of reason, courage, appetite and will in terms of the state” – Plato.

Question 27.
What is Distributive Justice ?
Answer:
Distributive justice implies the distribution of goods and wealth of citizens by the state on Merit basis. Aristotle stated that justice is a sort of proportions. He regarded it as the most powerful instrument against revolutions. But modern writers like John Rawls denied Aristotle’s view. He pointed out that inequalities are inherent in the society. He remarked that inequalities must be balanced by some restrictive arrangements in the political system.

Question 28.
What is menat by Jus Sanguinis ?
Answer:
Acquiring citizenship by kinship or blood relation is called Jus Sanguinis. According to Jus Sanguinis, a child acquires the citizenship of the parents irrespective of its place of birth. Blood relation alone determines the citizenship in Jus Sanguinis method.

Question 29.
Mention any two qualities of a Good Citizen.
Answer:

  • Good character : Good character is essential for a good citizen. A good citizen should be courageous, just, helpful, kind-hearted, sympathetic, truthful and virtuous in letter and spirit.
  • Sound health : A good citizen should have good health and strength. Healthy citizens make the nation healthy and wealthy.

Question 30.
Write any four conditions essential for the success of Democracy.
Answer:

  1. Sound system of education
  2. Independent press
  3. Strong opposition
  4. Social equality

Question 31.
What is meant by Recall ?
Answer:
Recall means to call back. The representatives will be called back by the people in case they are inefficient. Hence, this method helps the responsibilities properly for fear of being called back on the grounds in inefficiency.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2017

Question 32.
What are the types of Secularism ?
Answer:
Secularism is of two types namely,

  1. Subjective,
  2. Objective

Subjective secularism means the gradual separation of religious feelings from everyday transactions of the people.
Objective secularism implies the elimination of religious rituals and institutions from public life and government activity.

Question 33.
What do you mean by Theocracy ?
Answer:
The state having an official religion is called a theocratic state. In such states all other religions or religious activities are either prohibited or discouraged or highly regulated or controlled by the state. All the official and important offices of the state are either appointed or elected only those from the official religion. State officially participates in the religious affairs and rituals.

Question 34.
Mention any two differences between Rigid and Flexible Constitutions.
Answer:
Differences between Flexible and Rigid constitution.

Flexible constitution Rigid constitution
1. Constitutional matters are not clearly mentioned. 1. Constitutional matters are clearly written.
2. Constitution can be easily amended. 2. Constitution cannot be easily amended.

Question 35.
What is an Enacted Constitution ?
Answer:
Enacted constitution is also known as conventional constitution. It is consciously made. It is the outcome of the deliberations of the constituent assembly specially constituted for that purpose. It is promulgated by the sovereign authority i.e., king or queen or parliament.
Ex : The constituion of India and the U.S.A.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper May 2017

Question 36.
Write about Aristotle’s Classification on Government.
Answer:
Aristotle classified governments on the basis of two elements, namely:

  1. Number of rulers
  2. Aims of the state.

He again classified Governments into normal and perverted forms. He says monarchy, aristocracy and polity as the normal form of governments. Tyranny oligarchy and democracy are the perverted form of Governments.

Question 37.
How many organs of Government are there ? Name them.
Answer:
Theory of separation of powers is propounded by Montesquieu in his famous book ‘The Spirit of Laws’. The powers among the three organs of the Government in presidential executive will be distributive on the basis of the theory of separation of powers. Its main feature is Checks and Balance’. Which means the three organs of the Government possess equal powers and each organ checks the other two organs from crossing their limits.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2017

A diverse collection of AP Inter 1st Year Civics Model Papers and AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2017 caters to various learning preferences and styles.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2017

Time: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 100

Section – A (3 × 10 = 30)

Note :

  • Answer any three of the following questions in 40 lines each.
  • Each question carries ten marks.

Question 1.
Define Political Science and explain its scope.
Answer:
Introduction : Political Science is a premier social science. It is mainly concerned with the study of the state in its relation with Society, Citizens, Associations and the world at large. Aristotle is hailed as the Father of Political Science. He wrote famous book “THE POLITICS”.

Origin of the word Politics : Aristotle, the Father of Political Science used the term “POLITICS” for the first time in his famous book “POLITICS”. The term “POLITICS” is derived from a greek word “POLIS” and latin word “POLITICUS” which means the city state. „

Definitions of Political Science : Political Scientists gave various definitions on Political Science. They are as follows :

  1. J.W. Garner : “Political Science begins and ends with the state”.
  2. Stephen Leacock : “Political Science deals with the gov-ernment”.
  3. David Easton : “Political Science is concerned with the authoritative allocation of values for a society”.

Scope of Political Science : The scope of Political Science means the subject matter covered by it or the topics which are included in its study. It may be explained in the following ways :
i) Study of man in Relation to the Society and State : Aristotle stated that “Man is a Social Animal”. Man can satisfy his basic needs like food, clothing, shelter and protection in the society. Political Science explains the relationship beween man and society. It examines how man Aould adjust himself with the societys. It is imperative that the ihodern man should develop proper attitude towards the society. This is possible only when he identifies himself with the society.

Political Science is concerned with the perennial and central issue of establishing proper relationship between the state and the individuals. It deals with many topics of state activity, such as limitations of Political Authority and sphere of Individual Freedoms.

ii) Study of State : Aristotle also stated that man is a Political Animal. State is a human and political institution. It came into existence for the sake of man and continue in existence for providing happy and prosperous life for man. Individuals became members of the state since its inception. We can’t imagine the life of individuals outside of the state. Political Science studies the intimate Relationship between the state and the citizens. It also studies the Nature, Functions and Various theories of state authority.

It also comprises a study of the various activities of the state from that of ancient police state to the modem welfare state. Thus, Political Science deals with the Present, Past and Future aspects of the state.

iii) Study of the Government: Government is an important essential element of Modern State. It is an instrument which fulfills aims and goals of the state. There can be no state with out a government. Government formulates, expresses and implements the will of the state. Government consists of three organs namely Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. Legislature makes the laws, Executive implements the laws and Judiciary interpretes the laws. Political Science studies the meaning, forms, structure, nature and functions of the government. It also discusses the relationship .among the various organs of the government. Hence, Political Science is treated as a science of government.

iv) Study of Associations and Institutions : Associations and Institutions help the Individuals for their moral, religious, cultural, scientific and technological progress. These carry on their activities at local, regional, national and international levels. Individuals join as members in these Associations out of their interests or purposes. There prevails a great linkage between these voluntary Associations and Institutions. Associations and Institutions in Modem times play a significant role in the Formulation and Implementation of policies of the state and government. Voluntary bodies such as trade unions, peasant groups, professional bodies etc., will have a great impact on the state and government. Political Science explains the nature, structure and functions of the various Associations and Institutions.

v) Study of Rights and Responsibilities : Scope of Political Science includes the study of Rights and Responsibilities of citizens. Citizens in democratic states enjoy certain rights such as right to life, right to liberty, right to property etc. Political Science enumerates the definition, classification and different theories of Rights. Similarly, citizens will have some Responsibilities towards the state. These include paying taxes, obeying the laws etc. It explains the significance of Rights and Responsibilities of the citizens. Hence, Political Science examines the Realtionship between Rights and Responsibilities.

vi) Study of National and International Issues : The scope of Political Science covers various issues of Modem state in relation with other states in matters of safeguarding Territorial integrity and Sovereignty. It studies the topics like Cold war, Balance of power, Disarmament, Detente etc. Modem states are not isolated. They depend upon other states in many spheres like importing raw materials, exporting finished goods, transport, technology, services and communications. This requires close relations among the states in international sphere. Political Science discusses not only the domestic policies of the state but also the issues of international dimensions. It covers a wide range of topics such as diplomacy, international politics, international law, international organisations etc.

vii) Study of Power : The behaviouralists of 20th century regarded Political Science as a study of sharing and shaping of power. They pointed out that Political Science discusses how power is grabbed, manipulated and perpetuated to have a control over the society. Morgenthau defined the power as “Man’s control over the Minds and Actions of other Men”.

viii) Study of Public Policy: Modem Political Scientists like David Easton and Gabriel Almond argued that Political Science is a “Policy Science”. They considered Political Science as the study of formulation, execution and evaluation of Public Policy, with the advent of Public Policy the scope of Political Science has further widened to include the dimensions of vital topics such as Industrial Policy, Agricultural Policy, Land Reform Policy, Education Policy, Population Policy etc. Public Policy of a Nation in the context of International Relations plays a crucial role in the formu¬lation of diplomatic, economic, military and scientific strategies.
Conclusion : The above contents show the wide range of subjects that come under the purview of Political Science.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2017

Question 2.
Define Nationality. Explain the essential elements of Nationality.
Answer:
Introduction : The concepts of Nation and Nationality have become important components in the domain of International Relations and political science respectively. Both inspired the people of several countries with patriotic feeling prior to the two world wars.

The Events that took place in the erstwhile Soviet Union, ethnic Riots between Serbians and croatians in the former Yugo slavia, the unification of East and west Germanies, the peace talks between Israel and Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) on West Asia etc., reflect the serious concern of the people for realising Nationality and Nation States.

Meaning : The Word “Nation” is derived from a latin word “NATIO” which means “BORN” (BIRTH) or “Common Descent”.

Definitions :

  1. R.G. Gettle : “Nationality is a population having the common bonds of Race, Language, Religion, Traditions and History.
  2. J.H. Rose : “Nationality is a union of Hearts once made and never unmade”.
  3. J.W. Garner : “Nationality is a group or portion of population which is united by Racial and other bonds”.

Essential Elements of Nationality :
1) Purity of Race : Racial purity helps in the formation and strengthening of the idea of Nationality. Race is a physical phenomenon. It depends on certain distinctions of skull, stature, hair, complexion etc. These distinctions serve as a cementing bond among the members of a group.

But we should remember that common race is not an indis-pensable factor in the growth of Nationality. Modem races are so mixed that none of them can claim to be pure. Pure races have disappeared because of wars and migrations. Racial purity is now a myth only.

Ex : Canada and United states have transformed into single nations inspite of their racial diversities in their respective populations. Similarly, Australia and Britain are two distinct Nations although they belong to one racial stock.

2) Common Language : Language plays a key role in the promotion of nationality. The philosophers and scientists said that common language is essential for the development of nationality. Language is a medium to express all their feelings. It helps to express one’s own selves to have cordial relations and to share the miseries and happiness in a group languages also promotes common feelings and traditions. Common language promotes the feeling of oneness and keeps the entire race on single track.

3) Common Religion : Religion is one important factor to strengthen nationality. There are many instances when people of different nationalities with common religion remain citizens in the same state. For instance, the main reason for the partition of Indian subcontinent into India and Pakistan in 1947 lies in the religion.

4) Geographical Unity: Geographical unity is necessary for the emergence of nationality. Nationality sentiments prevail and develop among the people living in a single geographical area. The people residing in such an area love, worship their country and make sacrifices for the sake of their motherland. People, who belong to one religion, converse the same language, same race living in a geographical area inculcate and improve their nationality sentiments. The formation of Israel in 1946 was purely due to the feelings of the hitherto wandering Jewish people to live in a single geographical area. Hence their desire of live in a territory made them united. This ultimately transformed them as patriotic persons.

5) Common History : Common History is considered as an important element of Nationality. It invokes an inspiration among the people and binds them together. Some historical incidents may give a chance to the people to develop national sentiments.
Ex : Indians have learnt the lessons of Nationalism from the British legacy.

6) Common Culture : Culture in its broad sense means a way of life. It is reflected through certain common elements like dress, customs, conventions, food habits, religious beliefs, ethical values etc. They easily develop into a single Nation. These elements bind the people together and hold together.

7) Common Political aspirations : Nationality sentiments prevail and develop among the people having common political aspirations. The political ideas, conventions and institutions which were formed due to the single political rule will have a considerable impact and influence over the people. For instance, the Swiss people love very much their direct democratic devices in political matters. Similarly the Americans express the feeling of worship towards their constitution. The British people also feel proud of their political and judicial institutions like rule of law, parliamentary democracy and judicial review etc.

8) Common Economic ties : This element of nationality has been stressed by ‘Karl Marx’. Since then onwards the importance of this element has been increasing. The Russians have great regard for their economic system, eventhough there exist diversities. Their unflinching love for socialism inspired nationalism among them. They successfully repulsed the attacks of Germany during the Second World War. Thus the common economic ties made them united and integrated them into a nation.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2017

Question 3.
Define Rights and describe various kinds of Civil Rights.
Answer:
Introduction : Rights are the essential conditions for the development of the personality of individuals. They are upheld by the laws of the state. They are regarded as a power or privilege which the law invests in a person. They are treated as the sum total of the opportunities meant for enhancing one’s personality. Individuals can not achieve progress in the absence of the rights.

Definitions of Rights : Political scientists have defined the term ‘Right’ in several ways. Some of their definitions are explained below :

  1. Earnest Barker : “Rights are the external conditions necessary for the development of the capacities of the personality of the individual.”
  2. Beni Prasad : “Rights are nothing more and nothing less than those social conditions which are necessary for the development of personality of individuals.”
  3. Bosanquet : “A right is a claim recognised by the society and enforced by the state.”
  4. T.H. Green : “Rights are those powers claimed and recognized as contributory to the common good.”
  5. H.J. Laski : “Rights are those conditions of social life without which no man can seek in general to be himself at his best.”

Civil Rights : Civil rights aim at providing basic conditions for individuals to lead a happy and dignified social life. These rights are considered vital for a civilized society. Social life becomes impossible in their absence.
Individuals in a civilized society enjoy the following Civil rights.

These are
1) Right to life : This is the most important civil right. T.H. Green considered it as the most fundamental civil right. This right provides security to the individual’s life. Individuals can not lead their lives in the absence of this right. This right is based on the premise that the life of an individual is valuable not only to himself, but also to the society and the state as a whole. Hence it prescribes at large the state to extend protection to the life of individuals. However, it empowers the stafe to impose some reasonable restrictions upon the individual^ The state can insist any person to sacrifice his life for the sake of the nation. This right also includes the right of self-defence.

2) Right to liberty : This right enables individuals to have freedom in various walks of life. It makes their lives worth living. It enables them to develop their personality in various spheres. It includes various freedoms such as freedom of movement, speech, expression, thought, residence etc.

3) Right to equality : This right implies that individuals are equal before law. It forbids discrimination on the basis of one’s caste, colour, creed, education, region, race, religion, wealth etc. It enables equal treatment to all persons. It provides scope for uniform application of laws. It enables equal opportunities to all persons in social, economic and political fields.

4) Right to property : This right enables every individual to acquire, enjoy, donate or inherit the property. It is essential to the individual for securing higher standards of living. This right is crucial for the growth of individual’s personality.

5) Right to family: Family is a fundamental social institution. This right enables individuals to maintain family relations in society. Consequently, individuals will have freedom to marry persons of their choice. They will have choice to procreate children and rear their offspring. However, the state can impose certain restrictions upon this right keeping in view the national interests. For example, until recent times China imposed severe restrictions against their citizens in the size of their families. Recently it has made some amendments in this regard.

6) Right to religion : This right allows the individuals to have freedom to practice, propagate and profess any religion of their choice. Every individual is at liberty to preach or practice the religious doctrines as they like. The secular states provide religious freedoms to their citizens.

7) Right to contract: This right provides freedom to every individual to enter into contract or legal arrangements with others regarding his life, property and work. It regulates the two parties in carrying their contracts in letter and spirit. The state recognizes only those contracts which are helpful to the common well being of the people.

8) Right to education : In the modern era education is regarded as vital to every individual. Uneducated and innocent individuals cannot play an active role in public affairs. Similarly, illiterate persons cannot fully make use of their abilities. Education and literacy enable the people to understand the problems of the society and policies of the government. This right guarantees a minimum level of education to every citizen in democratic states.

9) Right to form associations and unions: This right enables individuals to form associations and unions for realising some specific objectives. Individuals may join, continue or keep away from the membership of associations according to their will and pleasure. The State is empowered to impose restrictions against those associations which ignore the welfare of the nation.

10) Right to constitutional remedies : Civil rights are meaningless in the absence of this right. This right is essential to every individual for safeguarding his rights. This right empowers a person (who was deprived of his liberty due to the intervention or manhandling by others including the government) to seek justice and relief from the concerned judicial organizations. The affected individuals are authorised to approach an appropriate court for correcting such imbalance. In this regard the higher judicial organizations issue several writs and effectively check such tendencies. These writs are in the form of Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo-warranto and Certiorari etc.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2017

Question 4.
What do you mean by Democracy ? Write about the direct Democratic devices.
Answer:
Meaning : The term Democracy is derived from two greek words namely, “Demos” and “Kratos”. Demos means people and Kratos mean rule (or) authority.

Definitions :

  1. Abraham Lincoln : “Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people”.
  2. Lord Bryce : “Democracy is that form of government in which the ruling power of the state is vested not in a particular class but in the members of the community as a whole”.
  3. J.R. Seely : “Democracy is a government in which every one has a share”.

Direct Democracy : Direct Democracy is said to prevail when people themselves directly express their views and participate in the deliberative and administrative affairs of the government. People in direct democracy assume all powers of making laws. They formulate laws at a meeting attended by all the people. Direct Democracy is prevalent in Switzerland. In Switzerland, the citizens living in some small cantons meet together on a Sunday in April or May to elect their representatives and to make laws.

Devices of Direct Democracy : There are four devices prescribed in direct democracies to enable the people to participate directly in the administrative activities of the State.
Those are :
1) Referendum
2) Initiative
3) Recall and
4) Plebiscite.

These methods may be explained as follows.
1) Referendum : It is one of the direct democratic devices. Literally it means, “must be referred to the people”. It is a device where by the electorate may veto a proposed legislation or a bill which the legislature has already parsed. In other words, bills passed by the legislature are the voters for their approval or disapproval. If majority of the voters approve them, they become acts. But if they vote against them, they will be given up. Hence, referendum is known as “Popular Veto”.

It is of two types :

  1. Compulsory referendum : All the constitutional bills must be sent to the people.
  2. Optional Referendum : An ordinary bill passed by the legislative may be or may not be sent to the people.

However, even that ordinary bill must be sent to the people, if a definite number of people demand it. Ex-: In Switzerland 30,000 people or eight cantons (States) can demand referendum on an ordinary bill.

2. Initiative : It is another device of direct democracy. It is a method by means of which the people propose legislation i.e.; they can ask the legislature to pass a particular law. For instance, in Switzerland, if 50,000 voters request the legislature to pass a law, then the proposal is submitted to the consideration of the people.
If majority of the people (30,000) approve it, then it becomes an act. Unlike referendum, initiative provides a chance to the people to start the making of law.

It is of two types :

  1. Formulative Initiative: People present a bill to the legislature
  2. Unformulative Initivative : People present a demand to the legislature as king it to pass a bill.

3. Recall: It is another device of Direct Democracy. It means “Calling Back”. According to this method a specific number of voters may call back or dismiss an elected officer or a member of the legislature before the expiry of his term, if he is irresponsible. By means of this, the people can remove a representative or an officer from office when he fails to discharge his duties properly.

4. Plebiscite : The term “Plebiscite” is derived from a French word “Plebiscitum”, which means “decree of the people”. It is used to obtain the opinion of the people on an important political issue or when there is a dispute regarding some territory. The question of accession or secession or territory is generally solved by means of plebiscite. It is not concerned with legislation. It is not apart of legal process. It is only a democratic method of ascertaining the opinion of the people on any political issue of public importance.

Question 5.
What are the functions of Legislature ?
Answer:
Legislature is the law-making branch of the government. Its functions may be discussed under the following heads :

Functions of Legislature :

  • Legislative functions : The legislature frames new laws, changes or revises or cancels them as per the circumstances. Law-making is the most important activity of legislature.
  • Deliberative functions: The legislature discusses various matters of public concern and formulates domestic and foreign policies. It ventilates public grievances and offers solutions to different problems of the people.
  • Executive functions: In a Parliamentary Government, the legislature exercises control on the Council of Ministers through different resolutions and questions. If necessary, it can pull down the Government through a no-confidence motion.
  • Financial functions: The legislature controls the national finances. It passes the annual budget and allots the funds for various departments. It suggests the ways and means of raising the revenue and spending it.
  • Judicial functions : The legislature, especially, the upper house, performs some judicial functions. In Britain, the House of Lords functions as the highest Court of Justice. In America and India the legislatures try cases of impeachment against the Presidents and the Justices of Supreme Court and High Courts.
  • Constitutional functions’: The legislature amends the constitution as per the needs of tfie country which change from time to time.
  • Electoral functions : In some countries, the legislatures perform electoral functions also. Ex : The elected members of the Indian Parliament and the State Legislative Assemblies elect the President of India. In Switzerland, the members of Federal Assembly elect the judges of the Federal Tribunal.
  • Other functions : Besides the above, the Legislature performs functions like accepting or rejecting the ordinances issued by the Head of the State, electing the Speaker and Deputy Speaker, appointing enquiry committees etc.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2017

Section – B (8 × 5 = 40)

Note :

  • Answer any eight of the following questions is not exceeding 20 lines each.
  • Each question carries five marks.

Question 6.
Explain any two essential elements of state.
Answer:
Essential elements of state : State is the predominant and superior politico – social institution existing in the society. It consists of 4 essential elements. These elements of state may be ex¬plained in a detailed way in the following paragraphs.

1) Population : Population is the fundamental and essential element of state. There can be no state without population. Plato, Aristotle, Rousseau and others considered this feature as an important one. The famous poet Sri. Gurajada Apparao also states that it is the people, rather than the land, that comprise the state. Political writers differ in their opinions regarding the exact size of population possessed by the state. While Plato fixed 5,040, Rousseau fixed 10,000 to be an ideal population for a state. But today we can find the countries like China and India which have more than 100 crores of population on one hand and the countries like Andora, San Marino are having small number of people on the other hand is the modern world.

2) Territory : Territory is another essential element of the state. It is necessary for the origin and existence of the state. There can be no state without territory. Every state must have more or less territory of its own. There is no unanimous opinion among the political writers regarding the size of territory of the state. Some preferred vast territory, where as others preferred small territory. But today we can find the countries like America and Canada having large territory on one hand, and the countries like Vatican, Monaco having very less territory on the other hand in the modern world.

Question 7.
Distinguish between State and Government.
Answer:
Introduction : We often use the terms “State” and “Government” indiscriminately one for the other”. State means government in practice” said by H.J. Laski. “State means almost government machinery”.

State : State is a people organized for law within a definite territory.

Government : Government is an instrument which fulfills aims and goals of the state.

Differences between State and Government : The following are the differences between state and government.

State Government
1. State has four elements namely popu- lation, territory, government and sovereignty. 1. Government is one of the essential elements of the state.
2. State is a permanent organisation. 2. Government is a temporary organisation.
3. State consists of the whole body of people – The rulers and the ruled. 3. Government consists of only the rulers.
4. State has the sovereignty. 4. Government does not have sovereignty.
5. State is the master. 5. Government is the servant.
6. Membership of the state is compulsory. 6. Membership in government is not compulsory, to that of state is narrow.
7. All states are alike in the sense they possess the same four features (or) elements like Population, Territory, Government and Sovereignty. 7. Governments are different types, viz. Parliamentary – Presidential – Unitary – Federal, Democratic – Dictatorial etc.

Question 8.
Is India a Nation State ? Explain.
Answer:
It is interesting to know whether India is a Nation-State. Some say that India is a uni-national state. As against this some state that it is a Multi-National State. It is argued that India is a Uni-National State rather than a Multi-National State due to the following reasons.

  • It consists of people who possess the features of uni-national state like common history, common culture and traditions.
  • The Indians showed their spirit of National integration on many occassions after independence.
  • They stood as one and extended support to their government when our country was faced with wars from Pakistan and China in 1962 and 1965 respectively.
  • They stood united under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi throughout the freedom struggle against the British rule in India.
  • From the begining, our country won name and fame for its unity in diversity. Even- though the people of India belong to different regions, they are Indians first and Indians in the last resort i.e., they owe indebtedness to their respective religions and languages.
  • Some common elements concerning national anthem, national heritage, culture, constitution, national flag and the government inspire the nationalist feelings and inculcate the national integration among the people.
  • People celebrate all the national festivals with great enthusiasm and spirit.
    Hence we may say that India is a nation state with the characteristic features of unity in diversity.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2017

Question 9.
Write about any three sources of Law.
Answer:
Definitions : The English word ‘Law’ originates from the ancient Teutonic word ‘Lag’ which means “something that lies fixed or uniform”. Political thinkers defined law in different ways which are listed below :

  1. “Law is the command of the sovereign”. – John Austin
  2. “Law is the system of rights and obligations which the State enforces”. – T.H. Green

Sources of Law :
1) Customs, Practices and Traditions : These are one of the important sources of law. In primitive societies, there were no laws in written form. All disputes were settled in accordance with social customs and traditions. Customs regulated the social life in the early societies. Customs and traditions cannot be laws in political sense. But, when the State recognises certain traditions, they in turn become laws. Ex: The laws relating to marriage, divorce etc., found in our Country are based on traditions, the common law of England;

2) Religion : In ancient times customary laws and religious laws were intermixed. The religious teachers enjoyed unlimited powers in those times. Their decisions were treated on par with laws. The primitive men believed that the judgements of the religious teachers had divine sanction. The ancient Roman laws were merely the religious laws. The Hindu and Muslim laws derived inspiration mainly from religion.

3) Judicial Decisions / Adjudication / Judgement of the Courts : The judgements of the judges also serve as a source of law. Generally, judges interpret laws, apply them to particular cases and deliver judgements. Their judgements become precedents and are usually followed by other judges in similar cases. In course of time such judgements acquire the status of law. In this way judges add to the law of the country. There are many instances that new laws have evolved by way of interpretation. Many of the laws in Britain, America and India have originated from the judgements of the Judges of the respective countries.

Question 10.
Explain about any three safeguards of Liberty.
Answer:
Introduction: The concept of Liberty is of great significance in the study of political science. Liberty is an essential condition without which man cannot develop his personality. It became a source of inspiration to the millions of the people living all over the world.

Meaning : The term liberty is derived from the Latin word ” LIBER”-which means free from restrictions.

Definition :

  1. “Liberty means the absence of restraints”. – J.R. Seely
  2. “Liberty means the positive power of doing or enjoying something worth doing or enjoying”. – T.H. Green

Safeguards of liberty : Liberty is the most cherished ideal of human beings. Hence, it must be safeguarded in the larger interest of the society and state. In this context, the following safeguards of liberty are worth mentioning.

1) Democratic rule : Democratic rule is considered as a heaven to liberty. Liberty flourishes only in a democratic State. The reason is that democratic state extends protection to individual’s liberties through various laws. It creates a conducive atmosphere for the individuals to enjoy their liberties freely and impartially. It makes the people to participate in the government process directly or indirectly. It makes the people to participate in the governmental process directly or indirectly. It makes the government answerable to the people. It allows the people the right to change the government through public opinion or ballot when the government acts improperly.

2) Written and rigid constitution : A written and rigid constitution is considered the most important safeguard of individual liberty. Such a constitution incorporates the various freedoms of individuals in several provisions. It acts as a custodian of people’s rights and liberties. It demarcates the spheres of governmental activity. It mentions about the various measures to be taken in case of people’s freedoms are infringed or confiscated by others including governmental authorities. It also imposes restraints on the political parties by not allowing them to amend the constitutional provisions for furthering their partisan interests.

3) Independent judiciary : An independent and impartial judiciary is another safeguard of individual liberty. The judiciary will uphold the constitution and keeps the government accountable to the people. It prescribes various safeguards for protecting the fundamental rights of citizens. The judges in higher courts will deliver justice to the people on fair, free and impartial manner. Pro. Laski, while recognizing this safeguard,, stated that good governance depends upon the effective functioning of judiciary.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2017

Question 11.
What are the features of Human Rights ?
Answer:
Human rights are the amenities required for the basic existence of human beings. They are available to all persons irrespective of caste, creed, community, religion, region, language etc. The constitutional and ordinary laws in democratic states recognize these rights. The various governments in democratic – states will take appropriate steps for providing human rights to their people.

Definition : “Human rights are freedom to all irrespective of place, sex, religion, language etc.” . – U.N.O.

Features of human rights : There are some common features of human rights. They may be mentioned as follows :

  1. Human rights are enjoyed by all the people without discrimination.
  2. These rights are universal.
  3. They treat all people alike.
  4. They regard individuals basically as human beings.
  5. They encompass some fundamental principles of humanity.
  6. They have no geographical limitations.

Almost all members of the united nations organisation have affirmed to follow the human tights in theory.

Question 12.
Point out any three sources of Justice.
Answer:
Meaning : The word “Justicg” is derived from a Latin word “JUS” which means “to bind”.

Definition : “Justice means speaking the truth and paying one’s debts” – Caphalous

Sources of Justice :
Earnest Barker gives four sources of Justice. They are mentioned as below.
1. Nature
2. Ethics
3. Religion
4. Economic elements

1. Nature: The Greek stoics perceived nature to be a source of Justice. Their perception of nature was a combination of moral philosophy and religious beliefs. For them nature, God and reason were inseparable entities. They pointed out that men who lived according to nature shared similar views of reason and God. They viewed that nature embodies three things.
They are

  1. Man should be free,
  2. Man should be treated equally,
  3. Man should be associated with his fellow beings by the common element of reason.

These three things in turn have remained as a basis for liberty, equality and fraternity in society in course of time.

2. Ethics: Idealist thinkers like Plato, Emanuel Kant, Thomas Hilly Green, Earnest Barker and other propounded that justice originated from ethical practices. They pointed out that values accepted by the society over a period of time have intum become the impersonal source of positive Justice. The state enforced this positive justice in course of time.

3. Religion : Religion is regarded as another source of Justice. This source has been in force since medieval age. The church authorities held the notion that it was God who propounded the notions of justice, right and wrong. God, through church, initiated^ the concept of justice as the rule of the theory of might.

Thomas Acqinas a philosopher turned saint believed that the Church is the manifestation of religion. According to him, life based on laws is the best one. The king must lead the people in right directions. He must exercise his authority in compliance to the church authority.

Question 13.
How is naturalized citizenship acquired ?
Answer:
Naturalised Citizenship : Citizenship may also be acquired through naturalization. According to this method, an alien will become a citizen after fulfilling certain conditions. These conditions vary from state to state. Some of them may be summed up as follows.

1) Residence: An alien who resides in a state for a prescribed period automatically become its citizen. Residence in any part of the state is a must for an alien. The period of residence varies from state to state. For instance it is 5 years in Britain and United States and 10 years in France respectively.

2) Choice : The children of alien parents could receive citizenship of the state according to their option and choice.

3) Application : An alien in a state may apply for the citizenship of that state. Then the government of that state considers his application on its merits. It grants citizenship to him with or without some conditions. These prescribed conditions refer to a minimum period of residence, good moral character, financial capability and knowledge of one of the national languages. Besides, an alien must take an oath of allegiance before he assumes the citizenship of another state.

4) Fixed Assets : An alien who buys some portion of land or acquires some fixed property can.acquire citizenship in a state.

5) Service (Public or Private) : An alien who serves in the government of a state or in a private recognised enterprise could become the citizen of that state. He is entitled for such citizenship if he serves in the public or pnVate authorised departments. He may also be given Citizenship if the renders meritorious service in another state.

6) Marriage : An alien woman acquires citizenship of a state when she marries the citizen of that state. In some countries when a person marries an alien, Citizenship of either of the husband or wife is acquired. For instance, a British lady will acquire Indian citizenship if she marries an Indian citizen. Japanese women do not lose their citizenship even if they marry persons of alien states. The alien person on the other hand, acquires the citizenship of Japan if he marries a Japanese lady.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2017

Question 14.
Explain any three merits and demerits of Democracy.
Answer:
Merits : Democracy has the following merits.
a) Efficient government : Prof. Garner described democracy as an efficient and effective government. The government in democracy carries all its activities efficiently and effectively both in normal times and emergencies.

b) Upholds individual liberties : Democracy is the only government that upholds individual liberties. It guarantees certain civil rights to the people thereby providing an opportunity for them to become ideal and responsible citizens.

c) Assures equality : Democracy assures equality of individuals in political and economic spheres. The people living in democratic nation enjoy all the political. Civil and economic rights and privileges equally without any discrimination.

Demerits : Democracy has the following demerits,
a) Rule of Ignorance : Plato criticised democracy as a rule of ignorance. Aristotle called it a perverted form of government. Anybody can become a ruler in this system and no special qualifications are prescribed for voters or rulers.

b) Favourable to rich : The\uling political party in democracy depends on the rfch people for their financial support at the time of elections. Therefore it becomes an obligation to the party in power to make laws which are favourable to the rich.

c) Quality is ignored : The votes in democracy are counted not weighted. Everything is decided according to majority opinion. The quality of majority cannot always be correct. Thus quantity is given greater importance than quality.

Question 15.
What are the features of Secular State ?
Answer:
Features of Secular State : Secular State comprises the following features.
1. No place for religion : Secular States does not assign significance to any particular religion. It will not make laws or implement them on religious grounds.

2. Equal status : Secular State accords equal status to its people. It makes no differentiation between individuals on the grounds of their caste, colour, community, religion, race, region, language etc. As a result, people will have satisfaction and extend co-operation to the government in the implementation of various policies and programmes. They live together with the fellow members of other religious denominations.

3. No state religion : Secular state does not recognize any particular religion as the state religion. It adopts neutral policy in religious matters. It implements various laws and social welfare measures without basing on the religious feelings of the people. It will not assign special role to any particular religion in public activities. All public places like educational institutions, government offices and judicial organizations will carry on their activities with out aligning to a particular religion.

Question 16.
Distinguish between Written and Unwritten Constitution.
Answer:
Written Constitution : A written constitution is formulated and adopted by a Constituent Assembly or a Convention. It comprises several principles and rules of the Government in a written’Torm or document. The Constitution of India is an example of written constitution. The American Constitution is the first written constitution in the world.

Unwritten Constitution: Unwritten constitution is one whose provisions are not written in a single document. It includes several customs and traditions which are manifested in the form of the laws. The Constitution of Britain is the best example of unwritten constitution.

Differences between Written and Unwritten Constitutions.

Written Constitution Unwritten Constitution
1. Written constitution implies a document or few documents in which the rules regulating the main institutions of Government are written down. 1. Unwritten constitution denotes a sum of customs, conventions and usages which have not been systematically documented.
2. All the basic principles of the State are clearly written. 2. All the basic principles of the State exist in the form of customs and traditions.
3. Written constitution is framed by a special assembly convened at a particular point of time. 3. Unwritten constitution contains some written elements also in the form of enactments of fundamental charters made from time to time.
4. It is suitable to the educated and literate people. 4. It is suitable to the uneducated and illiterate people.
5. Courts of law protect the liberties of the citizens. 5. Courts of law cannot provide much protection.
6. It is formulated at a particular time. 6. It is evolutionary in nature.
7. It provides political stability. 7. It could not ensure political stability.
8. It cannot be easily amended. 8. It can easily be amended.
9. It is useful to federal states. 9. It is advantageous to the unitary states.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2017

Question 17.
Discuss the features of the Federal Government.
Answer:
Governments are classified into Federal and Unitary on the basis of the distribution of powers between the Centre and the States. A federal system is one in which the powers of the government are distributed constitutionally between the Centre and the State Governments. Ex : America, Switzerland etc.

Meaning : The term “Federation” is derived from a Latin word “Foedus” which means “Treaty of Agreement”.

Definitions :

  1. A.V. Dicey : “A federal government is a political contrivance intended to reconcile national unity with the maintenance of State’s rights.
  2. J.W. Garner : Federal government is a system in which the totality of governmental power is divided and distributed between the Centre and the States by the National Constitution”.
  3. Hamilton : “Federation is an association of states that forms a new one”.
  4. K.C. Wheare : “A fed’eral^government is a method of dividing powers so that the regional and Central Government are each within their sphere, co-ordinate and independent.”

Features of Federal Government : Federal Government comprises several features. They may be denoted as follows :
1. Written Constitution : A Federal Government normally has a Written Constitution. Such a Constitution is considered as the supreme law of the land. It defines, decides and devises powers between the Central and State Governments. Hence, it became a practical necessity of Federal Government.

2. Dual Citizenship: Federal State provides dual citizenship to the citizens. Accordingly, the citizens will have membership in both the Centre and the States simultaneously. As a result, they participate in the election of representatives to both the national and provisional bodies.

3. Division of Powers : In a Federation, the Powers of Government are divided between the Centre and the States. The Central Government exercises control over matters of national importance like defence, external affairs, customs, exports and imports etc. On the other hand, certain matters like education, agriculture, health, irrigation etc., having provincial importance are allocated to the State Governments.

4. Bicameralism: Bicameralism is another important feature of a federation. In a federal state, we observe two chambers in the union legislature and some of the provincial legislative organisations. The first or lower chamber represents the interests of the people. The second chamber or upper house comprises the members representing the States.

5. Rigidity : Generally, the Constitution of a federation is very rigid. So it cannot be amended easily. The concurrence of the Centre and States is required for amending some of the important provisions. So, neither the Centre nor the states unilaterally can amend the constitutional provisions.

6. Independent Judiciary: Independent judiciary is another essential feature of a Federal Government. Such an organisation will settle disputes between the Centre and the States. The Judges in Judiciary constitutionally enjoy independent position. Once appointed, they could not be removed by any body under normal conditions. They will be there to safeguard the fundamental rights of citizens. They can check the misuse of powers by the executive and legislative authorities.

Section – C (15 × 2 = 30)

Note :

  • Answer any fifteen of the following questions in not exceeding 5 lines each.
  • Each question carries two marks.

Question 18.
Write about ancient City States.
Answer:
Ancient Greece consisted of a large number of city states. They were small both in size and population. For example, Athens,Sparta, Corinth. Each city state had its own government. The greeks based their political philosophy on the concept of city – state. The population of the city-state was divided into three groups :

  1. Citizens
  2. Aliens and
  3. Slaves.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2017

Question 19.
What do you know about ‘Association’ ?
Answer:
Association is a group of people united for a specific purpose or a limited number of purposes. Associations are of various types viz., social, economic, political, cultural, religious etc. It’s membership is optional. A person can be a member of a numer of associations.

Question 20.
What are the features of Law ?
Answer:
The following are some important features of law :

  1. It is enforced by the State.
  2. It is definite, precise and universal.
  3. It reflects the will of the people.
  4. Laws are compulsory and cohesive in nature.
  5. Any violation of law leads to punishment.

Question 21.
Define the term “Rule of Law”.
Answer:
Rule of Law is an important type of administration of justice. It originated in England. It implies :

  1. Legal Equality : All are equal before law.
  2. No Arbitrary Action : Punishment is given only when an existing law is violated.
  3. No Special Rights : No individual is above law and law does not recognise any special privileges.

Question 22.
What is Civil Liberty ?
Answer:
Civil liberty is also known as personal liberty. It is the essential pre requisite to the existence and survival of human beings. It enables them to lead happy, honourable and civilised life in the state. Civil liberty is manifested in several rights like A) Right to Life B) Right to Work C) Right to Property D) Right to Religion E) Right to Speech, Expression, Assembly, Movement and Residence etc.

Question 23.
What do you mean by Social Equality ?
Answer:
Social equality stands for equality of status and absence of class distinctions and discriminations. It exists when no individual is made to suffer on account of his caste, class, colour, creed, race etc. In fact it has opposed the practice of untouchability.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2017

Question 24.
Moral Rights.
Answer:
Moral rights denote claims based on the ‘moral’ code of the community. These rights are moraHy prescribed to men in the society. The ethical or moral principles in the society act as the basis of the moral rights. Customs, traditions and usages are regarded as the basic source of these rights. Men enjoy these rights in a civil society. These rights are based on the moral conscience of the people. They don’t have legal support. However, they are backed by the society. So violation of these rights is not considered as a crime. Individuals could be punished for their violation. Moral rights are indefinite and vague. But they are popular in nature. The State cannot ignore these rights for a long time.

Question 25.
Classification of Responsibilities.
Answer:
Responsibilities are broadly classified into (i) Moral responsibilities (ii) Legal responsibilities. Legal responsibilities are further classified into (i) Positive responsibilities (ii) Negative responsibilities.

Question 26.
Define Justice.
Answer:
“Justice is giving to every man his due. It is a combination of reason, courage, appetite and will in terms of the state” – Plato

Question 27.
What is mean by Social Justice ?
Answer:
Social Justice envisages a balance between rights of individuals and social control. It facilitates the fulfillment of the legitimate expectations of the individuals under the existing laws. It ensures several benefits and extends protection to the individuals against the interference or encroachment from others in society. It is consistent with the unity and the integrity of the nation. It fulfills the needs of the society.

Social Justice enforces the principle of equality before law. It also ensures eradication of social evils like poverty, unemployment, starvation, disease etc. It also extends protection to the downtrodden and weaker sections of society. Ultimately it provides those conditions essential for the all round development of individuals.

Question 28.
What do you mean by JUS SOLI mean ?
Answer:
Jus Soli means acquisition of citizenship by the principle of place of birth. According to this method, a child acquires the citizenship of a State, where it borns. It is the place of birth Which determines citizenship. This method is not more popular in modem times. At present, this method is observed exclusively in Argentina.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2017

Question 29.
Who is an Alien ?
Answer:
An Alien is a person living in a state but owing Allegiance to another State. Aliens are entitled to such rights and obligations which are incorporated in the covenants of the Foreign State.
Ex : In America, Aliens must obey the laws and pay taxes just like the American Citizens.

Question 30.
Write two definitions of Democracy.
Answer:
Democracy is form of government in which the people rule themselves directly or indirectly through their periodically elected representatives.

Definitions :

  1. Abraham Lincoln : “Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people”.
  2. J.R. Seely : “Democracy is a government in which every one has a share”.

Question 31.
Write any four conditions essential for the success of Democracy.
Answer:

  1. Sound system of Education
  2. Independent Press
  3. Strong Opposition
  4. Social Equality

Question 32.
Define Secularism.
Answer:
Meaning : The term “Secular” in Latin language means “Of this World”. It denotes the meaning “the opposite of Religion”.

Definitions :

  1. E.S. Waterhouse : Secularism is an ideology which provides a theory of life and conduct as against one provided in Religion”.
  2. G.J. Holyoake : “Secularism is an idea of promoting a social order as separate from religion without actively dismissing or criticising religious beliefs”.

Question 33.
What do you mean by Theocracy ?
Answer:
The state having an official religion is called a Theocratic State. In such states all other religions or religious activities are either prohibited or discouraged or highly regulated or controlled, by the state. All the official and important offices of the state are either appointed or elected only those from the official religion. State officially participates in the religious affairs and rituals

Question 34.
What do you mean by Constitution ?
Answer:
The term constitution implies a written document embodying the provisions relating to the powers and functions of the Government organs, the rights and duties of the citizens.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Question Paper March 2017

Question 35.
What is an Enacted Constitution ?
Answer:
Enacted constitution is also known as Conventional constitution. It is consciously made. It is the outcome of the deliberations of the Constituent Assembly specially constituted for that purpose. It is promulgated by the Sovereign Authority i.e., king or queen or Parliament. Ex : The Constitutions of India and the U.S.A.

Question 36.
What is a Unitary Government ?
Answer:
Meaning: The word ‘Unitary’ consists of two words, namely, ‘Uni’ and ‘Tary’, uni means one and tary means ‘rule’. Unitary Government is a single integrated government with all executive powers. The Constitution vests all powers in the Central Government.

Definition : A.V. Dicey “A Unitaiy government is the habital exercise of supreme legislative authority by one central power”.

Question 37.
How many organs of government are there, name them ?
Answer:
There are three organs of Government.
They are :

  1. Legislature,
  2. Executive and
  3. Judiciary.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Question Paper March 2018 with Solutions

Thoroughly analyzing AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Model Papers and AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Question Paper March 2018 helps students identify their strengths and weaknesses.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Question Paper March 2018 with Solutions

Time : 3 Hours
Max. Marks: 100

Section – A
3 x 10 = 30

Note:

  • Answer ANY THREE of the following questions in 40 lines each.
  • Each question carries 10 marks.

Question 1.
Explain the Salient features of Indian Constitution.
Answer:
Introduction: The Indian constitution was prepared and adopted by the Constituent Assembly which was set up in 1946. The Constituent Assembly took nearly three years (From 9th December, 1946 to 25th November, 1949) to complete the framing of the constitution. The Constituent Assembly approved the Indian Constitution on 26th November, 1949. The Indian constitution came into force on January, 1950. Which we have been celebrating as The Republic Day’. The following are the salient or basic features of the Indian constitution.
1. Preamble: The Indian constitution begins with a preamble. The preamble clearly defines the objectives of our constitution. It declares India as a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, democratic Republic. it provides liberty, equality; fraternity, and justice. It states that the people of India are the chief source of the political authority

2. A Lengthy Written Document: The Constitution of India is the most written, lengthy and detailed document in the world. In 1950 the Indian Constitution had 22 parts, 8 schedules and 395 articles. After subsequent amendments, it contains 12 schedules and 444 articles for the present.

3. A combination of rigidity and flexibility: The constitution of India is a blend of rigidity and flexibility. Our founding Fathers were programatic enough to provide for rigidity and flexibility as the situation demands. Article 368 provides the details of the amendment procedure.

  • Some of the provisions admission of New states (Ex: Telangana), provisions relating to citizenship, salaries and allowances of the members of the constitutional bodies like President, Vice-President, Supreme Court and High Court judges etc. Can be amended by simple majority. It is said to be flexible.
  • Some provisions can be amended by a special majority i.e., not less than Two-thirds of the members of the House present and voting. Ex: Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of state policy etc. It is said to be half rigid and half flexible.
  • Some provisions can be amended by two-thirds majority of the Parliament and with the concurrence of half of the states. Ex: Election of the President, executive powers of the union and the states, distribution of legislative powers between the union and the states etc. It is said to be rigid.

4. Quasi-Federal polity: India is a states according to the constitution. Our constitution contains both the features of unitary and Federal Governments. It prescribed unitary system in emergencies and Federal system on ordinary occassions. Provisions of unitary state such as Single Citizenship, Single Integrated Judiciary, Single Election Commission, Role of All India Services Personnel etc., are found in our constitution. At the same time certain federal features like written, rigid constitution, Dual government, Bicameralism etc., are profoundly seen in our constitution. Thus it is a Quasi-Federal. Polity like Canada.

5. Republican government: Unlike the colonial Master, the UK, India preferred a Republican government. Here all public offices right from World member to the top president of India are open to all eligible citizens and there is no place for hereditary principle.

6. Parliamentary governmi: The constitution of India provided Parliamentary governmenb of the British type but with an elected President of Irish Model. Accordingly, the features of Parliamentary government such as P.vo executive heads, Ministerial accountability to’ the lowérhcuše of the legislature, Prime Minister leadership etc., are prevalent in our political system.

7. Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties: Part – III of the constitution, Articles from 12 to 35, provides for a set of
basic human rights to all. They are justiceable and ensure basic freedoms.
They are six in number.

  1. Right to equality
  2. Right to freedom
  3. Right against exploitation
  4. Right to religion
  5. Cultural and educational rights and
  6. Right to constitutional remedies

The 42 Amendment to the Constitution in 1976 incorporated the fundamental duties in Article 51A under part – IV A. Though they are not justiciable. But they put an obligation on the citizens to render certain duties in return for the protection they have been enjoying through fundamental rights. Fundamental duties relate to respecting the constitution the National Flag and National Anthem, safeguarding public property etc.

8. Single citizenship: Our Constitution provides for single citizenship for all persons who are born in India and who resided in India for a specific period. It enables the citizens to possess and enjoy identca1 rights and privileges. It also promotes unity, integrity, and fraternity among the people.

9. Universal and Adult Franchise: The makers of the Indian constitution provided for the universal adult Franchise for all citizens without any discrimination based on caste, colour, creed, community, language, religion, region, sex, property etc. At the beginning, adult Franchise was given to all the citizens who attained the age of 21 years. Later voting age was reduced to 18 years through the 1st Constitution, Amendment Acf in 1988.

10. Secular state: Our constitution stands for a secular state. It does not uphold any particular religion as the official religion of the Indian state. It ensures complete-eligious freedom to the people.

It abolishes discrimination between individuals on religious grounds in the matters of employment, education and legislation. It prohibits religious instructions in state-owned or state-aided educational institutions.

11. Independent judiciary: The Judiciary performs its functions independently. The legislature or the executive shall not
interfere in the working of the Judiciary. The Judiciary cames on its obligations according to the constitutional norms and democratic principles.

12. Directive principles of state policy: Our constitution hinted out certain directive principles as the policy of the state in part IV from Articles from 36 to 51. These principles are drawn from Irish constitution. These principles reflect the welfare state concept. They are the directions to b followed by the various governments. Equal pay for equal work, provision of employment opportunities, fair distribution of wealth, old age pension, protection of ill health, provision of education, protection of women and children etc., are the some examples of these principles. Though these principles are non-justiciable, No responsible government can afford to ignore them.

13. Bi-cameralism: The constitution of India introduced Bi-cameralism at the National level. Accordingly, The Indian Parliament consists of two houses namely the Rajya Sabha (upper house) and the Lok Sabha (lower house). While the Rajya Sabha represents the states, the Lok Sabha represents the people.

14. Panchayati Raj and Nagar Palikas Acts: The Panchayati Raj and Nagar Palikas Acts are recent features of our constitution. The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts gave constitutional recognition to the Rural and Urban local governments. Which came into force in 1993 and 1994 respectively had become operative all over the territory of India. The ideals of democratic decentralisation or the grass roof democracy are realised by these acts.

These acts provides for adequate representation for women, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other weaker sections in the policy-making bodies of the local governments.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Question Paper March 2018 with Solutions

Question 2.
Explain the various types of Directive Principles of State Policy mentioned in Indian Constitution.
Answer:
Directive principles of state policy are enumerated in articles from 36 to 51 in past – IV of the Indian constitution. They are borrowed from the Irish constitution. They help in realizing the objectives mentioned in the preamble.

Types of Directive principles of state policy: Directive principles can be classffied into three broad categories namely Socialistic, Liberal-intellectual and Gandhian principles. Article 36 defines the term “State”. Article 37 declares that the directive principles shall not be enforceable by any court.
1. Socialist Principles: Articles 38, 39, 41, 42, 43 and 47 explains about the socialistic ideology of the directive principles of state policy.
Article 38 prescribes that the state shall strive to provide justice and promote wilfare of the people by creating a proper economic, social and political atmosphere.

2. Article 39 directs the state to secure its citizens.

  • Adequate means of livelihood for all citizens.
  • Equitable distribution of wealth for sub-serving the common-good.
  • Equal pay for equal work for all.
  • Protection of adult and child labour.
  • Decentralization of nation’s wealth.
  • Preserving the health and strength of workers, men and women.
  • Protecting childhood and youth against exploitation.

3. To secure right to work and education for all peoples relief in the case If unemployment; old age; sickness and disablement and in other cases of underserved want. (Article 41).

4. To make provision for just and human conditions of work and maternity relief (Article 42).

5. To secure living wage and decent standard of life so as to ensure to the workers sufficient leisure and enjoyment of social and cultural opportunities. (Article 43).

6. Raising the level of nutrition and standard of living of the people and the improvement of public health (Article 47).

2. Liberal-intellectual Principles: The priíiciples represent the ideology of liberâlism and certain objectives like provision of basic education; ‘uniform civil code: independent judiciary and international peace. They are incorporated in Articles 44, 45, 50 and 51 of the Constitution.

  1. The State shall secure for the citizen’s uniform civil code’ throughout the country. (Article 44)
  2. The State shall provide free and compulsory education for all the children below 14 years of age. The Constitution (Eighty-Sixth Amendment) Act, 2002 substituted the following words in Article 45. ‘The State shall endeavor to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of six years.” (Article 45)
  3. The state organize agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines (Article 48)
  4. The state protect monuments which are declared to be of national importance (Article 49)
  5. The state protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wild life (Article 48 A)
  6. The State shall take steps to separate judiciary from executive in public services of the State. (Article 50)

7. The State shall

  • promote international peace, justice and security
  • Maintain just and honorable relations with other nations
  • protection of monuments and place of historical and cultural interest
  • respect for international laws and treaty obligations; and
  • encourage settlement of International dispute by arbitration. (Article 51)

3. Gandhian Principles These Principles are based on gandhian ideology. They represent the programme of reconstruction enunciated by Mahatma Gandhi during the national movement. These principles provide ideals rule in India. They are reflected in Articles 40,43, 46 and 47. They may be enumerated as under.

  1. The State shall organize village Panchayats and endow them with adequate powers and authority so as to enable them to function as the units of self-government. (Article 40)
  2. The State shall strive for the promotion of cottage industries on individual or Cooperative basis in rural areas. (Article 43)
  3. The State shall promote the educational and economic interests of the SCs, STs and BCs of society with special care, (Article 46)
  4. The State shall endeavour to bring about prohibition of intoxicating drinks and of drugs which are injurious to health (Article 47)

Other Principles: The Constitutión (Forty Second and Forty Fourth Amendrrent) Acts of 1976 and 1978 added a few more subjects to the list of Directive Principles. While the Constitution (Forty Second Amendment) Act inserted Articles 39A, 43A, and 48 A, the Constitution (Forty Fourth Amendment) Act included Article. 39 Clause (2). They comprise the following provisions.

  1. Providing opportunities for healthy development of children.
  2. Promotion of equal joice and legal aid to the poor.
  3. Securing participation workers in the management of industries.
  4. Protecting the environment, forests and wild animals.

Question 3.
Discuss the powers and functions of the prime Minister of India.
Answer:
The Prime Minister is the real executive head of the Union Government. He occupies an important position in the administration of our country. Since India has a Parliamentary form of Government the real power rests with him. He is the ‘uncrowned king’ and “the keystone of the Cabinet arch in the Union Government”.

Qualifications:

  1. He should be citizen of India.
  2. He should have completed the age of 25 years.
  3. He should be qualified for election as a member of the Lok Sabha.
  4. He should not hold any office of profit under the union or state or local governments.

Appointment: The President appoints the Prime Minister. Generally, the President has to summon the leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha to form the Ministry If no party gets an absolute majority, the President can use his discretion and summon the leader of the party who in his opinion can manage to form a ministry. Afterwards the Prime Minister will be asked to prove his majority in the Lok Sabha.

Oath of Office: The President of India will administers the oath of office of the Prime Minister.

Term of Office: The Prime Minister shall remain in office during the pleasure of the President. But actually he assumes his
powers as long as he retains the confidence of the majority members in the Lok Sabha. He resigns when the Lok Sabha accepts a no confidence motion against his ministry.

Salary and Allowances: The salary and allowances of Prime Minister are decided by the Parliament from time to time. He gets his salary and allowances that are payable to a member of Parliament. At present the Prime Minister gets a salary and allowances of ₹ 1,60,000/- per month. Powers and Functions: The Prime Minister is the head of the union government.

He is the real executive. The Council of Ministers cannot exist without the Prime Minister. His powers are explained here under.
1. leader of the Union Cabinet: The Prime Minister is the leader of the Union Cabinet and Union Council of Ministers. He selects some eminent members of his party in parliament and sees that they are appointed as ministers by the President. He has a free choice of both allocating portfolios and reshuffling the ministry.

All the ministers are personally and politically loyal to the Prime Minister. He decides the agenda of the cabinet meetings. Further, he presides over the cabinet meetings.

2. Leader of the Union Government:
The Prime Minister acts as the leader of the union government. The union executive (Union Council of Ministers) initiates its business after the swearing in ceremony of the Prime Minister. All the ministers in the union ministry assume their office, owe their position and exercise their powers along with the Prime Minister. Infact, the Prime Minister influences the nature and working of the union government. He not only has a clear understanding but holds complete control over the affairs of the union government.

All the high-level officers and the entire ministry in the union government behave and act according to the wishes of the Prime Minister.

3. Leader of the parliament: The Prime Minister acts the leader of the Parliament in India. He is primarily a member of Parliament. He extends cooperation to the presiding officers in the smooth conduct of the two Houses. He wields complete control over his party members in the Parliament. He ensures that his party members maintain discipline during the sessions of the Parliament.

He informs out the cabinet decisions to the Parliament. He communicates the major domestic and foreign policies of the union government to the members of Parliament. He maintains rapport with the opposition leaders and discusses the major issues confronted by the nation with them.

4. Link between the President and the Council of Ministers The Prime Minister acts as the main link between the President and the Union Council of Ministers. It is his duty to communicate to the President about the decisions of the Union Council of Ministers. He furnishes the every information required by the President concerning the affairs of union government. All the ministers shall formally meet the President only with the consent of the Prime Minister.

5. Leader of the Majority Party: The Prime Minister acts as the leader of the majority party or group in the lower House of Parliament. He participates in the meetings of the party and acquaints his party members on various issues and steps taken by his ministry in implementing the party promises. He utilizes the services of the senior party leaders in running the government. He acts as the main link between the part and the government.

6. Leader of the Nation: Prime Minister is the leader of the nation. He takes initiative finding solutions to several problems in the internal matters of the country. He plays. an important role in the development of the nation.

7. Maker of Foreign Policy: The Prime Minister plays a dominant role in shaping the foreign policy of the nation: He keeps in touch with the developments in all. countries. He meets Heads of various countries and maintains friendly relations with them.

8. Chairman of NITI Aayog: The Prime Minister heads the NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming: India) NITI
Aayog means policy commission. It is a policy think tank of government of India that replaces planning commission which aims to involve the states in economic policy-making in ‘India. It will provide strategic and technical advice to the centre and state governments. It will have a governing council comprising Chief Ministers of all the states and it governors of Union Territories. Union government set up the NITI Aayog on January 1, 2015.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Question Paper March 2018 with Solutions

Question 4.
Describe powers and functions of the Lok Sabha Speaker.
Answer:
Articles 93 to 97 of the Indian Constitution deal with the Office of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. The Speaker acts as head of the Lok Sabha, guardian of members, and principal spokesman of the house. He enjoys Supreme Authority and power on the floor of the house.

Election: The members of the Lok Sabha elect the Speaker from among themselves. According to the Parliamentary convention the speaker is unanimously elected or chosen by the members on the request of the Prime Minister. A person elected as the seeker must be a member of the Lok Sabha.

Tenure: The speaker continues in office for five years. Though the Lok Sabha is dissolved the speaker continues in office until the new Lok Sabha elects its speaker. (Article 94).

Removal: The speaker can be removed from office by a majority members, resolution, preceded by a 14-day prior notice to that effect.

Salary and allowances: At present, the speaker receives a monthly salary of ₹ 1,40,000. Besides he is provided with rent free accommodation, Medical, travelling and telephone facilities.

Powers and functions of the speaker:

  1. The speaker presides over the meetings of the Lok Sabha. He conducts the meetings with dignity, order and efficiency.
  2. He allots time to the members to express their views on the bills, conducts voting if necessary and announces the results.
  3. He sends bills to the Rajya Sabha after they are approved by the Lok Sabha. On the receipt of the Bills from the Rajya Sabha, he certifies and sends them to the President of India for his consent.
  4. He acts as the representative of the Lok Sabha. He sends messages and directives to the members on behalf of the Lok Sabha.
  5. He takes steps for safeguarding the rights and privileges of the members and for upholding the respect of the house.
  6. He has the privilege of determining whether a bill is money bill or not.
  7. He accords permission to the members for introducing various bills in the house. He gives his signatiron the bill approved by the house.
  8. He is empowered to permit the members to move a No-confidence motion against thç government, postpone the meetings of the house and decide the Quorum in the house.
  9. He constitutes various house committees and appoints their chairpersons.
  10. He presides over the joint session of the Parliament.
  11. He exercises his casting vote in case of a tie over a bill.
  12. He conducts the election of the Deputy Speaker in case of a vacancy.

Question 5.
Estimate the powers and functions of the District Collector.
Answer:
Power and Functions of District Collector: The District Collector enjoys vast power and performs several functions as the head of the district administration.

These may be explained as follows:
A) The Collector as District Revenue Officer: The Collector is the Chief District Revenue Officer. He, in that capacity, serves as the chief guide to the farmers in the district by fulfilling several obligations. His revenue functions include various activities such as collection of land revenue, sanction of agricultural loans to farmers, rescuing the farmers in times of natural calamities by assessing the loss incurred by them, rendering assistance to the union and state authorities in emergency relief measures, etc.

B) The Collector as District Agistrate; The Collector acts as the District Magistrate. He will have supervision over the
activities of the district police personnel He sees that law and order condition in the district are normal. For this purpose he will be assisted by a large number of police personnel. The district superintendent of police and other police officers owe responsibility to the Collector in matters such is supervision over police personnel prisons etc. The Collector can inspect the police stations in the district. He is empowered to issue prohibitory orders on the occasion of break down of law and order. He can issue firing orders when all peace efforts faiied. in the restoration of normal.

C) The Collector as Chief Coordinator: The District Collector acts as the chief co-ordinator of various government departments the district., He acts as the chief counsel and coordinator of the departments such as agricuiture, irrigation, cooperation and labour affairs. The heads of these departments shall oblige and .mplement the suggestions .and guidelines of the collector the district ven though these heads formulate their policies independently, they are answerable to the District Collector in their discharge of their obligations.

D) The Collector as District Electoral Officer: The Collector acts the chief district electoral officer. He serves as the main agent of the Election Commission of India for conducting elections to the various representative bodies in the district. He takes steps for conducting the elections in fair and impartial manner. These include preparation of electoral list and its modification, hearing public grievances on voters list, registration of new voters, appointing returning officers assistant returning officers, etc.

E) The Collector as the Chief Census Officer: The Collector acts as the chief census officer in the district. He on behalf of the union and state governments, takes steps for holding census operations in the district for évery ten years He also sees that the statistical data regarding the number of much cattle, trees and domesticated animals in the district is collected properly. He also compiles such other information as required by the higher authorities in regard to the construction of houses for the poor, family welfare, women empowerment, rural infrastructure etc.

F) The Collector as Permanent invitee of Local Bodies:
The District Collector is a permanent invitee to the meetings of Panchayat Raj and urban local bodies in the district. He acts as a main link between the union and state governments and district local bodies on various matters. Does he participate in the normal? emergency meetings of Zilla Parishad and mandal parishads in the district. He sends confidential reports to the state government on the nature of functioning of these bodies. He conducts the meeting meant for considering the no confidence motion against the Zilla Parishad chairman.

Other Functions: This District Collector also performs the following functions.

  1. Matters conceriung the welfare of Ex-servicemen.
  2. Provision of irrigation facilities.
  3. Supervision over sub treasuries.
  4. Coordinating the activities of various government departments.
  5. Supervising the training programmes for Junior Officers.

Role of District Collector in Local Government: The District Collector plays a crucial role in the affairs of local governments in the district. He serves as the friend, philosopher, and guide to the common men living in the district. He also serves as a link between people and local bodies in the district. Normally the common men seek guidance and solace from the Collector in times of natural calamities and other unforeseen contingencies.

The Collector makes recommendations to the state government in regard to the working of the local bodies in the district. His valuable remarks are required for constituting new gram panchayats and mandal parishads in the district. The entire administrative, revenue, police, health, educational and agricultural personnel working in rural areas depend to a great extent upon the advice and suggestions forwarded by the Collector on may occasions.

He sees that the farmers in the district receive sufficient agricultural inputs such as fertilizers, water, rural credit, marketing facilities, etc. He supervises the activities of village extension officers and sees that the farmers receive various types of assistance for carrying on their agricultural operations smoothly. He also sees that all persons below poverty line will receive, ration and pension facilities.

The fact that the Collector heads more than one hundred committees at the district level demonstrates his role in district affairs. He, like the Chief Minister at the state level, will have tremendous influence and powers in the district Many programmes of union and state governments like National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS), Pradhan Mantri Gram SadakYojana (PMGSY), Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY), Aam Admi Bima Yojana (AABY), Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP). Prime Ministers Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP).

The union and state government, rely on the District Collector in tackling the financial, political and cultural matters of the people living in local areas, They nominate the District Collector as the chairman, co-ordinator or secretary of the above programmes at the district level. People regard the Collector as a repository of authority functioning independently with dedicated spirit: Even though some states like Gujarat and Maharashtra relieved the Collector from the perspective.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Question Paper March 2018 with Solutions

Section – B
8 x 5 = 40

Note:

  • Answer ANY EIGHT of the following questions in 20 lines each.
  • Each question cames 5 marks.

Question 6.
Write a note on the sources of Indian Constitution.
Answer:
The constitution of India was formulated on the basis of various experiences. Almost all the noble features of the world constitutions have been incorporated in it. Similarly, the peculiar political, social and cultural conditions present in India have been taken into account at the time of drafting the constitution. The makers of Indian constitution ignored those conditions prevalent in other countries which are countrary to the socio-economic and political background of India.

On the whole the following sources figure prominently in making the Indian constitution.
1. Many provisions of Indian constitution have been drawn on the basis of West Minister Model (british). These include parliamentary traditions, rule of law, cabinet government, legislative-executive relations, single citizenship, nominal executive head etc.

2. Some provisions like fundamental rights, judicial review, federal system, presidents election, impeaching the president. etc., have been taken from the American constitution.

3. Items relating to Directe,Principles of State Policy have been drawn from the constitution of Ireland.

4. The emergency powers of the President have been taken basing on the German Constitution.

5. Matters such as Concurrent List, Business, Commerce, Inter-State trade, Special privileges of legislators etc., have been added on the model of Australia.

6. The Union-State relations mentioned in Indian constitution have been designed basing on the Canadian Constitution.

7. Matters of constitutional amendment procedure were drawn from South African constitution.

8. The idea of republic and the ideals of liberty equality and fraternity have been taken from the constitution of France.

9. Most of provisions of Indian constitution were drawn from the Government of India Act, 1935.

Question 7.
Explain any three fundamental rights of a citizen.
Answer:

  1. Right to freedom of Religion: This right denotes the secular nature of Indian political system. It aims at transforming India into a secular state. Both the citizens and aliens of India enjoy this right. Article 25 empowers every persons to profess, practice and propagate a religion ‘of this liking. Article 26 guarantees the following rights to every person.
  2. To establish and maintain religious and charitable institutions.
  3. To mange his their religious affairs.
  4. To own and acquire moveable and immovable properties and
  5. To maintain such prices in accordance with the provision of the law.

Article 27 prohibits the state to impose or collect taxes from individuals purely on religious grounds. It also prohibits the state to impose and collect taxes for the benefit and maintenance of any particular religion or religious denominations. Article 28 bans religious instructions in educational institutions wholly or partly maintained by the state funds.

2. Educational and Cultural Rights: Indian constitution provided several cultural and educational opportunities for Indian
citizens through this right. Article 29 enables every citizen to preserve and protect his own language and culture irrespective of ones religion, language or region.

Article 30 prohibits special treatment to any citizen in the admission into educational institutions either wholly or partly funded by the state on the grounds of caste, religion, region, colour, language or sect. However, it allowed the minorities some special facilities for preserving and promoting their language and culture. The state can grant financial assistance to them in this regard.

3. Right to Constitutional Remedies: This right enables the individuals to approach a high court under article 226 or the Supreme Court under article 32 to get any of the fundamental rights restored in case of their violation. The Supreme court and the state High courts issue various writs for the implementation of Fundamental Rights. Dr. Ainbedkar described this right as the Heart and Soul of the Constitution.

Question 8.
What are the powers and functions of the Attorney General of India?
Answer:
Ans. Article 76 of our Constitution provided for the office of the Attorney General of India. The Attorney General is the highest law officer of the Union Government He is appointed by the President. He holds the office during the pleasure of the President. He is entitled to all privileges and immunities allowed to a Member of Parliament. When he attends sessions of the House, he occupies a seat on the treasury government benches.

Qualifications
The Attorney General of India Possess the same qualifications that are necessary for a judge of the Supreme Court. They are as follows.

  1. He must be a citizen of India. :
  2. He must have served as a judge in some High Court for a period of at least five years.
  3. He must have served as an advocate in some High Court for a period of at least ten years.
  4. He must be a distinguished jurist in the opinion of the President.

Pay and Allowances
The Attorney General of India is paid not a salary but a remuneration that is determined by the President. The remuneration of Attorney General is equal to salary of a judge of the Supreme Court.

Removal
He may. quit his office by submitting his resignation to the President. He can be removed by the President in case a special address is passed charging him with ‘proved misbehavior’ or in capacity’ by each House of Parliament with its absolute majority and with two-thirds majority of the members present and voting.

Powers and functions
The Constitution assigned some specific powers and functions to the Attorney General of India. They are mentioned as follows :

  1. The Attorney General of India render advice to the Union Government upon such legal matters which are referred to him by the President.
  2. He performs such other functions of legal character that are assigned to him by the President from time to time.
  3. He discharges the Functions conferred on him by the constitution or any other Laws.
  4. He appears in any court of Law on behalf of the union government in all cases.
  5. He represents the government in any reference made by the president to the Supreme Court.
  6. He appears in any High Court on behalf of the union government.

Question 9.
Explain any three powers of the Governor.
Answer:
1. Legislative Powers and Functions: Article 168 describes that the Governor is an intregral part of the State Legislature. In that capacity he exercises certain powers and performs functions related to the State Legislature.

  • The Governor inaugurate the first sessions of the State Legislative Assembly after te general elections are over.
  • He also addressing the first session of State Legislative Assembly every year i.e. budget session.
  • He appoints Pro-tern Speaker of the State Legislative Assembly.
  • He summons and prorogues the sessions of the two houses of the State Legislature.
  • He addresses the Members of the state legislature and sends messages in relation to the state legislature.
  • The Governor gives his assent to the bills passed by the State Legislature.
  • He may return a bill sent by the State Legislature for its reconsideration.
  • He dissolves the State Legislative Assembly when he feels no party is in a position to form a stable and viable Government and the advice of the Chief Minister.
  • He may promulgate Ordinances to meet an emergency which require immediate action during the recess of the State Legislature.
  • He nominates members of Anglo-Indian community to the Legislative Assembly of the state if he feels that community is not represented in the house.
  • The Governor nominates 1/6 of the total members of the State Legislative Council.

2. Executive Powers and Functions: The Governor has the following executive powers.

  1. The Governor appoints, the Chief Minister and the members of the Council of Ministers on the advice of the Chief Minister.
  2. He allocates Portfolios among the ministers and reshuffles their portfolios.
  3. He removes the Ministers on the advice of the Chief Minister.
  4. He appoints the Vice-Chancellors of the Universities in the State. He acts as the Chancellor of the universities.
  5. He appoints the Chief Secretary and Advocate General of the State Government.

6. He appoints the Chairmen and other members of the State Commissions such as

  • State Public Service Commission,
  • State Election Commission,
  • Official Language Commission,
  • Commission for Women,
  • Minorities Commission,
  • Backward Classes Commission and
  • SC & ST Commission.

7. He regulates the postings and transfers of the All India Services personal working in the state.

3. Judicial Powers and Functions: The Governor also exercises the following judicial powers and functions. ‘

  1. The Governor renders advice to the President of India in the appointment of Chief Justice and other judges of the High Court of the State.
  2. The Governor appoints the Advocate General of the State.
  3. He makes appointments, postings and promotions of the District Judges in consultation with the Chief Justice of High Court of the State.
  4. He also appoints person of the judicial services of the state (other than the district courts) in consultation with the Chief Justice of High court and State Public Service Commission.
  5. He can grant pardon, retrieve, remit and commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence against any law of the concerned state.

Question 10.
What do you know about Public Accounts Committee?
Answer:
Public Accounts Committee consists of 20 members out of which 15 members belong to Assembly and 5 members belong to Legislative Council. They are elected through indirect election by following the principle of proportional representation for a period of one year. The Chairman is normally the member of Opposition Party. The Ministers of Cabinet cannot be member of Public Accounts Committee.

Functions: Public Account Committee performs the following functions.

  1. The committee examines the accounts showing the appropriation of sums granted by the house for expenditure of the state government.
  2. It scrutinizes the appropriation accounts of the state and the reports of the Comptroller and Auditor General.
  3. It shall be the duty of the Public Accounts Committee to examine such a trading, manufacturing and profit and loss accounts and balance sheets and the accounts of the state government and also to consider the report of the Comptroller and Auditor General.
  4. The committee carefully considers the accounting and audit procedures.
  5. The committee is not concerned with the question of policy approved by the legislature.
  6. The committee investigatès expenditure after it has already incurred. An overall, this committee is generally described as a ‘post-mortem committee’.

Question 11.
Write any two powers and functions of the State High Court.
Answer:
The following are the two powers and functions of the High Court.
1. Original Jurisdiction: Every High Court in India has original jurisdiction in regard to matters? admiralty, will, marriage, divorce, company laws, contempt of court, and certain revenue cases. Every High Court is empowered to issue directions, orders or writs for the enforcement of any of the Fundamental Rights. Every High Court is empowered to settle disputes relating to election of members of Parliament and State Legislatures.

The High Courts of Bombay, Calcutta and Madras possess original jurisdiction in Civil as well as Criminal cases arising within the presidency towns. They are authorized to hear Civil Cases involving property of the value of ₹ 20,000/- or more. They enjoy exclusive privileges and authority in this regard. In fact this power of High Court was in vogue before independence. It has been retained in the new Constitution.

The other High Courts also enjoy the same jurisdiction as was available to them before independence. Under Article 226, the High Courts is empowered to issue writs for enforcing Fundamental Rights. The High Court issue writs like Habeas-corpus, Certiorari, Mandamus, Quo-warranto and Injunction for protecting the Fundamental Rights of the India Citizens.

2. Appellate Jurisdiction: Every High Court hears appeals against the judgement of the subordinate courts. The appellate Jurisdiction of the High Court extends to both Civil and Criminal Cases.
a) Civil Cases: An appeal to the High Court on the civil side is either a first appeal or a second appeal. In civil cases, appeal to the High Court lies from the decision of a District Court. Appeals can also be made from the subordinate courts directly provided the dispute involves a value of more than ₹ 5,00,000/- (or) a question of fact of law. When a court subordinate to the High Court decides an appeal differing from the decision of an inferior court, a second appeal can be made to the High Court.

b) Criminal Cases: In Criminal cases, it hears the appeals in which the accused has been sentenced to more than seven years imprisonment by the Sessions Judge. All cases involving capital punishment awarded by the Sessions Court come to High Court as appeals. Its approval is necessary for the imposition of death sentences by the District Sessions Judge. It also hears cases involving the interpretation of the Constitution.

Question 12.
Discuss the administrative relations between the Union and the States of India.
Answer:
Articles 256 to 263 in Part XI of our Constitution deal with the administrative relations between the Union and States. They are discussed under the following heads:

  • during emergencies,
  • in normal times.

In normal times:
In normal times, our Constitution has devised techniques of control over the states by the Union to ensure that the State Governments do not interfere with the legislative and executive policies of the Union. The Union Government exercises its influence over the State Governments in the following ways. The ‘Union Government is empowered tcl issue directions to the State Governments in the following matters:

  • To ensure due compliance with the Union laws in the implementation of the State laws.
  • To ensure that the exercise of the executive power of the State does not impede the implementation of the Union laws.
  • The ensure the Constitution and the Maintenance of the means of communication of military or national importance.
  • To ensure protection of Railways within the state.
  • To devise and execute schemes for the welfare of the tribal communities as mentioned in the directions.
  • To secure the provisions of the adequate facilities for the instruction in the mother tongue at the primary stage to linguistic minorities.
  • To ensure the development of Hindi language.
  • To entrust certain functions of the Centre to the State and its officers and the Centre will meet the additional expenditure involved in carrying out such functions.
  • To issue directions to the State for the welfare of the scheduled castes and scheduled Tribes.
  • The State Governments have to see that the laws made by the Parliament and other laws prevalent in the State are properly executed. The Union Government is empowered to give directions to the States for this purpose.
  • The Parliament can frame rules regarding the settlement of disputes between two States with regard to the use of water and boundaries.
  • The President is empowerd to constitute an Inter-State Council to advise the State in settlihg their disputes.
  • The personnel belonging to All India Services working in the State are governed by the rules, regulations and service conditions laid down by the Central government only. They can be removed only by that government.
  • The Central Government dispatches the central resource power to the States for tackling any situation of disturbances affecting law and order conditions in the State.
  • The Union can impose presidential rule in any State if there is a breakdown of the Constitutional machinery in the State.
  • The Election Commission, an independent Constitutional body constituted by the Central Government conduct elections of the Union and State legislatures.
  • The Parliament can empower to make grant in aid to any State which is in need of such assistance.

During Emergencies: During the operation of a national emergency; the Union Government will work a a powerful body. The state governments are brought under its complete control.

However, they can’t be suspended by the union, When the President’s rule is imposed in a state the President can assume to himself the functions of the state government. He can assign such functions to the Governor. During the financial emergency, the union can direct the states to observe canons of financial propriety. The President can Issue directions including the reduction of salaries of persons serving in the state government and the High Court Judges.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Question Paper March 2018 with Solutions

Question 13.
Evaluate the recommendations of the Sarkaria Commission.
Answer:
The Union Government appointed a three-member Commission on Centre-State relations under the Chairmanship of R.S.Sarkaria, a retired jûdge of the Supreme Court. B.Sivaraman, S.R.Sen, and Rama Subramaniam were appointed as other members. The Commission. was asked to overhaul and review the working of existing arrangements between the Union and States in all spheres as and recommend such changes and measures as may be appropriate.

It was initially given one year time to complete its work, but its term was extended four times. The final report was submitted on October, 27, 1987 and the summary was later officially released in January, 1988.

The Sarkaria Commission made 247 recommendations to improve the center-state relations. The important recommendations are mentioned below:

  1. A permanent Inter-State Council called the Inter-Governmental Council should be set up under Article 263.
  2. Article 356 (President’s Rule) should be used very sparingly in extreme cases as a last resort when all the available alternatives fail.
  3. The institution of All India Services should be further strengthened and some more such services should be created.
  4. The residuary powers of taxation should continue to remain with the Parliament, while the other residuary powers should be placed in the Concurrent List.
  5. When the President withholds his assent to the State bills, the reasons should be communicated the State Government.
  6. The National Development Council (NDC) should be renamed and reonstitutéd as the National Economic and Development Council (NEDC).
  7. The zonal councils should be constituted afresh and reactivated to promotethe spirit of federalism.
  8. The Union should have powers to deploy its armed forces, even without the consent of States. However, it is desirable that the States should be consulted.
  9. The Centre should consult the States before making a law on a subject of the Concurrent List.
  10. The procedure of consulting the Chief Minister in the appointment of the State Governor should be prescribed in the Constitutional itself.
  11. The net proceeds of the Corporation tax may be made permissibly shareable with the States.
  12. The Governor cannot dismiss the Council of Ministers so long as it commands a majority in the assembly.
  13. The Governor’s term of five years in a State should not be disturbed except for some extremely compelling reasons.
  14. No commission of enquiry should be set up against a State Minister unless a demand is made by the Parliament.
  15. The surcharge on income tax should not be levied by the Centre except for a specific purpose and or a strictly limited period.
  16. The present division of functions between the Finance Commission and the Planning Commission is reasonable and should continue.
  17. Steps should be taken the iniformly implement the three language formula in its type spirit.
  18. No autonomy for radio and television but decentralization in their operations.
  19. No change in the role of Rajya Sabha and the Centre’s power to reorganize the States.
  20.  Giving powers to the Municipalities to issue tax free bonds.

The Union Government has implemented 180 (out of 247) recommendations of the Sarkaria Commission. The most important is the establishment of the Inter-State Council in 1990 but it has not served the purpose.

Question 14.
Write a short note on composition and functions of Election Commission.
Answer:
Composition: The Election Commission of India consists of the Chief Election Commissioner and two other commissioners. They are appointed by the President of India.

Functions of Election Commission:

  1. It prepares all periodically revised electoral rolls.
  2. It makes every effort to ensure that the voters’ list is free of errors like non-existence of names of registered voters or existence of names of that non-eligible or non-existent.
  3. It notifies the dates and schedules of election and scrutinizes nomination papers.
  4. During this entire process, the Election Commission has the power to take decisions to ensure a free and fair poll.
  5. It can postpone or cancel the election in the entire country or a specific State or constituency on the grounds that the atmosphere is vitiated and therefore, a free and fir election may not be possible.
  6. The Commission also imiplements a model code of conduct for parties and candidates It can order a re-poll in a specific constituency.
  7. It can also order a recount of votes when it feels that the counting process has not been fully fair and just.
  8. The Election Commission accords recognition to political parties and allots symbols to each of them.
  9. It advices the President whether èlections can be held in a state under President’s rule in order to extent the period of emergency after one year.
  10. It advices the Governor on matters relating to the disqualifications of the members of State Legislature.

Question 15.
Explain briefly about Bharatiya Janata Party.
Answer:
Bharatiya Janatha Party is one of the All India Parties in India. It was established on April 6, 1980. Earlier it was known as
Bharatiya Jan Sangh founded by shyam Prasad Mukherjee on October 21, 1951. Deenadayal Upadhyaya, Atal Bihari Vaj Payee, Lal Krishna Advani, Murali Manohar Joshi, Jana Krishna Murthy, Kushbhav Thakre and Venkaiah Naidií acted at it’s presidents. Although initially unsuccessful, winning only two seats in the 1984 general election, it grew in strength on the back of the Ram Janmabhoomi and Babri Majid issue.

Following victories in several state elections and better performances in national elections, the BJP became the largest party in the Parliament in 1996; however, it lacked a majority in the lower house of Parliament, and its government lasted only 13 days. After the 1998 general election, the BJP-led coalition known as the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) formed a government under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee for a year. Following fresh elections, the NDA government, again headed by Vajpayee, lasted for a full term in office; this was the first non-Congress government to do so. In the 2004 general election, the BJP-led NDA suffered in unexpected defeat, and for the next ten years the BJP was the principal Opposition party.

Long time Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi, a principal campaigner and charismatic leader of the party, led it to a landslide victory in the 2014 general elections. Since that election, Narendra Modi leads the NDA government as Prime Minister with the alliance of 13 states owned parties.

Sri Amith Shah is the present President of the party. The party had spread its influence in Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Jarkhand, Rajsthan, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, etc.

Policies:
Bharatiya Janata Party favours a strong unitary state in place of the present quasi-federation. It has the following policies.

  1. The party is committed toadopt the principles of nationalism, democracy, value based politics, national integration, positive secularism and Gandhian socialism.
  2. It strives to implement five concepts, namely Suraksha, Sucharita, Swadeshi, Somrastha and Suvajya.
  3. It aims at the construction of Ram temple at Ayodhya, abrogation of Article 3 to and implementation of Uniform Civil code.
  4. It also aims at adopting electoral reforms.
  5. It believes in the implementation of Swadeshi and Swabhiman policies.
  6. It also aims at the adoption of a practical non-aligned policy in foreign affairs. It favours settlement of all disputes with the neighbouring states through dialogue and discussion. It strongly believes in the utilization of nuclear energy and arms for achieving peace and prosperity. It demands more democratization of the United Nations ‘Organisation by expanding the membership of the Security council.
  7. It favours the continuation of the economic reforms initiated by the earlier governments through the policies of liberalization, privatization and globalization.
  8. It vehemently opposes dynastic rule, assigning top executive offices and strongly supports decentralization of power and empowerment of women.

Question 16.
Describe the formation of Andhra Pradesh state.
Answer:
During Vandhematararn movement, the senior congressmen of Andhra Region, Sri Bhoga Raju Pattabhi, Seetha Ramaiah, Mutnuri Krishna Rao, Konda Venkatappiah and Tanguturi Prakasam Met at Machiipatnam and discussed about formation of an Integrated Andhra state by uniting the regions of Andhra, Rayalaseema and Telangana. In the Madras State, There are 58% of Telugu areas and 40% of Telugu people were remained backward.

This created the feeling of separate state of Andhra among them strongly. In 1912 the joint session of Godavari, Krishna and Guntur was held at Nidadavole under the chairmanship of Sri Vemavarapu Ramadas and passed.a Resolution for formation of separate Andhra State.
1. The First Andhra Mahasabha, Bapatla 1913: In 1913 at Bapatla of Guntur district, the First Andhra Mahasabha was held which was presided by Sri B.N.Sarma. It was attended by 800 delegates and 2000 Audience.

2. The Second Andhra Mahasabha, Vijayawada 1914: On 11th April of 1914 the second Andhra Mahasabha was held at Vijayawada which was presided by Sri’ Nyapathi Subba Rao, Sri Ayyadevara Kaléswara Rao of Vijayawada was its Convener. It was attended by 1600 delegates.

3. The Third Andhra Màhasabha, Visakhapatnam 1915: In 1915, May the third Andhra Mahasabha was held at Visakhapatnam under the chairmanship of Sri Panagallu Raja Rama Rayanim. It pass two resolutions.

  • Formation of separate Andhra State, Inevitable
  • Teaching in mother tongue up to secondary school level

The Nagpur congress session in 1920 has declared officially by accepting the doctrine of linguistic states. It has Recoginsed 21 languages on that basis the separate Pradesh congress was launched. Article 52 of Indian council Act of 1919 which was made on the Report of Montague – Chelmsford stated that the government may accept the proposal of separate Andhra State if such resolution is passed by majority in the state legislature.

In 1926, the Andhra University was established with a view to provide higher education to Andhra people due to sincere efforts by the then education minister, Sri Anem Parasuram Pathro. In 1932, under the chairmanship of Sri Kadapa Kotireddy, The separate Andhra Mahasabha was held at Madras. Sri Kasinadhuni Nageswara Rao Pantulu and Prominent leaders of Andhra and Rayalaseema were participated.

4. Sri Bagh Pact: On 14th November, 1937 at Madras in the residence of Sri Kasinadhum Nageswara Rao penghulu namely “Sri Bagh” the meeting of leaders of Andhra and Rayalaseema was held.

Leaders from Aridhra region were Dr. Bhoga Raju, Pattabhi Seetha Ramaiah, Konda Venkatåppaiah, Mahboob Alibegh, Desi Raju Hanumantha Rao, Mullapudi Pallam Raju and Kasinadhuni Nageswara Rao Pantulu.

Leaders from Rayalaseema were Sri Kadapa Kotireddy, Seetha Rami Reddy, Subbu Rami Reddy, T.N.Rama Krishna Reddy,
Pappuri Ramachari and Varadachari.

On 30th march, 1938 KondaVenkatappaiah introdiiced a Resolution in Madras Assembly and it was seconded by Kadapa
Koti Reddy. The then chief minister addressed the house on resolution. Later it was passed by the house unanimously. In 1938 The Andhra Mahasabha was held which was presided by Dr. Sarvepalli Radha Krishna and discussed about capital.

In 1938 The Andhra Mahasabha was held which was presided by Dr. Sarvepalli Radha Krishna and discussed about capital.

  • The First Andhra Mahasabha, Bapatla 1913
  • The Second Andhra Mahasabha, Vijayawada 1914
  • The Third Andhra Mahasabha, Visakhapatnam, 1915
  • Sri Bagh Pact
  • Events that led to the formation of Andhra State.
  • J.VR Report
  • Hunger Strike of Swami Seetharam
  • Hunger Strike fast up to death of Potti Sreeramulu
  • Waanchu Committee 1953

5. J.V.R Report: The Jaipur congress session appointed three men committee which consists of Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhaipatel and Pattabhi Seetha Ramaiah, Popularly Known as JVP Committee to re consider the Separate state demand. The committee submitted report in 1949 April Stating that the separate state can be formed upon a condition that the Andhra people has to set a side the desire of Madras city.

6. Hunger Strike of Swami Setha Ram: With a view to get easy and speedy formation of sepàrate Andhra State by over coming of all hurdles Sri Swami Seetha Ram (Sri Gollapudi Seetha Ram Sasthri) Started hunger strike on 15th August, 1952 at Guntur Town hail it was continued for 36 days.

7. Hunger Strike Fast up to death of Potti Sreeramulu: For the Separate state hood of Andhra Potti Sreeramulu has started fast up to death on 19th October, 1952 at the Residence of Maharshi Bulusu Sambamurthy and it was later named as Yagnasala”. Under these circumstances on 9th December 1952 the union government announced that the government would consider the issue of Separate Andhra state if the Andhra people will agree for separate Andhra apart from Madras By that time Fast up to death of Potti Sreeramulu has gone to 52nd day on 15th December 1952 at 11.39 p.m. Potti Sreeramulu Possess away.

8. Waanchu Committee 1953: In Jan, 1953 the Govemment of India has appointed Justice Waanchu, the chief Justice of Rajasthan High Court to study the formation of separate Andhra state soon after the receipt of Waanchu report prime minister Nehru announced that the Andhra state will be formed on 18th October 1953 and furtherly he stated it is the responsibility of Andhra Legislators to decide the capital, which has to be Set up in Andhra region except Madras.

Formation of Andhra State: The government of India appointed C.M. Trivedi as special officer to look into the New state formation activities. The separate state of Andhra was officially formed with ‘Kurnool as its capital on 18th October, 1953 as announced earlier. New Andhra State Consists of 11 Andhra districts Viz, Srikakulam, Visakhapatnam, ‘East Godavari, West Godavari, Krishna, Guntur, Nellore, Chittoor, Kadapa, Anantapur and Kurnool.

High court was set up at Guntur on July, 1954 Justice Koka Subba Rao was the first chief justice C.M. Trivedi was the First Governor of Andhra state. ‘Tanguturi Prakasam Panthulu’ was the first chief minister. Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru launched the Andhra State on 1st October, 1953. The people throughout the state had Celebrated it as great event and Festival.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Question Paper March 2018 with Solutions

Question 17.
What are The different options suggested by Sri Krishna Committee regarding the status of Andhra Pradesh state?
Answer:
The government of India constituted a Committee for consultations on the situation in Andhra Pradesh on 3rd” February, 2010 headed by Justice B.N.Sri Krishna. It Examined two main issues namely:

  • The demand for separate statehood of Telangana.
  • Keeping the state united in the present form, Andhra Pradesh.

The Committee submitted its report on 30 December, 2010 to the union home iñinistiy. The committee’s report contained the following Six options.

  1. Maintaining the status quo.
  2. Bifurcation of the state into Seemandhra and Telangana. Each state is to develop its own capital. Hyderabad is to be converted into a union Territory.
  3. Dividing A.P into two states – one of Rayala Telangana with Hyderabad as its capital and the second one of the coastal Andhra Pradesh.
  4. Dividing Andhra Pradesh info Seemandhra and Telangana with Hyderabad metro polis as a separate union Territory. It will be linked geographically to guntur district in coastal Andhra via Nalgonda district in the south East and via Mahaboob Nagar district in the South to Kurnool district in Rayalaseema.
  5. Bifurcation of the state into Telangana and Seemandhra as per existing boundaries with Hyderabad as capital of Telangana and Seemandhra to have new capital.
  6.  Keeping the state united and providing for creation of statutorily empowered Telangana Regional council for Socio-economic development and political development of Telangana Region.

Section – C
15 × 2 = 30

Note:

  • Answer ANY FIFTEEN of the following questions in 5 lines each.
  • Each question cames 2 marks.

Question 18.
Preamble.
Answer:
The Indian constitution beings with a preamble. The preamble clearly defines the objectives of our constitution. It declares India as a sovereign, as a socialist, secular Democratic Republic. provides liberty, equality, fraternity and justice. It states that the people of India are the chief sources of the political authority.

Question 19.
Quo-Warranto
Answer:
Quo-Warranto literally means What Warrant or Authority”. It enables the competent court to enquire into the legality of the cliam which a party assets to a public office and to oust him from its enjoyment. if the claim is not well founded.

Question 20.
Article 352
Answer:
Article 352 of the Indian constitution empowers the President to impose National Emergency during the period of war, External Aggression, Armed Rebellion or internal disturbance. So far National Emergency was proclaimed on Four occasions.

They are:

  • Chinese Aggression (1962)
  • Indo – Park war (1965)
  • Indo-Park war in the context of Bangladesh Liberation movement (1971) and
  • Opposition’s call for blocking Parliament (1975)

Question 21.
Collective Responsibility.
Answer:
Article 75 (3) of Indian constitution stated that the Union Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha, for all their acts of omissions and commissions. They act as a team under the leadership of the Prime Minister. They sail together, they swim, together and they sink together.

Question 22.
Quorum of Lok Sabha.
Answer:
Quorum implies minimum attendance of members required for conducting the meetings of the Lok Sabha. Quorum is fixed at 1/10th of the total membership. The speaker determines whether there is Quorum on a particular day for conducting the meetings. Whenever there is no Quorum, he postpones the meetings for an hour or two or for the next day. There are several instances where in the meetings of the Lok Sabha were deferred due to lack of Quorum.

Question 23.
Question Hour.
Answer:
In both houses of Parliament first pour is allotted to question hour. The members, by giving notice to the presiding officer, can ask questions pertaining to public issues, administrative inefficiency or about the role of the government.

Question 24.
Seat of the Supreme Court.
Answer:
The Supreme Court ordinarily shall sit at New Delhi. The Supreme Court of India was inaugurated on January 28, 1950. All general cases are adjudicated by a division Bench comprising two or more judges. Cases involving the constitutional mailers are heard by a constitution bench consisting five judges. For considering special causes larger benches consisting of five or more than five judges are constitute.

Question 25.
State Executive.
Answer:
Articles 153 to 167 deal with the matters of the state executive. The state executive consists of

  • the Governor
  • the Chief Minister and
  • Members of the State Council of Ministers.

In our parliamentary system Governor is the titular or constitutional head of the state. The Chief Minister is the real executive head of the Government. The Chief Minister and the Ministers being represents the people.

Question 26.
Composition of the State Council of Ministers.
Answer:
The State Council of Ministers is generally a three-tie body.
It consisting of.

  1. Cabinet Ministers
  2. Ministers of state and
  3. Deputy Ministers.

There will be some only Parliamentary Secretaries in some states on rare occassions. It constitutes the fourth wing of the hierarchy of the Council of Ministers.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Question Paper March 2018 with Solutions

Question 27.
Qualifications of M.L.A.
Answer:
A person who wishes to contest for the membership of the State Legislative Council must possess the following qualifications.

  • He should be a citizen of India.
  • He should have completed 30 years of age.
  • He should possess such other qualifications as laid down by an Act of Parliament.

Question 28.
Types of committees.
Answer:
The committees are of two types i.e., Standing committees and Ad-hoc committees.

  • Standing Committees: Standing committees deal with specific business (financial matters) Ex: Estimates committee, Public accounts committee and Committee on Public Undertakings.
  • Ad-hoc Committees: Ad-hoc committees are concerned with the matters of temporary nature. They cease to exist after completion of the work. They perform some specific functions assigned to them from time to time.

Question 29.
Appointment of High Court Judges.
Answer:
The Chief Justice of High Court is appointed by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice of India and the Governor of the concerned State. The other judges of High Court are appointed by the President with the consultation of the Chief Justice of High Court of the concerned State. In casse of a common High Court for two or more States, the governors of concerned States are consulted by the president.

Question 30.
Punchchi Commission.
Answer:
The UPA government set up a Commission on Centre-State Relations in April 28th 2007 under chairmanship of Madan Mohan Punchchi, a retired Chief Justice of India. The Commission was required to look into the issues of centre-state relations keeping in view the sea-change that have taken place in Indian polity since the Sarkaria Commission had last looked at the issue of Union State relations over decades ago. The commission submitted its report to the government in April 20, 2010.

Question 31.
M.P.D.O.
Answer:
Mandal Parishad Development Officer (MPDO) is the administrative head of Mandal Parishad the plays a crucial role in the administrative affairs of the Mandal Parishad. He prepares the agenda of the parishad meetings and participates in the meeting and renders advice to the members on several matters of the Mandal Parishad. He prepares the annual budget of the Mandal Parishad. He takes steps for the effective working of the Mandal Parishad.

Question 32.
Port Trusts.
Answer:
Port Trusts is set up in the areas where port personnel are in considerable member. It manages the affairs of ports. It takes proper steps for protecting the interests of Personnel in the port areas. The union government constitutes port affairs committee. The committee comprises both nominated and elected members.

Question 33.
Electronic Voting Machines.
Answer:
An Electronic voting machine is a simple electronic device used to record votes in place of ballot papers and boxes which were used earlier in conventional voting system. The advantages of the EVM over the traditional ballot paper system are give below.

  • It eliminates the possibility of invalid and doubtful votes.
  • It makes the process of counting of votes much faster that the conventional system.
  • If reduces to a great extent the quantity of paper used, thus saving a large number of trees.
  • It reduces cost printing as only one sheet of ballot papers required for each polling station.

Question 34.
Electoral Reforms.
Answer:
The various committees and commissions have recommended various reforms that have to be introduced in our electoral system, election machinery, and election process. These can be mentioned briefly here under.

  1. Lowering of voting age,
  2. Deputation to Election commission
  3. Electronic voting machines
  4. Prohibition on the sale of liquor
  5. Number of Proposers

Question 35.
National Parties.
Answer:
A political party which. participates in four or more states in Lok sabha elections and secures 6 % of valid polled votes plus 4 Lok Sabha seats can be recognised as National Party by the election commission of India. At present there are 6 National Parties in India. Indian National Congress, BJP, CPI, CPM, BSP, NCP.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Question Paper March 2018 with Solutions

Question 36.
Bahujana Samaj Party.
Answer:
It is a dominant party in India. It was established by Kanshi Ram in 1985 a retired civil servant. It’s main motto was the
preservation and promotion of the interests of downtrodden sections in the society. It vehemently opposese the preaching of many and practices of upper casts in society. That is why it always opposed in B.J.P It’s strength in the Thirteen Lok Sabha, stood at 14. This party came to power in U.P. THrice under the leadership of Mayavathi Mayavathi is the present President of this party.

Question 37.
JVP Committee.
Answer:
The Jaipur Congress session appointed three men committee which consist of Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhaipatel and PattabhiSeetha Ramaiah popularly known as JVP Committee to reconsider the separate state demand. The committee submitted report in 1949 April stating that the separate state can be formed upon a condition that the Andhra people has to set a side the desire of Madras city.