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These TS 8th Class Physical Science Important Questions 2nd Lesson Friction will help the students to improve their time and approach.

TS 8th Class Physical Science Important Questions 2nd Lesson Friction

Question 1.
What happens when the experiment Is repeated by using the rock and iron blocks of the same mass and different masses?
Answer:
If we replace wooden block with rock and iron blocks of same mass the limiting weight of the blocks changes with the roughness of the blocks. If different masses of rock and iron are used then the normal force applied by them will vary. In the same manner, there will be change in the speed of trolley and limiting weight.

Question 2.
Does the limiting weight change? If so why?
Answer:
Yes, the limiting weight changes. Because the roughness of the surfaces of stone, iron, and wooden blocks are not same.

Question 3.
Put some grease to the bottom of the wooden block and keep it on the trolley’s surface. What happens to the limiting weight?
Answer:
The limiting weight of the wooden block will decrease if we apply some grease to the bottom of the wooden block. Because grease will decrease the frictional force between the touching planes.

Question 4.
What should we have to do to Increase the limiting weight?
Answer:
To increase the limiting weight we have to increase the frictional force between trolley and wooden block. For this we have to increase the roughness of the surfaces, By increasing weights on the wooden box we can increase normal force with this we can increase frictional force as well as limiting weight.

Question 5.
Play carrom board without powder and next sprinkle fine powder on board. In which case the movement of the striker and the coins is easy? Why?
Answer:
The movement 01 the striker is easy when we sprinkle fine powder on the hoard. Powder decreases the frictional force between carroms and board and increases smoothness of the board.

Question 6.
Why do we pour few drops of oil on the hinges of a door?
Answer:
If we pour few drops of oil on the hinges of a door the will move freely. So we can decrease the friction between the hinges.

Question 7.
Why do we use grease between the moving parts of motor vehicle?
Answer:
If we apply grease between the moving parts of motor vehicle then it forms a thin layer which decreases the frictional force.

Question 8.
‘Objects move through fluids are given special shapes’ why?
Answer:
When objects move through fluids, fluid friction acted on them. In order to overcome the frictional force acting on them, objects are given special shapes. Idea of such shapes corne from the body structure of birds and fishes which have to move about in fluids all the time. Such shapes are called streamlined.

Question 9.
On what factors does the fluid friction depend?
Answer:
The friction on an object in a fluid depends on

• Speed of the object with respect to the fluid.
• The shape of the object.
• Nature of the fluid.

Question 10.
Name the two factors on which the magnitude of the frictional force depends.
Answer:

1. Friction depends on the nature of (smooth or rough) surfaces which are in contact.
2. Friction depends on how hard the two surfaces press together.

Question 11.
Ramya said some times we deliberately increase the friction. Give some examples.
Answer:
We deliberately increase the friction.

• Using brake pads in the brake system of bicycles and automobiles.
• Kabaddi players rub their hands with the soil for an easy grab of their opponents.
• Gymnasts apply some coarse substance on their hands to increase friction for better grip.
• Soles of shoes and tyres of vehicles are grooved to increase friction to better grip on the floor and road.

Question 12.
Explain why It Is convenient to pull the luggages fitted with rollers.
Answer:
Rolling reduces the friction. It is always easier to roll a body than to slide it over a surface. So it is convenient to pull the luggage fitted with rollers.
Friction ∝ Normal force

Question 13.
List the five smooth surfaces and five rough surfaces from your surroundings.
Answer:
Examples for smooth surfaces :

1. Surface of an oily pot
2. Marble floor of the room
3. Glazed tiles
4. Surface of the mirror
5. Surface of wet soaps.

Rough Surfaces:

1. Soles of shoes
2. Surface of a brick
3. Surface of tyres of vehicles
4. Surface of playground
5. Unpainted wall.

Question 14.
Prepare a toy to play with, which Is related to friction.
Answer:
A toy to play with:
Take an empty matchbox. Take out its tray. Cut a used refill of a ball pen of the same width as the tray as shown in the figure below. Fix the refill with two pins on the top of the tray as shown in fig. Make two holes on the opposite sides of the tray. Make sure that the holes are large enough to allow a thread to pass through them easily.

Take a thread about a metre long and pass it through the holes as shown. Fix beads at the two ends of the thread so that it does not come out. Insert the tray in the outer cover of the matchbox.

Suspend the matchbox by the thread. Leave the thread loose. The matchbox will start falling down due to gravity. Tighten the thread now and observe that matchbox will stop falling down.

Question 15.
Rani is pushing a heavy trunk on the floor. Finding it a little difficult she turns the trunk to place it vertically. Will she need to less effort now? Explain.
Answer:
Friction is independent of area of contact. So even though she turns the trunk and place it vertically, she will need the same effort.

Question 16.
What is easier to move a box from rest, or to move It when it is already in motion?
Answer:
When the box starts sliding, the contact points on its surface, do not get enough time to lock into the contact points on the floor. So the sliding friction is slightly less than the static friction and you find It easier to move the box which is in motion than to get it started.

Question 17.
Draw a free-body diagram to show various forces acting on a body? When it is pushed on the floor?
Answer:
Two forces act on the body in the vertical direction. They are

• Weight of the body (W) or gravitational force acting vertically down.
• Normal force (N) or reaction force applied by the floor vertically upward. Two forces act on the body in horizontal direction. They are
• Force applied on it (F)
• Frictional force (f), which is opposite to F.

Question 18.
What conditions are needed for static friction to come into play?
Answer:
Static friction comes to play when surfaces of the objects are at rest relative to each other.
Static friction is a self-adjusting force, until the applied force is more than the limit of the static friction. The applied bodies are at rest relative to each other.

Question 19.
Give examples of practical applications of static friction.
Answer:

1. Brick on a table does not move because static friction is there in between table and brick.
2. Vehicles are stable on roads because static friction acts between road and tyres of vehicles.
3. We are able to stand on the floor due to the static friction.
4. We are able to hold objects with our hands because of static friction.

Question 20.
How can you measure frictional force?
Answer:
Frictional force (F) is proportional to the normal force (N). F ∝ N. Tie a string around a brick, pull the brick by using a spring balance. The change in the length of the spring is proportional to the applied force. So the scale of the spring balance gives directly the applied force in Newtons.

Pull the spring balance to make a move in the brick. Note down the reading of spring balance when the brick just begins to move. In this way we can measure frictional force.

Question 21.
How Is the friction responsible for energy wastages? Give suggestions to reduce energy wastage by the friction.
Answer:

• Friction acts all the time. It reduces the speed of the body in motion.
• Additional force has to be applied from time to time to maintain motion and the speed.
• For this more fuel is consumed. This adds to the cost of running.
• In this way friction is responsible for energy wastage.
• To reduce energy wastage by friction and to save fuel we adopt ways and means to reduce friction, such are lubricants, greases, ball bearings, streamlined.

Question 22.
What ways do you know to reduce friction?
Answer:
Friction is both a friend and an evil, We have to minimise friction in some cases. There are several methods to reduce friction. They are:

• By using lubricants such as oil, wax or grease.
• By using rollers or ball bearings between the surfaces which touch each other.
• By smoothing the surfaces which are in contact.
• By using talcum powder or air cushions.
• By using an aerodynamic shape.

Question 23.
Seetha is observing a moving bus with the luggage on its top. As the bus is moving slowly there is change in the state of luggage on Its top. But when the bus speeds up and starts moving fast, she noticed that the luggage on the top of the bus fell to the back of the bus. This raised many doubts in her mind regarding to the effect of frictional force
acting on the luggage as well as on the tires of the bus. Can you guess the questions raised in her mind? Write them.
Answer:
I think the following questions are raised in Scethas mind.

• Why there is a change in the state of luggage when the bus is moving slowly?
• Why the luggage on the top of the bus fell back to the bus, when it gets speed and starts moving fast?
• What is the effect of frictional force acting on the luggage?
• What is the effect of frictional force on the tyres of the bus?

diagram:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Choose the correct answers:

Question 1.
The substances which reduce friction are called ( )
A) lubricant
B) drag
C) friction
D) streamlined
Answer:
A) lubricant

Question 2.
Friction due to fluid is called ( )
A) friction
B) force
C) drag
D) pressure
Answer:
C) drag

Question 3.
Which is an example of rough surface …….. ( )
A) surface of mirror
B) surface of wet soap
C) glazed tiles
D) surface of a brick
Answer:
A) surface of mirror

Question 4.
Which is an example of smooth surface? ( )
A) soles of shoes
B) surface of brick
C) glazed tiles
D) surface of tyres
Answer:
C) glazed tiles

Question 5.
Friction can be reduced by using ( )
A) oil
B) grease
C) powder
D) all of these
Answer:
D) all of these

Question 6.
………………. is the responsible for wearing out of cycle lyres. ( )
A) magnetic force
B) frictional force
C) muscular force
D) gravitational force
Answer:
B) frictional force

Question 7.
Friction depends on the ………………… . ( )
A) nature of surface
B) volume
C) area
D) nature of material
Answer:
A) nature of surface

Question 8.
‘which of the following is minimum? ( )
A) static friction
B) sliding friction
C) rolling friction
D) none
Answer:
A) static friction

Question 9.
Friction can be increased by ………………. . ( )
A) powder
B) rough surface
C) smooth surface
D) oil
Answer:
B) rough surface

Question 10.
Ball bearings are used to convert static friction into ( )
A) drag
B) sliding friction
C) rolling friction
D) all the above
Answer:
C) rolling friction

Question 11.
Friction produces ………………. . ( )
A) heat
B) cool
C) pressure
D) mechanical energy
Answer:
A) heat

Question 12.
Fluid friction depends on …………….. . ( )
A) speed of the object
B) shape of the object
C) nature of the fluid
D) all the above
Answer:
D) all the above

Question 13.
Friction is independent of ………… ( )
A) roughness
B) area of contact
C) weight of the object
D) all the above
Answer:
B) area of contact

Question 14.
Maximum value of static friction is called ……………… . ( )
A) limiting friction
B) sliding friction
C) rolling friction
D) all the above
Answer:
A) limiting friction

Question 15.
It is easy to ………………. the body. ( )
A) push
B) pull
C) A and B
D) none
Answer:
C) A and B

IIT Foundation material

Question 1.
An aeroplane flies through the air at constant velocity. We say it is in equilibrium. Two horizontal forces act on the plane. One horizontal force is the thrust of the propeller that pushes it forward. The other is the force of air resistance that acts in the opposite direction of these two, which of these two forces is greater?
Answer:
Both forces have the same magnitude.

Question 2.
When a space shuttle travels in a nearly circular orbit around the earth, is a force required to maintain its high speed? What type of path would the shuttle follow if suddenly the force of gravity were cut off?
Answer:
No force in the direction of the motion of the shuttle exists. The shuttle coasts at a constant speed by its own inertia. The only force acting on the shuttle is the force of gravity. It acts at right angles to its motion (towards the earth’s centre). Well, see Liter that this right-angled force holds the shuttle in a circular path. The shuttle would move in a straight line at a constant speed (constant velocity) if it were cut off.

Question 3.
a) What will be the direction of the frictional force acting on a ball which is rolling on a road towards the north?
b) if the direction of movement in the above case is changed to the south by applying force, then what will be the direction of the frictional force?
Answer:
a) South
b) North.

Question 4.
Raju is pushing a heavy trunk on the floor. Finding it a little difficult, lie turns the trunk to place it vertically. Will he need to do less effort now? Explain.
Answer:
No, Raju will need the same effort because even hr placing it vertically same amount of friction will be there. Friction does not depend upon the area of contact.

These TS 10th Class Biology Bits with Answers 3rd Lesson Transportation will help students to enhance their time management skills.

TS 10th Class Biology Bits 3rd Lesson Transportation

Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
Outer membrane of lungs is called pleura. Naine the outer membrane of heart.
A) Hypercardiurn
B) Pericardiurn
C) Apicardium
D) Uppercardiurn
Answer:
B) Pericardiurn

Question 2.
In the T.S. of blood vessels, the thick muscle layer is seen in ………….
I) pulmonary artery
II) pulmonary vein
III) aorta lv vena
A) i, iii
B) ii, iv
C) i, ii
D) iii, iv
Answer:
A) i, iii

Question 3.
This experiment is conducted to prove

A) Root pressure
B) Photosynthesis
C) Respiration
D) Transpiration
Answer:
D) Transpiration

Question 4.
Which of the following statements are true?
i) Arteries have thick walls
ii) Arteries carry blood from heart to body parts
iii) Arteries have low blood pressure.
iv) Pulmonary artery carries Oxygenated blood.
A) (i) and (iii)
B) (i) and (iv)
C) (ii) and (iv)
D) (i) and (ii)
Answer:
D) (i) and (ii)

Question 5.
Single circuit heart is present in …………..
A) Frog
B) Snail
C) Hen
D) Fish
Answer:
D) Fish

Question 6.
Identify the diagram.

A) T.S. of vein
B) T.S. of venule
C) T.S. of artery
D) T.S. of blood capillary
Answer:
C) T.S. of artery

Question 7.
Which of the following is connected with transport of water In plants?
A) Phloem
B) Epidermis
C) Xylem
D) Meristematic tissue
Answer:
C) Xylem

Question 8.
Choose the correct statement.
A) Lumen of the artery is high.
B) Pressure in the artery is high.
C) Thickness of the veins is high.
D) Valves are Present in the arteries.
Answer:
B) Pressure in the artery is high.

Question 9.
‘E’ Vitamin also called as
A) Phylloquinone
B) Calciferol
C) Ascorbic Acid
D) Tocoferol
Answer:
D) Tocoferol

Question 10.
Observe and identify the system present in the below figure.

A) Excretory system
B) Nervous system
C) Lymphatic system
D) Muscular system
Answer:
C) Lymphatic system

Question 11.
Identify the correct pair.
i) Pulmonary vein a) Deoxygenated blood.
ii) Pulmonary artery b) Between right atrium and right ventricle.
iii) Coronary vessels c) Oxygenated blood.
iv) Tricuspid valve (d) Supply blood to heart.
A) (i)-c, (ii)-a, (iii)-d, (iv)-b
B) (i) – a, (ii) – b, (iii) – c, (iv) – d
C) (i)-c, (ii)-b. (iii)-d ,(iv)-a
D) (i) c, (ii) – a, (iii) – b, (iv) – d
Answer:
A) (i)-c, (ii)-a, (iii)-d, (iv)-b

Question 12.
Identify the CORRECT statement from the following
A) Oxygenated blood is present in Right auricle and Left ventricle.
B) Oxygenated blood is present in Right and Left auricles.
C) Oxygenated blood is present in Right ventricle and Left ventricle.
D) Oxygenated blood is present in Left auricle and Left ventricle.
Answer:
D) Oxygenated blood is present in Left auricle and Left ventricle.

Question 13.
A persons blood pressure was written by doctor as 160/110. What does it indicates?
A) Normal Blood Pressure.
B) Low Blood Pressure.
C) High Blood Pressure.
D) Healthy Blood Pressure.
Answer:
C) High Blood Pressure.

Question 14.
The pulse rate of new born babies is ………….
A) 100 – 150
B) 90 – 140
C) 80 – 120
D) 70 – 130
Answer:
A) 100 – 150

Question 15.
The pulse rate of children over 10 years and adulls including senior citizens is …………..
A) 70- 130
B) 60- 100
C) 80 – 120
D) 90 – 120
Answer:
B) 60- 100

Question 16.
The shape of the heart is
A rectangular
B) square
C) pear
D) cone
Answer:
C) pear

Question 17.
The blood vessels that supply blood to the walls of the heart are ……….
A pulmonary vessels
B) coronary vessels
C) pulmonary artery
D) renal vessels
Answer:
B) coronary vessels

Question 18.
Number of blood vessels attached to the heart are ………….
A) 4
B) 6
C) 7
D) 5
Answer:
B) 6

Question 19.
The largest artery is the [ ]
A) aorta
B) pulmonary artery
C) coronary artery
D) renal artery
Answer:
A) aorta

Question 20.
The oxygenated blood to heart from lungs is supplied by [ ]
A) pulmonary artery
B) pulmonary vein
C) coronary vein
D) superior venacava
Answer:
B) pulmonary vein

Question 21.
The superior and inferior venacava open into …………
A) right atrium
B) left atrium
C) right ventricle
D) left ventricle
Answer:
A) right atrium

Question 22.
Pulmonary vein that carries oxygenated blood open into ………….
A) right atrium
B) left atrium
C) right ventricle
D) left ventricle
Answer:
B) left atrium

Question 23.
Aorta which supplies oxygenated blood to the body parts arise from [ ]
A) right atrium
B) left atrium
C) right ventricle
D) left ventricle
Answer:
D) left ventricle

Question 24.
Pulmonary artery which supplies deoxygenated blood to the lungs arise from [ ]
A) right atrium
B) left atrium
C) right ventricle
D) left ventricle
Answer:
C) right ventricle

Question 25.
Blood circulation takes following course in human heart. [ ]
A) Left atrium → Left ventricle → Lungs → Right atrium → Right ventricle
B) Right atrium → Right ventricle
C) Left atrium → Left ventricle
D) Right atrium → Right ventricle → Lungs → Left atrium → Left ventricle
Answer:
D) Right atrium → Right ventricle → Lungs → Left atrium → Left ventricle

Question 26.
Mitral valve is present between [ ]
A) Right atrium and ventricle
B) Two atria
C) Two ventricles
D) Left atrium and ventricle
Answer:
D) Left atrium and ventricle

Question 27.
The blood cells that can squeeze out of the capillary walls are [ ]
A) Red blood cells
B) White blood cells
C) Blood platelets
D) All the above
Answer:
B) White blood cells

Question 28.
When the valves between the atria and ventricle are closed forcibly we listen the sound of heart as [ ]
A) lub
B) dub
C) tub-dub
D) tub
Answer:
A) lub

Question 29.
The valves which are present in the blood vessels are closed to prevent; backward flow of blood into the ventricles we hear the sound of heart as [ ]
A) lub
B) dub
C) lub-dub
D) tub
Answer:
B) dub

Question 30.
The whole processes of cardiac cycle is approximately completed in [ ]
A) 0.8 sec
B) 0.9 sec
C) 0.10 sec
D) 0.11 sec
Answer:
A) 0.8 sec

Question 31.
The time needed for ventricular contraction is [ ]
A) 0.37 – 0.47 sec
B) 0.27 – 0.35 sec
C)O.11-0.14sec
D) 0.11-0.35 sec
Answer:
B) 0.27 – 0.35 sec

Question 32.
At rest number of heart beats per minute in man is [ ]
A) 7 times
B) 46 times
C) 76 times
D) 72 times
Answer:
D) 72 times

Question 33.
The protoplasmic movements called Brownian movements are seen in
A) Amoeba
B) Paramoecium
C) Earthworm
D) Cockroach
Answer:
A) Amoeba

Question 34.
The heart is covered by [ ]
A) Pleural membrane
B) Pericardium
C) Meninges
D) Conjunctiva
Answer:
B) Pericardium

Question 35.
Sac-like gastrovascular cavity taken up the function of digestion and transportation of nutrients to each and every cell of the body in [ ]
A) hydra
B) jellyfish
C) hydra and jellyfish
D earthworm
Answer:
C) hydra and jellyfish

Question 36.
The digestive system highly branched and supplies digested food to all the cells directly in ………..
A) Platyhelment his
B) Nematyhelmenthes
C) Cnidarians
D) Annehds
Answer:
A) Platyhelment his

Question 37.
Pseudocoelom has taken up the function all collection and distribution of materials in [ ]
A) Platyhelment his
B) Nematvhelmenthes
C) Annelids
D) Arthropods
Answer:
B) Nematvhelmenthes

Question 38.
The first eucoelomate animals are …………….
A) Platyhelmenthes
B) Nematyhelmenthes
C) Annelids
D) Arthropods
Answer:
C) Annelids

Question 39.
The pulsotlue organ heart to pump the blood is developed in [ ]
A) Platyhelmenthes
B) Nematyhelmenthes
C) Annelids
D) Arthropois
Answer:
D) Arthropois

Question 40.
Open type of circulatory system is present in [ ]
A) Arthropods
B) Many molluscs
C) Lower chordates
D) All the above
Answer:
D) All the above

Question 41.
Closed type of circulatory system, is seen in
A) Annelids
B) Echinoderms
C) Cephalo chordates
D) All the above
Answer:
D) All the above

Question 42.

The figure along side represents an experiment performed to demonstrate a certain phenomenon in plant. What is the phenomenon?
A) Translocation
B) Evaporation
C) Transpiration
D) Guttation
Answer:
C) Transpiration

Question 43.
Edema is the swelling stage of [ ]
A) legs
B) hands
C) neck
D) head
Answer:
A) legs

Question 44.
The separate system to transport the tissue fluid into the main blood stream is [ ]
A) circulatory system
B) lymphatic system
C) excretory system
D) digestive system
Answer:
B) lymphatic system

Question 45.
Muscles that help In pushing the lymph flowing in lymphatic vessels and blood flowing In veins towards the heart are [ ]
A) skeletal muscles
B) cardiac muscles
C) smooth muscles
D) all the above
Answer:
A) skeletal muscles

Question 46.
Valves that allow blood to flow in one direction are present in [ ]
A) arteries
B) lymphatic vessels
C) veins
D) both lymphatic vessels and veins
Answer:
D) both lymphatic vessels and veins

Question 47.
The instrument used to measure the blood pressure is [ ]
A) Stethoscope
B) Sphygmomanometer
C) Barometer
D) Nanometer
Answer:
B) Sphygmomanometer

Question 48.
The normal blood pressure of human beings is [ ]
A) 120/80
B) 80/120
C) 130/70
D) 90/120
Answer:
A) 120/80

Question 49.
Write missing words (A) & (B) from following flow chart. [ ]

A) Thrombokinase, Fibrin
B) Prothromhin. Fibrin
C) Fibrin, Clot
D) Thrombokinase, Prothrombin
Answer:
A) Thrombokinase, Fibrin

Question 50.
When the blood flows out the platelets release an enzyme called [ ]
A) hemoglobin
B) heparin
C) thrombokinase
D) cytokinase
Answer:
C) thrombokinase

Question 51.
The vitamin responsible for the cloning of the blood is …………..
A) vitamin K
B) vitamin E
C) vitamin C
D) vitamin D
Answer:
A) vitamin K

Question 52.
The type of genetic defect in which the blood may not coagulate …………
A) Anaemia
B) Epiphyllous
C) Haemophilia
D) Xerophthalmia
Answer:
C) Haemophilia

Question 53.
These supply water and food materials to all parts of the plant
A) xylem
B) phloern
C) vascular bundles
D) vascular cambluin
Answer:
C) vascular bundles

Question 54.
The first part that emerges out of the germinating seed is………
A) Radide
B) Plumule
C) Cotyledon
D) All the above
Answer:
A) Radide

Question 55.
What part of your wrist is pressed by a Doctor to examine the pulse rate?
A) Vein
B) Artery
C) Capillary
D) Lymph vessels
Answer:
B) Artery

Question 56.
Food transporting tissue is …………….
A) xylem
B) phloem
C) medulla
D) cortex
Answer:
B) phloem

Question 57.
Mammals that scratch the hark of trees to get food stored in the phloem
A) Voles
B) Rabbits
C) Voles and Rabbits
D) Hawks
Answer:
C) Voles and Rabbits

Question 58.
The size of this organism is of our fist
A) Heart
B) Kidney
C) Pancreas
D) Liver
Answer:
C) Pancreas

Question 59.
The two layered membrane that covers the heart is ……….
A) Pleura
B) Pericardial
C) Cerebrospirmal
D) Renal
Answer:
B) Pericardial

Question 60.
The walls of the ventricles are relatively …. than atrial walls.
A) Thinner
B) Smoother
C) Thicker
D) Elastic
Answer:
C) Thicker

Question 61.
Deuxvgenated blood from heart to lungs is supplied by [  ]
A) Pulmonary vein
B) Aorta
C) Camnary artery
D) Pulmonary artery
Answer:
D) Pulmonary artery

Question 62.
The blood in reina always flows towards [   ]
A) Body parts
B) Tissues
C) Heart
D) Lungs
Answer:
C) Heart

Question 63.
317w found that in one hour the heart pumped out a quantity of blood that was three times the weight of a man?
A) Giralamo Fabrici
B) William Harvey
C) Andreas Vessalius
D) Marcello Malphigi
Answer:
B) William Harvey

Question 64.
The smallest arteries and reins are connected by very line blood refills called [  ]
A) Veinlets
B) Arterioles
C) Blood capillaries
D) Lymph nodes
Answer:
C) Blood capillaries

Question 65.
The human heart start beating a round which day during embryonic development [  ]
A) 21st day
B) 22nd day
C) 20th day
D) 23rd day
Answer:
A) 21st day

Question 66.
The cardiac cycle Includes an active phase called [    ]
A) Systole
B) Diastole
C) Hypertension
D) Heart beat
Answer:
A) Systole

Question 67.
The time needed for atrial contractions [  ]
A) 0.10 – 0.1.3 seconds
B) 0.11  – 0.14 seconds
C) 0.12 – 0.15 seconds
D) 0.9 – 0.12 seconds
Answer:
B) 0.11  – 0.14 seconds

Question 68.
The rate of pulse rate will be equal to the number of [  ]
A) Heart beats
B) Exhalations
C) Inhalations
D) Breaths
Answer:
A) Heart beats

Question 69.
The rate of transpiration is more in the following days of atmosphere ……………
A) Cold, humid, air
B) Hot, humid, dry
C) Hot, humid, air
D) Hot, dry, air
Answer:
B) Hot, humid, dry

Question 70.
The parazones like sponges create their own currents by beating off ………
A) Flagella
B) Cilia
C) Antennae
D) Proboscis
Answer:
A) Flagella

Question 71.
Gastrovascular cavity taken up the function of digestion and transportation of nutrients to cells in [  ]
A) Parazoari
B) Piatyhelmenthes
C) Cnidarlans
D) Nematyhelmenthes
Answer:
C) Cnidarlans

Question 72.
Is the reason for heart beat?
A) Closing of tricuspid and bicuspid values
B) Closing Aorta and pulmonary values
C) Blood flows rapidly through values
D) Flow of blood in ventricles
Answer:
A) Closing of tricuspid and bicuspid values

Question 73.
Transportation system which supplies nutrients to the tissues directly is called …….
A) Closed type of circulatory system
B) Open type of circulatory system
C) Osmoregulatory type of circulatory system
D) None
Answer:
B) Open type of circulatory system

Question 74.
In closed type of circulatory system blood supplies nutrients and flows in [  ]
A) Empty spaces
B) Sinuses
C) Blood vessels
D) All the above
Answer:
C) Blood vessels

Question 75.
The time required for the substance to move across from heart to a foot and back by diffusion is [  ]
A) 64) Minutes
B) 60 Hours
C) 60 Seconds
D) 60 Years
Answer:
D) 60 Years

Question 76.
In Latin lymph means [  ]
A) Water
B) Gas
C) Oil
D) Fluid
Answer:
A) Water

Question 77.
Tissue fluid is [  ]
A)The solid portion of the blood with nutrients
B) The liquid portion of the blood with nutrients that flows out of capillaries
C) The semi-liquid portion of the blood without nutrients that flows off of capillaries
D)The liquid portion of the blood without nutrients that tIow out of capillaries
Answer:
B) The liquid portion of the blood with nutrients that flows out of capillaries

Question 78.
The system which is parallel to venous system that collects tissue fluid is called [    ]
A) Blood system
B) Lymphatic system
C) Renal system
D) Capillary system
Answer:
B) Lymphatic system

Question 79.
Blood is the substance that contains …………….
A) Solid particles only
B) liquid particles only
C) Both solid and liquid particles
D) Semi-solid particles
Answer:
C) Both solid and liquid particles

Question 80.
Lymph is the substance that contains …………
A) Blood with solid particles
B) Blood without solid particles
C) Blood with Liquid particles
D) Blood without Liquid particles
Answer:
B) Blood without solid particles

Question 68.
In single circuit circulation blood flows through heart …………..
A) Only once
B) Twice
C) Thrice
D) None
Answer:
A) Only once

Question 81.
Blood pressure is always measured in the upper arm [ ]
A) Artery
B) Vein
C) Capillary
D) Lymph vessel
Answer:
A) Artery

Question 82.
During systolic pressure blood is forced out of the [ ]
A) Ventricles
B) Atria
C) Veins
D) Capillaries
Answer:
A) Ventricles

Question 83.
Diastolic pressure is seen when these refill with blood [ ]
A) Atria
B) Blood vessels
C) Ventricles
D) Veins
Answer:
C) Ventricles

Question 84.
Read the following sentences. [ ]
1) Blood vessels carry blood from body parts are veins
2) Arteries are not strong as veins
3) Pulmonary artery carries blood from heart to lungs
4) Superior venacava collects deoxygenated blood from upper part of the body like head and neck.
What are correct sentences?
A) 1,2
B) 2,3
C) 3,4
D) 1,3.4
Answer:
D) 1,3.4

Question 85.
The straw coloured fluid portion after formation of blood clot is [ ]
A Plasma
B) Serum
C) Lymph
D) Tissue fluid
Answer:
B) Serum

Question 86.
This plays an important role in the absorption of water [ ]
A) Osmosis
B) Diffusion
C) Transpiration
D) Root pressure
Answer:
A) Osmosis

Question 87.
The evaporation of water through stomata of leaves is called [ ]
A) Translocation
B) Guttation
C) Transpiration
D) All the above
Answer:
C) Transpiration

Question 88.
Write in sequence different phases of Human Cardiac cycle.
1) Ventricle systole
2) Auricle systole
3) kentricle diastole
4) Auricle diastole
A) 1.2,3.4
B) 241.3
C) 3,1,2,4
D) 4,3,2,
Answer:
B) 241.3

Question 89.
Read below sentence. Identify in which part it is wrong. Explain with suitable word. Unicellular organisms like amoeba transport of substances takes place by means of Rrowmian movements [ ]
A) No wrong in above sentence
B) Paramoeciuni
C) Cytostone
D) Respiration
Answer:
A) No wrong in above sentence

Question 90.
In vascular bundle xylem occupies the [ ]
A) Centre
B) Periphery
C) Inner layers
D) Towards right side
Answer:
A) Centre

Question 91.
The vein that collects blood from the anterior parts of the body [ ]
A) Superior venacava
B) Inferior venacava
C) Pulmonary vein
D) Coronary vein
Answer:
A) Superior venacava

Question 92.
Inferior venacaua collects blood from the [ ]
A) Anterior parts of the body
B) Posterior parts of the body
C) Middle parts of the body
D) All the body parts
Answer:
B) Posterior parts of the body

Question 93.
Blood circulation was discovered by
A) William Harvey
B) Marcello Malphigi
C) Giralamo Fabrici
D) All the above
Answer:
A) William Harvey

Question 94.
Outer membrane of lungs is called pleura. Name the outer membrane of heart.. [ ]
A) Hypercardium
B) Pericardium
C) Apicardium
D) Uppercardium
Answer:
B) Pericardium

Question 95.
In Red wood trees xylem transports water upto a height of [ ]
A) 130 metres
B) 120 metres
C) 140 metres
D) 200 metres
Answer:
B) 120 metres

Question 96.
The continuous column of moving water in xylem vessels is due to [ ]
A) Osmosis
B) Diffusion
C) Turgor pressure
D) Root pressure
Answer:
D) Root pressure

Question 97.
The extracted plant juice by Aphids contains [ ]
A) Sugars
B) Amino acids
C) Sugars, Amino acids
D) Sugars, Proteins
Answer:
C) Sugars, Amino acids

Question 98.
Number of heart beats / minute in Elephant are [ ]
A) 46
B) 76
C) 7
D) 1200
Answer:
A) 46

Question 99.
Annelids are ……. animals. [ ]
A) Encoelomate
B) Coelomate
C) Pseudocoelomate
D) None
Answer:
A) Encoelomate

Question 100.
The amount of blood pumped by heart in one hour [ ]
A) Two times the weight of a man
B) Three times the weight of a man
C) Four times the weight of a man
D) Equal to the weight of a man
Answer:
B) Three times the weight of a man

Question 101.
William Harvey noticed valves between each atrium and its ventricle by [ ]
A) Dissecting hearts of dead animals
B) Dissecting hearts of dead people
C) Dissecting the heart of live people
D) Dissecting the heart of live animals
Answer:
B) Dissecting hearts of dead people

Question 102.
Malphigi studied the wings of these animals to see blood vessels [ ]
A) Insects
B) Crow
C) Bats
D) Parrot
Answer:
C) Bats

Question 103.
Which of the following carries substances upwards as well as downwards in a plant? [ ]
A) Trachieds
B) Vessels
C) Companion cells
D) Phloem
Answer:
D) Phloem

Question 104.
If we keep the potted plants under the fan the rate of this process increases [ ]
A) Transpiration
B) Absorption
C) Nutrition
D) Photosynthesis
Answer:
B) Absorption

Question 105.
From these parts the blood is pumped to all parts of the body [ ]
A) Ventricles
B) Atria
C) Lungs
D) Kidneys
Answer:
A) Ventricles

Question 106.
The blood leaving the cells of tissues has high amount of [ ]
A) Oxygen
B) Carbondioxide
C) Nitrogen
D) All the above
Answer:
B) Carbondioxide

Question 107.
These prevent backuard flow of blood into the ventricles [ ]
A) Inter auricular septa
B) Valves
C) Atrioventricular septa
D) All the above
Answer:
B) Valves

Question 108.
In which of the following group heart does not pump oxygenated blood to different parts of the body? [ ]
A) Amphibians
B) Reptiles
C) Pisces
D) All the above
Answer:
C) Pisces

Question 109.
Which blood vessel does not carry any carbondioxide? [ ]
A) Superior venacava
B) Inferior venacava
C) Pulmonary artery
D) Pulmonary vein
Answer:
D) Pulmonary vein

Question 110.
Which of the following helps in the upward movement of water and dissolved nutrients from the roots to leaves through the stem? [ ]
A) Nutrition
B) Transpiration
C) Translocation
D) Photosynthesis
Answer:
B) Transpiration

Question 111.
Which of the following does not have valves? [ ]
A) Heart
B) Veins
C) Arteries
D) Capillaries
Answer:
D) Capillaries

Question 112.
Hypertension is due to [ ]
A) Constant strain and stress
B) Improper functioning of kidneys
C) Smoking and alcohol consumption
D) All the above
Answer:
D) All the above

Question 113.
In B.P. 120/80 the numerator indicates [ ]
A) Systolic pressure
B) Diastolic pressure
C) Both A and B
D) Coronary pressure
Answer:
A) Systolic pressure

Question 114.
The pulse rate of children over 10 years and adults including senior citizens is [ ]
A) 60-100
B) 40-60
C) 100 – 150
D) 80- 120
Answer:
A) 60-100

Question 115.
Delayed blood clotting is due to the deficiency of vitamin [ ]
A) K
B) C
C) D
D) E
Answer:
A) K

Question 116.
Which of the following is commonly used in blood banks to prevent clotting of blood [ ]
A) Heparin
B) Sodium citrate
C) Warfarin
D) Coumadin
Answer:
A) Heparin

Question 117.
The septum that divides the two atria can be named as  [   ]
A) Inter atrial septum
B) Intra atrial septum
C) Right atrial septum
D) Left atrial septum
Answer:
A) Inter atrial septum

Question 118.
Inter ventricular septum divides  [  ]
A) Two atria
B) Two ventricles
C) Right ventricle and right atrium
D) Left ventricle and left atrium
Answer:
B) Two ventricles

Question 119.
The septum that divides the atrium and ventricle can be named as [  ]
A) Inter atrioventricular septum
B) Intra at noventricular septum
C) Atrioventricular septum
D) All the above
Answer:
A) Inter atrioventricular septum

Question 120.
The aperture that is connecting the left atrium and the left ventricle can be named as [ ]
A) Left auriculoventricular aperture
B) Right auriculoventricular aperture
C) Atrioventriculaperture
D) All the above
Answer:
A) Left auriculoventricular aperture

Question 121.
Right a trioventricular aperture reseparates [ ]
A) Right atrium and Right ventricle
B) Left atrium and Left ventricle
C) Right atrium and Left ventricle
D) Left atrium and Right atrium
Answer:
A) Right atrium and Right ventricle

Question 122.
Left atrioventricular valve is present between
A) Right atrium and Left ventricle
B) Left atrium and Right atrium
C) Left atrium and Left ventricle
D) Right atrium and Left atrium
Answer:
C) Left atrium and Left ventricle

Question 123.
The master of the transport system is heart; for smooth functioning of heart one should [ ]
A) Take nutritious food
B) Do exercise daily
C) Habituated to smoking
D) A and B only
Answer:
D) A and B only

Question 124.
Doctors measure the blood pressure with a device called [ ]
A) Sphygmomanometer
B) Manometer
C) Hygrometer
D) Barometer
Answer:
A) Sphygmomanometer

Question 125.
Chambers in human heart [ ]
A) 1 auricle, I ventricle
B) 2 auricles, 1 ventricle
C) I auricle, 3 ventricles
D) 2 auricles, 2
Answer:
D) 2 auricles, 2

Question 126.
If transpiration doesn’t take place in plants, this process will not occur. [ ]
A) Photosynthesis
B) Respiration
C) Water transportation
D) Reproduction
Answer:
C) Water transportation

Question 127.
The first Eucoelomate animals which developed a pulsatile vessel are [ ]
A) Annelids
B) Arthropods
C) Coelenterata
D) Mollusca
Answer:
A) Annelids

Question 128.
Open type of circulatory system is found in [ ]
A) Arthropoda
B) Mollusca
C) Lower chordates
D) All the above
Answer:
D) All the above

Question 129.
The organism which shows Brownian movements is
A) Sponges
B) Paramoecium
C) Amoeba
D) Cnidarians
Answer:
C) Amoeba

Question 130.
Gastrovascular cavity is developed in animals like [ ]
A) Sponges
B) Hydra
C) Jelly fish
D) B & C
Answer:
D) B & C

Question 131.
The substance that contains blood without solid particles is [ ]
A) Blood
B) Lymph
C) Blood cells
D) None of the above
Answer:
B) Lymph

Question 132.
The straw coloured fluid after formation of blood clot is [ ]
A) Plasma
B) Serum
C) Lymph
D) All the above
Answer:
B) Serum

Question 133.
The blood vessels which have larger diameter are [   ]
A) Veins
B) Arteries
C) Capillaries
D) All the above
Answer:
A) Veins

Question 134.
The vein that carries oxygenated blood into left atrium is [    ]
A) Pulmonary artery
B) Pulmonary vein
C) Aorta
D) Capillaries
Answer:
B) Pulmonary vein

Question 135.
Blood clot is not found in the disease [    ]
A) Anaemia
B) Thalasseinia
C) Hemophilia
D) Edema
Answer:
C) Hemophilia

Question 136.
The caval vein that collects deoxygenated blood from lower body parts is ……..
A) Inferior venacava
B) Superior venacava
C) Arteries
D) Vein
Answer:
A) Inferior venacava

Question 137.
The chamber that receives deoxygenated blood is [   ]
A) Right atrium
B) Left atrium
C) Right ventricle
D) Left ventricle
Answer:
A) Right atrium

Question 138.
The valve present between left atrium and left ventricle is [ ]
A) Right atrioventricular valve
B) Left atrioventricular valve
C) Right atrium valve
D) Left atrium valve
Answer:
B) Left atrioventricular valve

Question 139.
Lymph is a [ ]
A) Greek word
B) Arabic word
C) Latin word
D) None of these
Answer:
C) Latin word

Question 140.
The enzyme released by platelets during injury [ ]
A) Thrombokinase
B) Pro-thrombin
C) Thrombin
D) All the above
Answer:
A) Thrombokinase

Question 141.
An inherited disorder related to blood is [ ]
A) Hypertension
B) Hemophilia
C) Cardio vascular
D) Thalassemia
Answer:
D) Thalassemia

Question 142.
B.P. will change according to the activity [ ]
A) Resting
B) Walking
C) Running
D) All the above
Answer:
D) All the above

Question 143.
The movement of water in xylem is due to [ ]
A) Root pressure
B) Transpiration
C) Transportation
D) A & B
Answer:
D) A & B

Question 144.
Every living part which acts as an osmotic system is [ ]
A) Cell
B) Blood
C) Serum
D) Organ
Answer:
A) Cell

Question 145.
The part which acts as a semi permeable membrane in a cell is [ ]
A) Nucleus
B) Lysosome
C) Cytoplasm
D) Cell wall
Answer:
D) Cell wall

Question 146.
Water will pass into the vacuole of root hair by [ ]
A) Diffusion
B) Osmosis
C) Transpiration
D) Root pressure
Answer:
B) Osmosis

Question 147.
The amount of water that an oak tree can transpire the water per day is ………….
A) 900 liters
B) 800 liters
C) 700 liters
D) None of the above
Answer:
A) 900 liters

Question 148.
One acre of maize may transpire this amount of water in a hundred day growing season [ ]
A) 13,35,000 liters
B) 13,25,000 liters
C) 13,00,000 liters
D) 13,10,000 liters
Answer:
B) 13,25,000 liters

Question 149.
Removing a ring of bark including phloem in the experiment, after few days food has accumulated at [ ]
A) Above the ring
B) Below the ring
C) Above and below the ring
D) None of these
Answer:
A) Above the ring

Question 150.
This shows

A) Transpiration
B) Respiration
C) Transportation
D) Photosynthesis
Answer:
C) Transportation

Question 151.
Foresters encourage predators as foxes, badgers, hawks to keep down the population of [ ]
A) Voles
B) Rabbits
C) Grey squirrels
D) All the above
Answer:
D) All the above

Question 152.
Arrange the flow chart in the correct order. [ ]

A) 3,1,2,4,5
B) 3,5,4,1,2
C) 3,1,4,2,5
D) 3,2,1,5,4
Answer:
D) 3,2,1,5,4

Question 153.
Identify the mis-matched pair. [ ]
1) WBC — Oxygen transportation
2) RBC — Microscopic policeman
3) Platelets — Blood coagulation
A) 1,3
B) 2,3
C) 3only
D) 1,2
Answer:
D) 1,2

Question 154.
Observe the following statements. [ ]
a) Right atrium received deoxygenated blood from body parts.
b) Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood to the left atrium
A) a correct, b false
B) b correct, a false
C) both a, b false
D) both a and b correct
Answer:
D) both a and b correct

Question 155.
Match the following.

List-A —- List – B
1) Double circulation ( ) a) Fish
2) Single circulation ( ) b) 13 chambered heart
3) Cockroach ( ) c) Monkey
A) 1-b, 2-c 3-a
B) 1-a,2-b,3-c
C) 1-c,2-b, 3-a
D) 1 -c, 2-a, 3-b
Answer:
D) 1 -c, 2-a, 3-b

Question 156.

Can you name the above instrument shown in the figure’ ( )
A) Thermometer
B) Barometer
C) Speedometer
D) Sphygmomanometer
Answer:
D) Sphygmomanometer

Question 157.
Can you identify the structures I shown in the figure? [ ]

A) WBC
B) Platelets
C) Plasma
D) RBC
Answer:
D) RBC

Question 158.
Can you identify the process going on in the above figure?

A) Production of RBC
B) Action of WBC
C) Clot formation
D) Production of WBC
Answer:
C) Clot formation

Question 159.
What Plienomenon do observe in the figure [ ]

A) Translocation
B) Osmosis
C) Root pressure
D) Transporation
Answer:
D) Transporation

Question 160
The aim of the above experiment is to know ………….

A) Transpiration
B) Translocation
C) Root pressure
D) Transportation
Answer:
C) Root pressure

Question 161.
The water reaches to the top of the tall tress (about 180 mts).Can you guess the reason for that? [ ]
A) Osmosis
B) Translocation
C) Root pressure
D) Transpiration Stream
Answer:
D) Transpiration Stream

Question 162.
This type of blood circulation can be seen in [ ]

A) Frog
B) Cockroach
C) Fish
D) Man
Answer:
C) Fish

Question 163
This type of blood circulation can be seek in ……………..

A) Snail
B) Cockroach
C) Fish
D) Man
Answer:
D) Man

Question 164
Can You Identify this structure of transport System?

A) T.S of artery
B) T.S of vein
C) T.S of blood capillary
D) None
Answer:
C) T.S of blood capillary

Question 165.
Complete this flow chart.

A) Transportation of salts
B) Transportation of minerals
C) Transportation of water
D) All these
Answer:
D) All these

Question 166.
Match the following.
List — A —-List — B
1) Blue whale ( ) 7 times/ min lite
2) Elephant ( ) 1200 times! minute
3) Coaltit bird ( ) 46 times! minute
A) 1-a2-b,3-c
B) 1-b,2-c,3-a
C) 1-c,2-b,3-a
D) 1-a,2-c,3-b
Answer:
D) 1-a,2-c,3-b

Question 167.
Complete the missing part. [ ]

Concept	Time required
1) Ventricular contraction 2) Cardiac cycle	0.27 to 0.35 seconds ?

A) 0.11 sec
B) 0.14 sec
C) 0.74 sec
D) 0.8 sec
Answer:
D) 0.8 sec

Question 168.
In this picture of heart, ‘X’ denotes

A) Right atrium
B) Pulmonary vein
C) Pulmonary artery
D) Superior Venacava
Answer:
C) Pulmonary artery

Question 169.
In the above picture ‘X’ denotes

A) Superior Venacava
B) Pulmonary artery
C) Right atrium
D) Inferior venacava
Answer:
D) Inferior venacava

Question 170.
Identify the mis-matched pair.
1) Heart beat of new born – 100 -150
2) Heart beat of athlete -60 – 100
3) Heart beat of an adult man -90- 100
A) 1,2
B) 1,3
C) 2only
D) 2,3
Answer:
D) 2,3

Question 171.
What is the process going on in the above picture?

A) Transportation
B) Transpiration
C) Translocation
D) Root hair is absorbing water from the soil
Answer:
D) Root hair is absorbing water from the soil

Question 172.
In this experiment, which is responsible for the Increase in the water level in the stem? [  ]

A) Osmosis
B) Diffusion
C) Root pressure
D) Translocation
Answer:
C) Root pressure

Question 173.
In the above figure the aphid is getting its food from …… [ ]

A) xylem vessels
B) stem
C) bark
D) phloem sieve tubes
Answer:
D) phloem sieve tubes

Question 174.
What happens, if damage occured all around the stem of a tree? [  ]
A) Water supply in p’ant will be stopped
B) Plant growth will be stopped
C) Transpiration increases
D) The plant will die
Answer:
D) The plant will die

Question 175.
Match the following.
List — A List — B
1) Heart attack ( ) a) Frog
2) 3 chambered heart ( ) b)Haemoglobin
3) Red colour of the blood( ) c) Coronary artery
A) 1-a, 2-b, 3-c
B) 1-c,2-b, 3-a
C) 1-a, 2-c, 3-b
D) 1-c, 2-a, 3-b
Answer:
D) 1-c, 2-a, 3-b

Question 176.
Identify the mis-matched pair. (  )
1) 2 chambered heart – Fish
2) 13 chambered heart – Snake
3) 4 chambered heart – Elephant
A) 1,3
B) 2,3
C) 1,2
D) 2only
Answer:
D) 2only

Question 177.
Match the following. [ ]
List — A List — B
1) Bluecoloured() a) Monkey blood
2) Red color, red ( ) b) cockroach blood
3) White coloured blood ( ) c) Snail
A) 1-b, 2-c, 3-a
B) 1-a, 2-c, 3-b
C) 1-c, 2-b, 3-a
D) 1-c, 2-a, 3.-b
Answer:
D) 1-c, 2-a, 3.-b

Question 178.
Earthworm : Pulsative vessel, Arthropods:….? [ ]
A) Closed type circulatory system
B) Open type circulatory system
C) Mixed type circulatory system
D) None
Answer:
B) Open type circulatory system

Question 179.
Identify the mismatched pair. [ ]
1) Middle Man of the body — WBC
2) Fabrici — wings of the bat
3) Harvey – blood circulation in human beings
A) 1,2
B) 2,3
C) 2 only
D) 1 only
Answer:
A) 1,2

Question 180.
Read the following statements. [ ]
a) The cardiac cycle is completed in 0.8 seconds
b)Marcello Malpighi discovered blood capillaries in the wings of the bat.
A) a correct, b false
B) b correct, a false
C) both a, b false
D) both a, b correct
Answer:
D) both a, b correct

These TS 9th Class English Important Questions Speech Writing will help the students to improve their time and approach.

TS 10th Class English Speech Writing

Question 1.
Write a speech for the morning assembly on the topic – “Need for improvement in the field of sports and games”. W’rite your speech in not more than 120 words, using ideas from the unit “Sports and Games,” your own ideas and the hints given below.

• Need for proper sports culture and environment.
• Improvement in infrastructural facilities.
• Spot talent at school level.
• Importance to be given to sports and games.
• Marks for sports and games.

Answer:

Respected Principal, teachers and dear students.

Today I stand before you to speak on the ’Need for improvement in the field of sports and games.’ I find that studies and sports are very necessary for the full development of human mind and body. If we look at the sports side, we find not much interest on the part of students in this area. So there is a dire need for proper sports culture and environment. Secondly, I feel that not much infrastructural facilities exist. So these need to be improved.

There is much talent for sports in our students. So this talent needs to be spotted at school level. (There is much talent for sports in our students) Then due emphasis should be given to sports and games. We know it very well that sportspersons winning gold get instant success in the form of jobs, money and social prestige. To give true impetus to sports and games, more staff should be recruited and this discipline needs to grow equally.

Question 2.
The plight of children of your age working in your school canteen draws your sympathetic attention. Prepare a speech to be delivered in the morning assembly on the necessity of giving proper education to children, allowing them to enjoy the joys of childhood.
Answer:

Respected Principal, teachers and dear students.

Today I stand before you to speak on child labour and how children should get proper education and enjoy their childhood. All see these children of our age working in the school canteen. But it is sad that our minds do not go to them to give them back their lost childhood. It is a fact that they work here due to extreme poverty and to supplement’their family’s income. But their working in such places is not good. They are made to work non-stop and are given very low salaries.

Then see their bare bodies and dirty looks. Truly they are exploited and overworked. I personally feel that we all must take steps to give them their lost childhood and they should be put in schools. It is not as easy as said. But if we students raise this issue through social and electronic media, people will be with us to liberate these children from such existence. I, therefore urge all the concerned persons to think of these children so that they are educated properly and enjoy their childhood like all other children.

Thanks a lot.

Question 3.
“Should school children be sent to a hostel ?” is a much debated issue. Given below are the advantages and disadvantages of hostel life. Taking ideas from the hints, together with your own ideas, write a speech in not more than 120 words either favouring or opposing the motion.

Life in a Hostel

• Maladjustment.
• Drugs, child abuse
• Poor food, poor health
• Family ties, values and parental love ignored
• Very expensive
• Suitable only for problematic children
• Status symbol for elite and rich
• Alienation and psychological complexes develop
• Teaches how to live in a community
• Ideal age 12 to 16 years or when mature enough to handle
• Better academic sports facilities for all round development
• Develops confidence, self-reliance, decision making
• Experience of dealing with people of different nature
• Education incomplete without hostel

Answer:

Should School Children be Sent to a Hostel ?
(Against the motion)

Mr. Chairman Sir,

I am Gautam. I stand here to speak against the motion.

‘Should school children be sent to a Hostel ?’ is highly debatable. On the one hand, it tends to help the students to rise higher in their careers, on the other it makes them highly homesick and unsuccessful. Students in hostels are exposed to grave risks of life, like maladjustment, drugs, child abuse, poor food and poor health. Besides, their family ties, values and parental love get ignored. All this puts them in isolation and loneliness. Alienation and psychological complexes develop.

They find studies highly boring and burdensome. As a result, they feel disoriented towards good careers. On the other hand, they tend to be susceptible to depression and tension. They need family support, good friendship, friends to spend time with and seek help in studies. But these are not possible when they are in hostels. So hostels become prison houses for them. Therefore, I am of the opinion that school children should not be sent to a hostel.

Question 4.
Bullying can be a humiliating and embarrassing experience for a child which can demoralize him. While reading the newspaper, you come across the following news, item on Bullying. Based on the information given below write speech in not more than 120 words to be delivered in the school assembly on ‘Bullying’ a serious concern in schools. You are Shubh/Shubhi of Sunshine School.

Bullying

Cruelty in children is common and one form of this is bullying at school. Bullying has increased in schools and can be verbal, physical, racial and sexual.

Bullying can lead to suicides, depression and violence. It can occur at all levels of society. The bully as well as the victim need help. Schools, which tacitly condone it, breed it. They need to recognize the problem and be committed to solving it. The effects of bullying can be serious. Sometimes it may even be fated. Students, who are persistently subjected to abusive behaviour, are at risk of stress related illness which can sometimes lead to suicide. Many a time victims of bullying suffer from long term emotional and behavioural problems. It can cause depression, anxiety, loneliness, lead to low self-esteem and increased susceptibility to illness. Stringent measures need to be taken to stop bullying in school campus. Otherwise, it may spoil a student’s future.

Answer:

Worthy Principal, teachers and students,

Today I, Shubh/Shubhi, Stand before you in the morning assembly to speak on ‘Bullying.’ 1 feel that it is a serious feature of today’s youth’s character and is highly undesirable. All human beings have cruelty since birth along with other good and bad values. So cruelty in children is common and one form of this is ‘bullying’ at school. But sadly in the modern times ‘bullying’ has increased and it can be verbal, physical, racial and sexual. Bullying has far reaching consequences as it leads to suicides, depression and violence.

It can occur at all levels of society. Both the bully and the victim need help. Schools, which condone it, breed it. They need to recognize the problem and be committed to solving it. Bullying is dangerous for the victims. Students who are continuously bullied are at risk of stress related illness which can sometimes lead to suicide. Then they suffer from long term emotional and behavioural problems. It can lead to depression, anxiety, loneliness, low self-esteem and illness. Stringent measures need to be taken to stop bullying in school campuses.

Thanks a lot.

Question 5.
You are Monica/Manish. Prepare a speech for the morning assembly in about 120 words on the topic “Value of games and sports in life.”
Answer:
Worthy Principal, teachers and students.

Today I, Monica/Manish, am here to speak on the Value of Games and Sports in Life.’ I hope all of you know that both studies and sports and games are necessary for the full human growth. Studies enlighten the mind and sports and games build up good body. Then a helathy mind remains in a health body. Proper food and physical exercises are, therefore, necessary for keeping body in proper shape. It all means that sports and games should go together in educational institutions. Secondly academics are a field to make a good career, one can make a good career in sports and games also. We know it very well that in the modern times, sportspersons get in the limelight, when they bring glories to the nation by winning medals from abroad. All these show that sports and games play an important role in life.

Thanks a lot.

Question 6.
Indian sportsmen have brought laurels and fame to their country. The recent Commonwealth games is a testimony to their dedication, hard work and desire to excel.

You are Siddharth/Sameeksha. You were greatly motivated by the marvellous performance of Indian sportspersons and decided to deliver a speech in the morning assembly of your school highlighting the value of sports in our lives.

You may use the input given below.

• helathy balance of studies and sports – necessary
• channelize energy in right direction,
• develop resistance to diseases.
• Inculcate team-spirit, discipline, co-operation.

Answer:
Worthy Principal, teachers and students.

Today I, Siddharth/Sameeksha am before you to speak on the value of games and sports in life. First of all, they keep the human body in good health. Then they channelize energy in the right direction. A human body in good health is far away from any disease as it develops resistance to diseases. A healthy mind remains in a healthy body. Sports and games keep this body in good health. Secondly, playing games and sports teaches good human values like team-spirit, discipline, cooperation, compassion, brotherhood, etc.

Thus sports and games help in building the sportspersons into good human beings. Not only that, sports and games bring the sportspersons glories through fame and money. We see that the sportspersons winning gold medals abroad become instant celebrities. They get crores of rupees as gifts. In this way, sports and games play an important role not only in the lives of the sportspersons but for the country as a whole. We therefore, must make careers in them.

Thanks a lot.

Question 7.
Taking help from the information given below and inventing your own details, write a speech in 120 words to be delivered by you in the morning assembly of your school on Right to Education (RTE).
RTE an appropriate step to boost children education – born for poor children – right of children to free and compulsory education – gap between govt, and elite schools – improvement in school facilities – sincere efforts needed – future bright.
Answer:

Worthy Principal, teachers and students,

Today I am here to speak to you on the important topic of ‘Right to Education’. It is, indeed, a good step on the part of the government that all children must have a right to education. It has larger aims, that is to spread literacy and make the future of the country safe and civilized through education. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyaan is its part which has a comprehensive plan to give education to all eligible children. This needs facilities at infrastructural levels, like furniture, books, teachers, etc. There is, at present a wide gap between government and elite schools. The government schools need to come at par with these schools in the form of infrastructure. Only then will it be possible to implement the RTE. If all the schools have the facilities like those of these elite schools, all children shall get education. So all those connected with RTE, shall have to contribute to the scheme to make it successful for the sake of the country.

Thanks a lot.

Question 8.
Scarcity of water is a major concern these days. Even after 67 years of independence women have to walk miles in certain parts of the country to fetch water. Write a speech in about 120 words expressing your concern about the problem of scarcity of clean drinking water in the country and also suggest some measures to improve the situation.
Answer:

Worthy judges and dear friends,

Today I am here to speak on the problem of scarcity of water, of clean drinking water and how this problem can be solved. You’ll see that as the days pass we are facing the problem of drinking water. Even after 67 years of independence, women have to walk miles in certain parts of the country to fetch water. No doubt, wars will be fought on water in the future. Scarcity of drinking water is mostly due to global warming and environmental changes. Due to rise in temperature, glaciers are melting. This will,affect the flow of water but temporarily; When the entire glaciers have melted, wherefrom water will be coming, we are not paying much attention to ground water which has fallen down unexpectedly. Rains have become scarce. So due to these changes, there is, indeed, scarcity of water. The best remedy would be rain water harvesting, conserving water as well as containing globail warming.

Thanks a lot.

Question 9.
Parineeta Sharma feels concerned about the earth being polluted by various pollutants and decides to create awareness amongst the children of her school. She prepared a speech to be delivered on The Earth Day’ in the morning assembly on ‘Environmental Pollution’. Write her speech in about 120 words.
Answer:

Worthy Principal, teachers and students,

Today on the eve of The Earth Day’, I, Parineeta Sharma, stand before you to speak on ‘Environmental Pollution’. You will see that man has polluted the earth so much that nature will take years to repair itself. Various pollutants pollute the earth. These are : use of petrol, chemical factories giving out harmful smoke, use of pesticides, etc. Then urbanization and industrialization have greatly increased the pollution. The result is : global warming and climate change. This has affected human life. There is scarcity of rain where rain should come and scarcity of drinking water. Forests are disappearing fast and the ecological balance of nature has been disturbed. It is the duty of all of us to start a movement of awareness among the masses to stop further environmental pollution. The mother earth needs special attention for its upkeep and maintaining its good health. This is possible only if we check the misuse of things causing pollution.

Question 10.
You are Sonia Dev, secretary, ‘Save the Child Foundation’. You are a social activist working for the welfare of the children in the developing world. As you travel to many developing countries, you have collected the following factsheet. Read it carefully and write a speech in about 120 words, highlighting the problems of childhood and how these can be solved.

• LOST CHILDHOOD
  Factsheet
• In the developing world, more than one in three children does not have adequate shelter, one in five children does not have access to safewater, and one in seven has no access to health services.
• As many as 121 million children, the majority of them girls, do not attend school.
• Two million children under the age of five die every year because they are not immunized through routine, common place vaccines.
• If just 0.5% of global military spending were diverted to immunization, every child in the world could be immunized for the next decade.

Answer:

Hon’ble Judges and members of the jury.

Today I, Sonia Dev, secretary, ‘Save the Child Foundation’, am here to speak on the welfare of the children in the developing world. While travelling to many developing countries I have found many facts concerning it. In the developing world, more than one in three children does not have adequate shelter, one in five children does not have access to safewater, and one in seven has no access to health services. Secondly, 121 million children, the majority of them girls, do not attend school.

Then two million children under the age of five die every year because they are not immunized through routine, common place vaccines. If just 0.5% of global military spending were diverted to immunization, every child in the world could be immunized for the next decade. All these can be solved if we make out special plants for the well-being of children. The governments of the developing countries need to sit and do something for the proper health of the children.

Thanks a lot.

These TS 10th Class Social Bits with Answers 6th Lesson The Population Bits will help students to enhance their time management skills.

TS 10th Class Social Bits 6th Lesson The Population Bits

Question 1.
Which one of the following is NOT an aerotropolis? ( )
A) Delhi
B) Mumbai
C) Vijayawada
D) Hyderabad
Answer:
C) Vijayawada

Question 2.
Not an example for Aerotropolis city. ( )
A) Hyderabad
B) Mumbai
C) Agra
D) Chennai
Answer:
C) Agra

Question 3.
A group of houses within the revenue village. ( )
A) Town
B) Hamlet
C) Village
D) City
Answer:
B) Hamlet

Question 4.
The following is not an Indian Aerotropolis …………………. . ( )
A) Suvarnabhumi International Airport.
B) Indira Gandhi International Airport.
C) Rajiv Gandhi International Airport.
D) Bangalore International Airport.
Answer:
A) Suvarnabhumi International Airport.

Question 5.
The most common reason for migration among women is ………………… .( )
A) Education
B) Employment
C) Business
D) Marriage
Answer:
D) Marriage

Question 6.
An example to Mega City is …………………. .()
A) Hyderabad
B) Ahmedabad
C) Kolkata
D) Chennai
Answer:
C) Kolkata

Question 7.
Urban areas having population between one lakh to one million are called as …………. .( )
A) Class I cities
B) Towns
C) Metropolitan cities
D) Megacities
Answer:
A) Class I cities

Question 8.
Hyderabad is a metropolitan city because …………………. .( )
A) it has population above 10 million.
B) it has population between one million and ten million.
C) it has many industries.
D) it provides more employment opportunities.
Answer:
B) it has population between one million and ten million.

Question 9.
The Emigration Act, 1983 safeguards the interests of ………………………… .( )
A) Seasonal migrants.
B) Sports persons.
C) Foreigners working in India.
D) Indians working abroad.
Answer:
D) Indians working abroad.

Question 10.
Megacity has the population ……………………… .( )
A) between 5000 and One lakh.
B) between One Iakh and One million.
C) between Ten Iakhs and One crore.
D) more than One crore.
Answer:
D) more than One crore.

Question 11.
The way we organise ourselves and our living space in a place is called ( )
A) Settlement
B) LiIestye
C) Standard of living
D) None
Answer:
A) Settlement

Question 12.
It is difficult to build a house near …………………. . ( )
A) Mountains
B) Oceans
C) Valleys
D) All the above
Answer:
B) Oceans

Question 13.
Early humans are ………………. . ( )
A) Literatos
B) Shelter sedants
C) Nomads
D) None
Answer:
C) Nomads

Question 14.
A rock shelter is in …………………….. . ( )
A) Nalanda
B) Blimbedka
C) Pushkar
D) None
Answer:
B) Blimbedka

Question 15.
This refers to the characteristics of the place. ( )
A) Situation
B) History of the place
C) Site
D) None
Answer:
C) Site

Question 16.
Pratapgad is in ………………………. . ( )
A) Maharashtra
B) Tamil Nadu
C) Bihar
D) Kerala
Answer:
A) Maharashtra

Question 17.
…………. is a port city. ( )
A) Warangal
B) Vijayawada
C) Visakhapatnam
D) Karimnagar
Answer:
C) Visakhapatnam

Question 18.
Only ………………… of the growth is due to rural-to-urban migration. ( )
A) 2/5
B)1/5
C) 3/5
D) 4/5
Answer:
B)1/5

Question 19.
Suvarnabhoorrw International Airport is in …………………… . ( )
A) Burma
B) Nepal
C) Bhutan
D) Thailand
Answer:
D) Thailand

Question 20.
The International London Airport is in …………………. . ( )
A) Heathrow
B) Suvamabhoomi
C) Cairo
D) Dubai
Answer:
A) Heathrow

Question 21.
If a person wants to travel from Colombo to New Delhi, that person has to fly over this airport ………………… . ( )
A) Mumbai
B) Chennai
C) Bangkok
D) Perth
Answer:
B) Chennai

Question 22.
The way we organise ourselves and our living spaces in a place Is called a …………….. . ( )
A) settlement
B) village
C) town
D) city
Answer:
A) settlement

Question 23.
In a settlement, we have different kinds of activities …………….. , religions, commercial, etc. ( )
A) ritual
B) educational
C) cultural
D) traditional
Answer:
B) educational

Question 24.
For about 1.8 Iakh years humans lived in bands as ……………………….. . ( )
A) hunters
B) farmers
C) hunter-gatherer
D) none
Answer:
C) hunter-gatherer

Question 25.
People did not have to travel over large areas to …………………. . ( )
A) obtain food
B) education
C) wealth
D) none
Answer:
A) obtain food

Question 26.
As hunter-gatherers, they were …………………… .( )
A) sedentary
B) nomadic
C) civilized
D) none
Answer:
B) nomadic

Question 27.
An example for urban settlement …………………… . ( )
A) cities
B) towns
C) metropolitans
D) all the above
Answer:
D) all the above

Question 28.
Today, Delhi is the ……………. largest city with more than 1,60,00,000 people. ( )
A) second
B) third
C) fourth
D) fifth
Answer:
A) second

Question 29.
Every city usually has a master plan to ………………….. different types of areas. ( )
A) Design
B) Allocate
C) Design and allocate
D) None
Answer:
C) Design and allocate

Question 30.
Site refers to the …………………….. of the place. ( )
A) Characteristics
B) topography
C) vision
D) none
Answer:
A) Characteristics

Question 31.
In early settlement periods, places which had favourable water supply and ……………… from Invasions were preferred. ( )
A) least protection
B) good protection
C) safety
D) security
Answer:
B) good protection

Question 32.
Chhatrapatl Shivaji built a fort in ……………………… Maharashtra. ( )
A) Mumbai
B) Rayagarh
C) Pratapgad
D) None
Answer:
C) Pratapgad

Question 33.
Places do not exist In ………………………. . ( )
A) isolation
B) deserts
C) coastal areas
D) all the above
Answer:
A) isolation

Question 34.
Situation describes the …………………… with Other places. ( )
A) connection
B) Characteristics
C) topography
D) none
Answer:
A) connection

Question 35.
Visakhapatnam is located on the coast and connects ________ to many places in and outside of India. ( )
A) Telangana
B) Andhra Pradesh
C) Vizag
D) None
Answer:
B) Andhra Pradesh

Question 36.
Cities such as Mumbai and Chennai were further developed by the colonial powers to better exploit the ……………………. . ( )
A) Integrity of India
B) Natural resources of India
C) Integrity of colonial power
D) None
Answer:
B) Natural resources of India

Question 37.
Over the centuries, Vlsakhapatanam’s …………………… has grown significantly. ( )
A) population
B) density
C)A only
D)BothA&B
Answer:
D)BothA&B

Question 38.
In India, nearly 350 million i.e, ………………….. of population lives In cities and towns. ( )
A)2/5
B) 1/3
C) 1/5
D) 1/2
Answer:
B) 1/3

Question 39.
People have been Increasingly taking up non-agriculture work and living In cities and towns; this is called …………………… . ( )
A) Ruralization
B) Induslriallzation
C) Urbanization
D) None
Answer:
C) Urbanization

Question 40.
Three cities- Mumbal, Delhi, Kolkata accommodate more than ………………… people each. ( )
A) 3 millions
B) 6 millions
C) 9 millions
D) 10 millions
Answer:
D) 10 millions

Question 41.
Most of the population Increase In cities and towns took place as a consequence of ………………… within the urban areas. ( )
A) Natural growth
B) Artificial growth
C) Natural decline
D) None
Answer:
A) Natural growth

Question 42.
The population of ………………. areas Increased over time. ( )
A) rural
B) urban
C) tribal
D) none
Answer:
B) urban

Question 43.
Sorne of the growth In urban settlements took place by expansion, with the Inclusion of ………………………… surrounding older cities and towns. ( )
A) urban areas
B) rural areas
C) tribal areas
D) none
Answer:
B) rural areas

Question 44.
Government Intervention is making some headway In Improving the urban infra structure particularly those associated with ……………………. . ( )
A) road transport
B) rail transport
C) air transport
D) water transport
Answer:
A) road transport

Question 45.
Incomes earned In urban areas by the …………….. are far lower than other caste groups. ( )
A) SC/STs
B) BCs
C) OCs
D) None
Answer:
A) SC/STs

Question 46.
In an ……………….. the airport functions as a city In Its own right. ( )
A) aerotropolis
B) metrocity
C) megacity
D) none
Answer:
A) aerotropolis

Question 47.
As vehicle use Increases urban ………………… increases causing health problems and localized climatic change. ( )
A) water pollution
B) air pollution
C) only ‘A’
D) only ‘B’
Answer:
B) air pollution

Question 48.
The airport at Tlrupathi is located at ………………………. . ( )
A) Renigunta
B) Gannavaram
C) Munnadivaram
D) Sriharikota
Answer:
A) Renigunta

Question 49.
The reason for the abnormal increase of population In Visakhapatnam over the last century is ………………….. . ( )
A) Visakhapatnam is a seaport
B) There are no slums in the city
C) Transpcwt facilities are scarce
D) People do not migrate very much to this place
Answer:
A) Visakhapatnam is a seaport

Question 50.
The following Is not an International Airport ……………. . ( )
A) Bengaluru
B) Delhi
C) Hyderabad
D) Ahmedabad
Answer:
D) Ahmedabad

Question 51.
The present population of Simla town is ……………………. . ( )
A) 5 Iakhs
B)2 lakhs
C) 50 thousands
D) 11/2 lakh
Answer:
B)2 lakhs

Question 52.
Birthplace means ………………… . ( )
A) Place where the person was born
B) Place where the person was living
C) Place where the person’s father lived
D) None
Answer:
A) Place where the person was born

Question 53.
……………… million people have been reported as migrants in 2001. ( )
A) 300
B) 307
C) 315
D) 325
Answer:
B) 307

Question 54.
Money sent by migrants from their destination is known as ………………… . ( )
A) Remittances
B) Gifts
C) Prizes
D) Awards
Answer:
A) Remittances

Question 55.
………………. migrants use different ob searching mechanisms. ( )
A) Rural
B) Urban
C) Sub-urban
D) Metro
Answer:
B) Urban

Question 56.
…………………. pre-arrange their jobs. ( )
A) City people
B) Town people
C) Villagers
D) All the above
Answer:
C) Villagers

Question 57.
Its significant that rural to …………….. migration has increased. ( )
A) urban
B) sub-urban
C) tribal
D) rural
Answer:
D) rural

Question 58.
According to National census surveys, every …………………… person in India is a migrant. ( )
A) first
B) second
C) third
D) fourth
Answer:
B) second

Question 59.
A large section of rural workers migrate for a ……………….. duration. ( )
A) short
B) long
C) fortnight
D) none
Answer:
A) short

Question 60.
Rural seasonal migrants work in …………………. . ( )
A) industry
B) agriculture
C) services
D) organised
Answer:
B) agriculture

Question 61.
The ……………….. Act, 1983 is the Indian law governing migration and employment of Indians abroad. ( )
A) Migration
B) Immigration
C) Emigration
D) None
Answer:
C) Emigration

Question 62.
Indian migrant workers seldom lodge any complaint against their foreign employers for the fear of losing their ………………… . ( )
A) jobs
B) passports
C) balances
D) permits
Answer:
B) passports

Question 63.
…………………. are set up by the Indian government in different countries. ( )
A) Agents
B) Embassies
C) Governors
D) None
Answer:
A) Agents

Question 64.
…………………. is a place where the person has stayed continuously for a
period of six months or more. ( )
A) First usual place of residence
B) Last usual place of residence
C) Last but one usual place of residence
D) None
Answer:
B) Last usual place of residence

Question 65.
Females report ……………… as the most common reason for migration.
A) education
B) job
C) marriage
D) none
Answer:
C) marriage

Question 66.
People migrate from rural areas mainly due to insufficient ………….. opportunities ……………………….. Inadequate available in rural employment.
A) education, water
B) entertainment, literacy
C) entertainment, income
D) employment, income
Answer:
D) employment, income

Question 67.
Towns also appear to offer ……………………….. . ( )
A) greater restriction
B) greater freedom
C) both A & B
D) none
Answer:
B) greater freedom

Question 68.
The rural people are not able to find jobs In the ………………… sectors. ( )
A) mixed
B) unorganised
C) unorganized
D) none
Answer:
C) unorganized

Question 69.
Many families have ………………….. both at their origin and at the destination. ( )
A) residences
B) jobs
C) both A & B
D) none
Answer:
A) residences

Question 70.
The Emigration Act of India was passed In ( )
A) 1983
B) 1993
C) 1973
D) 1963
Answer:
A) 1983

Question 71.
Construction sites In most urban areas depend on …………………… workers. ( )
A) migrant
B) immigrant
C) female
D) none
Answer:
A) migrant

Question 72.
Seasonal migrants are not only poor but have little or no land at their ……………… place. ( )
A) working
B) native
C) neighbouring
D) none
Answer:
B) native

Question 73.
In …………………….. sector, employers go to the native place of migrants and recruit. ( )
A) agricultural
B) industrial
C) service
D) none
Answer:
A) agricultural

Question 74.
Migrant labourers spend more on …………………… . ( )
A) clothes
B) food
C) shelter
D) none
Answer:
B) food

Question 75.
Migrants are not able to access various health and family care programmes as they do not belong to the ……………….. sector. ( )
A) unorganised
B) service
C) organised
D) none
Answer:
C) organised

Question 76.
Grown-up children are not able to continue ………………. at their parent’s new workplaces. ( )
A) their studies
B) their work
C) their play
D) none
Answer:
A) their studies

Question 77.
Schools in their native place ………………………. to take them again when they come back. ( )
A) refuse
B) accept
C) ‘B only
D) both A & B
Answer:
A) refuse

Question 78.
Young girls of some migrant families are required to take care of siblings and many of them become …………………… . ( )
A) migrants
B) dropouts
C) caretakers
D) none
Answer:
B) dropouts

Question 79.
Most migrants and particularly those going for ………………….. send remittances. ( )
A) long term
B) short term
C) no term
D) none
Answer:
A) long term

Question 80.
Migration allows households to meet debt and other obligations without having to …………………… assets. ()
A) own
B) sell
C) buy
D) none
Answer:
B) sell

Question 81.
One-third of the world’s 200 million are ………………… migrants. ( )
A) international
B) national
C) regional
D) local
Answer:
A) international

Question 82.
The second type of international migration ii unskilled and semiskilled workers migrating to …………… countries of the West Asia on temporary contracts. ( )
A) od importing
B) oil exporting
C) oil extracting
D) oil refining
Answer:
B) oil exporting

Question 83.
Indian migrant workers seldom lodge any complaint against their …………….. employers for the fear of losIng their jobs. ( )
A) Foreign
B) native
C) ex-native
D) none
Answer:
A) Foreign

Question 84.
International migration required mostly ……………….. (to the USA and the UK, etc.) ( )
A) Unskilled labourers
B) Skilled labourers
C) Both A and B
D) None of these
Answer:
B) Skilled labourers

Question 85.
It is not the example of international migration ( )
A) Professionals migrate to Saudi Arabia
B) People migrate from Bihar to Punjab
C) Indian people went to China
D) Indian softwares went to USA
Answer:
B) People migrate from Bihar to Punjab

These TS 10th Class Biology Chapter Wise Important Questions 4th Lesson Excretion will help the students to improve their time and approach.

TS 10th Class Biology Important Questions 4th Lesson Excretion

1 Mark Questions:

Question 1.
Why is urine yellow in color?
Answer:
Because of urochrome, urine is yellow in colour. It forms in the liver from dead RBC.

Question 2.
Write two slogans to popularize the awareness on “Organ Donation”.
Answer:
Slogans:

• Organ donation saves lives.
• Donate organs today for better tomorrow.

Question 3.
Write two healthy habits which you practice to protect your kidneys from diseases.
Answer:

• Drink plenty of water.
• Eat low salt diet that saves kidney life.
• Drink more fruit juices.

Question 4.
What precautions you have to take in the observation of internal structure of mammalian kidney?
Answer:

• Wash the kidney thorougly with water.
• Ensure that blood is completely drained from it.
• Wash your hands with antibacterial lotion after completing the dissection.

Question 5.
Write two secondary metaboiltes, which you use in your daily life.
Answer:
Gum, Rubber, Coffee are the examples for secondary metabolites which we use in our daily life.

Question 6.
Why is vasopressin not secreted when a person drinks a lot of water?
Answer:
Vasopressin is secreted only when concertrated urine is to be passed out. When a person drinks a lot of water, there will be no need to secrete concentrated urine. The excess water taken by the person will be sent out ¡n the form of dilute urine. Hence, vasopressin is not secreted.

Question 7.
any two questions that you will ask your teacher about the Alkaloids.
Answer:
Question about the Alkaloids:

• What are alkaloids?
• Where alkaloids are produced?
• What are the different types of alkaloids?
• What are the uses of alkaloids?

Question 8.
In urine excretory system much water is reabsorbed. What happens if it doesn’t occur?
Answer:
If water is not reabsorbed it leads to excessive repeated dilute urination called diabetes insipidus. If water does not reabsorbed we would dry up and blow away like dust in the wind in a matter of hours.

Question 9.
A substance given below consists of other three substances. What is that substance ? Where is it produced ? Uric Acid, Sodium, Oxalate, Urine.
Answer:
Urine contains all the other three substances. It is produced in kidney.

Question 10.
Why we feel sticky of stem and leaves of a plant effected with aphids ?
Answer:
Aphids absorb so much sugar from the phloem that they cannot assimilate all of it and excretes out of the body as a sticky syrup called honey dew. Leaves which have been attacked by aphids often feel sticky as a result of honey dew.

Question 11.
What is Anabolism ?
Answer:
The synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy.

Question 12.
What is catabolism ?
Answer:
The breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy.

Question 13.
What are the wastes produced during metabolic activities ?
Answer:
Carbon dioxide, water, nitrogenous compounds like ammonia, urea, uric acid, bile pigments, excess salts etc.

Question 14.
What are the substances present in blood ?
Answer:
Substances present in blood are glucose, sodium, potassium chlorides, urea, creati¬nine, uric acid, cholesterol, triglycerides, calcium, phosphorus, bilirubin, proteins, etc.

Question 15.
What are the substances present in urine ?
Answer:
Substances present in urine are protein, creatinine, calcium, phosphorous, uric acid, etc.

Question 16.
What are the substances present in both in blood and urine in common ?
Answer:
The substances present in the blood and urine in common are sodium, potassium, glucose, chlorides, urea, proteins, creatinine, calcium, phosphorous and uric acid.

Question 17.
What are the substances that need to be removed from body ?
Answer:
Creatinine, uric acid, urea, cholesterol and calcium.

Question 18.
In human beings excretory system consists of?
Answer:
A pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.

Question 19.
Where do the kidneys present in human body ?
Answer:
Kidneys are present in the abdominal cavity attached to dorsal body wall one on ei¬ther side of backbone.

Question 20.
What is the size of the kidney ?
Answer:
The size of the kidney is 10 cm in length, 5-6 cm in breadth and 4 cm in thickness.

Question 21.
Which artery brings oxygenated blood to kidney ?
Answer:
Renal artery brings oxygenated blood loaded with waste products to kidney.

Question 22.
What are the two distinct regions present inside the kidney ?
Answer:
Dark coloured outer zone called the cortex and pale coloured inner zone called medulla.

Question 23.
Each kidney is made up of how many nephrons ?
Answer:
Each kidney is made up of about 1.3 to 1.8 million nephrons.

Question 24.
What is the other name of Nephron ?
Answer:
Nephron is otherwise known as uriniferous tubules.

Question 25.
What are the two basic parts of nephron ?
Answer:
The parts of nephron are malphigian body and renal tubule.

Question 26.
Which blood vessel forms glomerulus in Bowman’s capsule ?
Answer:
Afferent arteriole.

Question 27.
What does renal tubule consist of ?
Answer:
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule (DCT).

Question 28.
What is the major function of proximal convoluted tubule ?
Answer:
Reabsorbs useful substances like glucose, amino acids, phosphate, potassium, urea and other organic solutes from the filtrate.

Question 29.
What is the function of loop of Henle?
Answer:

• In the descending loop of Henle reabsorption of water from the filtrate takes place.
• Ascending loop of Henle is impermeable to water and only ions diffuse out into the surrounding cells.

Question 30.
What is the function of Distal convoluted tubule?
Answer:
It maintains proper concentration and PH of the urine.

Question 31.
Formation of urine involves how many stages ? What are they?
Answer:
Four stages. They are

• Glomerular filtration
• Tubular reabsorption
• Tubular secretion and
• Concentration of urine.

Question 32.
The amount of water absorption in the tubule depends on?
Answer:
Amount of excess water present in the body and the amount of dissolved wastes to be excreted.

Question 33.
75% of water content of the nephric filtrate is reabsorbed in the region of?
Answer:
Proximal Convoluted tubule

Question 34.
The hormone that is secreted when concentrated urine is to be passed?
Answer:
Vasopressin.

Question 35.
What is micturatjon?
Answer:
It is the process of discharge of urine from the urinary bladder.

Question 36.
What are the composition of various substances ¡n urine?
Answer:
Urine contains 96% of water, 2.5% of organic substances and 1.5% of inorganic solutes.

Question 37.
What is uremia?
Answer:
If kidneys stop working completely, our body is filled with extra water and waste products. This condition is called uremia.

Question 38.
What are the symptoms of uremia?
Answer:
Hands or feet may swell. Tiredness and weakness persists as the body needs clean blood to function properly.

Question 39.
What is haemodialysis’
Answer:
Filtering the blood of a person whose kidneys are damaged with dialysis machine is called haemodiaiysis.

Question 40.
What are the organs that can be transplanted from brain dead patients?
Answer:
Kidney, liver, heart, lungs, pancreas, skin, bone, intestines and eyes (cornea).

Question 41.
Where the transplanted kidney fired in the body of kidney failed patient ?
Answer:
The new kidney is fixed inside lower abdomen connected to renal artery and renal vein, without disturbing failure kidney.

Question 42.
What is cadaver transplantation?
Answer:
The process of transplantation of organs from brain dead patients to another is called cadaver transplantation.

Question 43.
What are the other excretory organs in human beings?
Answer:
Lungs, skin, liver, large intestine, endocrine glands.

Question 44.
What are the waste products removed by lungs?
Answer:
Carbon dioxide and water.

Question 45.
Sebum of sebaceous glands in skin contains wastes like?
Answer:
Waxes, sterols, hydro carbons and fatty acids.

Question 46.
What are the metabolic wastes of haemoglobin of red blood cells in liver?
Answer:
Bile pigments like bilirubin, biliverdin and urochrome.

Question 47.
How is urea produced in liver?
Answer:
By the deamination of proteins urea is formed in the liver.

Question 48.
What are the wastes excreted by intestine?
Answer:
Excess salts of calcium, magnesium, undigested food and iron are excreted by epithelial cells of colon (large intestine).

Question 49
How do unicellular organisms remove waste products?
Answer:
Diffusion from the body surface to the surrounding water.

Question 50.
What is the osmoregulatory organelle in amoeba and paramoecium?
Answer:
Contractile vacuole.

Question 51.
Water bathes almost all their cells in body of organisms belonging to these animal phyla?
Answer:
Porif era and coelenterates.

Question 52.
What are the processes used by plants to get rid of excess water?
Answer:
Transpiration and guttation.

Question 53.
What are Raphides?
Answer:
In Yam plants waste gets stored in the fruits in the form of solid bodies called Raphides.

Question 54.
What are tannins?
Answer:
Tannins are alkaloids which are carbon compounds.

Question 55.
In which group of plants does resin occur?
Answer:
Gymnos perms.

Question 56.
Give two examples for gum yielding plants.
Answer:
Neem and Acacia.

Question 57.
What is latex?
Answer:
Latex is a sticky, milky white substance secreted by plants.

Question 58.
Rubber is prepared from the latex of?
Answer:
Hevea braziliensis.

Question 59.
From the latex of which plant bio-diesel is obtained?
Answer:
Jatropa plant.

Question 60.
What happens if some materials are above normal limits in the blood and urine?
Answer:
If some materials are above normal limits in the blood and urine it leads to accumulation of poisonous wastes and leads to death of the person.

Question 61.
Why the nephron is considered to be the structural and functional unit of the kidney?
Answer:

• Kidney is made up of number of microscopic tubular structures hence nephron is a structural unit of kidney.
• Filtration of blood takes place in the nephrons hence it is considered as the functional unit of kidney.

Question 62.
Which substances are present above the normal limits both in the blood and urine?
Answer:
Substances present above the normal limits ¡n the blood are: creatinine, uric acid and cholesterol.
Substances Present above the normal limits in the urine are : creatinine, calcium, uric acid and urea.

Question 63.
Why is more urine excreted?
Answer:
A large intake of liquids or water-rich food increases the volume of water in the blood, hence more urine is excreted.

Question 64.
What are the uses of tannins?
Answer:
Tannins are used in tanning of leather and in medicines.

Question 65.
What is the economic importance of gums ?
Answer:
Gums are valuable being used as adhesives and binding agents in the preparation of the medicines, food, etc.

Question 66.
What is osmoregulation?
Answer:
The regulation of the water content of the cell is called osmoregulation.

Question 67.
Which organ of the plant body helps in osmoregulation’
Answer:
Leaves.

Question 68.
Which organ of the cell in animals helps in osmoregulation?
Answer:
Contractile vacuole.

Question 69.
What is the basic reason of urine production?
Answer:
Blood carries nitrogenous waste in the form of urea or uric acid which needs to be removed, It is done by kidneys by filtering the blood and removing uric acid in the form of urine.

Question 70.
Due to availability of less water, how does the plants cope up with lack of water in desert conditions?
Answer:
They open their stomata at night and stomata remain closed during day time to conserve moisture.

Question 71.
What are nitrogenous wastes?
Answer:
Nitrogenous wastes are residuals derived from the degradation of proteins. They are made from chemical transformation of the amine group of amino acid molecules.

Question 72.
What are the three main types of nitrogenous wastes excreted by living beings?
Answer:
The main nitrogenous wastes excreted by living beings are ammonia, uric acid and urea.

Question 73.
Why does the ingestion of alcohol increase urination?
Answer:
Alcohol inhibits the secretion of vasopressin by the pituitary. That is why when it is drunk to excess the person urinates too much.

Question 74.
What would happen to amoeba if osmoregulation did not take place?
Answer:
If osmoregulation did not take place, the organism would get flooded with water and burst.

Question 75.
Which arteriole has more diameter, afferent or efferent?
Answer:
Afferent arteriole has more diameter.

Question 76.
What are the substances that are filtered into the glomerular capsule?
Answer:
The substances that are filtered into the glomerular capsule are waste molecules, nutrient molecules and water.

Question 77.
If you drink more water will you pass more urine?
Answer:
Yes. 1f we drink more water, we will pass more urine.

Question 78.
What are the substances reabsorbed into the peritubular network from Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PC7)?
Answer:
Glucose, water, salts, potassium ions, calcium ions and amino acids are reabsorbed into peritubular network.

Question 79.
What are the substances that secretes into distal convoluted tubule (DC7)?
Answer:
Extra salts, ions of K⁺, Na⁺, Cr^– and H⁺ secrete from peritubular capillaries into DCT.

2 Mark Questions:

Question 1.
Draw the structure of an excretory organ, which contains Bowman’s capsule and loop of henle and label it.
Answer:

Question 2.
Prepare four questions to find the reasons for obstructions in excretory system.
Answer:

• What do we call the complete and irreversible kidney failure
• What happens if kidney stop working completely?
• What is uremia?
• Is there any solution to this problem?

Question 3.
Name the secondary metabolites which are useful in leather and rubber Indutry.
From which plants we obtain them?
Answer:

• Latex used in rubber and Tannins used in Leather Industry.
• Latex – Hevea brasiliensis (Rubber Plant) Tannins – Cassia, Acacia.

Question 4.
Prepare four questions you will ask a nephrologlst about Kidney failure.
Answer:

• When does kidney fail?
• What are the symptoms of kidney failure?
• What precautions can we take to prevent failure of kidney?
• Which alternative method can we adopt if kidney fails?

Question 5.
Observe the following table.

Name of the phylum / organism	Excretory system / organ
Protozoa	Diffusion
Porifera	Water bathes all their cells
Platyhelminthes	Flame cells
Annelida	Nephridia
Arthropoda	Green glands
Reptiles, Aves and Mammals	Kidney

On the basis of above table, write answers to the following questions.

i. In above table, which living organisms contains kidneys as excretory organs like human beings?
Answer:
Reptiles and Aves.

ii. Write the excretory organs present in Earthworm and Cockroach.
Answer:
Earthworm – Nephridia
Cockroach – Green glands

Question 6.
Observe the following table and answer the questions given below.

Alkaloid	Name of the plant	Uses
Quinine Nicotine Morphine Pyrethroids	Cinchona Tobacco Opium Chrysanthemum species	Anti malarial drug Pesticides Pain killer Insecticides

i. Which alkaloid we get from the fruit, is used as pain killer?
Answer:
Morphine.

ii. From which part of the plant do we get Quinine?
Answer:
Bark of Cinchona.

Question 7.
Nephron is called structural and functional unit of kidney. Why?
Answer:

• Each kidney is made up of more than one million microscopic and thin tubular units called nephrons or uriniferous tubules. Hence nephron is known as structural unit of kidney.
• Nephron’s chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine. Hence it is known as functional unit of kidney.

Question 8.
Blood is filtered in Bowman‘s capsule of nephron. For the filtration of blood some pressure is needed. How this pressure happens to blood?
Answer:
Blood flows inside the glomerulus of Bowman’s capsule under the influence of pressure due to the large diameter of afferent arteriole, This increases or rise the blood pressure in the glomerulus capillaries leading to ultrafiltration of the blood in the Bowman’s capsule.

Question 9.
Classify the substances given below.
Ptya line, Leptin, Morphine, Riboflavin, Testosterone, Thyamln, Niacine, Sucrase, Nicotine, Amylase, Retinol, Quinine, Calciferol, Adrenaline, Tripsin.
Answer:
The above substances can be classified into Enzymes, Hormones, Alkaloids and Vitani

• Enzymes : Ptyaline, Sucrase, Amylase. Tripsin
• Hormones : Testosterone, Adrenaline, Leptin
• Alkaloids : Morphine, Nicotine, Quinine
• Vitamins : Riboflavin, Thyamin, Niacine, Retinol, Calciferol

Question 10.
Explain the external features of kidney in human beings.
Answer:

• In human beings. there are a pair of bean shaped, reddish-brown structures in the abdominal cavity attached to dorsal body wall one on either side of the backbone.
• The size of the kidney is 10cm in length, 5 – 6cm in breadth, and 4cm in thickness.
• Each kidney is convex of the outer side and concave on the inner side.
• The position of the right kidney is lower than the left kidney due to the presence of liver above.
• The Inner side of each kidney has a fissure or hilus for the entry of a renal artery, exit of a renal vein and an ureter.
• Renal artery brings oxygenated blood loaded with waste products and renal vein carries deoxygenated blood.

Question 11.
Why are weeds and wild plants not affected by insects and pests?
Answer:

• Weeds and wild plants produce waste products which are stored in leaves, hark and fruits.
• Several compounds are synthesized by weeds and wild plants for their own use especially for defence.
• Several weed and wild plants prepare chemicals and store them in different parts for protection against herbivores, insects and pests.
• Most of these chemicals are unpleasant to taste and hence insects and pests do not prefer to eat such plants.
• Some of the chemicals are toxic and may even kill the insects and pests that eat them.
• Hence weeds and wild plants are not affected by insects and pests.

Question 12.
People in cold countries get very less / no sweat. What changes occur in their skin and in other excretory organs?
Answer:

• Exposure to cold causes a reduction in blood flow to the surface of the skin by constriction of blood vessels.
• This reduces the overall volume of the circulatory system so increasing the blood pressure.
• The body’s response to this is to reduce the fluid volume by getting rid of water in the urine.
• Usually human skin has a unique system keep in equilibrium state with the surrounding temperature.
• During winter season the temperature is low and the body temperature should be heated to balance the tolerance.
• So the water content in our body is sent out in the form of urine.
• Hence, people in cold countries get less sweat or no sweat.

Question 13.
State the role of kidneys in human transport system.
Answer:

• Remove or excrete nitrogenous wastes.
• Regulate water content of the body (osmoregulation).
• Maintain mineral balance in blood.

Question 14.
Why are glomeruli considered as dialysis bags?
Answer:

• The main function performed by the glomeruli is selective filtration.
• They filter small molecules containing glucose, salts, urea and liquid serum, etc.
• The large molecules such as protein remain in blood.
• Thus glomeruli of kidney function as dialysis bags.

4 Mark Questions:

Question 1.
Where is the transplanted kidney fixed in the body of a kidney failure patient?
Answer:
Kidney transplantation involves placing a healthy kidney into the body where it can perform all of the fuctions that a failing kidney cannot. The new kidney is placed on the lower right or left side of the abdomen where it is surgically connected to nearby blood vessels.

Placing the kidney in this position allows it to be easily connected to blood vessels and the bladder. The vein and the artery of the new kidney are attached to the body’s vein and artery. The new kidney’s ureter is attached to the body’s bladder to allow urine to pass out of the body.

Question 2.
What about the failure of kidneys
Answer:
In most cases the old kidneys will not be removed. This is because even failed kidneys release chemicals that help the body work. However if those kidneys have a disease that cause on going problems such as persistent kidney infections or intestinal blockage,then the transplanting would be considered removing the old kidney. The two most common medical conditions requiring “native nephrectomy” or “congenital reflux” disease and polycystic disease.

Question 3.
Can donor lead normal life with single kidney without any complications?
Answer:
Once a living donor candidate has been completely evaluated and cleared, the chance of the donation affecting his or her life span or life style is extremely low with any surgery and anaesthesia, however, there are risks. Nationally the risk of having a life threatning problem with donating a kidney is one in three thousand.

The risk of minor complications such as a minor wound infection is about 2 to 4%. Because the kidney donor operation is a major surgical procedure; donors find they have less energy and need about 4 to 6 weeks to return to their full resurgical activity level.

Question 4.
Do plants excrete like animals?
Answer:

• Plants do not have specific organs to excrete the waste materials which are formed during metabolism,
• As in animals carbon dioxide, water, ammonia and other nitrogenous wastes are also formed in plants.
• In plants, carbon dioxide released during respiration is sent out through stomata of leaves.
• Plants discharge the excess water in the form of water vapour during transpiration by leaves. Due to this, the heat in the plants is reduced.
• In germinating seeds carbon dioxide formed during respiration is released into atmosphere.
• Plants have the capacity to utilise the by products of one metabolic activity as the raw materials for another metabolic activity.
• For example, oxygen released during photosynthesis is utilised for respiration; carbon dioxide released during respiration is utilised for photosynthesis. Plants convert nitrogen and ammonia into nitrates.

Question 5.
How do plants manage or send out waste products from its body?
Answer:

• Plants can get rid of excess water by a process like transpiration and guttation. Waste products may be stored in leaves, bark and fruits.
• When these dead leaves, bark, and ripe fruits fall off from the trees, then waste products in them are got rid off.
• In some plants, waste gets stored in the fruits in the form of solid bodies called Raphides. Example : Yam.
• Several compounds are synthesized by the plants for their own use specially for defense.
• Several plants prepare chemicals and store them in shoots, leaves, seeds for protection against herbivores.
• Most of the chemicals are unpleasant to taste and hence herbivores do not prefer to eat such plants. Some of the chemicals are toxic and may even kill the animal that eats them.
• Some of the plants release attractantS for other organisms which will help the plants for pollination. For example, plants having root nodules secrete chemicals to attract rhizobia into the surroundings of the roots and form a symbiotic relationship with the rhizobium.

Question 6.

S.No.	Test	Present level	Normal range
A. Blood Test
1.	Blood Pressure (BP)	160/90 mm/Hg	120/80 mm/Hg
2.	Glucose (Before food)	120-mg/dl	60-100 mg/dl
3.	Glucose (After food)	220 mg/dl	160-180 mg/dl
4.	Bilirubin	1.0 mg/dl	0.1-0.8 mg/dl
B. Urine Test
1.	24 hrs protein	150 mg/day	100 mg/day
2.	Sodium	140 mmol/L,	125-250 mmol/L

A. Which test is required to know bilirubin?
Answer:
Blood test is required to know bilirubin.

B. How the sugar disease is confirmed?
Answer:
In blood test if the glucose levels in blood before and after food are more than the normal, the sugar disease is confirmed.

C. By observing the above report, what would be the other problems faced by that patient?
Answer:
The blood pressure of the patient 160/90 as the normal is 120/80 mm/Hg.
The Glucose levels in the blood of the patient shows more than the normal before and after food.
So he is suffering from Hypertension and diabetes.

D. What are the organs affected by these problems?
Answer:
The organs affected by these problems are heart and kidneys.

Question 7.
Analyse the following information and answer the questions.

Alkaloid	Part of the plant	Uses
Quinine	bark	Anti malarial drug.
Nicotine	leaves	Insecticide, stimulant
Morphine	fruits	Pain killer, sedative.
Caffeine	seeds	Central Nervous System stimulant.
Pyrethroids	flowers	Insecticides
Scopolamine	fruits, flowers	Sedative

i. Which parts of the plants are used as alkaloids?
ii. What are the alkaloids which are used to control the diseases that occur in plants?
iii. Name the parts of the plant from which we get alkaloids used as sedative.
iv. Name the alkaloid which is used to prevent malaria.
Answer:
i. The plant parts used as alkaloids are:

• bark
• leaves
• fruits
• seeds
• flowers.

ii. Pyrethorids are the alkaloids used as insecticides to control the diseases that occur in plants.
iii. The fruits and flowers of scopolamine alkaloid are used as sedative.
iv. The alkaloid used to prevent malaria is the bark of Quinine.

Question 8.
Write about the accessory excretory organs and their excretory substances In human beings.
OR
What are the accessory excretory organs in human body? How does the liver carry out excretion as a secondary function?
Answer:

Question 9.
Explain the temporary and permanent methods to be adopted for Kidney failure (ESRD) persons.
Answer:
Temporary method for ESRD persons is dialysis (artificial kidney). Permanent method is transplantation of kidney.

Dialysis:

• Blood is taken out from the main artery, mixed with an anticoagulant, such as heparin and then pumped in to dialyzer.
• In dialyzer blood flows through cellophane tubes and these tubes are embeded in the dialysing fluid.
• The membrane separates the blood flowing inside the tube and dialysing fluid same as plasma without nitrogenous waste).

Kidney transplantation:

• A functioning kidney is used in transplantation from a donor preferably a close relative.
• The kidney that is received by a recipient must be a good match to his body, to minimise the chances of rejection by the immune system of the recipient.
• Nowadays the process of organ donation helps a lot for kidney failure patients.

I. Conceptual Understanding

Question 1.
Explain the formation of urine in a flow chart.
Answer:
Dissolved substances of blood like urea, glucose, amino acids, minerals, salts etc., are filtered out in Bowman’s capsule under high filtration pressure. Glomerular filtrate is called primary urine.

Question 2.
Excreting wastes from the human body not only by kidneys but also by other organs you help. How do you support it?
Answer:

• In human body wastes are excreted not only by kidneys but also by other organs.
• Kidney filters blood and eliminates nitrogenous wastes and other harmful things. Filters urea from blood.
• Apart from kidney lungs, skin, liver, intestine, salivary glands and lacrymal glands.
• Lungs remove carbon dioxide and water in respiration.
• Skin excrete wastes in the form of sweat which contains water and certa salts.
• Liver eliminates bile pigments bilirubin and biliverdin through urine.
• Excess salts of calcium, magnesium and iron are excreted by epithellial cells ocolon for elimination along with faeces by intestine.
• Eccrine glands present on the forehead, the bottoms of the feet and the palms allow excess water to leave the body.
• Salivary glands and lacrimal glands excrete small amounts of nitrogenous waste through saliva and tears.

Question 3.
Not only the food of plants but also their wastes are useful to us. What evidences do you give for it?
Answer:

• Plants are providing food for the entire living world through the process of photosynthesis.
• They are also excreting different waste materials produced during various metabolic activities.
• They are known as secondary metaboiltes which include Alkaloids, Tannins, Resins, Gums and Latex etc.
• Alkaloids used for various purposes are
  Alkaloid – Use
  Quinine Antimalarial drug
  Nicotine Insecticide
  Morphine, cocaine Pain killer
  Reserpine – Medicine for snake bite
  Nimbin Antiseptic
  Pyrethroids – Insecticides
  Casteine – Central nervous system stimulant
• Tannins are used in tanning of leather and in medicines. e.g: Cassia, Acacia.
• Resins are used in varnishes. e.g:pinus
• Gums are economically valuable and used as adhesives and finding agents in the preparation of the medicines, food etc.
• From the latex of Hevea braziliensis (Rubber plant) rubber is prepared. Latex from Jatropa is the source of biodiesel.
• Chewing gum originally made of chicle, natural latex from plant.

Question 4.
Give an account of excretory system found in different phyla of animal kingdom.
OR
Write information in tabular form of different phyla and excretory system in animal kingdom.
Answer:

• Different organisms use varied strategies in excretion.
• Following are the excretory system found in various organisms.

Name of the phylum / organism	Excretory system / organ
Protozoa	Simple diffusion from the body surface into the surrounding water.
Porifera and coelenterates	Water bathes almost all their cells
Platyhelminthes and Nematoda	Flame cells
Annelids	Nephridia
Arthropoda	Green glands, Malphigian tubules
Mollusca	Meta nephridia
Echinodermata	Water vascular system
Reptiles, Birds and Mammals	Kidneys

Question 5.
Describe the excretory system of man.
Answer:
1. The excretory system of man consists of

• a pair of kidneys
• ureters and
• urinary bladder and
• urethra.

2. Kidneys are bean shaped and are located in the abdominal region on either side of vertebral column.

• From hilus of each kidney there are a pair of whitish, narrow tubular structures arise. They are known as ureters.
• The ureter travels downwards and open, in the sac like structure called the urinary
  bladder, which stores urine.
• Urethra is a tube that takes urine from urinary bladder to outside.
• The opening of urinary bladder into urethra is guarded by a ring of muscles or sphincter.

Question 6.
Describe the internal structure of kidney with the help of diagrams.
Answer:

• L.S. of kidney shows two distinct regions. Dark coloured outet zone called cortex and pale coloured inner zone called medulla.
• Each kidney is made up of approximately more than one million (1.3 to 1.8 million) microscopic and thin tubular functional units called nephrons or uriniferous tubules.

• Each nephron has basically two parts. One is maiphigian body and other is renal tubule.
• Malphigian body consists of a blind cup shaped broader end of nephron called Bowman’s capsule and bunch of fine blood capillaries called glomerulus.
• Glomerulus develops from afferent arteriole and it gives to rise to an efferent arteriole.
• Glomerulus functions as a filtration unit.

Question 7.
Differentiate between afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole.
Answer:

Afferent arteriole	Efferent arteriole
1. Formed by the branching of renal artery.	1. Formed by the joining of the glomerular capillaries.
2. Its lumen is twice as thick as that of the efferent arteriole.	2. Its lumen is twice as narrow as that of the afferent arteriole.
3. Brings oxygenated blood into the kidney.	3. Carries oxygenated blood away from the Bowman’s capsule.
4. Brings blood which contains large amount of water and nitrogenous metabolic wastes.	4. It carries away blood that is relatively thicker and free of toxic wastes.
5. Divides to form the glomerulus which is a khot inside the Bowman’s capsule.	5. Divides to form vasa rectae enveloping the renal tubule.

Question 8.
Explain briefly about the different secondary metabolites and their uses.
Answer:
1. The secondary metabolites are the materials which do not require for normal growth and developments.

2. Examples for the secondary metabolites are alkaloids, Tannins, Resins, Gums and Latex.

3. Alkaloids are nitrogenous by-products and poisonous. They are stored in different parts of the plant.

4. The alkaloids secreted by plants and their uses are :

• Quinine is used as antimalarial drug.
• Nicotine is used as insecticide.
• Morphine and cocaine are used as pain killers.
• Reserpine is used as medicine for snake bite.
• Caffeine is used as stimulant for central nervous system.
• Nimbin is used as antiseptic.
• Scopolamine is used as sedative.

5. Tannins are carbon compounds which are deep brown in colour. Tannins are used in tanning of leather and in medicines, e.g.: Cassia, Acacia.

6. Resin occur mostly in Gymnosperms in specialized passages called resin passages. They are used in varnishe.
e.g.: Pinus.

7. When branches of trees are cut a sticky substance called gum is secreted. The gumswells by absorbing water and helps in the healing of damaged parts of a plant. e.g. : Neem, Acacia.

8. Economically gums are valuable, being used as adhesives and binding agents in the preparation of the medicines,
food etc.

9. Latex is a sticky milky white substance secreted by plants. Latex is stored in latex cells or latex vessels.

10. From the latex of Heavea braziliensis (Rubber plant) rubber is prepared. Latex from Jatropa is the source of bio-diesel.

II. Asking Questions and Making Hypothesis:

Question 1.
A student observed a patient undergoing haemodialysis. He has many doubts about haemodialysis. What might be his doubts?
Answer:
He got following doubts about haemodialysis.

• What is the use of dialysis?
• How the impurities are separated from blood?
• How much time needed to complete dialysis?
• How frequently, does a patient should undergo dialysis
• How to prevent blood coagulation during dialysis?
• What is major difference between kidney and artificial kidney?
• Can this process done at home?

Question 2.
What might be reason for getting odour when potted plant shift from it’s place?
Answer:

• As per ‘Brugman’ scientist, plant excrete small amount of waste material in surrounding of its roots.
• Hence when rotted plant shifted from it’s place we will get bad odour.

III. Experimentation and Field Investigation:

Question 1.
In the observation of kidney external and internal features experiment, what are your observations?
Answer:
External features of mammal kidney are:

• It is bean shaped and brown in colour.
• Top of the kidneys you will observe adrenal gland.
• 3 tubes corne out from hilus. First one is ureter, second one is renal artery and third one is renal vein.

Internal features of kidney:

• Each kidney is convex on the outer side and concave on the inner side.
• Outer zone in kidney T.S. is light brown colour whereas inner zone is dark brown colour.
• Outer zone is called cortex and inner dark zone is called medulla. Triangular calyces are present in medulla.
• These medulla lead into ureter.
• Ureters are whitish tube like structures.

IV. Information Skills and Projects

Question 1.
Observe the below flow chart. Fill the boxes. Explain to which system this be longs to. :

Answer:

• Kidney
• Loop of Renie
• Pelvis
• Urethra

This flow chart belongs to excretory system in human beings. It shows the way how the blood in the kidney moves filtered and urine is excreted. The blood is supplied to kidney by renal artery. After entering the kidney renal artery forms number of afferent arterioles. This afferent arteriole forms network of blood capillaries in Bowman’s capsule of nephron. Blood gets filtered in Glomerulus of Bowman’s capsule.

The filtered blood is known as primary urine. it passes into PCT, loop of Henle and listen to convoluted tubule. After necessary reabsorption filtrate enters collecting tubule of nephron. Later filtrate enters pelvis from there it enters ureter and finally reaches urinary bladder. From urinary bladder urine is sent out of the body through urethra.

Question 2.
Observe the following table and answer the following questions.
Answer:

i. Name the alkaloid which is used as medicine for snake bite.
Answer:
‘Reserpine’ used as medicine for snake bite.

ii. Why do we feel much relief when we drink coffee?
Answer:
‘Caffeine’ present in coffee stimulates central nervous system. Hence we feel much relief.

iii. What are different kinds of alkaloids which cause harm to us?
Answer:
Cocaine. Scopolamine, Nicotine, Strychnine and Ganja are different alkaloids which cause harm to us.

iv. Name the alkaloid which acts as cancer causing agent (carsinogenic agent)
Answer:
Nicotine which is present in tobacco.

vii. Name the plant which gives antimalarial drug.
Answer:
Cinchona officitialis plant.

vi. Why do we add neem leaves to bathing water when a person suffering from skin disease?
Answer:
Because Nimbin present in neem leaves acts as antiseptic.

vii. What is the use of turmeric?
Answer:
Turmeric used as antiseptic.

V. Communication Throught Drawing, Model Making: 

Question 1.
Draw a neat labelled diagram of Human main excretory system. Write the function of urinary bladder.
Answer:
The main function of urinary bladder is to store the urine.

Question 2.
Draw neat labelled diagram of the functional unit of kidney. Write main function of Glonierulus.
Answer:

The main function of Glornerulus is filteration of blood and formation of primary urine.

Question 3.
Label the parts for given diagrams.
Answer:
a)

• dorsal aorta
• posterior venacava
• adrenal gland
• ureter
• left kidney
• urinary bladder
• urethra
• renal vein
• renal artery

b.

• cortex
• medulla
• renal artery
• renal vein
• nephron
• calyces
• pelvis
• ureter

Question 4.
Draw the flow chart of process of haemodialysis.
Answer:

VI. Apprciation and Aesthetic Sense, Values

Question 1.
Write an essay stating the advantages of by -products of plants in our real life.
OR
What are secondary meto balites ? Briefly explain their uses.
Answer:
1. The materials which do not require for normal growth and development are called secondary metabolites. These are the by – products of plants. eg : Alkaloids, Tannins, Resins, Gums and Latex etc. Though plants produce these chemicals for their own use man found the usage of these chemicals for own benefits. They are generally coloured and fragrant.

2. Alkaloids: These are nitrogenous by – products and poisonous. These are stored in different parts of the plants. Common alkaloids in plants and their uses are given in the table.

3. Tannins: Tannins are carbon compounds. These are stored in different parts of the plant and are deep browii in colour. Tannins are used in tanning of leather and in medicines. e.g. Cassia, Acacia.

4. Resin: Occur mostly in Gymnosperms in specialized passages called resin passages. These are used in varnishes. e.g. Pinus.

5. Gums: liants like Neem, Acacia oozes out a sticky substance called gum. When branches are cut. The gum swells by absorbing water and helps in the healing of damaged parts of a plant. Gums are economically valuable and used as adhesives and binding agents in the preparation of the medicines, food, etc.

6. Latex: Latex is a sticky, milky white substance secreted by plants. Latex is stored in latex cells or latex vessels. From the latex of Flevea braziliensis (Rubber plant) rubber is prepared. Latex from Jatropa is the source of bio-diesel.

7. Modern chewing gum originally made of chick natural latex from plant.

Question 2.
Blood is purified in kidneys. So many wastes are removed from the blood in nephron of the kidney. Which issue make you surprise in excretory system ?
Answer:
1. Kidneys remove garbage from our body. They also work towards balancing the amount of vitamins, minerals, fat and protein that are found in the blood. They do this so that our body can easily perform day to day activities.

2. The right and left kidneys are assisted by a number of organs in the body which help in disposing waste products.

3. Our intestine makes solid waste materials and is excreted through digestive tract.

4. Each day our body eliminates around 1.6 to 1.8 liters of urine which contains liquids, minerals and vitamins that are of no use of the body.

5. The bladder of a human body is nearly the same size as the average of human brain.

6. In one individual’s life span the liver can produce around 184.275 kgs of bile (6500 ounces).

7. In our lifetime an individual could urinate close to 7,850,000,000 gallons of fluid.

8. There are two kidneys in the human body. The left kidney is always found higher than the right kidney.

9. A really extraordinary fact regarding the excretory system is that upto 400 ml of urine can be held in human bladder.

10. Urine contains a high amount of urea which can be used by plants as a source of nitrogen. Because of this diluted urine can be used in gardens and potted plants.

11. It is amazing to see that each kidney is made up of approximately more than one million microscopic tubular functional units called nephrons or uriniferous tubules.

Question 3.
In recent days many people are coming forward to donate organs of brain dead people, who met accidents. How will you appreciate the family members of organ donor?
Answer:
1. In recent days many families are willing to donate organs of brain dead person’s. This is truely significant change in attitude of people.

2. Most of the people are burning or burying body after death. Very a few people are would like to see their very dear one’s in other people by donating organs like heart, liver, kidneys, cornea, spleen and bone marrow etc.

3. The family members of brain dead are already in great sorrow. They need great courage and so much kindness toward needy patients.

4. With nobel decision of that family giving new life to 5 – 7 persons, who has no alternate treatment, other than organ transplantation. In society every one must appreciate their courage, kindness and sympathy. They stood role model to others.

VII. Application To Daily Life, Concern To Biodiversity

Question 1.
Which plants can you get in your village. Among these by products of which plants do you use in your real life ?
Answer:
1. The plants? grow or available in our village are Sapota, Coconut, Cassia, Mango, Guava, Borassus plantain, Tobacco, Rauwolfia, Coffee, Neem, Datura, Chrysanthemum, Acacia, Pinus, Vallisneria, Teak, etc.,

2. Out of these plants alkaloids are available from the plants like Tobacco, Rauwolfia, Coffee, Neem, Datura and Chrysanthemum. The by-products from these plants are utilised in my real life.

Plant	Use
Tobacco Rauwolfia serpentina Coffee Neem Datura Chrysanthemum	Insecticide Medicine for snake bite Central nervous system stimulant Antiseptic Sedative Insecticides

• Tannins are the by – products of cassia, acacia. These are used in tanning of leather and in medicines.
• Resin the by-product of Pinus is used in varnishes.
• Gums are extracted from neem and acacia. They are used as adhesives and binding agents in the preparation of food, medicines.

Question 2.
How secondary metabolites of plants are useful to us?
Answer:

• Secondary metabolites are which do not required for normal growth.Eg. Alkaloids, Tannins, Resins, Gums and Latex etc.
• Alkaloids like Quinine, Reserpine, Morphine and Scopolamine are useful as medicines or different problems.
• Nicotine, Pyrethroids, Turmeric and Nimbin are useful as Insecticides.
• Tannins are useful in tanning leather and preparation of medicines.
• Resins are used in varnishes.
• Gums are used as adhesives and binding agents and preparation of food, medicines.
• Latex is used in preparation of rubber and biodiesel.

Telangana SCERT 9th Class English Guide Pdf Telangana Unit 1C Little Bobby Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS 9th Class English Guide Unit 1C Little Bobby

Questions and Answers:

Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Which is the most humorous action? Give reasons in support of your answer.
Answer:
Little Bobby picked up the statue of Mary and thought that he kidnapped the mother of God. He wrote a letter to God. In his letter he said that he had kidnapped God’s mother. He demanded God to send him a red bike if He wanted to see His mother again. This is the most humorous action of Little Bobby because nobody can kidnap God’s mother. Moreover the boy demanded the gift rather than praying to God for it. It reveals the innocence of the boy. It is fun to know how children sometimes behave innocently to get things.

Question 2.
If you wanted a bike, what would you write to God?
Answer:
My Letter to God to Get a Bike

Dear God,
This is your devotee Mr. Sarathchandra. I would like to have a bike for my birthday. Please send the bike to me if I really deserve to get it.

Thank you.

Your devotee,
Saratchandra.

Question 3.
Would you like the behaviour of Little Bobby? Why or why not? Give a reason.
Answer:
No, I would not like the behaviour of Little Bobby. I cannot support the action of kidnapping God’s mother. Moreover it is a foolish thing to get things by using mean ways. I like to get things I want with good behaviour, love and affection. I believe that God will give everything to me in time if I really deserve.

Question 4.
Do yqu think Bobby deserved a bike ?
Answer:
I don’t think Bobby deserved a bike. As he was a troublemaker, he didn’t deserve a bike.

Question 5.
Suggest a different ending to the story.
Answer:
After writing a number of letters to God, Bobby finally realised that he didn’t deserve a bike. Then he decided to be a good boy to get a bike for his next birthday. He stopped writing letters and went to the church to pray to God.

Project Work:

Collect data from 30 families (including men, women and children) on the following programmes they watch on TV.

Family information sheet

Follow the process given below.
Before conducting survey: Form into three groups.
During the survey: Collect the information to know how frequently people watch different programmes on TV depending on their gender and age.
Each group should collect data from ten families by using the above format.

After the survey:
On the basis of the 10 individual sheets, prepare one consolidated sheet giving the profile of
the families visited.
Analyse the results in groups and write a brief report on the result of your survey.
You may use the following phrases:
Very large number of men/women/children (above 75%) …………………
Very few number of men/women/children (below 15%) …………………
A good number of men/women/children (15% – 75%) …………………

Answer:
Report of Group TWO :

This report is prepared on the basis of the data collected from ten families on the above mentioned programmes they watch on TV. It reflects how frequently people watch different programmes on TV depending on their gender and age. Very few number of women watch news, games and sports and cartoon programmes. Very few number of children spend their time to watch discussions and cookery programmes. Most of the children watch games and sports. Children watch movies more than women and men. Daily serials and film reviews are great attractions for all. All most all people sit before their TV sets every day.

Consolidated Sheet of Group THREE
Giving the Profile of the 10 Families Visited.
Family information sheet

Name of the Progaramme	No. of Women watching	No. of Men watching	No. of Children watching
1. News	6	27	12
2. Cookery	21	4	6
3. Film Reviews	14	13	16
4. Daily Serials	28	11	16
5. Reality Shows	13	14	15
6. Cartoon Programmes	4	2	20
7. Movies	14	14	20
8. Discussions	4	27	3
9. Games and Sports	6	15	25

Report of Group THREE :

This report is prepared on the basis of the data collected from ten families on the above mentioned programmes they watch on TV. It reflects how frequently people watch different programmes on TV depending on their gender and age. Games and sports are major attractions for children. Reality shows, cartoon programmes and movies are other important attractions for them. Most of women spend their time to watch daily serials, cookery programmes and movies. Very few women watch news, discussions and games and sports. Men are interested in watching movies, news, games and sports and reality shows. A good number of men like to watch daily serials. All the members of every family spend their time before their TV sets daily.

Sometimes we get teased for the way we look. Friends family, media and advertisements can also influence how we feel about our body. We may even think about changing our looks. But we do not make our body. Nature ‘eak about it to others. Shame and blame are not in any part of our body. Those who break rules are to be blamed. Our laws provide for punishment for those who break rules.

When someone troubles us by teasing or breaking rules we can do the following : Say ‘NO’ to that person; GO away from that person as and when I can; TELL a safe adult about this person.

We may feel ashamed and find it difficult to speak about it to others. Shame and blame are not in any part of our body. Those who break rules are to be blamed. Our laws provide for punishment for those who break rules.

Self Assessment:

How well have I understood this unit?
Read and tick (✓) in the appropriate box.

Little Bobby Summary in English

Little Bobby was a story of a trouble making boy who wanted a bike for his birthday. Little Bobby asked his mother to buy a red bike for him for his birthday. But the mother wanted to make Bobby think on his behaviour and asked him to think about how he had behaved that year. She asked him to write a letter to God and tell Him why he deserved a bike for his birthday.

Bobby wrote four letters to God requesting Him for a red bike. While writing letters he learnt that he did not deserve to get a bike for his birthday.

But he wanted to have the bike at any cost. It is fun to know that finally Bobby went to church and stole the statue of Mary, the mother of God. Then he wrote a letter to God. He wrote that he had kidnapped the God’s mother. He demanded God to send the bike if He wanted to see His mother again.

Glossary :

troublemaker (n) : a person who often causes trouble
deserved (v) : qualified to have something
reflect (v) : think
stumped (v) : walked in a noisy way in an upset mood
altar (n) : a holy table in a church or a temple

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 2nd Year English Study Material Intermediate 2nd Year English Grammar Reading Comprehension Questions and Answers.

AP Intermediate 2nd Year English Grammar Reading Comprehension

Reading is a skill many people take for granted, but the act of reading and properly comprehending a text is a complex and interactive process. It requires several different brain functions to work together and most often requires one to puzzle through multiple layers of context and meaning.

Reading comprehension is the understanding of what a particular text means and the ideas the author is attempting to convey, both textual and subtextual. In order to read any text, your brain must process not only the literal words of the piece, but also their relationship with one another, the context behind the words, how subtle language and vocabulary usage can impact emotion and meaning behind the text, and how the text comes together as a larger, coherent whole.

Read the following passages and answer the questions.
1. Your Mind Or Mind’s You

The mind is a superb instrument if used rightly. Used wrongly, however, it becomes destructive. To put it more accurately, it is not so much that you use your mind wrongly – you usually don’t use it at all. It uses you. This is a disease. You believe that you are your mind. That is a delusion. The instrument has taken you over.

Just because you solve a crossword puzzle or build an atombomb doesn’t mean that you use your mind. Thinking has become a disease. Just as dogs love to chew bones, the mind loves to get its teeth into problems. That’s why it does crossword puzzles and builds atombombs. You have no interest in either. Let me ask this : can you be free of your mind whenever you want to ? Have you found the off button ?

Then the mind is using you. You are unconsciously identified with it, so you don’t even know that you are its slave.

Questions:

Question 1.
What is the instrument that is being talked about in the passage ?
Answer:
The mind.

Question 2.
According to the passage how do we say that we use our mind ?
Answer:
solve a crossword puzzle or build an atombomb.

Question 3.
“Get your teeth into problems” means :
a) Chewing the problem With teeth.
b) You like it because it is interesting.
c) Using the brain to chew the problems.
Answer:
b) You like it because it is interesting.

Question 4.
Find out the word from the passage which means ‘false belief.
Answer:
delusion.

Question 5.
Write the noun form of ‘destructive’.
Answer:
destruction

2. The Treasure Within

A beggar had been sitting by the side of a road for over thirty years. One day a stranger walked by. “Spare some change?” mumbled the beggar, mechanically holding out his baseball cap. “I have nothing to give you,” said the stranger. Then he asked : “What’s that you are sitting on ?”Nothing,” replied the beggar. “Just an old box. I have been sitting on it for as long as I can remember.” The stranger asked, “Have you ever looked inside ?” “No,” said the beggar. “What’s the point? There’s nothing in there.” “Have a look inside,” insisted the stranger. The beggar managed to pry open the lid. With-astonishment, disbelief and elation, he saw that the box was filled with gold.

This is what happens to all of us. We need a stranger to tell us to look inside. Not inside any box, as in the parable, but inside yourself. We are always looking outside for scraps of pleasure or fulfilment, for validation, security, love, strength while we have an infinite treasure within.

Questions :

Question 1.
What is the treasure within according to the passage ?
Answer:
Pleasure or fulfilment, validation, security, love, strength.

Question 2.
Why is everyone compared to ‘a beggar on the box’ in this passage ?
Answer:
Just like the beggar in the passage me never opened the treasure box until told, we never look inside ourselves.

Question 3.
What does the word .’pry’ in the passage mean ?
a) Try
b) To look closely and curiously.
c) To find a treasure.
Answer:
a) Try

Question 4.
What is the antonym of the word ‘elation’ ?
Answer:
Depression.

Question 5.
Where can we find the treasure of pleasure, fulfilment, security, love and strength ?
Answer:
Inside ourselves/within ourselves.

3. Endangered Species

In 2008, the polar bear was placed on the endangered species list. According to the USA’s Endangered Species Act, an endangered species is an animal, plant or any other kind of wildlife that is likely to face extinction in its natural habitat.

The polar bear is the first animal that has been classified as endangered primarily due to global warming. Global warming is a form of climate change caused by increased levels of carbondioxide and other greenhouse gases that become trapped in the atmosphere. The polar bear’s habitat is more vulnerable to global warming than many other species. Polar bears live mainly on the sea ice in the Arctic. This is where they hunt for fish and build up fat reserves. When the ice melts many polar bears move to land and live off their stored fat. In the Arctic, global warming is causing the ice to melt slightly earlier and form slightly later. This results in a shorter feeding season for the polar bear. Some risk their lives to find ice. If they have to swim too far they will drown from exhaustion and hunger.

Questions:

Question 1.
What is the endangered species according to the USA’s Endangered Species Act ?
Answer:
An endangered species is an animal, plant or any other kind of wildlife that is likely to face extinction in its natural habitat.

Question 2.
What is global warming ?
Answer:
Global warming is a form of climate change caused by increased levels of carbondioxide and other green-house gases that become trapped in the atmosphere.

Question 3.
Pick the word/phrase from the passage which means ‘to survive/to depend’.
Answer:
Live off.

Question 4.
What is the result of the ice melting slightly earlier and form of slightly later ?
Answer:
This results in a shorter feeding season for the polar bear.

Question 5.
State true or false.
Polar bears are an endangered species because their habitat is affected by global warming.
Answer:
True.

4. The Eye

Light enters the eye by refracting, or bending, as it passes through the cornea. Light rays then pass through the opening into the eye known as the pupil. The pupil size is controlled by a muscle known as the iris. The pupil becomes smaller when in bright area and larger in dark area. After leaving the pupil, light rays are refracted once again as they pass through the convex lens of eye. Light rays continue travelling through a jelly-like material called the vitreous humor. An upside down image is formed on the back of the eye known as the retina. Cone cells on the retina interpret the colour of the image and rod cells interpret the black and white colours. Lastly the image is taken to the brain for the image to be seen correctly.

Questions :

Question 1.
What is the opening into the eye called ?
Answer:
The pupil

Question 2.
What is the muscle that controls the size of the pupil ?
Answer:
The iris

Question 3.
State true or false’:
The pupil becomes smaller in dark areas.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
Write the antonym of ‘convex’.
Answer:
Concave

Question 5.
Where does an upside down image form in the eye ?
Answer:
The retina

5. India – A Developing Nation

India was once considered the land of knowledge and enlightenment. In ancient times scholars from all over Asia and Europe used to flock to Taxila, Nalanda and other Indian centres of learning. Apart from arts, culture, philosophy and religion, these scholars came to study medicine, law, and martial sciences. But despite having a vastly expanded university system and historical advances, modem India has yet to provide international or even regional leadership in higher education. From the surrounding countries Asia and Africa, only a few students come to India for higher education.

The United States is by far the most successful country in attracting foreign students. But other countries such as Australia, Canada, and Britain also aggressively market their universities abroad through their education counselling services and recruitment fairs with the active co-operation of their diplomatic missions abroad.

Likewise, India should also capitalise on the advantages offered by its higher education institutions, market Indian universities abroad and facilitate the entry of foreign students into them. The revenue from foreign students can be used to ease the financial crunch faced by Indian universities, improve academic facilities and subsidise the cost of educating Indian students.

Questions:

Question 1.
What were the two famous universities in ancient India ?
Answer:
Taxila, Nalanda.

Question 2.
Name any two topics taught at the ancient universities in India.
Answer:
Arts, culture, philosophy, religion, medicine, law, martial sciences.

Question 3.
Which is the most successful country in attracting foreign students at present ?
Answer:
The United States of America.

Question 4.
Academic facilities in India can be developed with —–.
Answer:
The revenue from foreign students.

Question 5.
Write the noun form of the word ‘aggressively’.
Answer:
Aggression.

6. Healthy Food

Everyone eats food. Some people eat lots of fruit and vegetables, others may eat more or less meat, and some people may eat healthy, others may not. All of it is related to nutrition. Nutrition is the process of how people get the food that is needed to grow strong and healthy along with obtaining the necessary vitamins and nutrients to help bodies grow and function.

For children, good nutrition is especially important and it is necessary to eat healthy foods because kids are constantly growing. Good nutrition will lead to healthy bones and muscles, and without receiving the correct vitamins and nutrients while growing, a child will not grow as tall and as strong as they could be.

There are five main food groups that should be eaten each day. Eating a variety of foods in each group will lead to receiving most important nutrients to remain strong and healthy. The first food group includes grains such as cereals, rice, millets, breads, pastas etc. The second group is dairy, which includes milk, yogurt, cheese, butter and other dairy products. Apples, organges, grapes, bananas and many more are part of the fruits group. Of course, vegetables, such as1 beans, broccali, peas, carrots, com, leafs and many others is in its own food group as well. Finally, the fifth food group is protein, which can be found in beef, chicken, eggs, nuts, fish etc.

Questions:

Question 1.
What is nutrition ?
Answer:
Nutrition is the .process of how people get the food that is needed to grow strong and healthy along with obtaining the necessary vitamins and nutrients to help bodies grow and function.

Question 2.
What happens if children do not take good nutrition ?
Answer:
A child will not grow as tall and as strong as they could be.

Question 3.
How many food groups are there according to the passage ?
Answer:
5

Question 4.
Which of the following food groups do cheese, butter and yogurt belong to ?
a) Protein
b) Grains
c) Dairy
Answer:
c) Dairy

Question 5.
Name any three vegetables other than those in the passage.
Answer:
Cabbage, Potato, Cauliflower, Tomato, Brinjal, Bitter gourd, Snake gourd, Bottle gourd etc. (any three, options)

7. The Titanic

The Titanic, is in its watery grave. It is a great museum of human history and is at risk of being lost forever because of curious voyagers and treasure hunters, fears Bob Ballard, who first discovered the remains of the iconic ship in 1985. Famous fof discovering the great ship, Ballard is a former U.S. Navy Officer and a professor of oceanography. He presented a documentary called “Save the Titanic” on the 100th anniversary of the sinking of the great ship – April 15, 1912. The ship and her fate continue to fascinate, largely because of the horror that took place that night, with 1,522 passengers and crew losing their lives.”Ballard says, “The story has all the ingredients to make it timelessly fascinat¬ing. You have this revolutionary ship that’s unsinkable and carrying a cross section of people in society. And then it goes and hits an iceberg and sinks on its maiden journey.’ It’s an irony personified in history.”

Questions:

Question 1.
Who discovered the Titanic ship ?
Answer:
Bob Ballard.

Question 2.
When were the remains of the iconic ship discovered ?
Answer:
1985.

Question 3.
Why does the ship fascinate people even today ?
Answer:
Largely because of the horror that took place that night with 1522 passengers and crew losing their lives.

Question 4.
Pick out the word from the passage that means “being a first occurrence or event”.
Answer:
Maiden.

Question 5.
The Titanic sank on ——.
Answer:
5. April 15, 1912.

8. Homework At School

Homework has historically been given to students to reinforce what they learn at school, and ultimately to help them learn the subject better. However, too much homework is not helpful, and can be counter – productive. Excessive amounts of time spent on completing homework can take away the kid’s social life, family time, and limit their participation in sports or other activities. The amount of homework a teacher has to give to a student should be restricted.

Critically acclaimed author Tamim Ansary reports that since 1981, the amount of home-work given to an average sixth class child had increased by more than fifty percent. The new competition that emerged served as an incentive for schools to increase the volume of curriculum. Many teachers defend large amounts of homework, claiming that it helps students to face a world that is becoming increasingly competitive. However Dr. Kralovec, author The End of Homework’, argues that doing homework during school ha£ little or no effect on successful study skills of the students when they join college.

Questions :

Question 1.
What is the passage about ?
a) The advantages of homework
b) The disadvantages of homework
c) About a book – “Homework”.
Answer:
b) The disadvantages of homework

Question 2.
What does a student miss when he spends excessive amount of time on homework ?
Answer:
Social life, family time, participation in sports and other activities.

Question 3.
What is the aim of homework ?
Answer:
To reinforce what is learnt at school and ultimately help the students learn the subject better.

Question 4.
State true or false :
Dr. Kralovec defends the teachers who give large amounts of homeworks.
Answer:
False.

Question 5.
What do you think is the reason for increase of homework ?
Answer:
World is becoming increasingly competitive.

9. The Charminar

A man came to Hyderabad to attend a conference. He was visiting the city for the first time. He wanted to see the Charminar. So the next day after he attended the conference, he set out to visit the Charminar. He asked a police officer for directions to reach the place. The officer said, ‘Wait at this bus stop for the number 65 bus. It’ll take you right there.” He thanked the police officer and the officer drove off.

Three hours later the police officer returned to the same area to find the man still waiting at the game bus stop. Surprised, he got out of his car and asked the man, ‘Why are you still waiting ? Didn’t you get the bus ?”

The man replied, “Don’t worry officer, it won’t be late now. The 58^th bus just went by !”

Questions:

Question 1.
Why did the man come to Hyderabad ?
Answer:
To attend a conference.

Question 2.
Write a synonym for ‘surprised’.
Answer:
Perplexed, bewildered.

Question 3.
Why was the man waiting at the bus stop ?
Answer:
To catch 65 number bus/to catch a bus to the Charminar.

Question 4.
Do you think the police officer gave the right directions to reach the Charminar.
Answer:
Yes.

Question 5.
State true or false.
The man was visiting the Charminar for the first time.
Answer:
True.

10. Genetic Modification

The controversy over genetically modified food continues unabated in the West. Genetic modification (GM) is the science by which the genetic material of a plant is altered, perhaps to make it more resistant to pests or killer weeds, or to enhance its nutritional value. Many food biotechnologists claim that GM will be a major contribution of science to mankind in the 21^st century. On the other hand, large numbers of opponents, mainly in Europe claim that the benefits of GM are a myth propagated by multinational corporations to increase their profits, and that they pose health hazards they have therefore, called for governments to ban the sale of genetically-modified food.

The anti – GM campaign is quite effective in Europe, with several European member countries imposing a virtual ban for five years over genetically – modified food imports. Since the genetically modified food industry is particularly strong in the United States of America, the controversy also constitutes another chapter in the US-Europe skirmishes which have become particularly acerbic after the US invasion of Iraq.

Questions:

Question 1.
What is genetic modification ?
Answer:
Genetic modification (GM) is the science by which the genetic material of a plant is altered, perhaps to make it more resistant to pests or killer weeds, or to enhance its nutritional value.

Question 2.
What is the major contribution of science to mankind in the 21^st century ?
Answer:
GM.

Question 3.
Find the word in the passage which means ‘to engage in a minor dispute’.
Answer:
Skirmishes.

Question 4.
Where is the anti – GM campaign effective ?
Answer:
In Europe.

Question 5.
Who called for governments to ban the sale of genetically – modified food ?
Answer:
Large number of opponents in Europe.

11. The Maneless Lion

Fifty feet away, three male lions lay by the road. They didn’t appear to have a hair on their heads. Noting the colour of their noses (leonine noses darken as they age, from pink to black), Craig estimated that they were six years old-young adults. “This is what we came to see. They are really maneless.” Craig, a professor at the University of Minnesota, is arguably the leading expert on the majestic Serengeti lion, whose head is mantled, in long, thick hair. He and Peyton West, a doctoral student who has been working with him in Tanzania, had never seen the Tsavo lions that live some 200 miles east of Serengeti. The scientists had partly suspected that the maneless male lions were adolescents mistaken for adults by amateur observers. Now they know better.

The Tsavo research expedition was mostly Peyton’s show. She had spent several years in Tanzania, compiling the data she needed to answer a question that ought to have been answered long ago : Why do lions have manes ? It’s the only cat wild or domestic, that displays such ornamentation.

Questions :

Question 1.
Name the two scientists in the passage.
Answer:
Craig and Peyton West.

Question 2.
State true or false :
Serengiti lions are maneless.
Answer:
False.

Question 3.
Where do Tsavo lions live ?
Answer:
Some 200 miles away from Serengeti.

Question 4.
Pick the adjective in the passage which means ‘pertaining to or characteristic of a lion.”
Answer:
Leonine.

Question 5.
Write the noun form of the verb ‘estimated’.
Answer:
Estimation.

12. Coca-Cola : A Few Facts

One of the most successful commercial products ever launched is said to have come about as a result of a mistake. In 1896, Jacob’s Pharmacy in Atlanta, Georgia, was selling a nerve tonic known as ‘French Wine Cola – Ideal Nerve Tonic;’ By accidentally adding fizzy water instead of still water to the recipe, a pharmacist called John S.Pemberton invented what has today become the most popular soft drink in the world : Coca-Cola. It has enjoyed phenomenal success worldwide and this combination of carbonated water, sugar, acid and flavourings has come to symbolise the American way of life for most of the world. But even the manufacturers could hardly describe Coca-Cola as a healthy product since it contains relatively high amounts of sugar and phosphoric acid both of which are known to damage teeth. However the company’s enviable marketing strategies like the most memorable commercials, tunes, slogans, and sponsorship in the world of advertising, variously emphasizing international harmony, youthfulness, and a carefree lifestyle made Coca-Cola endure the popularity till now.

Questions :

Question 1.
What was Coca-Cola originally ?
Answer:
Never tonic/French wine Cola-Ideal Nerve Tonic.

Question 2.
What are the basic ingredients of Coca-Cola ?
Answer:
Carbonated water, sugar, acid and flavourings.

Question 3.
Why is Coca-Cola harmful to teeth ?
Answer:
Because of the presence of high amounts of sugar and phosphoric acid.

Question 4.
What has come to symbolize the American way of life for most of the world ? ”
Answer:
Coca-Cola.

Question 5.
Write an antonym of ‘endure’.
Answer:
Fade/short-lived.

13. Iron Man Of India

Popularly and rightly known as the ‘Iron man of India’ or ‘Bismark of India’, Sardar Vallabhabhai Patel is among the most influential political icons of India. The first deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister of independent India, Patel was instrumental in the unification of 555 princely states and setting up a democratic federal setup in the country. He played a key role in the freedom struggle rubbing shoulders with the Father of the Nation, Mahatma Gandhi. It would be no. exaggeration if we label him as the chief architect of independent India who sailed through the turbulent times with his rock solid leadership.

Sardar Patel always believed that due to extensive diversity and multiple cultures and languages, India needs a strong bureaucratic setup. He played a constructive role in the creation of the Indian Administrative Services (IAS). The earlier Indian Civil Services Code (ICS), drafted by the Britishers suited only their own interests, and later on it was diluted by the Bismark of India to create a better bureaucratic structure that works for the betterment of the country. Thus he came to be known as ‘Patron Saint’ for Indian civil servants for establishing modem All India Services.

Questions:

Question 1.
How many labels are used to describe Patel and what are they ?
Answer:
3, Iron man of India, Bismark of India, Patron Saint.

Question 2.
Why did Patel believe that India needed a strong bureaucratic set up ?
Answer:
Due to extensive diversity and multiple cultures and languages.

Question 3.
Why Patel is called the chief architect of modem India ?
Answer:
Because he was instrumental in the unification of 555 princely states and setting up a democratic federal set up in the country.

Question 4.
Expand IAS.
Answer:
Indian Administrative Services.

Question 5.
‘Rubbing shoulders’ suggests _________
a) Rub one’s shoulders
b) Hold shoulders
c) Associate with.
Answer:
c) Associate with.

14. Work Is Worship

There are 365 days in a year. If we take away the 52 Sundays, it leaves 313 days left for work. We at least have 12 declared holidays per year, which leaves 301 days for work. We are further entitled for 12 days of sick leave, 12 days of casual leave and 12 days of privilege leave. It leaves 265 days for work. On the days we work, even taking those who do not work by the clock as bench mark, we spend on an average about 12 hours each day away from work. And that counts for 133 days (half of 265). There are 135 days left for work. Within those 12 hours at work, we spend at least 2 hours each day on coffee breaks, lunch and snacking, which accounts for another 11 days (132*2/24) each year. It leaves 121 days available for work. And that’s just 33% of a year is spent on work. Even for this 33% of work life there is so much cribbing. Oh, what a tragedy! Born in a culture that taught Work is Worship’, and through work (Karma Yoga) the divine can be attained, we have lost the sanctity of work.

The food we eat, the clothes we wear, the shelter we live in and the luxuries of comfort we enjoy are the rewards of the work we do. Work not only gives the rewards of life but also a sense of purpose and dignity to our life. Irrespective of the people we work with, the organisation we represent, the designation we carry, the portfolio we hold, let’s begin ’ every morning with gratitude to the work we do. Let us go to our work place with greater reverence and devotion than we would go to a place of worship.

Questions:

Question 1.
How much percent of a year is spent on work by an employee ?
Answer:
33%.

Question 2.
What is Karma Yoga ?
Answer:
The divine can be attained through work.

Question 3.
What are the rewards of the work we do ?
Answer:
The food we eat, the clothes we wear, the shelter we live in, and luxuries of comfort.

Question 4.
Pick out the word from the passage which means ‘something considered sacred’.
Answer:
Sanctity

Question 5.
What does our culture teach us about work ?
Answer:
Work is worship/the divine can be attained through work.

15. Events And Experiences

One night a group of nomads were preparing to retire for the evening when suddenly they were surrounded by a great light. They knew they were in the presence of a celestial being. With great anticipation, they awaited a heavenly message of great importance that they knew must be especially for them. Finally a voice roared, “Gather as many shells as you can. Put them in your saddlebags. Travel a day’s journey and tomorrow night will find you both glad and sad.” The nomads’ shared their disappointment and anger with each other. They expected the revelation of a great universal truth that would enable them to create wealth, health and purpose for the world but instead they were given a menial task that made no sense to them at all. However, reluctantly each one of them picked up a few shells and deposited them in their saddlebags. They travelled a day’s journey and at night while making their camp, they reached into their saddle bags and discovered that every shell they had gathered had become a diamond. They were glad that they had diamonds. They were sad that they had not gathered enough shells.

This is the metaphor of life. Every event that we encounter in life is a shell, a doorway to maturity. It is in our hands to turn an event into experience, i.e. turn these shells into diamonds.

Questions:

Question 1.
Why were the nomads disappointed ?
Answer:
They expected the revelation of a great universal truth that would enable them to create wealth, health and purpose for the world but instead they were given a menial task that made no sense to them at all.

Question 2.
Why were they both glad and sad at the end ?
Answer:
They were glad that they had diamonds. They were sad that they had not gathered enough shells.

Question 3.
What are shells compared to in this story ?
Answer:
Events.

Question 4.
Write a synonym for anticipation.
Answer:
Expectation/prediction/forecast.

Question 5.
According to the passage every event is a shell which we can turn into a diamond like experience’. Write true or false.
Answer:
True.

16. The Art Of Packing The Luggage

The chaotic packers are the people who slam open their suitcases and then assault them with their clothes and effects. In go the pants and shirts, losing their ironing as they hit the bottom of the bag. Caught up in the flurry of cloth are the more chunky of the objects : the shoes, the shaving equipment, the make-up bottles, the books-and papers required for the trip, the chargers and the external hard drives. Somehow all of this is stuffed into the^bag before the travellers wrestle the thing shut. The chaotic packers then straighten up and smack their hands in satisfaction. ‘When’s the taxi coming ?” they say’ and sit down and switch on the TV so that they can be sure to be late for the flight.

Then there is the opposite category : The military meticulous packers. These people usually start with making a list or several lists. Everything they plan to take on a trip is put down in logical detail. Then the different kinds of material are arrayed according to category : socks here, shoes there, liquids on one side, hard solids on another side, papers in neat stacks, and so on. Then the suitcases are opened and filled almost scientifically, as if the packers are reproducing.a complicated mathematical equation. When you see the finished suitcases, you feel as the things were bom like this and there is no possibility of them being packed any other way. The meticulous packers then shut the suitcases, stand next to the door and wait for the transport that will get them to the airport well in advance.

Questions:

Question 1.
How many kinds of packers are discussed here ? Who are they ?
Answer:
Two, chaotic packers and the military meticulous packers.

Question 2.
State true or false.
Chaotic packers reach the airport well in advance.
Answer:
False.

Question 3.
Pick the word from the passage which is synonymous to careful/precise.
Answer:
Meticulous.

Question 4.
The passage is ——.
a) Insisting on packing the luggage neatly
b) A discussion on different types of luggage packers
c) Advising us to reach the airport well in advance.
Answer:
b) A discussion on different types of luggage packers

Question 5.
Write the antonym of ‘external’.
Answers:
Internal.

17. An Unexpected Guest In A Town

It was still a busy hour in the city when I entered Market Road. People ran for lives at the sight of me. As I progressed through, shutters were pulled down, and people hid themselves under culverts, on trees, behind pillars. The population was melting out of sight. At the circus I had to study human behaviour. Outside the circus ring they sat in their seats placidly while I cowered before the Captain’s whip’ l got a totally wrong notion of human beings at that angle. I had thought that they were sturdy and fearless. But now I found them fleeing before me like a herd of deer, although I had no intention of attacking them. When I paused infront of a tailor’s shop, he abandoned his machine and shut himself in a cupboard, wailing, “Alas, I am undone, won’t someone shoot that tiger ?” A prisoner between two constables, who had been caught for murder and was just emerging from the Court House, got his chance to escape when the constables fled abandoning him with his handcuffs. I tore horse from its jutka and enjoyed the sight of the passengers spilling out of it and running for their lives.

Questions:

Question 1.
Who is the narrator of the passage ?
Answer:
A tiger.

Question 2.
At the sight of what did the people run for their lives ?
Answer:
The tiger.

Question 3.
What did the narrator think about human beings ?
Answer:
It had thought that human beings were sturdy and fearless.

Question 4.
Write the noun form of the adverb ‘placidly’.
Answer:
Placidity.

Question 5.
Write the antonym of ‘fearless’.
Answer:
Timid/cowardly.

18. Invisible Meaning

In many ways, pragmatism’is the study of ‘invisible’ meaning, or how we recognize what is meant even when it isn’t actually said (or written). In order for that to happen, speakers (and writers) must be able to depend on a lot of shared assumptions and expectations. The investigation of those assumptions and expectations provides us with some insights into how more gets communicated than is said.

Consider an example, taken from a newspaper advertisement, and think not only about what the words might mean, but also about what the advertiser intended them to mean : BABY & TODDLER SALE. In the normal context of our present society, we assume that this store has not gone into the business of selling young children over the counter, but rather that it is advertising clothes or other things for babies. The word clothes or any other thing is not mentioned. But our normal interpretation would be that it is sale of body clothes or things and not of babies. Thus, in the above example the influence of context is emphasized.

Questions :

Question 1.
What is pragmatism according to the passage ?
Answer:
Pragmatism is the study of ‘invisible’ meaning, or how we recognize what is meant even when it isn’t actually said (or written).

Question 2.
What are necessary to understand the ‘invisible meaning’.
Answer:
Shared assumptions and expectations.

Question 3.
Give a synonym of ‘interpretation’.
Answer:
Explanation/simplification/clarification/evaluation.

Question 4.
Pick out the word from the passage which means ‘that which cannot be seen’.
Answer:
Invisible.

Question 5.
What is emphasized in the example in the above passage ?
Answer:
The influence of context.

19. As You Like It

The banished duke had an only daughter, named Rosalind, whom the usurper, Duke Frederick, when he banished her father, still retained in his court as a companion for his only daughter Celia. A strict friendship subsisted between these ladies, which the dis¬agreement between their fathers did not in the least interrupt, Celia striving by very kindness in her power to make amends to Rosalind for the injustice of her own father in deposing the father of Rosalind; and whenever the thoughts of her father’s banishment, and her own dependence on the false usurper, made Rosalind melancholic, Celia’s whole care was to comfort and console her.

One day, when Celia was talking in her usual kind manner to Rosalind, a messenger entered from the duke, to tell them that if they wished to see a wrestling match, which was just going to begin, they must come instantly to the court before the palace; and Celia, thinking it would amuse Rosalind, agreed to go and see it.

Questions :

Question 1.
Who is the father of Celia ?
Answer:
Duke Frederick.

Question 2.
Why is.Celia being very kind to Rosalind ?
Answer:
To make amends to Rosalind for the injustice.

Question 3.
The messenger informed the ladies about a —– match.
a) Cricket match
b) Wrestling match
c) Football match.
Answer:
b) Wrestling match

Question 4.
Why did Celia agree to go and see the match ?
Answer:
Thinking it would amuse Rosalind.

Question 5.
What is the noun form of ‘amend’ ?
Answer:
Amendment.

20. Missile Man Of India

‘ During my stay at Ramanathapuram, my relationship with him grew beyond that of a teacher and pupil. In his company, I learnt that one could exercise enormous influence over the events of one’s own life. Iyadurai Solomon used to say, “To succeed in life and achieve results, you must understand and master three mighty forces – desire, belief and expectation.” Iyadurai Solomon, who later became a Reverend, taught me that before anything I wanted could happen, I had to desire it intensely and be absolutely certain it would happen. To take an example from my own life, I had been fascinated by the mysteries of the sky and the flight of birds from early childhood. I used to watch cranes and seagulls soar into flight and longed to fly. Simple provincial boy though, I was convinced that one day I, too, would soar up into the skies. Indeed, I was the first child from Rameswaram to fly.

Questions:

Question 1.
What were the three mighty forces one had to master to succeed according to Iyadurai Solomon?
Answer:
Desire, belief and expectation.

Question 2.
How did the narrator develop a longing for flying ?
Answer:
The narrator used to watch cranes and seagulls soar into flight and longed to fly.

Question 3.
Provincial means ——.
a) Urban
b) City-bred
c) Small-town.
Answer:
c) Small-town.

Question 4.
Who is Iyadurai Solomon to the narrator ?
Answer:
Teacher.

Question 5.
Who was the first child to fly from Rameswaram ? (try to guess the name)
Answer:
The narrator / Abdul Kalam.

21. The Hardest Language

People often ask which is the most difficult language to learn, and it is not easy to answer because there are many factors to take into consideration. Firstly, in a first language the differences are unimportant as people learn their mother tongue naturally, so the question of how hard a language is to learn is only relevant when learning a second language.

A native speaker of Spanish will find Portuguese much easier to learn than a native speaker of Chinese because Portuguese is very similar to Spanish and Chinese is very different. So our first language can affect the learning of a second language. The greater the differences between the second language and the first, the harder it is to learn the second language. Many people feel that Chinese is the hardest language to learn. Probably, they are influenced by the uniqueness of the characters of Chinese script and their pronunciation. But Japanese, who use the Chinese characters in their own language, learn Chinese very easily.

Apparently, British diplomats, who are generally used to learning languages, have found that the second hardest language is Japanese. But Hungarian is the most problematic with 35 cases.

Questions :

Question 1.
According to the passage what is the hardest language to learn ?
Answer:
Chinese.

Question 2.
State true or false :
Chinese and Japanese languages use same characters to write.
Answer:
True.

Question 3.
Why is Hungarian the most problematic language to learn ?
Answer:
Because it has 35 cases.

Question 4.
Why is the Chinese language considered the hardest language ?
Answer:
Because of the influenced by the uniqueness of the characters of Chinese script and their pronunciation.

Question 5.
When can we learn a second language easily ? Can Telugu speakers learn Kannada easily ?
Answer:
When it is similar to our first language. Yes.

22. Word Formation Processes

The constant evolution of new terms and new uses of old terms is a reassuring sign of vitality and creativeness in the way a language is shaped by the need of its users. Let us consider the ways. One of the least common processes of word formation in English is Coinage, that’ is, the invention of totally new terms. Older examples are aspirin, nylon, zipper and more recent examples are teflon and xerox. One of the most common sources of new words in English is the process labelled Borrowing, that is, the taking over of words from other languages. Some examples are, bandicoot (from Telugu pandikokku), bamboo (from Kannadabambu), culvert (from Tamil kalvettu), jackfruit (from Malayalam chakka) etc.

One more source is a joining of two separate words to produce a single form. This combining process, technically known as compounding, is very common in English. Examples are bookcase, fingerprint, sunburn, wallpaper, doorknob, wastebasket etc. This combining of two separate forms to produce a single new term is also present in the process called Blending. It is typically accomplished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of the other word. Examples are smog (smoke + fog), telecast (television + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch), bit (binary + digit) etc.

Questions:

Question 1.
How many types of word formation processes are discussed here ? What are they ?
Answer:
4, Coinage, Barrowing, Compounding, Blending.

Question 2.
Give two examples of Borrowing.
Answer:
Bandicoot (from Telugu Pandikokku), Bamboo (from Kannada Bambu).

Question 3.
What is the least common process of word formation ?
Answer:
Coinage.

Question 4.
Taking the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of the other word is called Compounding. State true or false.
Answer:
False.

Question 5.
Aspirin is an example of —–.
a) Blending
b) Compounding
c) Coinage.
Answer:
c. Coinage.

23. Self-Image

Have you ever noticed that when you are feeling good about yourself, other people become very nice ? Isn’t it funny how they change ! The world is a reflection of ourselves. When we hate ourselves, we hate everybody else. When we love being who we are, the rest of the world is wonderful. Our – self image is the blue print which determines exactly re will behave, who we will mix with, what we will try and what we will avoid; our every thought and every action stem from the way we see ourselves.

The picture we have of ourselves is coloured by our experiences, our successes and failures, the thoughts we have had about ourselves and other people’s reactions to us. Believing this image to be fact, we proceed to live absolutely within the bounds of this picture. Therefore, our self – image determines – a. how much we like the world and how much we like living in it and b. exactly how much we will accomplish in life.

We are what we believe we are. If you see yourself as being hopeless at mathematics, you will always have difficulty with figures. The first step towards a vast improvement in our results to change the undesirable self – image is to change the way we think and talk about ourselves.

Questions:

Question 1.
What is our self – image ?
Answer:
Our – self image is the blue print which determines exactly how we will behave, who we will mix with, what we will try and what we will avoid; our every thought and every action stem from the way we see ourselves.

Question 2.
What does our self – image determine ?
Answer:
a. how much we like the world and how much we like living in it and
b. exactly how much we will accomplish in life.

Question 3.
What should we do to change the undesirable self – image ?
Answer:
To change the way we think and talk about ourselves.

Question 4.
What happens when we hate or love ourselves ?
Answer:
When we hate ourselves, we hate everybody else. When we love being who we are, the rest of the world is wonderful.

Question 5.
What is the picture we have of ourselves coloured by ?
Answer:
The picture we have of ourselves is coloured by our experiences, our successes and failures, the thoughts we have had about ourselves and other people’s reactions to us.

24. The Man Who Knew Infinity

Srinivasa Ramanujan is one of the most enigmatic figures in the history of mathematics. He was a self trained amateur mathematician whose ideas befuddled the accumulated wisdom of western European mathematicians in the early 20^th century. His legacy has played a central role in the development of many of the deepest subjects in arithmetic geometry and number theory. He is considered as one of the world’s greatest mathematicians, proving over 3000 theorems. He is a child prodigy born on 22^nd December 1887, in Erode, Tamilnadu. By the age of twelve he had mastered trigonometry.

In 1913, Ramanujan enclosed a long list of complex theorems in a letter to three Cam-bridge academics : H.F. Baker, E.W Hobson, G.H. Hardy. Only Hardy, a Fellow of Trinity College, noticed the genius in Ramanujan’s theorems. Although Hardy was one of the pre-eminent mathematicians of the day and an expert in several fields, he added that many of those theorems “defeated me completely. I had never seen anything in the least like them before”. After some initial scepticism, Hardy replied and invited Ramanujan to England.

Questions:

Question 1.
Where and when was Srinivasa Ramanujan born ?
Answer:
He was born on 22 December 1887, in Erode, Tamilnadu.

Question 2.
Pick out two words from the passage which are synonymous to ‘puzzled’.
Answer:
Enigmatic, befuddled.

Question 3.
Who identified the genius in Ramanujan’s theorems ?
Answer:
G.H. Hardy.

Question 4.
Srinivasa Ramanujan played a key role in the development of —– and —–.
Answer:
Arithmetic geometry and number theory.

Question 5.
Why was he called a child prodigy ?
Answer:
Because he mastered trigonometry by the age of 12 and exhibited wonderful knowledge at a very young age.

25. Forest Fire

On 5^th May 2000, a fire intentionally set by the National Park Service at Bandelier National Monument in New Mexico began burning out of control. What began as a prescribed bum became Cerro Grande fire – one of the worst fires in the history of New Mexico. The fire was prescribed to remove brush and undergrowth in parts of the forest. By burning away this wildfire “fuel,” the Park Service hoped to prevent a natural, uncontrollable wildfire from occurring. It is also hoped to restore the natural cycle of fire necessary for forest to survive.

Forest fires can serve a purpose. The variety of plants in an area is often ten times greater after a wildfire because of the nutrient-rich soil that fires can produce. Fires burn mineral storing parts of plants into ash. Rain or snow dissolves the ash into the soil, providing essential minerals to the soil. Some plants even depend on fire for survival. Many pine trees cannot reproduce without the help of fire. Their cones will not open and release seeds unless heated.

Many natural forest fires are started by lightening. However, it is common practice for the National Park Service to prescribe bums such as the one in New Mexico. Unfortunately in this case, good intentions had devastating results. Strong winds and hot weather caused the fire to spread rapidly, making it difficult to control.

Questions :

Question 1.
What is the purpose served by forest fires ?
Answer:
Fires bum mineral-storing parts of plants into ash. Rain or snow dissolves the ash into the soil, providing essential minerals to the soil, (or) forest fires can produce nutrient- rich soil.

Question 2.
Who prescribed the forest fire in New Mexico ?
Answer:
The National Park Service at Bandelier National Monument in New Mexico.

Question 3.
Why do pine trees depend on fire for survival ?
Answer:
Pine trees cannot reproduce without the help of fire. Their cones will not open and re¬lease seeds unless heated.

Question 4.
How did the prescribed fire in New Mexico go out of control ?
Answer:
Strong winds and hot weather caused the fire go out of control.

Question 5.
How do natural forest fires usually start ?
Answer:
Many natural forest fires are started by lightening.

26. Ancient India

Of the two river systems, that of the Indus, now mainly in Pakistan, had the earliest civilization, and gave its name to India. The Indians knew the river as Sindhu, and the Persians, who found difficulty in pronouncing an initials, called it Hindu. From Persia the word passed to Greece, where the whole of India became known by the western river. The ancient Indians knew their sub-continent as Jambudvipa (the continent of jambu tree) or Bharatavarsha (the land of the sons of Bharata, a legendary emperor). With Muslim invasion the Persian name returned in the form of Hindustan, and those of its inhab¬itants who followed the old religion became known as Hindus.

More than two thousand years before Christ the fertile plain of the Punjab (five rivers), watered by the five great tributaries of the Indus – the Jhelem, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas – had a high culture, which spread as far as the sea and along the western seaboard at least as far as Gujarat. The lower Indus, in the region of Pakistan known as Sind, now passes through barren desert, though this was once a well watered and fertile land.

Questions :

Question 1.
Which river gave its name to India ?
Answer:
Indus / Sindhu.

Question 2.
Why did the Persians call Sindhu as Hindu ?
Answer:
Because they had difficulty in pronouncing the initials in Sindhu.

Question 3.
Why was India named Jambudvipa and Bharatavarsha in olden days ?
Answer:
Jambudvipa (the continent of jambu tree) or Bharatavarsha (the land of the sons of Bharata, a legendary emperor.

Question 4.
Who called India Hindustan ?
Answer:
Muslim invaders / Muslims.

Question 5.
How does Punjab get its name ?
Answer:
Punjab means five rivers. It is watered by the five great tributaries of the Indus – the Jhelem, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej and Beas.

Practicing the Intermediate 2nd Year Maths 2A Textbook Solutions Inter 2nd Year Maths 2A Quadratic Expressions Solutions Exercise 3(a) will help students to clear their doubts quickly.

Intermediate 2nd Year Maths 2A Quadratic Expressions Solutions Exercise 3(a)

I.

Question 1.
Find the roots of the following equations.
(i) x² – 7x + 12 = 0
Solution:
a = 1, b = -7, c = 12

∴ The roots are 4, 3

(ii) -x² + x + 2 = 0
Solution:
a = -1, b = 1, c = 2

∴ The roots are 2, -1

(iii) 2x² + 3x + 2 = 0
Solution:
a = 2, b = 3, c = 2

(iv) √3x² + 10x – 8√3 = 0
Solution:
a = √3 , b = 10, c = -8√3

∴ The roots are \(\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}\), -4√3

(v) 6√5x² – 9x – 3√5 = 0
Solution:
a = 6√5 , b = -9, c = -3√5

∴ The roots are \(\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2},-\frac{1}{\sqrt{5}}\)

Question 2.
Form a quadratic equation whose roots are:
(i) 2, 5
Solution:
α + β = 2 + 5 = 7
αβ = 2 × 5 = 10
The required equation is x² – (α + β)x + αβ = 0
⇒ x² – 7x + 10 = 0

(ii) \(\frac{m}{n},-\frac{n}{m}\), (m ≠ 0, n ≠ 0)
Solution:

(iii) \(\frac{p-q}{p+q}, \frac{-p+q}{p-q}\), (p ≠ ±q)
Solution:

(iv) 7 ± 2√5
Solution:
α + β = 7 + 2√5 + 7 – 2√5 = 14
αβ = (7 + 2√5) (7 – 2√5)
= 49 – 20
= 29
The required equation is x² – (α + β)x + αβ = 0
⇒ x² – 14x + 29 = 0

(v) -3 ± 5i
Solution:
α + β = -3 + 5i – 3 – 5i = -6
αβ = (-3 + 5i) (-3 – 5i)
= 9 + 25
= 34
The required equation is x² – (α + β)x + αβ = 0
⇒ x² + 6x + 34 = 0

Question 3.
Find the nature of the roots of the following equation, without finding the roots.
(i) 2x² – 8x + 3 = 0
Solution:
a = 2, b = -8, c = 3
b² – 4ac = 64 – 24 = 40 > 0
∴ The roots are real and distinct.

(ii) 9x² – 30x + 25 = 0
Solution:
a = 9, b = -30, c = 25
b² – 4ac = 900 – 900 = 0
∴ The roots are rational and equal.

(iii) x² – 12x + 32 = 0
Solution:
a = 1, b = -12, c = 32
b² – 4ac = 144 – 128
= 16
= (4)²
= perfect square
∴ The roots are rational and distinct.

(iv) 2x² – 7x + 10 = 0
Solution:
a = 2, b = -7, c = 10
b² – 4ac = 49 – 80 = -31 < 0
∴ The roots are complex conjugate numbers.

Question 4.
If α, β are the roots of the equation ax² + bx + c = 0, find the values of the following expressions in terms of a, b, c.
(i) \(\frac{1}{\alpha}+\frac{1}{\beta}\)
(ii) \(\frac{1}{\alpha^{2}}+\frac{1}{\beta^{2}}\)
(iii) α⁴β⁷ + α⁷β⁴
(iv) \(\left(\frac{\alpha}{\beta}-\frac{\beta}{\alpha}\right)^{2}\), if c ≠ 0
(v) \(\frac{\alpha^{2}+\beta^{2}}{\alpha^{-2}+\beta^{-2}}\)
Solution:
α, β are the roots of the equation ax² + bx + c = 0
α + β = \(\frac{-b}{a}\), αβ = \(\frac{c}{a}\)

Question 5.
Find the values of m for which the following equations have equal roots.
(i) x² – 15 – m(2x – 8) = 0
Solution:
Given equation is x² – 15 – m(2x – 8) = 0
⇒ x² – 2mx + 8m – 15 = 0
a = 1, b = -2m, c = 8m – 15
b² – 4ac = (-2m)² – 4(1) (8m – 15)
= 4m² – 32m + 60
= 4(m² – 8m + 15)
= 4(m – 3) (m – 5)
If the equation ax² + bx + c = 0 has equal roots then its discriminant is zero.
∴ The roots are equal
⇒ b² – 4ac = 0
⇒ 4(m – 3) (m – 5) = 0
⇒ m – 3 = 0 or m – 5 = 0
⇒ m = 3 or 5

(ii) (m + 1)x² + 2(m + 3)x + (m + 8) = 0
Solution:
Given equation is (m + 1 )x² + 2(m + 3)x + (m + 8) = 0
a = m + 1, b = 2(m + 3), c = m + 8
b² – 4ac = [2(m + 3)]² – 4(m + 1) (m + 8)
= 4(m² + 6m + 9) – 4(m² + 8m + m + 8)
= 4m² + 24m + 36 – 4m² – 36m – 32
= -12m + 4
= -4(3m – 1)
∴ The roots are equal
⇒ b² – 4ac = 0
⇒ -4(3m – 1) = 0
⇒ 3m – 1 = 0
⇒ 3m = 1
⇒ m = \(\frac{1}{3}\)

(iii) x² + (m + 3)x + m + 6 = 0
Solution:
Given equation is x² + (m + 3)x + m + 6 = 0
a = 1, b = m + 3, c = m + 6
∴ The roots are equal
⇒ b² – 4ac = 0
⇒ (m + 3)² – 4(1) (m + 6) = 0
⇒ m² + 6m + 9 – 4m – 24 = 0
⇒ m² + 2m – 15 – 0
⇒ m² + 5m – 3m – 15 = 0
⇒ m(m + 5) – 3(m + 5) = 0
⇒ (m + 5) (m – 3) = 0
⇒ m = -5, 3

(iv) (3m + 1)x² + 2(m + 1)x + m = 0
Solution:
Given equation is (3m + 1)x² + 2(m + 1)x + m = 0
a = 3m + 1, b = 2(m + 1), c = m
b² – 4ac = 4(m + 1)² – 4m(3m + 1)
= 4[(m + 1)² – m(3m + 1)]
= 4(m² + 2m + 1 – 3m² – m)
= 4(-2m² + m + 1)
= -4(2m² – m – 1)
= -4(m – 1) (2m + 1)
∴ The roots are equal
⇒ discriminant = 0
⇒ b² – 4ac = 0
⇒ -4(m – 1) (2m + 1) = 0
⇒ m – 1 = 0 or 2m + 1 = 0
⇒ m = 1 or m = \(\frac{-1}{2}\)

(v) (2m + 1)x² + 2(m + 3)x + (m + 5) = 0
Solution:
Given equation is (2m + 1)x² + 2(m + 3)x + m + 5 = 0
a = 2m + 1, b = 2(m + 3), c = m + 5
∴ The roots are equal
⇒ b² – 4ac = 0
⇒ 4(m + 3)² – 4(2m + 1) (m + 5) = 0
⇒ 4(m² + 6m + 9 – 2m² – 10m – m – 5) = 0
⇒ -m² – 5m + 4 = 0
⇒ m² + 5m – 4 = 0
⇒ m = \(\frac{-5 \pm \sqrt{25+16}}{2}\)
⇒ m = \(\frac{-5 \pm \sqrt{41}}{2}\)

Question 6.
If α and β are the roots of x² + px + q = 0, form a quadratic equation whose roots are (α – β)² and (α + β)².
Solution:
∵ α, β are the roots of the equation x² + px + q = 0
α + β = -p, αβ = q
(α – β)² + (α + β)² = 2(α² + β²)
= 2[(α + β)² – 2αβ]
= 2[p² – 2q]
(α – β)² (α + β)² = [(α + β)² – 4αβ)] (α + β)²
= (p² – 4q) (p²)
∴ The required equation is x² – (sum of the roots) x + product of the roots = 0
∴ x² – 2(p² – 2q)x + p²(p² – 4q) = 0

Question 7.
If x² + bx + c = 0, x² + cx + b = 0 (b ≠ c) have a common root, then show that b + c + 1 = 0.
Solution:
If α is a common root of x² + bx + c = 0, x² + cx + b = 0 then
α² + bα + c = 0 ………..(1)
α² + cα + b = 0 ……….(2)
(1) – (2) ⇒ (b – c)α + (c – b) = 0
⇒ α – 1 = 0
⇒ α = 1
From (1), 1 + b + c = 0
Hence b + c + 1 = 0

Question 8.
Prove that the roots of (x – a) (x – b) = h² are always real.
Solution:
Given equation is (x – a) (x – b) = h²
x² – (a + b)x + (ab – h²) = 0
Discriminant = (a + b)² – 4(ab – h²)
= (a + b)² – 4ab + 4h²
= (a – b)² + (2h)² > 0
∴ The roots are real.

Question 9.
Find the condition that one root of the quadratic equation ax² + bx + c = 0 shall be n times the other, where n is a positive integer.
Solution:
Let the roots of the equation ax² + bx + c = 0 be α, nα

Question 10.
Find two consecutive positive even integers, the sum of whose squares is 340.
Solution:
Let the two consecutive positive even integers be 2λ, 2λ + 2
Sum of squares = 340
⇒ (2λ)² + (2λ + 2)² = 340
⇒ λ² + (λ + 1)² = 85
⇒ λ² + λ² + 2λ + 1 – 85 = 0
⇒ 2λ² + 2λ – 84 = 0
⇒ λ² + λ – 42 = 0
⇒ (λ + 7) (λ – 6) = 0
⇒ λ = 6, λ = -7
∵ Given numbers are positive λ = 6
∴ The two consecutive positive even integers are
2λ = 2(6) = 12 and 2λ + 2 = 12 + 2 = 14

II.

Question 1.
If x₁, x₂ are the roots of the quadratic equation ax² + bx + c = 0 and c ≠ 0, find the value of (ax₁ + b)^-2 + (ax₂ + b)^-2 terms of a, b, c.
Solution:
x₁, x₂ are the roots of the equation ax² + bx + c = 0

Question 2.
If α, β are the roots of the quadratic equation ax² + bx + c = 0, form a quadratic equation whose roots are α² + β² and α^-2 + β^-2.
Solution:
α, β are the roots of ax² + bx + c = 0, then

Question 3.
Solve the following equation:
2x⁴ + x³ – 11x² + x + 2 = 0
Solution:
2x⁴ + x³ – 11x² + x + 2 = 0
Dividing by x²

Substituting in (1)
2(a² – 2) + a – 11 = 0
⇒ 2a² – 4 + a – 11 = 0
⇒ 2a² + a – 15 = 0
⇒ (a + 3) (2a – 5) = 0
⇒ a + 3 = 0 or 2a – 5 = 0
⇒ a = -3 or 2a = 5
⇒ a = -3 or a = \(\frac{5}{2}\)

⇒ 2x² + 2 = 5x
⇒ 2x² – 5x + 2 = 0
⇒ (2x – 1) (x – 2) = 0
⇒ 2x – 1 = 0 or x – 2 = 0
⇒ x = \(\frac{1}{2}\), 2
∴ The roots are \(\frac{1}{2}\), 2, \(\frac{-3 \pm \sqrt{5}}{2}\)

Question 4.
Solve 3^1+x + 3^1-x = 10
Solution:
3^1+x + 3^1-x = 10
\(\text { 3. } 3^{x}+\frac{3}{3^{x}}=10\)
Put a = 3^x so that 3a + \(\frac{3}{a}\) = 10
⇒ 3a² + 3 = 10a
⇒ 3a² – 10a + 3 = 0
⇒ (a – 3) (3a – 1) = 0
⇒ a – 3 = 0 or 3a – 1 = 0
⇒ a = 3 or a = \(\frac{1}{3}\)
Case (i): a = 3
⇒ 3^x = 3¹
⇒ x = 1
Case (ii): a = \(\frac{1}{3}\)
⇒ 3^x = 3^-1
⇒ x = -1
∴ The roots are 1, -1

Question 5.
Solve 4^x-1 – 3 . 2^x-1 + 2 = 0
Solution:
4^x-1 – 3 . 2^x-1 + 2 = 0
Put a = 2^x-1 so that a² = (2^x-1)² = 4^x-1
∴ a² – 3a + 2 = 0
⇒ (a – 2) (a – 1) = 0
⇒ a – 2 = 0 or a – 1 = 0
⇒ a = 2 or 1
Case (i): a = 2
2^x-1 = 2¹
⇒ x – 1 = 1
⇒ x = 2
Case (ii): a = 1
2^x-1 = 2⁰
⇒ x – 1 = 0
⇒ x = 1
∴ The roots are 1, 2

Question 6.
\(\sqrt{\frac{x}{x-3}}+\sqrt{\frac{x-3}{x}}=\frac{5}{2}\), when x ≠ 0 and x ≠ 3
Solution:
\(\sqrt{\frac{x}{x-3}}+\sqrt{\frac{x-3}{x}}=\frac{5}{2}\)
Put a = \(\sqrt{\frac{x}{x-3}}\)
\(a+\frac{1}{a}=\frac{5}{2}\)
⇒ \(\frac{a^{2}+1}{a}=\frac{5}{2}\)
⇒ 2a² + 2 = 5a
⇒ 2a² – 5a + 2 = 0
⇒ (2a – 1) (a – 2) = 0
⇒ 2a – 1 = 0 or a – 2 = 0
⇒ a = \(\frac{1}{2}\) or 2
Case (i): a = 2
\(\sqrt{\frac{x}{x-3}}\) = 2
⇒ \(\frac{x}{x-3}\) = 4
⇒ x = 4x – 12
⇒ 3x = 12
⇒ x = 4
Case (ii): a = \(\frac{1}{2}\)
\(\sqrt{\frac{x}{x-3}}=\frac{1}{2}\)
⇒ \(\frac{x}{x-3}=\frac{1}{4}\)
⇒ 4x = x – 3
⇒ 3x = -3
⇒ x = -1
∴ The roots are -1, 4.

Question 7.
\(\sqrt{\frac{3 x}{x+1}}+\sqrt{\frac{x+1}{3 x}}=2\), when x ≠ 0 and x ≠ -1
Solution:
Put a = \(\sqrt{\frac{3 x}{x+1}}\)
\(a+\frac{1}{a}=2\)
⇒ \(\frac{a^{2}+1}{a}\) = 2
⇒ a² + 1 = 2a
⇒ a² – 2a + 1 = 0
⇒ (a – 1)² = 0
⇒ a – 1 = 0
⇒ a = 1, 1
∴ \(\sqrt{\frac{3 x}{x+1}}\) = 1
⇒ \(\frac{3 x}{x+1}\)
⇒ 3x = x + 1
⇒ 2x = 1
⇒ x = \(\frac{1}{2}\)
∴ The root is \(\frac{1}{2}\)

Question 8.
Solve \(2\left(x+\frac{1}{x}\right)^{2}-7\left(x+\frac{1}{x}\right)+5=0\), when x ≠ 0.
Solution:
\(2\left(x+\frac{1}{x}\right)^{2}-7\left(x+\frac{1}{x}\right)+5=0\)
Put a = x + \(\frac{1}{x}\)
⇒ 2a² – 7a + 5 = 0
⇒ (2a – 5)(a – 1) = 0
⇒ 2a – 5 = 0 or a -1 = 0
⇒ a = \(\frac{5}{2}\) or 1
Case (i): a = \(\frac{5}{2}\)
x + \(\frac{1}{x}\) = \(\frac{5}{2}\)
⇒ \(\frac{x^{2}+1}{x}=\frac{5}{2}\)
⇒ 2x² + 2 = 5x
⇒ 2x² – 5x + 2 = 0
⇒ (2x – 1) (x – 2) = 0
⇒ 2x – 1 = 0 or x – 2 = 0
⇒ x = \(\frac{1}{2}\) or 2
Case (ii): a = 1
\(x+\frac{1}{x}=1\)
⇒ \(\frac{x^{2}+1}{x}\)
⇒ x² + 1 = x
⇒ x² – x + 1 = 0
⇒ x = \(\frac{1 \pm \sqrt{1-4}}{2}=\frac{1 \pm \sqrt{3 i}}{2}\)
∴ The roots are \(\frac{1 \pm \sqrt{3 i}}{2}, \frac{1}{2}\), 2

Question 9.
Solve \(\left(x^{2}+\frac{1}{x^{2}}\right)-5\left(x+\frac{1}{x}\right)+6=0\), when x ≠ 0
Solution:
Put a = x + \(\frac{1}{x}\)
⇒ a² = \(\left(x+\frac{1}{x}\right)^{2}\)
⇒ a² = \(x^{2}+\frac{1}{x^{2}}+2\)
⇒ \(x^{2}+\frac{1}{x^{2}}\) = a² – 2
∴ a² – 2 – 5a + 6 = 0
⇒ a² – 5a + 4 = 0
⇒ (a – 1) (a – 4) = 0
⇒ a = 1 or 4
Case (i): a = 1
x + \(\frac{1}{x}\) = 1
⇒ \(\frac{x^{2}+1}{x}\) = 1
⇒ x² + 1 = x
⇒ x² – x + 1 = 0
⇒ x = \(\frac{1 \pm \sqrt{1-4}}{2}=\frac{1 \pm \sqrt{3 i}}{2}\)
Case (ii): a = 4
x + \(\frac{1}{x}\) = 4
⇒ \(\frac{x^{2}+1}{x}\) = 4
⇒ x² + 1 = 4x
⇒ x² – 4x + 1 = 0
⇒ x = \(\frac{4 \pm \sqrt{16-4}}{2}\)
⇒ x = \(\frac{4 \pm 2 \sqrt{3}}{2}\)
⇒ x = 2 ± √3
∴ The roots are 2 ± √3, \(\frac{1 \pm \sqrt{3 i}}{2}\)

Question 10.
Find a quadratic equation for which the sum of the roots is 7 and the sum of the squares of the roots is 25.
Solution:
Let α, β be the roots of quadratic equation
α + β = 7, α² + β² = 25
⇒ (α + β)² – 2αβ = 25
⇒ 49 – 25 = 2αβ
⇒ αβ = 12
The required equation is x² – (α + β)x + αβ = 0
⇒ x² – 7x + 12 = 0