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The strategic use of TS Inter 1st Year Economics Model Papers Set 1 allows students to focus on weaker areas for improvement.

TS Inter 1st Year Economics Model Paper Set 1 with Solutions

Time: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 100

Section – A

Note : Answer ANY THREE out of the following five questions in not exceeding 40 lines each. (3 × 10 = 30 )

Question 1.
Discuss the law of diminishing marginal utility, its limita-tions and importance.
Answer:
Hermann Heinrich Gossen was the first economist to explain the law of diminishing marginal utility in 1854. It is also known as Gossen’s ‘first law’. In 1890, Marshall in his principles of economics developed and popularised this analysis. This law explains the functional relationship between the stock of commodity and the marginal utility of commodity.

According to Marshall, “The additional benefit which a person derives from a given increase of his stock of a thing diminishes with every increase in stock that he already has”. “As a consumer increases the consumption of any one commodity, keeping constant the consumption of all other commodities, the marginal utility of the variable commodity must eventually decline”. Kenneth E.Boulding. The law says that as we gone consuming a commodity, satisfaction that derives from its additional units goes on diminishing.

Assumptions :
1) Rationality : Consumer is a rational man which means he always tries to get maximum satisfaction.
2) Cardinal Measurement of Utility : Utility is a cardinal concept i.e., utility can be measured and compared nu-merically.
3) Utilities are Independent: It implies that utility of any commodity depends on its own quantity.

Explanation of the law:
The law of diminishing marginal utility explains the relation between the quantity of goods consumed and its marginal utility. If a person goes on in-creasing his stock of a thing, the marginal utility derived from an additional unit declines. We show this tendency with an imaginary table given below.

In the table, let us suppose that one is fond of apples. As he consumes one apple after another he derives less and less satisfaction. The first unit is consumed with utmost pleasure. For the second, the intensity of his desire diminishes. The third will be still less and so on. The total utility increases until the consumption of fourth unit of good but at diminishing rate. Fifth unit of apple gives him maximum total utility. But, marginal utility becomes zero. Further consumption of sixth unit TU diminishes and MU becomes negative.

The relationship between total utility and marginal utility is explained in the following three ways :

1. When total utility increases at diminishing rate, marginal utility falls.
2. When total utility is maximum, marginal utility becomes zero.
3. When total utility decreases, marginal utility becomes negative.

This can be shown in the following diagram.

In the diagram, on ‘X’ axis measures units of apples and on Y axis measures total utility and marginal utility. TU curve represents total utility and MU curve represents marginal utility. TU curve is maximum at 5th unit where MU curve will become zero. TU curve slopes downwards from 6th unit, while MU become negative.

Limitations or Exceptions :

1. Hobbies: This law does not operate in the case of hob-bies like collection of stamps, old paintings, coins etc. Greater the collections of a person, greater is his satisfac¬tion. Marginal utility will not diminish.
2. Drunkers: It is pointed out that the consumption of li-quor is not subject to the law of diminishing marginal utility. The more a person drinks liquor, the more he likes it.
3. Miser: This law does not apply to money. The more money a person has the greater is the desire to acquire still more of it.
4. Further, this law does not hold good if there is any change in income tastes and preferences of the consumer.

Importance of the Law : The importance of the law of di-minishing marginal utility is as follows:

1. The law of diminishing marginal utility is the basic law of consumption and it is the basis for the law of demand, the law of equi-marginal utility etc.
2. The changes in design, pattern and packing of goods will be brought by the producers by keeping this law in view.
3. The law explains the theory of value that the price of a good falls, when supply increases. Because with the in-crease in the stock of a good, its marginal utility dimin-ishes.
4. Diamond-water paradox can be explained with the help of this law. Due to relative scarcity, diamonds possess high exchange value and less use value. Similarly, water is relatively abundant and so it posseses low exchange value but more use value.
5. This law helps the government while formulating taxa-tion policies. The principle of progressive taxation is based on the law of diminishing marginal utility. This law is more useful in the policies of redistribution of income and wealth in favour of the poor people.

.

Question 2.
Explain short-run costs of a firm with suitable graphs and illustrations.
Answer:
Costs are divided into two categories i.e.,
1. Short run cost curves
2. Long run cost curves.
In short run by increasing only one factor i.e., (labour) and keeping other factor constant. The short run cost are again divided into two types.
1. General costs
2. Economic costs.

1. General Costs :
   • Money Costs :
     Production is the outcome of the ef-forts of factors of production like land, labour, capital ‘ and organisation. So, rent to land, wage to labour, in-terest to capital and profits to entrepreneur has to be paid in the form of money is called money cost.
   • Real Cost:
     Adam Smith regarded pains and sacri-fices of labour as real cost. So, it cannot be measured interms of money.
   • Opportunity cost:
     Factors of production are scarce and have alternative uses. The opportunity cost of a factor is the benefit that is foregone from the next best alternative use.
2. Economic Costs :
   • Fixed Costs:
     The cost of production which remains constant even when the production may be increased or decreased is known as fixed cost. The amount spent by the cost of plant and equipment, permanent staff are treated as fixed costs.
   • Variable Cost:
     The cost of production which is changing according to changes in the production is said to be variable cost. In the long period all costs are variable costs. It includes prices of raw materials, payment of fuel, excise taxes etc. Marshall called it as “Prime cost”.
   • Average Cost:
     Average cost means cost per units of output. If we divided total cost by the number of units produced, we will get average cost.
     AC = \(\frac{\text { Total cost }}{\text { Output }}\)
   • Marginal Cost:
     Marginal cost is the additional cost of production producing one more unit.
     MC = \(\frac{\Delta \mathrm{TC}}{\Delta \mathrm{Q}}\)
   • Total cost: Total cost is the sum of total fixed cost and total variable cost.
     TC = FC + VC

The short term cost in relation to output are explained with the help of a table.

In the above table shows that as output is increased in the 1^st column, fixed cost remains constant. Variable costs have changed as and when there are changes in output. To produce more output in the short period, more variable factors have to be employed. By adding FC & VC we get total cost at different levels of output. AC falls output increases, reaches its minimum and then rises MC also change in the total cost associated with a change in output. This can be shown in the diagram.

In the above diagram is on ‘OX’ axis taken by output and ‘OY’ axis is taken by costs. The shapes of different cost curves explain the relationship between output and different costs. TFC is horizontal to ‘X’ axis. It indicates that increase in output has no effect on fixed cost. TVC on the other side increases along with level of output. TC curve rises as output increases.

Question 3.
Explain the meaning of perfect competition. Illustrate the mechanism of price determination under perfect compe-tition.
Answer:
Perfect Competition :
Perfect competition is a market sructure characterized by a complete absence of rivalry among the individual firms. Thus, perfect competition in economic theory has a meaning diametrically opposite to the everyday use of this term. In practice, businessmen use the word competition as synonymous to rivalry. In the theory, perfect competition implies no rivalry among firms. Perfect competition may be defined as that market situation, in which there are large number of firms producing homogeneous product, there is free entry and free exit, perfect knowledge on the part of buyer, perfect mobility of factors of production and no transportation cost at all.

Price Determination under Perfect Competition :
Under perfect competition, sellers and buyers cannot decide the price, Industry decides the price of the good. Market brings about a balance between the commodities that come for sale and those demanded by consumers. It means, the forces of supply and demand determine the price of the good. The following schedule and diagram help us to understand changes in supply, demand and equilibrium price.

The above table shows the demand and supply schedules of a good. Changes in price always lead to change in supply and demand. As price increases, there is a fall in the quantity demanded. It means, price and quantity demanded have a negative relationship. At the sametime, if price of a commodity increases there is an increase in the quantity supplied. Therefore, the relation between price and supply of goods is positive. It can be observed from the table that when the price is ₹ 10/-, market demand is 60 kgs and supply is 20 kgs.

When the price increases to ₹ 20/-, the supply increases to 30 kgs and demand falls to 50kgs. If the price increases to ₹ 50/-, the supply increases to 60 kgs and demand is only 20 kgs. When the demand is less, price tends to decrease towards equilibrium price. When the price is ₹ 30/-, the demand and supply are equal to 40 kgs. This price is called equilibrium price which is ₹ 30, and equilibrium output and demand is 40 kgs. This process is explained with the help of figure.

In the figure, the demand and supply of a commodity are shown on OX axis and the price of the commodity on OY axis. As per the diagram, the equilibrium price is found at a point where both demand and supply curves intersect each other at point E, i.e., OP price is the equilibrium price and OQ quantity is the equilibrium supply and demand.

Question 4.
Define rent and explain critically the Ricardian theory of rent.
Answer:
David Ricardo was a 19th century economist of England, who propounded a systematic theory of rent. Ricardo defined rent as “that portion of the procedure of earth which is paid to the landlords for the use of the original and indestructible powers of soil”. According to Ricardo, rent arises due to differential in surplus occurring to agriculturists resulting from the differences in fertility of soil of different grades of land.

Ricardian theory of rent is based on the principle of demand and supply. It arises in both extensive and intensive cultivation of land. When land is cultivated extensively, rent on superior land equals the excess of its produce over that of the inferior land. This can be explained with the following illustration.

We can imagine that a new island is discovered. Assume a batch of settlers go to that Island. Land in this Island is differ in fertility and situation. We assume that there are three grades of land A, B, and C. With a given application of labour and capital superior lands will yield more output than others. The difference in fertility will bring about differences in the cost of production, on the different grades of land. They first settle on ‘A’ grade land for cultivation of corn. ‘A’ grade land yields say, 20 quintals of corn with the investment of ₹ 300.

The cost of production per quintal is ₹ 15 (300/20). The price of corn in the market has to cover the cost of cultivation. Otherwise the farmer will not produce com. Thus, the price in the present case should be atleast ₹ 15 per quintal. As time passes, population increases and demand for land also increases. In such a case, people have to cultivate next best land, i.e., ‘B’ grade land. The same amount of f 300 is spent ‘A’ on ‘B’ grade land gives only 15 quintals of corn as ‘B’ grade land is less fertile.

The cost of cultivation on ‘B’ grade land risen to ₹ 20 (300/15) per quintal of com. If the price of corn per quintal in the market is then ₹ 20, the cultivator of ‘B’ grade land will be not cultivate. Therefore, the price has to be high enough to cover the cost of cultivation on ‘B’ grade land. Hence, the price also rises to ₹ 20. There is no surplus on ‘B’ grade land. But on ‘A’ grade land, the surplus is 5 quintals or ₹ 100 (5 × 20).

Further, due to growth of population demand for land and corn increased. This necessitates, the cultivation of ‘C’ grade land with ₹ 300 investment cost. It yields only 10 quintals of com. Therefore, the per quintal production cost rises to 30 (300/10). Then the price per quintal must be atleast ? 30 to cover the cost of production. Otherwise ‘C’ grade land will be withdrawn from cultivation. At price ₹ 30 ‘C’ grade land yield no surplus or rent. But A grade land yields still layer surplus of 10 quintals or ₹ 300 (10 × 30). But surplus or rent on ‘B’ grade land has 5 quintals or ₹ 150 (5 × 30). But there is no surplus or rent on ‘C’ grade land. It covers just the cost of cultivation. Hence, ‘C’ grade land is a marginal land which earns no rent or surplus.

This can also be explained with the following table.

The essence of Ricardian theory of rent.

1. Rent is a pure surplus.
2. Rent is differential surplus.
3. Rent does not determine or enter into price.
4. Diminishing returns applies to agri-cultural production.
5. Land is put to only one use, i.e., for cultivation.

Ricardian theory of rent can be explained with the help of the above diagram:

In the above diagram, the shaded area represents the rent or differential surplus. The least fertile land, i.e., C does not carry any rent. So it is called marginal land or no rent land.

Question 5.
Critically examine the classical theory of employment.
Answer:
The theory of output and employment developed by econo-mists such as Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Malthus is known as classical theory. It is based on the famous “Law of markets” advocated by J.B. Say. According to this law “supply creates its own demand”. The classical theory of employment assumes that there is always full employment of labour and other resources. The classical economists ruled out any general unemployment in the long run. These views are known as the classical theory of output and employment.

The classical theory of employment can be three dimensions.
A. Goods market equilibrium
B. Money market equilibrium
C. Equilibrium of the labour market (Pigou wage cut policy)

A) Goods market equilibrium:
The 1st part of Say’s law of markets explains the goods market equilibrium. According to Say “supply creates its own demand”. Say’s law states that supply always equals demand. Whenever additional output is produced in the economy, the factors of production which participate in the process of production. The total income generated is equivalent to the total value of the output produced. Such income creates additional demand for the sale of the additional output. Thus there could be no deficiency in the aggregate demand in the economy for the total output. Here every thing is automatically adjusting without need of government intervention.

The classical economists believe that economy attains equilibrium in the long run at the level of full employment. Any disequilibrium between aggregate demand and aggregate supply equilibrium adjusted automatically. This changes in the general price level is known as price flexibility.

B) Money market equilibrium:
The goods market equili-brium leads to bring equilibrium of both money and labour markets. In goods market, it is assumed that total income spent the classical economists agree that part of the income may be saved. But the savings is gradually spent on capital goods. The expenditure on capital goods is called investment. It is assumed that equality between savings and investment is brought by the flexible rate of interest. This can be explained by the following diagram.

In the diagram savings and investment are measured on the ‘X’ axis and rate of interest on Y axis. Savings and investments are equal at ‘Oi’ rate of interest. So money market equilibrium can be automatically brought through the rate of interest flexibility.

C) Labour market equilibrium:
According to the classical economists, unemployment may occur in the short run. This is not because the demand is not sufficient but due to increase in the wages forced by the trade unions. A.C. Pigou suggests that reduction in the wages will remove unemployment. This is called wage – cut policy. A reduction in the wage rate results ‘in the increase in employment.

According to the classical theory supply of and demand for labour are determined by real wage rate. Demand for labour is the inverse function of the real wage rate. The supply of labour is the direct function of real wage rate. At a particular point real wage rate the supply of and the demand for labour in the economy become equal and thus equili-brium attained in the labour market. Thus there is full employment of labQur. This can be explained with the help of diagram.

In the above diagram supply of and demand for labour is measured on the X – axis. The real wage ratg is measured on the Y axis. If the wage rate is OWp the supply of labour more than the demand for labour. Hence the wage rate falls. If the real wage rate is-OW2, the demand for labour is more than supply of labour. Hence the wage rate rises. At OW, real wage rate the supply and demand are equal. This is equilibrium.

Assumptions:
1. There is no interference Of government of the economy.
2. Perfect competition in commodity and labour market.
3. Full employment.

Section – B

Question 6.
Distinguish between Macro-economics and Macro-economics.
Answer:
Differences between Microeconomics and Macroeconomics

Question 7.
What is an indifference curve? What are its assumptions?
Answer:
Indifference curve : An indifference curve represents satisfaction of a consumer from two commodities. An IC curve can be defined as the locus of points each representing a different combination of two goods yielding the same level of satisfaction.
Assumptions:

1. Rationality:
   It is assumed that the consumer tries to obtain maximum satisfaction from his expenditure.
2. Scale of preference:
   Consumer is able to arrange the available combinations of goods according to scale of preference.
3. Ordinal utility:
   It assumes ordinal utility approach. So utility is in measurable only ordinal terms i.e., 1st, 2nd, 3rd etc.
4. Diminishing marginal rate of substitution:
   It is the rate at which a consumer is willing to substitute commodity to another. So that this satisfaction remains the same.
5. Consistency:
   Consumer’s choices have to be consistent. It means if consumer prefers A to B and B to C his choice reflects his rationality.
6. Completeness:
   The consumer’s scale of preferences is to complete that he is able to choose any one of the two
   combinations of commodities presented to him.

Question 8.
What are the factors that determine the demand?
Answer:
There are a number of factors that determine the demand for a good. The demand function shows the relationship between the demand and the factors that determine the demand for a good. The following are some of the important factors that determine demand :

1. Price of the Commodity:
The demand for a commodity is inversely related to its price. If the price of a commodity de¬creases its demand will increase and vice-versa. The demand for any good depends on its price being other things remaining constant. More quantity will be demanded at a lower price and vice-versa.

2. Prices of Substitutes and Complementaries:
Demand is also influenced by the changes in the prices of related goods i.e., either substitutes or complementaries. Prices of substi¬tutes influence the demand for a commodity up to a certain extent. For instance, an increase in the price of coffee leads to an increase in the demand for tea. In case of substitutes, there exists a positive relationship between the price and the quantity demanded. Automobiles and fuel are comple¬mentary goods. In case of complementaries there exists a negative relationship between the price and the quantity demanded. ‘

3. Income of the Consumer:
Income of the consumer is another important determinant. An increase in the income of a consumer leads to an increase in his purchasing power or quantity demanded. Being other things remaining constant, whenever the income of a consumer increases the demand for normal goods increases but the demand for inferior goods decreases.

4. Tastes and Preferences:
Demand for a commodity may change due to change in tastes, preferences and fashions. Tastes vary from person to person. Tastes do not remain the same forever. An increase in the use of trousers reduced the demand for dhotis due to change in fashions. Advertisements also influence the demand for a particular commodity.

5. Population:
Size of population of a country is another important determinant of demand. In other words, a change
in the size of population will affect the demand for certain goods. For instance, larger the population more will be the demand for certain goods like food grains, clothes, housing etc.

6. Technological Changes:
Due to technical progress, new discoveries enter the market. As a result, old goods are substituted by new goods. For instance, increase in the demand for cell phones’ reduced the demand for ‘land line’ phones.

7. Change in Weather:
Demand for a commodity may change due to a change in climatic conditions. For instance, during summer demand for cool drinks, cotton clothes and ACs increases. During winter demand for woolen clothes increases.

8. State of Business:
During the period of prosperity demand for commodities will expand and during depression demand will contract. Therefore, demand for goods depends on the state of business and economic activities.

9. Explain the relationship between Average cost and Marginal cost.
Answer:
Cost analysis refers to the study of behavior of production costs in relation to one or more production criteria, namely, size of output, scale of operations, prices of factors of pro¬duction and other relevant economic variables. In other words, cost analysis is concerned with financial aspects of production relations as against physical aspects considered in production analysis. A useful cost analysis needs a clear understanding of the various cost concepts which are dealt hereunder.

Relationship Between Average Cost and Marginal Cost :
Average cost (AC) is the sum of Average Variable Cost (AVC) and Average Fixed Cost (AFC). It is total cost divided by the number of units produced. In short, cost per unit is known as Average Cost (AC). AC = TC / Q = TFC / Q + TVC / Q = AFC + AVC. Marginal Cost (MC) is the addition made to the total cost by the production of additional units of output. It is the change in total cost associated with a change in output. We can therefore, write MC = Change in Total Cost / Change in Output = ∆TC / ∆Q or MC_n = TC_n – TC_n-1

As per the nature of costs, both AC and MC curves gradually decrease, reach to minimum and gradually increase thereafter along with increase in level of output. It is to be noted that both AC and MC curves will have ‘U’ shape implying three phases i.e., decreasing, minimum (constant) and increasing. This is shown with the help of the following diagram.

By the figure, output is measured on OX axis and costs on OY axis. It can be seen from this graph that in the beginning as output increases, both AC and MC decrease but the rate of decrease in MC is more than the decrease in AC. At point A, AC = MC and after this point both AC and MC increase but rate of increase in MC is greater than the rate of increase in AC.

Properties of AC and MC:

1. Both AC and MC curves are U shaped.
2. As output increases, both AC and MC decrease in the beginning.
3. MC curve cuts AC curve from its minimum points, at which point AC = MC.
4. Both AC and MC increase after certain level of output.

Question 10.
What is monopoly? What are its characteristics?
Answer:
Monopoly is totally a different market situtation compared with perfect competition. The word ‘mono’ means single, and ‘poly’ means seller. Monopoly is said to exist when one firm is the sole producer of a product Which has no close substitutes. In the words of Bilas, “Monopoly is represented by a market situation in which there is a single seller of a product for which there are no close substitutes, this single seller is unaffected by and does not affect the prices and outputs of other products sold in the economy”. Characteritics of Monopoly:

a) A single firm produces the good in the market.
b) No close substitutes to this good.
c) Strong barriers exist for the entry of new firms into the market.
d) Industry and firm is one and same.
e) Producer can control either price or quantity of the good. But he / she cannot determine both price and quantity of the good simultaneously.

Equilibrium and Price Determination under Monopoly:
Price, output and profits under monopoly are determined by the forces of demand and supply. The monopolist will have complete control over the supply of the product. He also possesses the pbwer to set the price to attain maximum profit.

However, he cannot do both the things simultaneously, Either he pan fix the price and leave the output to be determined by the consumer demand at this price or he can fix the output to be produced and leave the price to be determined by the consumer demand for his product.

Question 11.
Point out the assumptions and limitations of marginal productivity theory.
Answer:
Marginal Physical Product (MPP) is the additional output obtained by using an additional unit of the factor of production. If we multiply the additional output by market price we will get Marginal Value Product (MVP) or Marginal Revenue Product (MRP). MRP is the addition made to total ‘ revenue by employing one more unit of factor. The marginal revenue productivity of a factor increases initially with the increase in the units of the factor of production, then reaches to maximum and after that it diminishes and will tend to equal the price of the factor service (average factor cost = AFC). This tendency of diminishing marginal revenue productivity follows from the assumption law of variable proportion.

Assumptions of the Theory :
The theory is based on the following assumptions :

1. There is perfect competition in the factor market and commodity market.
2. All the units of a factor are homogeneous.
3. The theory assumes full employment of the factors.
4. There is perfect mobility of the factors of production.
5. Substitution is possible between the factors.
6. The entrepreneurs are motivated by the profits.
7. Various units of the factors are divisible.
8. The theory is applicable in the long run.
9. It is based on the law of variable proportions.
10. Marginal production of a factor can be measured.

Criticism:
The marginal productivity theory of distribution is based on unrealistic assump-tions. Hence, it has been criticized.

1. There is no perfect competition in the factor market and commodity market.
2. All the factor units are not homogeneous.
3. Factors are not fully employed.
4. Factors are not perfectly mobile.
5. Substitution is not always possible between the factors.
6. Profit motive is not the main motive.
7. All factors are not divisible.
8. This theory is not applicable in the short run.
9. Production is not the result of one factor alone.
10. The sum of factor payments is not equal to the value of product.

The marginal productivity theory is not an adequate explanation of the determination of the pricing of factors of production. Inspite of limitations of the theory, it explains the role of productivity in the determination of factor price.

Question 12.
Explain the differences between gross national product at market prices and gross national product at factor prices.
Answer:
National income is the value of all final goods and services produced in a company in a year.
Gross National Product (GNP) : Gross National Product is also known as the gross national product at market prices. Gross national product is the current market value of all final goods and services produced in a country during a year including net income from abroad.

The main components of GNP are:
a) The goods and services purchased by consumers (consumption – C)
b) Gross private domestic investment in capital goods (Investment -I)
c) Goods and services consumed by the government (Govt expenditure – G)
d) Net incomes earned through International trade (value of exports – value of imports, i.e., X – M).
GNP = C + I-G + (X – M).

GNP at Factor Cost:
Gross national product at factor cost is the sum of the money value produced by and accruing to the various factors of production in a year in a country. GNP at market prices includes wages, rent, interest, dividends, undistributed corporate profits, mixed incomes (profits of unincorporated business), direct taxes, indirect taxes, depreciation and net income from abroad. GNP at factor cost includes all items mentioned above in GNP at market prices less indirect taxes. GNP at market prices is always higher than GNP at factor cost. If there are any subsidies to the producers, then to get GNP at factor cost, subsidies are added to GNP at market prices. GNP at factor cost = GNP at market prices = indirect taxes + subsidies.

Question 13.
Explain the concept of effective demand.
Answer:
Effective demand means where aggregate demand equals the aggregate supply. When aggregate demand is equal to aggregate supply the economy is in equilibrium. This can be shown in the table.

In the table when the level of employment is 14 lakh workers, aggregate demand price is equal to aggregate supply price i.e., ₹ 700 crores. This can be shown in the following diagram.

In the above diagram aggregate demand price curve (AD) and the aggregate supply price curve (AS) interest each other at point E₁. It shows the equilibrium point. The equilibrium has been attained at ON₁ level of employment. It is assumed that ON₁ in the above diagram does not indicate full employment as the economy is having idle factors of production. So it is considered as under-employment equilibrium.

According to Keynes, to achieve full employment an upward shift of aggregate demand curve is required. This can be possible through government expenditure on goods and services supplied in the economy, whenever private entrepreneurs may not show interest to invest. With this the AD₁ curve (C + I) shift as AD₂ (C + I + G) at new point of effective demand E₂, where the economy reaches full employment level i.e., ONF.

Question 14.
Write a note on Finance Commission and its functions.
Answer:
The Finance Commission of India came into existence in 1951. It was established under Article 280 of the Indian Constitution by the President of India. It was formed to define the financial relations between the centre and the state. As per the Constitution, the commission is appointed for every five years and consists of a chairman, secretary and four other members. The first finance commission submitted its report in 1952.

The finance commission advises the President, what percentage of the income tax should be retained by the centre, and what principles should be adopted to distribute the divisible pool of the income tax among the states. Since the institution of the first finance commission, stark changes have occurred in the Indian economy causing changes in the macro economic scenario. This has led to major changes in the finance commission’s recommendations over the years. Till date, fourteen finance commissions have submitted their reports.

Functions of Finance Commission :
The functions of the finance commission can be explicitly stated as :
1) Distribution of net proceeds of taxes between centre and the states, to be divided as per their respective contribu – tions to the taxes.

2) Determine factors governing grants-in aid to the states and the magnitude of the same.

3) To make recommendations to President as to the measures needed to augment the consolidated fund of a state to supplement the resources of the panchayats and municipalities in the state on the basis of the recommendations made by the finance commission.

Question 15.
Explain the primary and secondary functions of money.
Answer:
Money has many important functions to perform. These functions may be classified as :

1. Primary functions,
2. Secondary functions,
3. Contingent functions, and
4. Static and dynamic functions.

1. Primary Functions of Money: The primary functions of money are really as the technical and important functions of money. They are two types :

i) Medium of Exchange:
Money serves as a medium of exchange. It removes the inconveniences of the barter system in which exchange of goods was possible if only there was double coincidence of wants. But money facilitates exchange of commodities without double coincidence wants. Any commodity can be exchanged for money. People can exchange goods and services through the medium of money.

ii) Measure of value:
Money serves as a measure of the value of goods and services. As common measure of value it has removed the difficulty of the barter system and has made transactions simple and easy. The value of each commodity is expressed in the units of money. We call it as price. In view of this function of money, the values of different commodities can be compared and the ratios between the prices of different commodities can be determined easily.

2. Secondary Functions of Money:
Money has two
secondary functions which are stated hereunder:

i) Store of value:
The value of commodities and services can be stored in the form of money. Certain commodities are perishable. If they are exchanged for money before they perish, their value be preserved in the form of money. Otherwise they perish and their value is lost forever. Even in the case of durable commodities, their value may diminish over a period of time. But their value can be stored, without any decline, in the form of money by exchanging them for money.

ii) Standard of Deferred Payments:
Money serves as a standard of deferred payments. In modem economies, most of the business transactions take place on the basis of credit. An individual consumer or a business man may now purchase a commodity and pay for it, in future as this function makes it possible to express future payments in terms of money. Similarly one can borrow certain amount of money now and repay it in future.

iii) Transfer of money:
Money can be transferred from one person to another at any time at any place.

Question 16.
State any three major (general) functions of a central bank.
Answer:
Central bank is the apex institution of the banking system of a country. It controls, regulates, and activities of the country’s banking system. Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is our central bank. It was established on 1st, April 1935 with a share capital of ₹ 5 crore. It was originally owned by private shareholders but was nationalized by the Government of India in 1949. It performs all important functions of the central bank under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. Reserve Bank of India performs the following functions :

General Functions :
1) Note issue:
Reserve Bank of India has the monopoly of note issue in the country. It maintains gold and foreign exchange reserves of a minimum ₹ 200 crores of which gold should be worth ₹ 115 crores. There is a separate issue department to issue currency notes. At present Reserve Bank of India issues currency notes of the denomination ₹ 1,000, ₹ 500, ₹ 100, ₹ 50, ₹ 20, ₹ 10, ₹ 5. One rupee note and coins are issued by the Finance Ministry of the Government of India but circulated by the Reserve Bank of India.

2) Banker to Government:
Reserve Bank of India acts as the banker, agent and adviser to the Government of India. It acts as an agent of the Government of India and all the state governments except the Government of Jammu and Kashmir. It receives money and makes payments on behalf of the government and keep the cash balances as deposits without any interest. It assists the government in floating new loans and the management of public debt. It gives temporary advances to the Government in all financial matters.

3) Banker’s Bank:
Reserve Bank serves as a banker not only to the government but also to the banks. According to Banking Regulation Act, 1934 all the scheduled banks are bound by the law to maintain with the Reserve Bank of India a part of their total deposit amount as cash balances. This ratio is called the Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR).

Question 17.
What are the characteristics of a good average?
Answer:
Characteristics of goods average :

1. It should be based on all the observations.
2. It should be rigidly defined. It should be clearly defined. There should be no confusion about the meaning or description of an average.
3. It should be capable of future algebaic treatment.
4. It should not be unduly affected by extreme values. No item of the series should affect the average too much. If very large items unduly affect the average, then the average cannot represent the entire group.
5. It should be easy to calculate and simple to understand.
6. It should not be affected by variations of sampling.

Section – C

Question 18.
What is wealth?
Answer:
Wealth means stock of assets held by an individual or institution that has the potential for yielding income in some form. Wealth includes money, shares of companies, land etc. Wealth has three properties.
1. Utility
2. Scarcity
3. Transferability.

Question 19.
What is Normative Economics?
Answer:
Normative economics may be defined as a body of. systematised knowledge relating to the object of “what ought to be’ and concerned with the ideal as distinguished from the actual. Historical school of Germany has introduced this in Economics.

Question 20.
Explain Marginal rate of substitution.
Answer:
The additional amount of one product required to compensate a consumer for a small decrease in the quantity of another, per unit of the decrease. This can be explained with the help of table.

By the table, the consumer is ready to sacrifice 4 units of Y to get 1 more unit of X. The MRSxfory diminishes.

Question 21.
What is Price line/budget line?
Answer:
It shows all possible combinations of two goods that a con-sumer can buy, with the given income and prices of the two goods.

Question 22.
Explain Giffen’s paradox (or) Giffen Goods.
Answer:
It means necessary goods. Sir Robert Giffen in mid 19th cen-tury observed that the low paid workers in England pur-chased more bread when its price increased by decreasing in the purchase of meat. The increase in demand for bread when price increased is. an exception to the law of demand, it is known as Giffen’s Paradox.

Question 23.
What is perfectly inelastic demand?
Answer:
Even a great rise or fall in price does not lead and change in quantity demanded is known as perfectly inelastic demand. The demand curve is vertical to V axis.

Question 24.
Explain the External Economies.
Answer:
External economies are those economies which accure to each member firm as a result of the expension of the industry as a whole as the name tells us, these economies are common in nature which benefit all the firms working in an exponding industry external economies are as follows.

Question 25.
Describe the Total fixed cost curve.
Answer:
The fixed costs of a firm are those costs that do not vary with the size of its output. It is due to this the value of fixed costs is always positive even if production activity does not take place or it is zero. The best way of defining fixed costs is to say that they are the costs which a firm has to bear even when it is temporarily shut down. Alfred Marshall called these costs as supplementary costs or over head costs. For examples cost of plant and equipment, rent on building, salaries to permanent employees are part of fixed costs.

Question 26.
What is Duopoly?
Answer:
When there are only two sellers of a product, there exist duopoly. Each seller under duopoly must consider the other, firms reactions to any changes that he makes in price or output. They make decisions either independently or together.

Question 27.
What are the Selling costs?
Answer:
An important feature of monopolistic market is every firm makes expenditure to sell more output. Advertisements through newspapers, journals, electronic media etc., these methods are used to attract more consumers by each firm.

Question 28.
What are real wages?
Answer:
Real wage is the purchasing power of money wages in terms of goods and services.

Question 29.
What is Net interest?
Answer:
Net interest is the reward for the service of the capital loan. Ex: Net interest paid on government bonds and government loAnswer:

Question 30.
What is Real Per Capita Income?
Answer:
Real National Income when divided by country’s popu-lation, percapita income is obtained.
Per capita Income = \(\frac{\mathrm{Real National Income}}{\mathrm{Total Population}}\)
The average standard of living of country is indicated by per capita income.

Question 31.
What are transfer payments? Give examples.
Answer:
The government may provide social security allowances like pensions, unemployment allowances, scholarships etc. These are incomes for some sections of the society even though no productive services are made by them. These are called transfer payments.

Question 32.
What are the components of a budget?
Answer:
Components of the Budget: The budget consists of both receipts (income) and expenditure of the government. The budget of the Government of India consists of two main components :
1) Budget Receipts : a) Revenue Receipts :
This consists of tax revenue and non – tax revenue and b) Capital Receipts : This consists of recoveries of loans, other receipts and borrowings and other liabilities.

2) Budget Expenditure :
In the Union budget of India, the budget expenditure is classified into plan expenditure and non – plan expenditure. But, Central Government through its Union Budget 2017 – 18 abondoned plan and non – plan expenditure and replaced these items with Revenue Expenditure and Capital Expenditure.
Persual of the budget at a glance gives a vivid pitcture of the structure of the budget and its components as followed by the government of India in actual practice.

Question 33.
Write, in brief, about GST.
Answer:
GST: Goods and Services Tax (GST) is an Indirect Tax which has replaced many Indirect Taxes in India. The Goods and Service Tax Act was passed in the Parliament on 29th March 2017. the Act came into effect on 1st July 2017; GST is a comprehensive, multi-stage, destination-based tax that is levied on every value addition. In simple words, GST is an indirect tax levied on the supply of goods and services. Under this system four slabs are fixed for GST rates i.e., 5%, 12%, 18% and 28%.

Question 34.
What do you understand by store of value of money?
Answer:
By this functions money preserve the value of perishable commodities in the form of money if they are exchanged before they prism. It stores the value of durable commodities also.

Question 35.
Explain the Types of inflation.
Answer:
Inflation is divided into different bases on its pace or rate of inflation and the causes of
inflation. They are detailed below:

1) Based on the Rate of Inflation:
On the basis of the rate of inflation, it may be classified into four types.
a) Creeping inflation
b) Walking inflation
c) Running inflation
d) Galloping inflation.

2) Based on cause of inflation:
a) Demand pull inflation
b) Cost push inflation.

Question 36.
What are the advantages of diagrams?
Answer:
Diagrams are used with great effectiveness in the presen-tation of all types of data. The advantages of diagrams are as follows:
a) A properly constructed diagram appeals to eye and mind.
b) There is no need to have special mathematical knowledge.
c) Data presentation becomes easier.
d) It facilitates comparison.
e) It improves memory power.

Question 37.
What is the Geometric Mean of two numbers, 4 and 16?
Answer:
Geometric mean of two numbers : 4, 16

Thoroughly reviewing AP Inter 1st Year English Model Papers and AP Inter 1st Year English Question Paper March 2023 helps in understanding the examiner’s expectations.

AP Inter 1st Year English Question Paper March 2023

Time : 3 Hours
Max.Marks: 100

Section – A

I. Annotate ANY TWO of the following in about 10-15 lines each : (2 × 4 = 8)

1) There can be glory in failure and despair in success.

2) The compartment was full of people, but no one came to the rescue of the girl being robbed and attacked.

3) This Tsunami-genic earthquake was one of the ten worst earthquakes in recorded history and was also the single worst tsunami in history.

4) Universities are the hopes of our national leaders.

II. Annotate ANY TWO of the following in about 10-15 lines each : (2 × 4 = 8)

1) Leave behind llion and Carthage to antique dealers,
And plan fresh methods to stop Hiroshimas.

2) “Strike, strike at the root of penury in my heart.”

3) My body fertilizes like a field, becomes a fundamental element.

4) The poor mechanic porters crowding in Their heavy burdens at his narrow gate ;

III. Answer ANY TWO of the following in about 10-15 lines each. (2 × 4 = 8)

1) What is Rajaji’s advice to the students of higher learning ?

2) What is cultural or knowledge oriented tourism ?

3) What were the difficulties faced by Arunima while climbing the Everest ? What do you learn from her story ?

4) How is the teacher expected to inculcate honesty and worldly wisdom in the child ?

IV. Answer ANY TWO of the following in about 10-15 lines each. (2 × 4 = 8)

1) What is the theme of the poem “As I Grew Older” ?

2) Why does the poet call the body ‘a breathing corpse’ ?

3) According to Shakespeare, what are the lessons that human beings must learn from honey bees ?

4) Why does the poet, Kamala Wijeratne, want us to make a medicine with herbs to cure mass lunacy ?

V. Answer ANY ONE of the following questions in about 25-30 lines each. (1 × 8 = 8)

1) How did the people in olden days show concern for social values ? Explain this in the light of the short story Will he come home’ ?

2) Is the title ‘The Informer” appropriate ? (or) Give an account of the parents’ reactions to the boy’s disappearance from the house.

3) Justify the statement “A diseased mind is even more harmful than the actual disease itself’ with reference to O.Henry’s ‘The Last Leaf.

Section – B

VI. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow. (5 × 1 = 5)

The ‘Swachh Bharat Abhiyan’ is a Massive Mass Movement that seeks to create a clean India. To accelerate the efforts to achieve universal sanitation coverage and to put focus on sanitation, the Prime Minister of India, launched the Swachh Bharat Mission on 2 October 2014. The Mission Coordinator shall be Secretary, Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MDWS) with two sub-missions – the Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) and the Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban). The Mission aims to achieve a Swachh Bharat by 2019. ‘Swachchata’ (Cleanliness) of our mother and as a fitting tribute to Mahatma Gandhi on his 150^th birt anniversary.

The honourable Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh has established Swachha Andhra Corporation (SAC) which was incorporated on 1st May 2015 with a goal to achieve the campaign “Swachh Bharat Mission”. The main aim is to eliminate open defecation, eradicate manual scavenging, manage solid and liquid waste management and promote information, education and communication and capacity building activities to maintain the cleanliness and hygiene in urban and rural areas of Andhra Pradesh. The Swachha Andhra Corporation is taking up the activities of construction of individual Household Toilets, Community Toilets and Public Toilets.

1) What are the two sub-missions of Swachh Bharat Mission ?

2) What is the best tribute that we can pay to Mahatma Ganchi ?

3) What is the goal of Swachh Andhra Corporation ?

4) Write the antonym of “liquid” fromt he above passage.

5) Pick out the relevant synonym for ‘hygiene’.

VII. Read the following passage carefully and anser the questions that follow. (5 × 1 = 5)

Gary Chapman in his book, ‘Love as a Way of Life’ uses the vivid metaphor for words as being either ‘bullets or seeds’. If we use our words as bullets with a feeling of superiority and condemnation, we are not going to be able to restore a relationship to love. If we use our words as seeds with a feeling of supportiveness and sincere good will. We can rebuild a relationship in positive and life-affirming ways.

When we need to talk candidly about something difficult with another person, we must focus on the conversation with keen attention and purpose. During the conversation, we must listen patiently, speak tact fully, and tell the truth as we understand it. We must align our words, voice inflection and tone, eye expression, body language and actions with our inner awareness in an honest exchange.

1) What is the title of the book written by Gary Chapman ?

2) How does the writer describe words ?

3) How can we rebuild a relationship in positive and life-affirming ways ?

4) What is the noun form of the word ‘patiently’ ?

5) Find a word in the passage which means the same as the word ‘frankly’.

Section – C

Note : The answers to the questions in this Section should be written at ONE PLACE in the answer book separately. The entire Section should be answered in one stretch and not mixed with other sections.

VIII. Fill in the blanks with ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’ : (6 × 1/2 = 3)

a) English is ____ international language.

b) _____ man who is in white pyjamas is my uncle.

c) Telugu is called ____ Italian of the East.

d) They sell oil at Rs. 60 ____ litre.

e) I saw ____ untidy girl.

f) Please give me ____ hundred rupee note.

IX. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions : (6 × 1/2 = 3)

a) We have a party ____ his birthday.

b) He poured the milk ____ the jug.

c) Advita prefers to go ___ foot.

d) Sindhuri takes ____ her mother.

e) My brother lives ____ Bengaluru.

f) The cat is ____ the chair.

X. Fill in the blanks with suitable forms of the verbs given in the brackets: (5 × 1 = 5)

a) She ____ to the cinema every weekend for years, (go)
Answer:

b) When I reached the station, the train ____. (leave)
Answer:

c) She not yet ____ from the music class, (return)

d) Look ! Andy ____ in the garden, (play)

e) Children chocolates, (like)

XI. Rewrite the sentences as directed : (5 × 1 = 5)

a) The children have broken the window.”
(Change the voice)

b) Vijay said, “I am searching for my wallet.”
(Change into Indirect speech)

c) The Hindu is one of the most leading news papers.
(Begin the sentence with Very few) .

d) It was cloudy. I went out with an umbrella.
(Combine the sentences using ‘As)

e) Let’s go to a movie now, ____ ?
(Add a question tag)

XII. Rewrite the following sentences correcting the underlined part. (5 × 1 = 5)

Note : The entire sentence must be written.

a) We enjoyed at the party.

b) It is a four hours journey.

c) He is worst than I.

d) We should not make noise.

e) Neither of my daughters look like me.

XIII. Use ANY THREE of the following phrasal verbs in your own sentences : (3 × 1 = 3)

a) pick up

b) look for

c) get up

d) come in

e) bring up

f) drop out

XIV. Identify the silent consonants in the following words : (6 × 1/2 = 3)

a) block

b) reign

c) autumn

d) mirth

e) alms

f) hour

XV. Identify the parts of speech of the underlined words : (6 × 1/2 = 3)

a) Congrats ! finally you won the match.

b) Meena doubts if she will pass the test.

c) We will certainly do it.

d) Elizabeth walks gracefully.

e) My brother is stronger than me.

f) That is not what I mean.

XVI. Match the words in Column A’ with their meanings/definitions in Column ‘B’ : (6 × 1/2 = 3)

XVII. Read the following tree-diagram and convert it into a paragraph : (5 × 1 = 5)

Five Indian cities are accounted for the most International passenger traffic air-ports. Delhi tops the position in this category with a share of 27 percent followed by Mumbai (21 percent), Chennai (8 percent share), Kochi (7 percent) and Bengaluru (5 percent share). Draw a bar graph depicting this information.

XVIII. Read the following transcriptions and write ANY FIVE words in ordinary spellings :

a) /kArid3/

b) /hjuimsn/

c) /hosprtl/

d) /tjarld/

e) /blAd/

f) /srtrzen/

g) /drd3rtl/

h) /dri:m/

i) /liidsjrp/

j) \(/\text { ‘derndzərəs/ }\)

(OR)

Find the word that is different from the other words in the group with regard to the sound of the underlined letters :

a) easy end eel

b) olive one once

c) trust just music

d) silk supper shoe

e) bun fun turn

XlX.Write the number of syllables for ANY SIX of the following words : (6 × 1/2 = 3)

a) weather

b) looping

c) affordable

d) informer

e) honourable

f) sort

g) today

h) continent

i) security

j) wrest

XX. Complete the following dialogue : (4 × 1 = 4)

Harsha : Rainy season is coming soon !
Varsha : Yeah! We should be ready with and raincoat.
Harsha : Actually rainy season is not really enjoyable for me.
Varsha : Wet season is good for us, isn’t it ? We can grow many easily.
Harsha : Well, you’re right, but I’m very sensitive to cold weather, and when I catch the . I can be easily getting flu or cough.
Varsha : So prevention is better than cure. Be ready with
Harsha : I hate taking medicine. Especially chemical ones.

Thoroughly reviewing AP Inter 1st Year English Model Papers and AP Inter 1st Year English Question Paper March 2019 helps in understanding the examiner’s expectations.

AP Inter 1st Year English Question Paper March 2019

Time : 3 Hours
Max.Marks: 100

Section – A

(a) Universities are hope of our national leaders.
Answer:
Context : This passage is taken from the lesson “What makes a nation”. C. Rajagopalachari made an inspiring speech at the Nagpur Institute of Technology in the 1948. While giving suggestions to the students, he spoke about some of the important points to be noted by the students.

Explanation: While making a speech at the Nagpur Institute of Technology, in his concluding words¹ he pointed out the importance of the universities. Leaders gave preference² to education. They started universities to produce educated³ youth. India’s independence could be safe guarded⁴ only when the culture of this country had been enriched. Honesty and hard work could be maintained by the university student. Everything shall be good and worthy⁵ only when the aims of our national leaders become true. Thus the importance of the universities is stressed⁶.

General Relevance: India, at the time of the function, was simply a baby in Independence.⁷ Political leaders were trying to develop the country in all the spheres.⁸ Universities were also developed, to impart⁹, discipline and to bring awakening¹⁰ in the minds of the people.

1. పూర్తిచేస్తున్న మాటలు
2. ప్రత్యేకత
3. చదువుకొనిన
4. కాపాడబడిన
5. తగినట్టి
6. నొక్కిచెప్పబడెను
7. స్వాతంత్య్రము
8. రంగములలో
9. నేర్పుట
10. మేల్కొలుపు

సందర్భము : సి. రాజగోపాలాచారి రచించిన “What Makes a Nation” అనబడే పాఠం నుండి ఈ లైను తీసికొనబడినది. సి. రాజగోపాలాచారి చాలా భావస్ఫోరకమైన సంభాషణ చేశాడు. ఇది నాగపూరు Institute of Technology లో 1948లో ఇవ్వబడినది. ఆయన సలహాలనిస్తూ విద్యార్థులకు కొన్ని ముఖ్యమైన గమనింపదగిన మాటలు చెప్పారు.

వివరణ : తన సంభాషణ కొనసాగిస్తూ, నాగపూర్ టెక్నలాజికల్ ఇన్స్టిట్యూట్లో మాట్లాడుతూ ఆయన యూనివర్సిటీల గురించి మాట్లాడారు. నాయకులు చదువుకు ప్రాధాన్యతనిచ్చారు. చదువుకొన్న యువత కొరకు వారు యూనివర్సిటీలు ప్రారంభించారు. దేశం యొక్క సంస్కృతి నిలబెట్టినప్పుడే భారతదేశం యొక్క స్వాతంత్య్రము కాపాడబడుతుంది. నిజాయితీ, కష్టపడి పనిచేసే తత్వము అనునివి యూనివర్శిటీ విద్యార్థి అలవరచుకొనాలి. మన జాతీయ నాయకుల అభిప్రాయములు నిజమైనప్పుడే ప్రతి విషయము మంచిగాను, తగినదిగాను ఉంటుంది. ఈ విధంగా యూనివర్శిటీల గొప్పతనం నొక్కి చెప్పబడినది.

సాధారణ భావన : ఈ ఫంక్షన్ సమయంలో, స్వాతంత్ర్యం విషయంలో ఒక పసిబిడ్డ వంటింది. అన్ని రంగాలలో దేశాన్ని అభివృద్ధి పరచాలని నాయకులు ప్రయత్నిస్తున్నారు. క్రమశిక్షణ నేర్పడానికి, ప్రజల మనస్సులు వికాసవంతం చేయడానికి యూనివర్శిటీలు . అభివృద్ధి చేయబడ్డాయి.

(b) Someday I will prove, without a doubt, the truth of what happened to me.
Answer:
Context : This passage is taken from the prose lesson “She Conquered Everest”. Which was compiled by Dr. B. Sowjanya. It is about the courageous lady Arunima Sinha and her life ambition.

Explanation: Arunima Sinha was injured¹ in her train journey to Delhi. She was thrown on the other track, by the criminals. A train ran over her left leg. She was amputated². She was in the hospital bed for recovery³. A rod was inserted in her right leg. In spite of all this, she had a firm opinion to withstand⁴ the challenge. She said that she would one day come out of the calamity⁵ and would prove to be successful. In her words, she expressed her inner passion⁶ to scale the Everest. Anyhow she was successful.

General Relevance: To reach the goal in one’s life is a great thing. But it involves a lot of effort. The obstructions could not deter her decision and she climbed the mountain. Many people were amazed at this deed.

1. గాయపడెను
2. అవయవము కోయబడుట
3. కోలుకొనుట
4. సహించుట, ఎదిరించి నిలబడుట
5. ఇబ్బంది
6. గట్టివాంఛ
7. ఎక్కుట
8. కలిగించుట
9. చలింపజేయుట
10. ఆశ్చర్యపడుట

సందర్భము : డా॥ సౌజన్య గారు సేకరించిన, “She Conquered Everest” అనే పాఠములో నుండి ఈ ప్యాసేజి తీసుకొనబడింది. అది, ధైర్యము గల అమ్మాయి అయిన అరుణిమ సిన్హా మరియు ఆమె యొక్క జీవితాశయం గురించినదై యున్నది.

వివరణ : ఢిల్లీ వెళుతున్న ప్రయాణంలో అరుణిమ సిన్హా గాయపడ్డారు. ఆ నేరస్తులు ఆమెను అవతలి ట్రాక్ మీదకి విసరివేశారు. ఒక రైలు ఆమె యొక్క ఎడమ కాలి మీదుగా పోయింది. ఆమె కాలు తెగగొట్టారు. ఆమె బాగుపడడానికి ఆసుపత్రిలో బెడ్ మీదనున్నారు. ఆమె కుడికాలిలో ఒక రాడ్ పెట్టారు. ఆమె ఇన్ని బాధలున్నా తన యొక్క ఛాలెంజిని విరమించలేదు. ఒకానొకదినాన ఆమె తన ఇబ్బందుల నుండి బయటికివచ్చి తనను తాను నిరూపించుకొనగలనంటున్నది. ఆమె తన మనసులోని కోరిక, ఎవరెస్టునధిరోహించాలనే ఆలోచనను ఈ మాటలలో వ్యక్తపరిచారు. ఏది ఏమైనా ఆమె జయంపొందారు.

సాధారణ భావన : గమ్యం చేరగలగడం అనేది ఒక వ్యక్తి జీవితంలో చాలా గొప్ప విషయం. కానీ దానికి చాలా శ్రమ అవసరము. ఆటంకములు ఆమె మనస్సులో నిర్ణయాన్ని మార్చలేకపోయింది. ఆమె ఆ పర్వతాన్ని ఎక్కారు. చాలా మంది ప్రజలు ఆ పనిని బట్టి ఆశ్చర్యపడ్డారు.

(c) India Meteorological Department has strengthened India’s capacity to prepare for and cope with disasters.
Answer:
Context : This line is taken from the essay “Disaster Management” compiled by Dr. A. Madhavi Latha. It is about disaster management. The essay is informative and useful.

Explanation: The writer gives a definition for disaster management. Then she wants to tell about the Meteorological¹ Department. Disaster management is a great subject useful for the whole of the world. NIDM was started and some important steps to have awareness², preparedness and mitigation have been taken up. Forecast and warning informations are to save people in havoc³. Software application also is arranged by these institutions. So department is doing a lot for the disaster management.

General Relevance: When there is a problem for the people, it is to be addressed by the government. Here the Meteorological department of the government of this country is working for the safety of the people and so it leads an important role⁴ in disaster management.

1. వాతావరణ శాస్త్రము
2. ఎరుగుట, తెలిసికొనియుండుట
3. విపత్తు
4. పాత్ర

సందర్భము : డాక్టరు ఏ. మాధవీలత గారు సంకలనం చేసిన “Disaster Management” అనబడే వ్యాసము నుండి ఈ లైను తీసికొనబడినది. అది disaster management ను గురించినదై యున్నది. ఈ వ్యాసము విషయ పరిజ్ఞానము కలది మరియు ఉపయోగకరము.

వివరణ : Disaster management అను పదమునకు చెబుతున్నారు రచయిత. అప్పుడు ఆమె వాతావరణ శాస్త్రము గురించి చెప్పారు. Disaster management అనునది ప్రపంచమంతటికి ఉపయోగపడే విషయము. NMDM ప్రారంభించబడి, విషయ పరిజ్ఞానము, సిద్ధపాటు మరియు నష్టము తగ్గించుకొనుట అను విషయములు చేపట్టి కొన్ని ముఖ్యమైన అడుగులు వేశారు. ముందుగానే ఊహించి గ్రహించుట మరియు Warning Information ఇచ్చి ప్రజలను విపత్తు నుండి రక్షించడానికి ప్రయత్నించారు. ఈ సంస్థలు software కూడా ఉపయోగిస్తున్నారు. కనుక ఈ డిపార్ట్మెంట్ డిజాస్టమేనేజిమెంటు కొరకు చాలా చేస్తున్నది..

సాధారణ భావన : ప్రజలకు సమస్య వుంటే ప్రభుత్వము దానిని తీర్చాలి. ఈ వాతావరణశాస్త్ర డిపార్ట్మెంట్ వారు ప్రజల క్షేమం కొరకు ప్రయత్నిస్తున్నారు. కనుక disaster management లో అది ప్రధాన పాత్ర పోషిస్తుంది.

(d) Teach him to have faith in his own ideas, even if everyone tells him they are wrong.
Answer:
Context : This passage is taken from the lesson “Abraham Lincoln’s Letter to His Son’s Teacher” written by Abraham Lincoln, the noted 16^th President of the U.S.A. It is about his appeal to the teacher, in instructing a boy of tender age.

Explanation: The author advises the teacher to be careful in his dealing with the boy. The boy must become an individual having complete knowledge of the world. He should know the mystery¹ in the creation of birds, bees and flowers. He should be a dependent upon himself. He should not blindly follow the crowds. After listening to everybody, he should conclude² himself to do whatever he wants to do. Thus he should become an individual with virtue³.

General Relevance: It is general for one to consider the opinion of the crowds, but a teacher, according to the author, should guide the boy in the right direction to decide the way for himself. A boy should become resolute1 in his decisions.

1. విచిత్రము
2. పూర్తిచేయుట
3. సుగుణము
4. మార్పులేని నిర్ణయము కలిగియుండుట, నిబ్బరముగానుండట

సందర్భము : “Abraham Lincoln’s Letter to his Son’s Teacher” అనే పాఠము నుండి ఈ వాక్య భాగము తీసుకొనబడినది. దీనిని USA కు 16వ రాష్ట్రపతియైన అబ్రహాంలింకన్ వ్రాశారు. చిన్న వయస్సులో నున్న బాలునికి ఎలా చదువు చెప్పాలి అనే విషయమై ఆయన చేసిన విజ్ఞాపన.

వివరణ : రచయిత, ఆ బాలునితో జాగ్రత్తగా వ్యవహరించవలెనని ఉపాధ్యాయునికి సలహా ఇస్తున్నాడు బాలుడు ఈ ప్రపంచంలో జ్ఞానము కలిగినవాడుగా సిద్ధం కావాలని చెప్పారు. పక్షులు, తేనెటీగలు మరియు పూల మొక్క సృష్టి చాలా విచిత్రము అని అతడు, తెలిసికొనాలి. అతడు తన మీదనే తాను ఆధారపడియుండాలి. అతడు సమాజాన్ని గ్రుడ్డిగా అనుసరించరాదు. ప్రతివారు చెబుతున్నది విని, అతడు తాననుకొన్నది తను చేసే పద్ధతిలో ఉండాలి. ఈ విధంగా అతడు మంచి గుణములు కలిగినవాడు కావాలి.

సాధారణ భావన : సహజంగా జనం యొక్క ఉద్దేశాన్ని పరిశీలించడం అనేది సహజమైన విషయము. కానీ రచయిత ఉద్దేశం ప్రకారం, ‘బాలుణ్ణి సరియైన మార్గంలో నడిపించాలి. అతడు తన మార్గంతానే నిర్ణయించుకొనగలిగేలా చేయాలి. ఒక అబ్బాయి తన నిర్ణయముల విషయములో నిబ్బరంగా ఉండాలి.

2. Annotations (Poetry) :

(a) To break this shadow into a thousand lights of sun, into a thousand wirling dreams of sun.
Answer:
Context: These lines are taken from the poem “As I Grew Older’ written by the Black Poet Langston Hughes. The poem is filled with the revolting aims of the black people in America. His former views about his dream are given here.

Explanation: The poet had an impediment¹ on his way to realise his dream. It was as big as a wall touching the sky. The wall was there between the individual and his dream. The person was left in its shadow². There was no other go except to yield³ to the circumstances.

He could not strike the wall and so he could not go into the light of the Sun. But, the person had a decisive⁴ mind. He knew that the problem was strong. But he smashed⁵ the walls of race. He broke it into pieces. There was no trace of it actually the race discrimination⁶ was thrown away from the country through the effects of great leaders like Abraham Lincoln. The poet waited patiently⁷, put his energies into the struggle and finally got it. This the bright light of thousand suns shone over the thousand dreams of the aspirants.

General relevance: The problem was very powerful. The people suppressed⁸ were many. But there was a great struggle. Everyone participated in it. The poet got his dream succeeded because, he had a decisive mind.

1. ఆటంకము
2. నీడ
3. లోబడుట
4. నిర్ణయాత్మకమైన
5. నాశనమైన
6. జాతి వివక్షత
7. ఓర్పుగా
8. అణచివేసెను

సందర్భము : Langston Hughes అనబడే నల్లజాతి కవి వ్రాసిన “As I Grew Older” అనే పద్యం నుండి ఈ వాక్యములు తీసుకొనబడినవి. ఈ పద్యము అమెరికాలోని నల్లజాతి ప్రజల తిరుగుబాటు, ఆలోచనలతో నిండియున్నది. ఆయన కల పట్ల ఆయనకు గల ప్రాథమిక ఆలోచనలు ఇక్కడ ఇవ్వబడినవి.

వివరణ : తన కల నెరవేరడానికి, కవికి ఒక ఆటంకము ఉంది. ఆకాశాన్నంటే గోడంత ఎత్తున ఉన్నది. ఆ వ్యక్తికి, ఆ కలకు మధ్య అడ్డుగోడగా ఉండెను. ఆ వ్యక్తి దాని నీడలోకి వెళ్ళెను. పరిస్థితులకు లోబడుట తప్ప వేరొక దారి లేదు. ఆ గోడను తాను పడగొట్టలేడు గనుక సూర్యుని వెలుగులోనికి వెళ్ళలేడు. కానీ ఆయనకు నిర్ణయాత్మకమైన మనసుంది. ఆ సమస్య బలమైనది అని ఆయనకు తెలుసు. కానీ జాతి గోడలను నాశనం చేశాడు. దానిని ముక్కలుగా చేశాడు. వాటి గురుతులే లేవు. వాస్తవంగా అబ్రహాం లింకన్ వంటి ‘గొప్ప నాయకుల ప్రయత్నముల చేత ఈ జాతి వివక్షత పారద్రోలబడింది. కవి ఓర్పుగా ఎదురు చూశాడు. తన శక్తిని ఉపయోగించాడు మరియు చివరికి సాధించాడు. ఈ విధంగా వేయి సూర్యుల కాంతి, ఆ వేయి కలలు గంటున్న వారిపై ప్రకాశించింది.

సాధారణ భావన : ఈ సమస్య చాలా శక్తివంతమైనది. ఎంతోమంది అణచివేయబడ్డారు. కానీ గొప్ప పోరాటం జరిగింది. అందరూ పాల్గొన్నారు. కవి తన కలను నెరవేర్చుకున్నాడు. ఎందుకంటే ఆయనకు గట్టి నిశ్చయత ఉంది.

(b) I know why your eyes leap away when they meet mine, why they quickly stray from their quiet contact.
Answer:
Context: These lines are taken from the poem ‘To A Student’ written by Kamala Wijeratne. In this poem the poet gives a message to the youth. This world is filled with hatred and bloodshed. A student should understand the real atmosphere and try to pursue peace and hormony.

Explanation: In these lines, the poet expresses her worry at the students attitude. He could not look straightly into the eyes of the teacher. His ears have been filled with the news of bloodshed and hatred. So the student is afraid of the statement of the teacher. News of dangerous incidents, ethnic conditions, landmines, explosions, splinters of bones is heard by the student. So, the poet thinks it correct for the student to turn away his eyes and ears to the advice of the teacher. The poet fights against the day to day cruel events.

General relevance: The poet’s view that it is correct for the student to be a verse to any of the advice given by a teacher, seems to be correct. The anguish in the mind of the poet about the pitiable condition of the students is clearly shown in these lines.

సందర్భము : కమలా విజేరత్నే వ్రాసిన ‘To A Student’ అనబడే పద్యము నుండి ఈ వాక్యములు తీసుకొనబడినవి. ఈ పద్యంలో ఆ కవి యువతకు మంచి ఉపదేశము ఇస్తున్నారు. ప్రపంచమంతా ఏహ్యభావము మరియు యుద్ధము అనే వాటితో నిండిపోయి ఉన్నవి. విద్యార్థి నిజమైన వాతావరణమును గ్రహించి శాంతి, సమగ్రతలను సాధించడానికి ఉద్యుక్తుడు కావాలి.

వివరణ : ఆ విద్యార్థి యొక్క పరిస్థితిని బట్టి కవి, తన యొక్క ఆందోళన తెలుపుచున్నారు. ఆ ఉపాధ్యాయుని కళ్ళల్లోనికి అతడు సూటిగా చూడలేకపోతున్నాడు. రక్తపాతము మరియు ఏహ్యభావమునకు సంబంధించిన వార్తలతో అతని చెవులు నిండిపోయి ఉన్నది. అందుచేత ఆ విద్యార్థి ఉపాధ్యాయుని ప్రకటన పట్ల భయపడుతున్నాడు. ప్రమాదకరకమైన సంఘటనలు రక్తపాతము గల స్థితులు, మందుపాతరలు పేల్చివేతలు, ఎముకల ముక్కలు చెల్లాచెదురగుట మొదలైన వారి వార్తలు అతనికి వినబడుతున్నాయి. అందుచేత ఆ విద్యార్థి తన ముఖమును త్రిప్పుకొని, తన చెవులతో వినకుండా ఉండడం సమంజసమే అని ఉపాధ్యాయుడనుకొంటున్నారు. రోజురోజుకు జరుగుతున్న క్రూరమైన సంఘటనలకు వ్యతిరేకంగా కవి పోరాడుతున్నారు.

సాధారణ భావన : ఒక ఉపాధ్యాయుని నుండి వచ్చే ఏ విధమైన సలహాలనైనను వినకుండా విద్యార్థి వ్యతిరేక భావన చూపడం అనేది సరియైనదే అని కవి అనుకొంటున్నారు. కవిగారి మనసులోని ఆందోళన అనగా ఆ విద్యార్థి యొక్క దీనస్థితిని బట్టి కలిగిన దయనీయమైన భావన ఈ వాక్యములలో కనబడుతున్నది..

(c) Give me the strength never to disown the poor.
Answer:
Context: These lines are extracted from the poem “This is my Prayer to thee my Lord” written by Rabindranath Tagore. He was a Nobel laureate and his poems are filled with philosophy. Here this small poem is a prayer to God to make him a real follower.

Explanation: Rabindranath Tagore’s prayer is honest. He prays to the God Almighty¹ to make him successful in his deeds of love. He wants to have equanimity both at happiness and at difficulties. He wants to show affection² towards the poor and the needy. His mind should rise to the supreme level of showing love at others without selfishness. He wants to utilise³ his strength for the good of the people.

General relevance: The prayer is a universal⁴ appeal. It pertains to the world of truth, love and service. It is a general ambition that the righteous⁵ people aim at.

1. సర్వ శక్తిమంతుడు
2. ప్రేమ
3. ఉపయోగించుకొనుట
4. విశ్వజనీయమైన
5. నీతిగల, సత్యవంతులైన

సందర్భము : ఈ వాక్యాలు రవీంద్రనాథ్ ఠాగూర్ గారు రచించిన ‘This is my Prayer to thee my Lord’ అనే ఈ పద్యం నుండి తీసుకొనబడినవి. ఆయన నోబెల్ బహుమతి గ్రహీత మరియు ఆయన పద్యములు వేదాంతముతో నింపబడినవి. ఈ చిన్న పద్యము, నిజమైన follower గా దేవునికి ప్రార్థించే విధానము అయి ఉన్నది.

వివరణ : రవీంద్రనాథ ఠాగూర్ గారు పద్యంలో చాలామంచి వివరణలు ఇచ్చారు. ఆయన తన జీవితంలో స్థిత ప్రజ్ఞత కలిగి ఉండాలి. ఈ పద్యంలో చెప్పబడిన స్థితప్రజ్ఞత అనే నీతి జీవితంలో చాలా ముఖ్యమైనది. ఈ రెండు విషయాలలో సమతౌల్యం ఉండాలి. సంతోషంలో మరియు విచారంలో హృదయం పాడుచేయబడరాదు. మిగతా చిన్న చిన్న విషయాలన్నింటిని అధిగమించి, ఉన్నతమైన భావాలతో నిండిన మనస్సును కోరుతున్నారు.

సాధారణ భావన : ఠాగూరు గారి ప్రార్థన గొప్ప కోరికలతో నిండియున్నది. బీదవారికి, అవుసరలతో ఉన్న వారికి ప్రేమ, అనురాగము చూపాలి. అట్టివారి పట్ల విజయవంతమైన ప్రేమను ఆశిస్తున్నారు.

(d) Others, like soldiers armed in their stings make boot upon the summer’s velvet buds.
Answer:
Context: These lines are taken from the poem “Common Wealth of Bees” written by Shakespeare. It is extracted from the play Henry V, Act I and Scene 2. The example of a beehive¹ is given here, by the dramatist, to bring a lesson.

Explanation: William Shakespeare describes the Beehive with all its specialities¹. There is the king bee around which all the other bees surround. There are worker bees, male bees, soldier bees and others. The soldiers have stingers² to fight against the enemy. The soldiers make an expedition upon the beautiful and tender³ flowers. They make a booty of honey and return to the hive. In summer we see these busy bees running towards the plants. Sometimes, we use their stings⁴ against the enemy. Similarly, the citizens of a kingdom should do their duty carefully and save the king and the kingdom. At every level of this work, there is discipline and the bees make a good example of this activity⁵.

General relevance: A group of bees in a hive, does whatever work is given to it. The soldier bees work hard and collect honey to save it in the beehive. Sometimes they are like soldiers going against the enemy and often they are soldiers to fight and collect the booty from the gardens.

1. ప్రత్యేకతలు
2. కుట్టేముళ్ళు
3. సున్నితమైన
4. ముళ్ళు
5. పని
6. సంపద, ఎక్కువ ప్రయోజనాలు

సందర్భము : విలియం షేక్స్పియర్ వ్రాసిన Common Wealth of Bees అనే పద్యం నుండి ఈ వాక్యములు తీసుకొనబడినవి. అది హెన్రీ – V, మొదటి Act, 2వ సీను నుండి తీసుకొనబడినది. ఒక తేనెపట్టు యొక్క ఉదాహరణ, ఒక పాఠము కొరకు ఇవ్వబడినది.

వివరణ : షేక్స్పియర్ ఒక తేనెపట్టును గురించి, దాని ప్రత్యేకతలను గురించి వర్ణించారు. రాజు ఈగ చుట్టూ మిగతా ఈగలు ప్రోగవుతాయి. శ్రామిక ఈగలు, మగ ఈగలు, సైనిక ఈగలు మరియు ఇతరములున్నాయి. శత్రువుతో పోరాడడానికి సైనిక ఈగలు ముళ్ళు కలిగియున్నవి. అందంగా, సున్నితంగా ఉన్న పూలమీద అవి దండయాత్ర చేస్తాయి. అవి విస్తారంగా తేనెను సంపాదించిన ఇంటికి చేరుతాయి. వేసవిలో ఇవి మొక్కలవైపు వెళ్ళడం చూస్తాము. కొన్నిసార్లు అవి తమ శత్రువుల మీద ముల్లు గుచ్చుతుంది. అదే విధంగా ప్రజలు, రాజును, రాజ్యాన్ని జాగ్రత్తగా చూచుకొనడానికి ప్రయత్నించాలి. ఈ పనిలో ప్రతిస్థాయిలో క్రమశిక్షణ ఉన్నది. తేనెటీటలు దీనికి మంచి ఉదాహరణయై ఉన్నది.

సాధారణ భావన : ఒక తేనెపట్టులోని ఈగలు వాటికివ్వబడిన దానిని చేస్తాయి. సైనిక ఈగలు కష్టపడి పనిచేసి, తేనెపట్టును తేనెతో నింపుతాయి. కొన్నిసార్లు అవి శత్రువుల మీద సైనికుల వలె ఉంటాయి. కొన్నిసార్లు అవి సైనికులుగా ఎక్కువ మొత్తంలో తేనెను, తోటల నుండి తెస్తాయి.

3. Paragraph Questions (Prose):

(a) What is Rajaji’s advice to the students of higher learning ?
Answer:
C. Rajagopalachari gave an inspiring speech at Nagpur Institute of Technology in the year 1948. He was a statesman and an orator. He was very happy to listen¹ to the speech made by a girl student. He thought that a new trend² had emerged³ in the society. Girl students are competing with boys. The youth of India has to maintain good character. They should live upto the standards of India. The country had a great tradition⁴. They should become good bricks in the construction⁵ of a nation. Honesty⁶ and hard work should be maintained by the students. Straight forwardness⁷ is needed at every stage. As we got independence we should accept our responsibility and should make the nation strong.

1. వినుట
2. విధానము
3. వేగంగా వచ్చెను
4. సంప్రదాయము
5. కట్టడము
6. నిజాయితీ
7. ఋజుమార్గవర్తన

శ్రీ రాజగోపాలచారి 1948లో నాగపూరు ఇన్స్టిట్యూట్ ఆఫ్ టెక్నాలజీలో ఒక భావస్ఫోరకమైన సంభాషణ చేశారు అతడు మంచి రాజనీతిజ్ఞుడు మరియు ఉపన్యాసకుడు. ఒక అమ్మాయి మాట్లాడినది ఎంతో సంతోషంగా విన్నాడు. ఒక నూతన ఒరవడి ప్రారంభమైనది అనుకొన్నాడు. విద్యార్థినులు, విద్యార్థులతో పోటీపడుతున్నారు. భారతదేశపు యువత మంచి ప్రవర్తనను నేరపాలి. భారతదేశపు ప్రమాణములకు తగినట్లు బ్రతకాలి. ఈ దేశానికి ఒక మంచి సంప్రదాయము కలదు. ఈ జాతి నిర్మాణములో వారు మంచి రాళ్ళుగా తయారు కావాలి. విద్యార్థులు నిజాయితీ, కష్టపడి పనిచేయుట అనునవి అలవాటు చేసికొనాలి. ఋజుమార్గ వర్తన అనునది ప్రతిస్థాయిలో కావాలి. మనకు స్వాతంత్ర్యము వచ్చింది గనుక మన బాధ్యతను అంగీకరించి, ఈ జాతిని బలపరచాలి.

(b) How can the teacher instill faith, love and courage in Lincoln’s son ?
Answer:
Abraham Lincoln wrote a letter to the teacher of his son. His letter is filled with a number of suggestions to the teacher. The teacher should be careful in his dealing with the boy. The boy should be adventurous¹. He should know that a friend should be seen in an enemy. His behaviour with others should be gentle². Cynicism should not be encouraged. He must be adventurous to tackle wars, tragedy and sorrow. Faith in himself leads to faith in mankind³. Thus faith, love and courage could be instiled⁴ in Lincoln’s son.

1. ధైర్యము కలిగిన వాడు
2. సున్నితంగా
3. మానవజాతి
4. పాదుకొల్పుట, కలుగజేయుట

అబ్రహాంలింకన్ తన కుమారుని ఉపాధ్యాయునికి ఒక ఉత్తరం వ్రాశారు. ఆ ఉత్తరంలో ఉపాధ్యాయునికి ఎన్నో సలహాలున్నవి. ఉపాధ్యాయుడు, ఆ బాలుని పట్ల బహుజాగ్రత్తగా వ్యవహరించాలి. ఆ అబ్బాయి ధైర్యశాలి అయియుండాలి. ఒక శత్రువులో ఒక మిత్రుణ్ణి చూడగలిగి యుండాలి. ఇతరులతో అతని ప్రవర్తన సౌమ్యంగా ఉండాలి. ఇతరుల అభివృద్ధిని ఓర్చలేని లక్షణాన్ని ప్రోత్సహించరాదు. యుద్ధాలు, బాధలు, విచారాలను ధైర్యంగా ఎదుర్కొవాలి. తన మీద తనకు నమ్మకముంటే అది మానవజాతి మీద నమ్మకం కలిగిస్తుంది. ఈ విధంగా విశ్వాసము, ప్రేమ మరియు ధైర్యము అను వానిని లింకన్ గారి కుమారునిలో నింపాలి.

(c) How does information technology, according to Abdul Kalam and Rajan, change the agriculture sector ?
Answer:
APJ Abdul Kalam and Y.S.Rajan wrote the essay “Digital Technologies”. They have a vision for India in all its development. Digital technology is useful to develop the sectors of Agriculture, Industry and Service. Agriculture sector should use Information Technology more intensity¹. Monitoring the crops², soil³ conditions, water resources⁴, better weather forecasts, marketing of the products should be connected with these new technologies. Then only agriculture can be developed to make India self sufficient.

1. బలంగా
2. పంటలు
3. నేల
4. వనరులు

APJ Abdul Kalam మరియు Y.S.రాజన్ అనువారు “Digital Technologies” అనబడే ఈ వ్యాసాన్ని వ్రాశారు. వారు భారతదేశము యొక్క అభివృద్ధిని గురించి ఒక vision (దార్శనికత) కలిగి యున్నారు. డిజిటల్ టెక్నాలజీ అనునది, వ్యవసాయము, పరిశ్రమలు మరియు సేవా రంగములు అభివృద్ధి చెందుటకు పనికి వస్తుంది. వ్యవసాయరంగము, ITని పూర్తిగా ఉపయోగించుకోవాలి. పంటలు పండించుట, నేల స్వభావములు, నీటి వనరులు, మంచి వాతావరణ అంచనాలు, తయారయిన వస్తువుల యొక్క వ్యాపారము మొదలైనవి. ఈ క్రొత్త technologies కు సంధానం చేయాలి. అప్పుడే వ్యవసాయము అభివృద్ధి చెంది, భారతదేశము స్వయం సమృద్ధమవుతుంది.

(d) What are the difficulties faced by Arunima while climbing Everest? What do you learn from her story?
Answer:
Dr. B. Sowjanya compiled the particulars of the life of Arunima Sinha, with the title. She Conquered Everest. Arunima Sinha got her left leg amputated and a rod was inserted1 in the right leg. She had firm decision to go over the Everest. She did a basic course in mountaineering. She took the blessings of Bachendripal. As she started climbing the mountain, the ankle² and heel³ were swiveling. She was losing grip. There was severe pain in the other leg. At a height of 3500 feet, on the death zone, there were many dead bodies and she was not afraid of the situation⁴. Eventhough oxygen was less in quantity, she moved forward and reached the summit⁵ on 21^st May 2013. Even after that she was in a critical⁶ position. Her helper brought a new cylinder of oxygen and thus she could survive. The confidence and courage saved⁷ her. From her life, everybody should learn that all the obstructions⁸ could be put aside⁹ when there is a strong will and continuous effort.

1. లోపల వుంచబడెను
2. మడమ
3. మడమను కప్పియుంచే తొడుగు
4. పరిస్థితి
5. శిఖరము
6. విపత్కరమైన
7. కాపాడెను
8. అడ్డంకులు
9. ప్రక్కను

డా॥ బి. సౌజన్య “She conquered Everest” అనే పేరుతో అరుణిమ సిన్హా యొక్క జీవిత విశేషాలను సేకరించారు. అరుణిమ సిన్హా యొక్క ఎడమకాలు తెగగొట్టబడినది మరియు కుడికాలులో ఒక రాడ్డు వున్నది. ఆమె ఎవరెస్టు మీదికి వెళ్లాలని గట్టి నిశ్చయముతో వున్నది. పర్వతారోహణలో ఒక చిన్న కోర్సు చేశారు. బచేంద్రిపాల్ అను వారి ఆశీస్సులు పొందింది. ఆమె పైకెక్కుతుండగా కాలు మడమ వేరయి పట్టు తప్పుతోంది. రెండవకాలిలో భయంకరమైన నొప్పి. 3500 అడుగుల ఎత్తు death zone లో శవాలు వున్నా, ఆమె ఆ పరిస్థితికి భయపడలేదు. ఆక్సిజన్ తక్కువగా వున్నా ఆమె ముందుకు సాగి 2013 మే 21న ఆ శిఖరాన్ని చేరుకొన్నారు. దాని తర్వాత కూడా విపత్కర పరిస్థితిలో వున్నారు. ఆమె సహాయకుడు ఒక క్రొత్త ఆక్సిజన్ సిలిండరు తేగా ఆమె రక్షింపబడింది. ఆమె నమ్మకము మరియు ధైర్యము ఆమెను రక్షించాయి. ఎన్ని అడ్డంకులు వచ్చినా వాటిని ప్రక్కన పెట్టడానికి, గట్టి నమ్మకము, ఎడతెగని శ్రమ వుంటే చాలు అని ఆమె జీవితాన్ని బట్టి ప్రతి ఒక్కరు గ్రహించాలి.

4. Paragraph Questions (Poetry) :

(a) What is the theme of the poem “As I Grew Older” ?
Answer:
Langston Hughes wrote the poem ‘As I Grew Older’. He was an African American poet. He produced a lot of literature. His literature is filled with the problems of the black people in America. ‘As I Grew Older, is an aspiration of this poet for his dream.

In the former days, the poet could not understand the problems around. As days pass by, things started to come before him. A big wall had grown between himself and his dream. It was the obstacle of race discrimination.¹ The darkness of this wall, threw him into the shadow. Beyond the wall there was the bright light of the Sun. He wanted to break down² the wall. The barrier of his race discrimination was so powerful that he could not easily do away with it. But in the heart of hearts,³ he had a belief. Without a dream, life is worthless, without achieving the dream, one could not survive⁴ in the world. The poet used powerful language to break the evil of the society. He wanted to smash the wall into pieces. He thought that his effort would give him spiritual strength. He wanted to prove it through his efforts. Thus the poet presented a poem, which enthused⁵ the reader towards superior ambitions. His dream was realised.

1. జాతివివక్షత
2. పగిలిపోవుట
3. హృదయాంతరాళాలలో
4. జీవించియుండుట
5. వేగంగా గ్రహించుట

Longston Hughes ‘As I Grew Older’ అనబడే పద్యాన్ని వ్రాశారు. ఆయన ఒక ఆఫ్రికన్ అమెరికా దేశీయుడు. ఆయన చాలా సాహిత్యము వ్రాశారు. అమెరికాలోని నల్లవారి సమస్యలతో ఈ సాహిత్యము నిండి ఉంటుంది. ‘ As I Grew Older’ అనునది కవికి తన కల పట్ల గల ఉత్సుకతయైయున్నది.

ఆయన తొలిరోజులలో కవి తన చుట్టూ ఉన్న పరిస్థితులను అర్థం చేసుకొనలేదు. రోజులు గడిచాక సమస్యలు ఆయన ముందుకు రావడం ప్రారంభమైనది. ఆయనకు ఆయన కలకు మధ్య ఒక గోడ పెరిగింది. అది జాతి వివక్షత అనే ఆటంకము. ఆ గోడ యొక్క చీకటి అతనిని ఛాయలోనికి నడిపింది. ఆ వెనుక చక్కని సూర్యుని వెలుతురున్నది. ఆ గోడను విరుగగొట్టాలని ఆయన అనుకొంటున్నాడు. జాతి వివక్ష అనే ఆటంకము అంత తేలికగా తీసివేయలేనిదిగా ఉండెను. కానీ ఆయన హృదయాంతరాళంలో అతనికి ఒక నమ్మకం ఉంది. కల లేకపోతే జీవితం వ్యర్థం. కలను సాధించకుండా ప్రపంచంలో మనిషి జీవించలేడు. సంఘంలోని చెడును తొలగించడానికి కవి గట్టి భాషను వాడారు. ఆ గోడని ముక్కలు చేయాలనుకొన్నాడు. ఆయన ప్రయత్నాలు అతనికి ఆత్మీయశక్తినిస్తాయి అనుకొన్నాడు. అతడు దానిని తన ప్రయత్నముల ద్వారా నిరూపించాలను కొన్నాడు. ఈ విధంగా విలువైన ఆశయాల వైపుకు నడిపించే ఒక పద్యాన్ని కవి మనకు ఇచ్చాడు. ఆయన కల నెరవేరింది.

(b) How unique is Tagore’s Prayer to God ?
Answer:
Rabindranath Tagore was a poet, dramatist¹ and a philosopher². He was a Nobel laureate³ for the book Gitanjali. In the 36^th song of Gitanjali, Tagore submits himself to God. He prays to God to help him by means of striking at the depths⁴ of his heart. This prayer is aimed at getting the strength to serve the poor. His thoughts should be at the higher level. He should submit himself to God wholeheartedly⁵. Thus this small poem extends⁶ the aim of love and service. Both joys and sorrows should be taken equally. Thus the prayer is filled with unique⁷ ideas.

1. నాటక రచయిత
2. వేదాంతి
3. నోబెల్ గ్రహీత
4. లోతులు
5. హృదయమంతటితో
6. చెప్పుచున్నది
7. ప్రత్యేకమైన

రవీంద్రనాథ ఠాగూర్గారు ఒక కవి, నాటకకర్త మరియు ఒక వేదాంతి. ‘గీతాంజలి’ అను పుస్తకమునకు ఆయన నోబెల్ బహుమతి గ్రహీత అయినారు. 36వ పద్యంలో ఠాగూరు గారు తనను తాను భగవంతునికి సమర్పించుకున్నారు. తన హృదయపు లోతులలోనికి వెళ్ళి ఆయనను మార్చవలెనని, అట్టి సహాయము కొరకు వేడుకొన్నారు. బీదవారికి సహాయము చేయుటకు కావలసిన శక్తిని ప్రసాదించుటకు ఈ ప్రార్థన ఉద్దేశించబడినది. ఆయన ఆలోచనలు ఉన్నత స్థాయిలో ఉండాలి. అతడు హృదయపూర్వకంగా భగవంతునికి అర్పించుకొనాలి. ఈ విధంగా ఈ చిన్న పుస్తకము ప్రేమ మరియు సేవ అనే విషయాలను చూపుతున్నది. కష్టములు మరియు ఆనంధము ఒకటిగా (సమానంగా) తీసుకొనాలి. ఈ విధంగా ఈ పద్యము ప్రత్యేకత కలిగియున్నది.

(c) Explain the power of words according to the poet in the poem “Boby”.
Answer:
K. Sivareddy, a poet, in Telugu literature produced a number of books and got fame¹. His poem ‘Body’ was translated into English by M. Sridhar and Alladi Uma. The body and its existence² is described in a varied way. A body is potentially strong and it has words to make it lively. Body is like a War Ship. It is strong and proves itself to be lively by means of the usage of words. There are words useful for struggles, tears and wars. The body is like a fertile³ field, giving powerful store of words. The words coming from a womb⁴ strike the massive ocean⁵ and brings a change in the atmosphere. Some words are like arrows aimed at the opponent. Just like the continuous fire in a forest, the body is always hot and it is maintained by the heat of words. The sound of a word roars⁶ from the pen. Thus, words are the most activating agencies of the body. The body ignites other bodies, when they come closer and this is also possible because of the usage of words.

1. కీర్తి
2. అస్థిత్వము
3. సారవంతమైన
4. గర్భము
5. మహాసముద్రము
6. పెద్దశబ్దముతో అరచును.

కె. శివారెడ్డి అను తెలుగు కవిగారు తెలుగు సాహిత్యంలో చాలా పుస్తకాలు రచించి పేరు సంపాదించారు. M. శ్రీధర్ మరియు అల్లాడి ఉమ అనువారు Body అనే ఈ పద్యాన్ని ఇంగ్లీషులోకి తర్జుమా చేశారు. శరీరము దాని అస్థిత్వము ఒక భిన్నమైన రీతిలో వ్రాశారు. ఒక శరీరము బలం కలది మరియు దానిని సజీవంగా ఉంచుటకు మాటలుంటాయి. శరీరము ఒక యుద్ధ నౌక వంటిది. అది బలంగా వుంటుంది. మాటల ద్వారా దానిని సజీవంగా ఉంచగలుగునట్లు నిరూపించబడుతున్నది. పోట్లాటలకు, కన్నీటికి మరియు యుద్ధాలకు పనికి వచ్చుమాటలున్నాయి. శరీరము ఒక సారవంతమైన భూమి వంటిది. అది బలముగల మాటల సమూహమును కలిగియున్నది. గర్భమునుండి వచ్చుమాటలు మహాసముద్రాన్ని తాకి, వాతావరణంలో మార్పు తెస్తాయి. ప్రత్యర్థి మీద ఎక్కు పెట్టిన బాణములవంటివి కొన్ని మాటలు. అడవిలో ఎడతెగకుండా అగ్నియున్నట్లు మనిషి శరీరము ఎల్లప్పుడు వేడిగా వుంటుంది. మాటలతో ఆ వేడిని అలాగే నిలపాలి. ఆ మాటల హోరు కలం నుండి విన్పిస్తుంది. ఈ విధంగా మాటలు శరీరానికి చురుకుదనం ఇచ్చేవిగా వున్నాయి. దగ్గరకు వస్తే ఒక శరీరము ఇతర శరీరములను వెలిగించగలవు, ఇది మాటల ద్వారా కూడా సాధ్యము.

(d) According to Shakespeare, what are the lessons that human beings must learn from honey-bees?
Answer:
William Shakespeare was a play wright and a poet. He wrote a number of plays. ‘Common Wealth of Bees’ is an extract from the drama Henry V, Act I and Scene 2, Here the arch-bishop¹ of canterbury gives an interesting advice to the young king. King Henry was asked to look to the bee-hive.

The bee-hive is like a common wealth. There are many bees in the hive. There is a queen bee but Shakespeare takes it as king bee in his play. Around there are worker bees. There are soldiers to fight against the enemy. Some bees cover the holes with wax. The mechanic bees are there which do their own work. All the bees work from different angles² but for one goal. They collect honey for the whole of the crowd. They do it in order and none would swerve³ the duty. In the same manner the citizens of a kingdom should work carefully for the welfare of the kingdom.

Soldiers should be ready for war, workers to do their work, clever lawyers should work for law and order and every wing should work accordingly. The only goal is to keep the kingdom and the king safe. Shakespeare’s comparison is thought provoking⁴.

1. క్రీస్తు మతస్థుల ప్రధాన గురువు
2. కోణం
3. మార్గము నుండి తిప్పు
4. పుట్టించునట్టి

విలియం షేక్స్పియరు ఒక నాటక రచయిత మరియు కవి. ఆయన అనేక నాటకాలు వ్రాశారు. హేన్రీV, Act I, సీన్ 2 నుండి”Common Wealth of Bees” అనబడే ఈ భాగము తీసికొనబడింది. ఇక్కడ క్యాంటర్ బరీ ఆర్చిబిషప్ గారు, యువకుడైన రాజు ఒక మంచి సలహానిచ్చాడు. రాజుగారిని తేనెటీగల పట్టును చూడమంటున్నాడు.

తేనెపట్టు, ఒక కామన్వెల్త్ వలె వున్నది. ఆ పట్టులో అనేక ఈగలున్నాయి. దానిలో ఒక రాణి ఈగ ఉంటుంది. కానీ షేక్సి ఎయరు దానిని రాజుగా తీసికొంటున్నాడు. దాని చుట్టూ శ్రమపడే తేనెటీగలున్నాయి. శత్రువు మీద పోరాడడానికి సైనిక ఈగలున్నాయి. కొన్ని రంధ్రములను Waxతో పూడ్చుచున్నాయి. కొన్ని మెకానిక్ ఈగలు ఆ పనిని చేస్తున్నాయి. అన్ని ఈగల వేర్వేరు దిశలనుండి పని చేస్తున్నాయి గాని ఒకే గమ్యముతో చేస్తున్నాయి. అవి ఈగలన్నింటి కొరకు తేనెను ప్రోగుచేస్తాయి. అవి ఒక క్రమంలో చేస్తాయి. ఏ ఒక్కటి తన డ్యూటీని తప్పదు. అదే విధంగా ప్రతి పౌరుడూ, రాజ్యం కొరకు జాగ్రత్తగా పనిచేయాలి. సైనికులు యుద్ధానికి సిద్ధంగా వుండాలి, పనివారు పనికి తెలివైన న్యాయవాదులు న్యాయముకొరకు అలాగే ప్రతి విభాగము తనపనిలో వుండాలి. రాజ్యమును, రాజును క్షేమంగా వుంచడమే ధ్యేయంగా వుండాలి. షేక్స్పియర్ యొక్క పోలిక ఆలోచింపజేస్తున్నది.

5. Paragraph Questions (Non-detailed) :

(a) Give an account of the series of troubles the narrator experienced in the wake of winning a road engine.
Answer:
Rasipuram Krishnaswami Narayan was an Indo-Anglian writer. He wrote novels and short stories and got a great fame in the whole world. ‘Engine Trouble’ is an interesting short story.

The narrator¹ won a road engine in a lottery, for a ticket purchased² for two annas. He was happy that he got a big road engine which would bring him great fortune³. The engine was at the Gymkhana grounds and it has to be moved from that place. The Municipal authorities urged⁴ him to shift it. He paid rent for three months but it was burdensome⁵ for him and his family. He wanted to sell it. Nobody came forward to buy it.

The narrator firmly⁶ believed that one day it would make him rich. He requested some of the drivers to drive the engine but of no use⁷. There was a bargain with the secretary of a local club. The Municipal Chairman also expressed his helplessness⁸. The temple priest accepted to send the temple elephant to drag⁹ it. Fifty coolies at the rate of eight annas a day (half a rupee) got ready to push the engine from behind. The road engine had to be moved for half a furlong from the place.

The elephant was dragging the engine, the coolies were pushing¹⁰ from behind, and Joseph the driver was in the driver’s seat. A huge crowd¹¹ gathered there. As a result of confused dragging by the elephant, the driver Joseph and coolies in their own way. The engine went straight to the opposite wall and smashed¹² it. The difficulties of the narrator were multiplied¹³.

The dynamic world showed a way out. To his luck, a Swamiji arranged a yoga feat. He said that he would be ready to have the engine over his chest. But he needed a road engine and asked Municipal Chairmen for it. He didn’t have it. Then the narrator said that he had it. Are everything was ready to move the engine. The Swamiji’s assistant would drive the engine. Suddenly at this moment, a police officer came and stopped the show, there was no other go, for the narrator except to leave the town.

Luckily for him an earthquake hit the area. There was much damage¹⁴. Even the big Road Engine was moved into a discused well nearby. The owner of the house was very happy. The municipal authorities asked him to close it down. The engine fitted well like a cork. The owner accepted to construct the compound wall himself and also promised to pay all the expenditure, he had in that affair. When luck plucks, no one checks¹⁵. Loss to many by the earthquake, became a gain to the narrator.

1. కథను చెబుతున్న వ్యక్తి
2. కొనెను
3. అదృష్టము
4. ఒత్తిడి చేసెను
5. భారము
6. బలంగా
7. ప్రయోజనము లేని
8. నిస్సహాయత
9. లాగుట
10. వెనుక నుండి నెట్టుట
11. పెద్ద గుంపు
12. నాశనము చేసెను
13. రెట్టింపయ్యెను
14. నష్టము
15. అదృష్టము కలిసొస్తే ఎవరూ ఆపలేరు.

తెలుగు సారాంశము

రాశీపురం కృష్ణస్వామి నారాయణ్ అనువారు Indo-Anglian రచయిత. అయన నవలలు, చిన్న కథలు వ్రాసి, ప్రపంచంలో ప్రసిద్ధికెక్కారు. Engine Trouble అనునది ఆకర్షణీయమైన చిన్న కథ.

2 అణాలకు కొన్న ఒక లాటరీ టికెట్టు ద్వారా, ఈ కథకుడు ఒక రోడ్డు ఇంజను పొందాడు. ఆ పెద్ద ఇంజను అతనికి గొప్ప అదృష్టం తెచ్చిపెడుతుందని అతడు చాలా సంతోషంగా ఉండెను. ఆ ఇంజను జింఖానా గ్రౌండులో ఉండెను. దానిని అక్కడి నుండి కదపాలి. మున్సిపల్ అధికారులు, దానిని అక్కడ నుండి కదుపవలసినదిగా ఒత్తిడి చేశారు. మూడునెలలు దానికి అద్దె కట్టాడు గానీ అది భారంగా ఉండెను. దానిని అమ్మాలని అనుకొన్నాడు. ఎవరూ ముందుకు రాలేదు.

ఆ కథకుడు, తాను ఏదో ఒకనాడు అది ధనవంతుణ్ణి చేస్తుంది అనుకొన్నాడు. కొంతమంది డ్రైవర్లను అడిగినా వారు దానిని కదపలేదు. స్థానిక క్లబ్ సెక్రటరీతో సంప్రదించాడు. మున్సిపాలిటీ చైర్మన్ కూడా తన అశక్తతను ప్రకటించారు. దానిని లాగడానికి, దేవాలయ అర్చకుడు, దేవాలయ ఏనుగును పంపడానికి అంగీకరించాడు. 50 మంది కూలీలు రోజుకు 8 అణాలు (అర్ధరూపాయి) చొప్పున సిద్ధంగా ఉన్నారు. ఆ ఇంజను అక్కడి నుండి అరఫర్లాంగు దూరం కదలాలి.

ఏనుగు ఇంజనును లాగుతోంది, కూలీలు వెనుకనుండి నెట్టుతున్నారు. డ్రైవరు జోసఫ్ డ్రైవరు సీటులోనున్నాడు. పెద్దగుంపుగా ప్రజలు చేరారు. ఆ ఏనుగు కంగారుపడి తన ఇష్టము వచ్చినట్లు లాగింది. ఎదురుగా ఉన్న ఇంటి కాంపౌండు గోడకు తగిలి దానిని నాశనం చేసింది. కథకుని కష్టాలు పెరిగినాయి. అప్పుడు ఎంతో డబ్బు ఖర్చుపెట్టాలి.

ఈ ప్రపంచం మారుతూ వుంటుంది. అది ఒక మార్గం చూపింది. అదృష్టవశాత్తు ఒక స్వామీజీ ఒక యోగా కార్యక్రమం చేస్తున్నాడు. ఆ ఇంజనును తన గుండె మీద నడిపించగలనన్నాడు. ప్రతి విధమైన పని ముగించబడింది. స్వామీజీ యొక్క సహయకుడు ఇంజన్ను నడుపుతాడు. సరిగా అదే సమయంలో ఒక పోలీసు అధికారి వచ్చి దానిని ఆపివేశాడు. ఊరు విడచి వెళ్లడం తప్ప గత్యంతరం లేదు.

అదృష్టవశాత్తు ఒక భూకంపం వచ్చింది. చాలా నష్టం జరిగింది. ఆ పెద్ద ఇంజన్ కూడా ఎదురు ఇంటిలో ఉన్న పనికిరాని నూతిలో పడిపోయింది. ఆ ఇంటి యజమాని చాలా సంతోషించాడు. మున్సిపల్ అధికారులు దానిని మూసివేయమని తాకీదులు పంపారు. ఆ ఇంజన్ సరిగ్గా సరిపోయింది. తన కాంపౌండు గోడను తానే కడతానని, మరియు అప్పటివరకు అతనికి ఖర్చు తాను ఇస్తానని అంగీకరించాడు. అదృష్టం కలిసివస్తే ఎవ్వరూ ఆపలేరు. భూకంపం వలన ఎంతో మందికి నష్టము గానీ కథకునికి అది లాభదాయకమైనది.

(b) Why did Vijaya panic? Describe her reaction and anxiety about the missing of her son who had not returned home from college?
Answer:
P. Satyavathi is a noted Telugu writer. She produced a lot of Telugu stories and got reputation¹ with her prize winners stories. Her stories go round the lives of women and are very interesting with humour² and anxiety. The story is translated into English by
Y. Padmavathi.

Modern changes in life style have brought a lot of changes in thinking. Invention of Television, made a notable³ change in our daily life. Women sit before this small machine hours together and are accustomed⁴ to follow the stories, serials and other progra-mmes. They include horror⁵, envy⁶, revenge⁷ and so on. Women are habituated to think about these serials and are anxious to know the conclusion. Savitramma is the grandmother of Vijaya. Vijaya’s son is studying B.Tech. One day the boy did not return home, after the college hours.

Vijaya’s anxiety grew hour by hour. She had watched many episodes⁸ on the screen of the T.V. There were many stories running in her mind. Accidents while riding a motorbike, Laptop snatching by robbers and ultimate¹⁰ fightings, comments on the girl friend at a birth- day party, and ultimate death in the river fightings while swimming, cricket betting problems and several other incidents come into her mind. She was helpless¹¹. It was late in the night and the boy had not turned up. She did not take food not even a glass of water. The grandmother was trying to comfort her. The mother was in panic¹².

Vijaya was thinking in the negative¹³ side only. Her mind was fully dumped¹⁴ with similar events exhibited on the screen of the T.V. The grandmother was remembering similar experiences in her life and was trying to bring some solace¹⁵. Vijaya was recollecting the occasions in which she suggested the boy not to go in for anybody’s rescue. This idea was not acceptable to grandmother. She said that there should be compassion in one’s life. They were anxious but the boy did not come, even the next morning. The author did not tell about the boy’s return. It is not known whether the boy will come or not.

1. గౌరవము
2. హాస్యము
3. గమనింపదగిన
4. అలవాటుపడెను
5. భయోత్పాతము
6. అసూయ
7. ప్రతీకారము
8. భాగములు
9. లాగుకొనుట
10. తరువాతి
11. నిస్సహాయ స్థితి
12. భయోత్పాతము
13. వ్యతిరేకమైన
14. నింపెను
15. ఓదార్పు.

తెలుగు సారాంశము

పి. సత్యవతి గారు పేరుపొందిన తెలుగు రచయిత. ఆమె చాలా సంఖ్యలో తెలుగులో కథలు వ్రాసి, ప్రైజులు పొంది గొప్ప గౌరవము సంపాదించారు. ఆమె కథలు ఆడవారి జీవితాల చుట్టూ నడుస్తాయి. అవి హాస్యము మరియు ఆతురత అను లక్షణములు కలిగియుంటాయి. వై. పద్మావతి గారు దీనిని ఇంగ్లీషులోనికి తర్జుమా చేశారు.

జీవిత విధానములో ఆధునిక మార్పు, వేరైన ఆలోచనా ధోరణిని తెచ్చిపెట్టినది. T.V. ని కనిపెట్టడం మన నిత్యజీవితంలో గొప్ప మార్పు తెచ్చిపెట్టింది. స్త్రీలు ఈ చిన్న పెట్టె ముందు గంటల తరబడి కూర్చుండి, ఆ కథలను, సీరియల్స్ను మరియు ఇతర ప్రోగ్రామ్లు చూడడానికి అలవాటయ్యారు. అవి భయోత్పాతము, అసూయ, పగ తీర్చుకొనుట మొదలైనవి కలిసియుంటాయి. స్త్రీలు ఈ కార్యక్రమాలను, ధారావాహికలను చూడడానికి అలవాటుపడి, వారి ముగింపు తెలుసుకొనడానికి ఎక్కువ ఆతురత కలిగియుంటారు. సీతారావమ్మ అను ఆమె విజయగారి అమ్మమ్మ అయియున్నది. విజయ కుమారుడు B.Tech చదువుతున్నాడు. ఒకరోజున ఆ అబ్బాయి మామూలుగా కాలేజి తరువాత వచ్చే విధంగా రాలేదు.

విజయగారి ఆతురత గంట గంటకు పెరుగుతోంది. ఆమె T.V. తెరపై అనేక కథాభాగాలు చూసింది. ఆమె మనసులో అనేక కథలు మెదులుతున్నాయి. మోటారు సైకిలు నడుపుట, ల్యాప్ట్యాప్ లాగివేయుట అనంతరం యుద్ధాలు, పుట్టిన రోజు పార్టీలో స్నేహితురాలి మీద కామెంట్లు చేయుట, ఈదుతూ నదిలో మునిగిపోవుట, క్రికెట్ బెట్టింగు సమస్యలు, అలాంటి అనేక ఇతర సమస్యలు ఆమె మనసులోకి వచ్చాయి. ఆమె నిస్సహాయస్థితిలో ఉంది. గడియారం చూసింది. చాలా ప్రొద్దుపోయింది కానీ ఆ అబ్బాయి రాలేదు. ఆమె అన్నం తినలేదు. గ్లాసు నీళ్లు కూడా త్రాగలేదు. అమ్మమ్మ ఆమెను ఓదార్చడానికి ప్రయత్నిస్తోంది. తల్లి భయోత్పాతంలో ఉంది.

విజయ వ్యతిరేకంగానే ఆలోచిస్తున్నది. T.V. తెరమీద చూపబడిన, అలాంటి భయంకరమైన దృశ్యాలే కనబడుతున్నాయి. అమ్మమ్మ తన జీవితంలోని ఇలాంటి అనుభవాలను గుర్తుచేసి కొంటున్నారు. మరియు ఆమెకు ఓదార్పు కొరకు ప్రయత్నిస్తోంది. ఎవరికి సహాయానికి వెళ్లవద్దు అని తాను చెప్పిన సలహాను విజయ గుర్తుచేసికొంటోంది. ఈ విషయము అమ్మమ్మకు నచ్చలేదు. ఒక మనిషి జీవితంలో సానుభూతి ఉండాలి అంటున్నది. వారు చాలా ఆతురత పడుతున్నారు. కానీ ఆ అబ్బాయి మరుసటి ఉదయం కూడా రాలేదు. రచయిత్రి ఆ అబ్బాయి తిరిగి రావడం గురించి చెప్పలేదు. ఆ అబ్బాయి వస్తాడా, రాడా అనేది తెలియదు.

(c) Justify the statement “A diseased mind is even more harmful than the actual disease itself” with reference to O. Henry’s ‘The Last Leaf.
Answer:
O. Henry was an American short story writer. His stories have the ironic endings. They belong to the American common man¹ of the 20^th century. The story Last Leaf is with affection, sacrifice² and friendship.

Johnsy and Sue were artists maintaining a studio in Newyork. Those days Johnsy was with pneumonia and she was afraid of the disease. She believed that the disease would take her life. Sue was hopeful of her friend’s survival. She was taking care of her. While drawing pictures she took old Mr. Behrman as her model paint. He was a drunkard but wanted to become a noted painter. He used to say that he would great a master piece. But everytime he failed because of his habits³ and health.

That day Sue told Behrman about the illhealth⁴ of Johnsy and her fear. Johnsy was looking through the window. She could see an old vine creeper⁵ on the other wall. The leaves of the plant were falling down and so she thought that her days were also being counted. It was her firm opinion⁶ that she would die as the last leaf falls down. Behrman come to know this from Sue. He could not accept the notion⁷ of Johnsy.

That night there was one leaf and Johnsy said that the last leaf would fall down by the next morning and that she would also die. Sue said that it was wrong. The doctor visited and said that Johnsy was completely alright. The last leaf did not fall down. It was hanging⁸ over there. She had some courage. The doctor said that Behrman was dead. Sue explained that Behrman painted the picture of the leaf on the wall and it saved her life. The last leaf was Behrman’s master piece. Behrman sacrificed his life painting the leaf in wind and the rain⁹. His leaf saved Johnsy and thus it became a master piece.

1. సామాన్యుడు
2. త్యాగము
3. దురలవాట్లు
4. అనారోగ్యము
5. తీగ
6. గట్టి భావన
7. ఉద్దేశము
8. వ్రేలాడుచున్న
9. గాలి మరియు వర్షము.

తెలుగు సారాంశము

O. హెన్రీ అమెరికాకు సంబంధించిన Short story writer అయివున్నారు. ఆయన కథలు ironic endings కలిగి ఉంటాయి. అవి 20వ శతాబ్దపు సామాన్య మానవునికి సంబంధించినవై ఉంటాయి. Last Leaf అనే ఈ చిన్న కథలో ప్రేమ, త్యాగము మరియు స్నేహభావము కనబడుతున్నాయి.

Johnsy మరియు Sue అనువారు న్యూయార్క్ ఒక స్టూడియోను నిర్వహిస్తున్న కళాకారిణులు. ఆ రోజులలో Johnsy న్యూమోనియా వ్యాధితో బాధపడుతుండెను. ఆ రోగమంటే ఆమెకు భయము కలిగింది. ఆ రోగము ఆమె ప్రాణం తీస్తుంది అని నమ్మింది. Sue తన స్నేహితురాలి ఆరోగ్యమును గురించి నమ్మకంగా ఉన్నది. ఆమె తన స్నేహితురాలిని చాలా జాగ్రత్తగా చూసుకొంటున్నది. బొమ్మలు గీసేటప్పుడు ఆమె Behrmanను మోడల్గా తీసికొంటుంది. అతడు త్రాగుబోతు మరియు తానొక గొప్ప Painter కావలెనని అనుకొంటాడు. తానొక master piece సృష్టిస్తానని అంటుంటాడు. కానీ అతని దురలవాట్లు, అనారోగ్యము కారణంగా, ప్రతిసారి సాధించలేకపోతున్నాడు.

ఆ రోజు Johnsy యొక్క అనార్యోగము మరియు ఆమె భయమును గూర్చి Sue, బెహర్మన్కు చెప్పింది. Johnsy ఆ కిటికీ గుండా చూస్తున్నది. ఆమె ఒక Ivy తీగను చూస్తున్నది. దాని ఆకులు రాలుతున్నాయి. అందుచేత తన రోజులు కూడా లెక్కింపబడుతున్నాయి అనుకొంది. ఆ చివరి ఆకులు రాలిపోతే తానుకూడా చనిపోతాననుకొంది. Behrman ఈ విషయం విన్నాడు. Johnsy యొక్క అభిప్రాయంతో అతడు ఏకీభవించలేదు.

ఆ రాత్రి ఒక్క ఆకు మాత్రమే ఉంది. Johnsy అన్నది, ‘ఆకు ఆ రాత్రి రాలిపోతుంది. తెల్లవారేసరికి తాను కూడా చనిపోతాను”, అని అన్నది. అలా కాదు అని Sue అన్నది. డాక్టరు వచ్చాడు. Johnsy పూర్తిగా ఆరోగ్యంగా ఉన్నది అన్నాడు. ఆ చివరి ఆకు రాలిపోలేదు. అక్కడే వ్రేలాడుతున్నది. ఆమెకు ధైర్యం వచ్చింది. డాక్టరు, Behrman చనిపోయాడని చెప్పాడు. Sue, బెహర్మన్ ఆ చివరి ఆకును, చిత్రించాడని అది Johnsy ప్రాణాన్ని రక్షించిందని తెలిపింది. ఆ Last Leaf అనునది Behrman యొక్క Master piece అయి యున్నది. అతడు చలిగాలి, వర్షంతో ఆ చివరి ఆకును చిత్రించాడు. ఆయన యొక్క చిత్రణ అనగా ఆ ఆకు ఆమె ప్రాణాన్ని రక్షించింది గనుక అది Master piece.

Section-B

6. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow : (5 × 1 = 5)

Whenever I hold a strategic planning session, the first value that all the executives agree on is integrity. Leaders know that honesty and integrity are foundations of lead- ership. Leaders stand up for what they believe in. For example, Jon Huntsman is a multi-billionaire who started a chemical company from scratch and grew it into a $ 12 billion enterprise. His book, Winners Never Cheat, is filled with stories taken from his own experience in which he steadfastly refused to compromise his principles. Huntsman says that integrity is the reason that he has been as successful as he is. “There are, basically, three kinds of people, the unsuccessful, the temporarily successful, and those who become and remain successful. The difference is character” he writes. Leaders with integrity are not afraid to face the truth. This is called the reality principle, or “seeing the world as it really is, not as you wish it to be.” It is perhaps the most important principle of leadership and dependent on integrity because it demands truthfulness and honesty.

Questions:

Question 1.
What are the foundations of leadership?
Answer:
Honesty and integrity.

Question 2.
What is the title of the book written by Jon Huntsman ?
Answer:
“Winners Never Cheat”

Question 3.
Name the kinds of people mentioned in the passage.
Answer:
The unsuccessful, the temporarily successful, those who become successful and remain successful.

Question 4.
Write the adjective form of the word ‘truth’.
Answer:
True.

Question 5.
The author emphasizes the importance of
(Choose the right option)
a) honesty and integrity
b) success
c) leadership.
Answer:
c) leadership.

Question 7.
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow : (5 × 1 = 5)

Throughout the 1700’s and 1800’s, continual rebellion occurred as the Indian people tried to drive the British out. The British government took control of the East India Company after a large rebellion in 1857. Conditions for the sepoys, Indian soldiers in the British army, caused unrest among them. They had lower pay than the Indians of the upper caste and saw discrimination in matters of privilege and promotion by the

British officers. The situation which finally pushed the soldiers to rebel was that tallow from cows and lard from pigs were put into the gun cartridges. The soldiers had to bite of the tallow or wax before putting them into their rifles. This offended both Muslims and Hindus for religious reasons. Mangal Pandey, a 29 year old sepoy played a key role in Sepoy mutiny. He urged the other sepoys to revolt against the British. Most of these rebels were defeated by spring, 1859. However, the revolt brought about great changes in relations between Indian and Britain.

Questions:

Question 1.
Who took control of East India Company after the rebellion in 1857 ?
Answer:
The British Government.

Question 2.
According to the passage, what does the word ‘sepoy’ mean?
Answer:
Sepoy means Indian soldiers in the British Army.

Question 3.
Who played a key role in Sepoy mutiny?
Answer:
Mangal Pandy, a 29 year old sepoy.

Question 4.
Which brought changes in relationship between India and British ?
Answer:
The revolt against the British.

Question 5.
What is antonym for the word ‘rebel’ ?
Answer:
accept.

Section – C

Note: The answers to questions in this section should be written at ONE PLACE in the answer-book separately. The entire section should be answered in one stretch and not mixed with other sections.

Question 8.
Fill in the blanks with ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’ : (6 × 1⁄2 = 3)

(a) Cricket is ……… interesting game.
Answer:
an

(b) Hindus read ……… Gita.
Answer:
the

(c) My uncle is …… doctor.
Answer:
a

(d) Mr. Brown in …….. European.
Answer:
a

(e) ……… Himalayas are in the North of India.
Answer:
the

(f) Radhika is ………… orphan.
Answer:
an

Question 9.
Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions :

(a) We have a party …….. his birthday.
Answer:
on

(b) I prefer to travel ………… train.
Answer:
by

(c) Amaravati is the capital city ……….. Andhra Pradesh.
Answer:
of

(d) I have been waiting for you ………… 7 o’clock.
Answer:
since

(e) The thieves broke down the door ………. a hammer.
Answer:
with

(f) John warned his son to keep away …….. bad company.
Answer:
from

Question 10.
Fill in the blanks with the suitable forms of the verbs given in the brackets : (5 × 1 = 5)

(a) He…………….. (study). Don’t disturb him now.
Answer:
is studing

(b) What …….. (be) your name?
Answer:
is

(c) When I entered her room, she ……. (play) the piano.
Answer:
was playing

(d) We ……… (finish) our breakfast half an hour ago.
Answer:
finished

(e) Someday I ……………… (write) a novel.
Answer:
will write

Question 11.
Rewrite the sentences as directed: (5 × 1 = 5)

(a) Roja has given me a gift. (Change the voice)
Answer:
I has been given a gift by Roja.
(Or)
A gift has been given to me by Roja.

(b) The teacher said to me, “I want to talk to you about your son’s progress”. (Change into indirect speech)
Answer:
The teacher told me that he wanted to talk to me about my son’s progress.

(c) Rahim is the best conductor. (Rewrite using “good”)
Answer:
No other conductor is as good as Rahim.

(d) This question is very difficult. I cannot answer. (Combine the sentences using too – to)
Answer:
This question is too difficult for me to answer.

(e) My brothers can’t swim. (Add a question tag)
Answer:
My brothers can’t Swim, can they?

Question 12.
Rewrite the following sentences correcting the underlined part: (5 × 1 = 5)

The entire sentence must be written.

(a) Cow is an useful animal.
Answer:
Cow is a useful animal.

(b) Look! Somebody knock at the door.
Answer:
Look! somebody is knocking at the door.

(c) She has been absent since three days.
Answer:
She has been absent for three days.

(d) Why are you angry on me?
Answer:
Why are you angry with me.

(e) When I am watching TV, the phone rang.
Answer:
When I was watching T.V., the phone rang.

Question 13.
Use ANY THREE of the following phrasal verbs in your own sentences: (3 × 1 = 3)

(a) turn off
Answer:
turn off: I have turned off all the lights and locked the door.

(b) walk out
Answer:
walk out: Two members of the committee walked out to show their resentment to the deliberations.

(c) look after
Answer:
Look after : Mother looks after her children affectionately.

(d) drop out
Answer:
drop out: There are many dropouts in the contest.

(e) end up
Answer:
end up: If you don’t study well, you will end up in a poorly paid job.

(f) get up.
Answer:
get up: He gets up at 50′ clock.

Question 14.
Identify the silent consonants in the following words : (6 × 1/2 = 3)

(a) debt
Answer:
debt = b

(b) psychology
Answer:
psychology = p

(c) castle
Answer:
castle = t

(d) guard
Answer:
guard = r

(e) folk
Answer:
folk = l

(f) reign
Answer:
reign = g

15. Identify the parts of speech of the underlined words : (6 × 1⁄2 = 3)

(a) Oh dear! What happened?
Answer:
Oh dear – Interjection

(b) Sneha found her cat outside.
Answer:
her – Adjective

(c) Meena doubts it she’ll pass the test.
Answer:
it – Conjunction

(d) Emma is smart and beautiful.
Answer:
is – Verb

(e) The bridegroom looked so handsome.
Answer:
handsome – Adjective

(f) The new car broke down.
Answer:
new – Adjective

16. Match the words in Column ‘A’ with their meanings/definitions in Column ‘B’ : (6 × 1⁄2 = 3)

Answer:
1) f
2) e
3) g
4) c
5) b
6) a

Question 17.
Convert the given information into a pie-chart : (1 × 5 = 5)

Mr. Gowtham’s monthly income is Rs. 30,000. He spends 25% of his salary on rent and 15% on food. Another 15% is spent on the education of his children. He uses 5% of his income for entertainment. Household and other expenses consume 20% of his salary. The remaining 20% of his income is saved.
Answer:

Or

Write a paragraph conveying the information given in the following tree diagram:

Answer:
It is the tree diagram of the positions of officials in an office.

Commissioner is the head of all. There are four different officers under him, Chief Accounts Officer, Additional Commissioner, Administrative Officer and State Officer. Next to the CAO, comes two officials Accounts Officer and Accounts head. The Accounts Head has two officers, officer 1 and Officer 2.

There are two Deputy Commissioners under the Additional Commissioner. Next to the Deputy Commissioner I, there are three divisions
1. Drug Division,
2. Project Division
3. Capital Project division.
Under the Deputy Commissioner 2 there are two projects Korba project and Admin project. Administrative Officers and the Estate officer work direct under the Commissioner.

Question 18.
Read the following transcriptions and write ANY FIVE words in ordinary spellings : (5 × 1 = 5)

For example: /hæpl/ = happy.

a) /mɅðǝ(r)/
Answer:
muder

b) /æksIdǝnt/
Answer:
accident

c) \(/ \mathrm{feI} \theta /\)
Answer:
faith

d) /sItIzn/
Answer:
citizen

e) /pI: pl/
Answer:
people

f) /k^stəmə(r)/
Answer:
customer

g) /hju:mǝn/
Answer:
human

h) /ǝbrɔ : d/
Answer:
abroad

i) /skIl/
Answer:
skill

j) /vændtl/
Answer:
vanity

Or

Find the word that is different from the other words in the group with regard to the sound of the underlined letters :

(a) lit sit site
Answer:
site

(b) author capture rapture
Answer:
another

(c) food look book
Answer:
food

(d) rosy lay rely
Answer:
rosy

(e) ode old odd
Answer:
odd

Question 19.
Write number of the syllables for ANY SIX of the following words :

(a) Confide
Answer:
Disyllabic

(b) Hound
Answer:
Monosyllabic word

(c) Innovation
Answer:
Polysyllabic

(d) Sort
Answer:
Monosyllabic

(e) Stray
Answer:
Monosyllabic

(f) Mystery
Answer:
Trisyllabic

(g) Despair
Answer:
Disyllabic

(h) Security
Answer:
Polysyllabic

(i) Insolent
Answer:
Trisyllabic

(j) Intervention.
Answer:
Polysyllabic

Question 20.
Complete the following dialogue :

Anil : Hi what’s going on!
Siril : Good! Thanks, how about you ?
Anil : Good! where are you (1) ……………….. now?
Siril : At shoes factory. But I am trying to find another job.
Anil : Really? Why?
Siril : : You know? I have been working there for more than 6 years, but I can’t even buy a ……….. (2)
Anil : But do you like the job? the people?
Siril : Yes of course. The place is nice and the ……………(3) are too.
Anil : Well, if you like the job and the workplace, I suggest that you apply ………… (4) for a house.
Answer:
1) working
2) bycle
3) people
4) loan.

Thoroughly reviewing AP Inter 1st Year English Model Papers and AP Inter 1st Year English Question Paper May 2019 helps in understanding the examiner’s expectations.

AP Inter 1st Year English Question Paper May 2019

Time : 3 Hours
Max.Marks: 100

Section – A

I. Annotations (Prose) :

a) “Teach him to learn how to gracefully lose and enjoy Winning when he does win”.
Answer:
Context: These lines are taken from the lessson “Abraham Lincoln’s Letter to his Son’s Teacher”, written by Abraham Lincoln, the noted 16th President of the U.S.A. It is about his appeal to the teacher, in instructing a boy of tender age.

Explanation: The author advises the teacher to be careful¹ in his dealing with the boy. The boy should have development in all spheres of life. He should tackle wars, tragedy and sorrow. Victory² and failures are natural in this world. The boy must have self confidence. He should not be disheartened when he loses. When he wins, he should feel joy and satisfaction³. This will make him honest and self reliant.

General Relevance: In this world, life is a blend of both success and failure. One should take the both equally. It is natural for one to get both these experiences. He should show right response to the occasion.

1. జాగ్రత్తగా ఉన్న
2. జయము, గెలుపు
3. తృప్తి

సందర్భము : “Abraham Lincoln’s Letter to his Son’s Teacher” అనే పాఠము నుండి ఈ వాక్య భాగము తీసుకొనబడినది. దీనిని USA కు 16వ రాష్ట్రపతియైన అబ్రహాం లింకన్ వ్రాశారు. చిన్న వయస్సులో ఉన్న బాలునికి ఎలా చదువు చెప్పాలి అనే విషయమై ఆయన చేసిన విజ్ఞాపన.

వివరణ : రచయిత, ఆ బాలుని విషయంలో జాగ్రత్తగా ఉండాలని ఉపాధ్యాయునికి సలహా ఇచ్చాడు. ఆ అబ్బాయి అన్ని రంగాలలో అభివృద్ధిని కలిగియుండాలి. అతడు యుద్ధాన్ని, బాధలను, విచారాన్ని ఎదిరించాలి. ఈ ప్రపంచంలో విజయాలు మరియు అపజయాలు సహజముగా ఉంటాయి. ఆ అబ్బాయికి ఆత్మనిబ్బరత ఉండాలి. ఓడినప్పుడు అతడు గుండె ధైర్యం చెడరాదు. గెలిచినప్పుడు సంతోషము మరియు సంతృప్తి కలిగియుండాలి. ఇది అతనిని నిజాయితీపరునిగా మరియు స్వయం సమృద్ధం అయ్యే విధంగా చేస్తుంది.

సాధారణ భావన : ఈ ప్రపంచంలో జీవితం, జయాపజయాలు కలిగియుంటుంది. ఆ రెంటిని సమానంగా తీసికొనాలి. ఈ రెండు అనుభవాలు ఒక మనిషికి సహజము. సందర్భానికి తగినట్లు సరియైన ప్రతిస్పందన చూపాలి.

b) She hung up her boots for a while and although she was a law graduate, she was facing the brunt1 of unemployment.
Answer:
Context : This passage is taken from the prose lesson “She Conquered Everest”. Which was compiled by Dr. B. Sowjanya. It is about the courageous lady Arunima Sinha and her life ambition².

Explanation: Arunima Sinha studied law. She was a cyclist and a player of Football as well as volley ball. She needed a job but with the law graduation she could not get a job. For some time she was away from sports and tried to get a job. She suffered because of unemployment.

General Relevance: It is natural to find difficulties in the life of an individual. Similarly³ Arunima Sinha suffered with unemployment and she could come out of this problem in a mysterious⁴ way.

1. వ్యతిరేక ఫలితములు
2. వాంఛ
3. అదేవిధంగా
4. విచిత్రంగా

సందర్భము : డా॥ సౌజన్య గారు సేకరించిన, “She Conquered Everest” అనే పాఠములో నుండి ఈ ప్యాసేజి తీసుకొనబడింది. అది, ధైర్యము గల అమ్మాయి అయిన అరుణిమ సిన్హా మరియు ఆమె యొక్క జీవితాశయం గురించినదై యున్నది. వివరణ : అరుణిమ సిన్హా ‘లా’ చదివారు. ఆమె సైక్లిస్టు మరియు ఫుట్బాల్ మరియు వాలీబాల్ ఆడగలవారు. ఆమెకు ఒక ఉద్యోగము కావాలి కానీ ‘లా’ పట్టభద్రతతో ఉద్యోగము రాలేదు. కొంతకాలము ఆటలు ఆపి, ఉద్యోగం కొరకు ప్రయత్నించారు. ఆమె నిరుద్యోగమును బట్టి ఇబ్బందిపడ్డారు.

సాధారణ భావన : ఒకవ్యక్తి జీవితంలో కష్టపడడం అనేది సహజము. అదే రీతిలో అరుణిమ సిన్హా కూడా నిరుద్యోగంతో బాధపడ్డారు. కానీ ఆమె చాలా విచిత్రంగా ఈ సమస్య నుండి బయటపడ్డారు.

c) Coming to packing, wherever possible we can avoid the older route of plastics, though they are necessary for some products. Bio – degradable tapioca – linked paper packages have been developed in our country.
Answer:
Context: These lines are taken from the lesson ‘Digital Technologies’ written by APJ Abdul Kalam and Y.S. Rajan. Technology has developed and many changes exist in our daily life. Here, it helps how the new trend of packing should be adopted.

Explanation: Information Technology is useful to bring a new face to our business. New technology has brought new applications¹ in the fields of Agriculture industry and communications². A new way of packing is also taking place as days pass by. The use of plastics has to be given up. A new production tapioca³ has been brought into use. It is different from the plastic material. It is degradable after some time and the problem of plastics, shall be rooted⁴ out.

General Relevance: As years roll by new trend and traditions come into effect. New way of packing is described here in this passage.

1. ఉపయోగించబడు
2. ప్రసార విషయాలు
3. త్వరగా కరిగిపోవు జిగురు పదార్ధము
4. లేకుండా చేయుట

సందర్భము : ‘Digital Technologies’ అనబడే, APJ అబ్దుల్ కలామ్ మరియు Y.S. రాజన్లు వ్రాసిన పాఠంలోని ఈ lines తీసికొనబడినవి. టెక్నాలజీ అభివృద్ధి చెంది చాలా మార్పులు నిత్య జీవితంలో కనబడుతున్నాయి. ఈ Sensing Systems ఎలా పనిచేస్తున్నాయో తెలుపుచున్నది ఈ వ్యాసము.

వివరణ : Information Technology చెప్పుకొనదగినంత మార్పు అన్ని జీవిత రంగాలలోను, తెచ్చినది. వ్యవసాయము, వ్యాపారము, మార్కెటింగులతో పాటు, టూరిజమ్ కూడా నూతన ఒరవడిని పొందింది. డిజిటల్ టెక్నాలజీ ద్వారా స్థలాలను చూపుట సంగీతంలో నూతన విధానము పెంపొందించుట, సంస్కృతి, చరిత్ర పటముల యొక్క ఎలక్ట్రానిక్ మెయిల్ మొదలైనవి ఈ విభాగమును మరింత ఆకర్షణీయంగా చేసినది. ఈనాడు టూరిస్టులు, ఆధునిక సిస్టముల ద్వారా ఎంతో విషయము అందించ బడుతున్నారు. ఈ విధంగా అర్ధవంతం అయినది. I.T ద్వారా దీనిని మరింత వేగంగా ఏర్పరచుకొంటున్నారు.

సాధారణ భావన : టూరిజంకు వ్యాపారంలో కూడా డిజిటల్ టెక్నాలజీ ప్రాధాన్యత వహిస్తోంది. ఈనాడు డిజిటల్ చిత్రాల ద్వారా ప్రపంచమంతటిలోని టూరిస్టు స్థలాలను ప్రపంచం తెలిసికొంటోంది.

d) Universities are hopes of our national leaders.
Answer:
Context : This passage is taken from the lesson “What makes a nation”. C. Rajagopalachari made an inspiring speech at the Nagpur Institute of Technology in the 1948. While giving suggestions to the students, he spoke about some of the important points to be noted by the students.

Explanation: While making a speech at the Nagpur Institute of Technology, in his concluding words¹ he pointed out the importance of the universities. Leaders gave preference² to education. They started universities to produce educated³ youth. India’s independence could be safe guarded⁴ only when the culture of this country had been enriched. Honesty and hard work could be maintained by the university student. Everything shall be good and worthy⁵ only when the aims of our national leaders become true. Thus the importance of the universities is stressed⁶.

General Relevance: India, at the time of the function, was simply a baby in Independence⁷. Political leaders were trying to develop the country in all the spheres⁸. Universities were also developed, to impart⁹, discipline and to bring awakening¹⁰ in the minds of the people.

1. పూర్తిచేస్తున్న మాటలు
2. ప్రత్యేకత
3. చదువుకొనిన
4. కాపాడబడిన
5. తగినట్టి
6. నొక్కిచెప్పబడెను
7. స్వాతంత్య్రము
8. రంగములలో
9. నేర్పుట
10. మేల్కొలుపు

సందర్భము : సి. రాజగోపాలాచారి రచించిన “What Makes a Nation” అనబడే పాఠం నుండి ఈ లైను తీసికొనబడినది. సి. రాజగోపాలాచారి చాలా భావస్ఫోరకమైన సంభాషణ చేశాడు. ఇది నాగపూరు Institute of Technology లో 1948లో ఇవ్వబడినది. ఆయన సలహాలనిస్తూ విద్యార్థులకు కొన్ని ముఖ్యమైన గమనింపదగిన మాటలు చెప్పారు.

వివరణ : తన సంభాషణ కొనసాగిస్తూ, నాగపూర్ టెక్నలాజికల్ ఇన్స్టిట్యూట్లో మాట్లాడుతూ ఆయన యూనివర్సిటీల గురించి మాట్లాడారు. నాయకులు చదువుకు ప్రాధాన్యతనిచ్చారు. చదువుకొన్న యువత కొరకు వారు యూనివర్సిటీలు ప్రారంభించారు. దేశం యొక్క సంస్కృతి నిలబెట్టినప్పుడే భారతదేశం యొక్క స్వాతంత్ర్యము కాపాడబడుతుంది. నిజాయితీ, కష్టపడి పనిచేసే తత్వము అనునవి యూనివర్శిటీ విద్యార్థి అలవరచుకొనాలి. మన జాతీయ నాయకుల అభిప్రాయములు నిజమైనప్పుడే ప్రతి విషయము మంచిగాను, తగినదిగాను ఉంటుంది. ఈ విధంగా యూనివర్శిటీల గొప్పతనం నొక్కి చెప్పబడినది.

సాధారణ భావన : ఈ ఫంక్షన్ సమయంలో, స్వాతంత్య్రం విషయంలో ఒక పసిబిడ్డ వంటింది. అన్ని రంగాలలో దేశాన్ని అభివృద్ధి పరచాలని నాయకులు ప్రయత్నిస్తున్నారు. క్రమశిక్షణ నేర్పడానికి, ప్రజల మనస్సులు వికాసవంతం చేయడానికి యూనివర్శిటీలు అభివృద్ధి చేయబడ్డాయి.

II. Annotations (Poetry) :-

a) “Creatures that, by a rule in nature, teach the art of order to a peopled kingdom”.
Answer:
Context: These lines are taken from the poem “Common wealth of Bees” written by Shakespeare. It is extracted from the play Henry V, Act I and Scene 2. The example of a beehive¹ is given here, by the dramatist, to bring a lesson.

Explanation: Shakespeare compares the kingdom of Henry V to a beehive. It is like the common wealth of bees. A queen bee is the central attraction² in the hive but Shakespeare compares the king to this important figure. Around the worker bees, the male bees, the mechanic bees, the intelligent bees, the soldier bees surround³ it. The activity in the beehive is quite punctual⁴. There is no deviation from any side. The worker bee runs miles and miles to collect the honey, the mechanic covers the holes with wax⁵ the soldiers fight with the enemy and the lazy bees sleep without any movement. Similarly, the kingdom is ruled over by the king but the common wealth⁶ of different people will work punctually. This sort of active work has to be turned out. We can learn it from the bees.

General relevance: Shakespeare’s advice to keep the kingdom safe by means of the activity of the people at each level is worthy to be followed. If everybody works in his own way sincerely, there is great success.

1. తేనెపట్టు
2. ఆకర్షణ
3. ముసురుట
4. సరియైన సమయము
5. మైనము
6. విధము

సందర్భము : విలియం షేక్స్పియర్ వ్రాసిన Common Wealth of Bees అనే పద్యం నుండి ఈ వాక్యములు తీసుకొనబడినవి. అది హెన్రీ – V, మొదటి Act, 2వ సీను నుండి తీసుకొనబడినది. ఒక తేనెపట్టు యొక్క ఉదాహరణ, ఒక పాఠము కొరకు ఇవ్వబడినది.

వివరణ : హెన్రీ – V యొక్క రాజ్యము ఒక తేనెపట్టుతో పోల్చబడినది. అది తేనెటీగల Common Wealth వలె ఉన్నది. ఒక తేనెపట్టులో రాణి ఈగ ప్రధాన ఆకర్షణ కానీ ఇక్కడ షేక్స్పియర్ ఈ పాత్రను రాజుగా తెలుపుచున్నాడు. చుట్టూరా మగ ఈగలు, శ్రామిక ఈగలు, మెకానిక్ ఈగలు, తెలివైన ఈగలు, సైనిక ఈగలు చుట్టుముడుతున్నవి. ఆ తేనెపట్టులో పని సమయానికి జరుగుతుంది. ఏ విధముగానూ దానిలో తేడా ఉండదు. శ్రామిక ఈగ మైళ్ళ కొలది దూరం తేనెను ప్రోగుచేయుటకు వెళ్ళును. మెకానిక్ ఈగ ఆ రంధ్రములను మైనంతో నింపుతాయి. సైనికులు శత్రువుతో పోరాడుతాయి. బద్ధకంగా ఉండే ఈగలు ఏమీ చలనం లేకుండా నిద్రపోతాయి. అదే విధంగా ఆ రాజ్యమును ఒక రాజు పరిపాలిస్తాడు. ప్రజలు అందరూ సమయానికి జాగ్రత్తగా పనిచేస్తారు. ఇట్టి చురుకైన పని జరగాలి. దానిని మనం తేనెటీగల నుండి నేర్చుకొనవచ్చును.

సాధారణ భావన : రాజ్యమును ప్రజల కార్యక్రమాల ద్వారా ప్రతిస్థాయిలో మంచిగా ఉంచాలని షేక్స్పియర్ ఇచ్చిన సలహా అనుసరించడానికి తగినది. ప్రతివాడు తన ధోరణిలో తాను జాగ్రత్తగా పనిచేస్తే గొప్ప విజయం లభిస్తుంది.

b) Give me the strength
never to disown the poor.
Answer:
Context: These lines are extracted from the poem “This is my Prayer to thee my Lord” written by Rabindranath Tagore. He was a Nobel laureate and his poems are filled with philosophy. Here this small poem is a prayer to God to make him a real follower.

Explanation: Rabindranath Tagore’s prayer is honest. He prays to the God Almighty¹ to make him successful in his deeds of love. He wants to have equanimity both at happiness and at difficulties. He wants to show affection² towards the poor and the needy. His mind should rise to the supreme level of showing love at others without selfishness. He wants to utilise³ his strength for the good of the people.

General relevance: The prayer is a universal appeal. It pertains to the world of truth, love and service. It is a general ambition that the righteous people aim at.

1. సర్వ శక్తిమంతుడు
2. ప్రేమ
3. ఉపయోగించుకొనుట
4. విశ్వజనీయమైన
5. నీతిగల, సత్యవంతులైన

సందర్భము : ఈ వాక్యాలు రవీంద్రనాథ్ ఠాగూర్ గారు రచించిన “This is my Prayer to thee my Lord’ అనే ఈ పద్యం నుండి తీసుకొనబడినవి. ఆయన నోబెల్ బహుమతి గ్రహీత మరియు ఆయన పద్యములు వేదాంతముతో నింపబడినవి. ఈ చిన్న పద్యము, నిజమైన follower గా దేవునికి ప్రార్థించే విధానము అయి ఉన్నది.

వివరణ : రవీంద్రనాథ ఠాగూర్ గారు పద్యంలో చాలామంచి వివరణలు ఇచ్చారు. ఆయన తన జీవితంలో స్థిత ప్రజ్ఞత కలిగి ఉండాలి. ఈ పద్యంలో చెప్పబడిన స్థితప్రజ్ఞత అనే నీతి జీవితంలో చాలా ముఖ్యమైనది. ఈ రెండు విషయాలలో సమతౌల్యం ఉండాలి. సంతోషంలో మరియు విచారంలో హృదయం పాడుచేయబడరాదు. మిగతా చిన్న చిన్న విషయాలన్నింటిని అధిగమించి, ఉన్నతమైన భావాలతో నిండిన మనస్సును కోరుతున్నారు.

సాధారణ భావన : ఠాగూరు గారి ప్రార్థన గొప్ప కోరికలతో నిండియున్నది. బీదవారికి, అవసరలతో ఉన్న వారికి ప్రేమ, అనురాగము చూపాలి. అట్టివారి పట్ల విజయవంతమైన ప్రేమను ఆశిస్తున్నారు.

c) And then the wall rose, Rose slowly, slowly,
Between me and my dream. Rose until it touched the sky –
The wall. Shadow. I am black.
Answer:
Context: These lines are taken from the poem “As I Grew Older” written by the Black Poet Langston Hughes. The poem is filled with the revolting aims of the black people in America. His former views about his dream are given here.

Explanation: The poet who was a great aspirant for freedom, pointed out in the lines, the greatest obstacle, in the life of American black people. The poet had a dream in his earlier days and he did not see any problem in achieving¹ it at that time. As days passed by the mind had ripened² and the practical problems came up before him. There was a great wall of racial discrimination between the poet and his dream. It was so great a wall that its height was beyond³ his reach. Americans had a fascination⁴ for race and this had grown at every nook and corner of the country. There was a fierce battle over this problem. The poet had to withstand the problems. He was kept in the dark. He had to come out. But he was a black by race. Yet, the efforts from all sides of the society, the unbeaten⁵ will of the black people in America, it was smashed and the wall had no existence at all.

General relevance: The poet spoke about the facts around. He being a black man, had to fight against this discrimination. Things were favourable⁶ and the barrier was thrown away. Here the indomitable⁷ will of the poet is praise worthy.

1. పొందుట
2. పండినప్పుడు
3. అవతల
4. మోహము
5. నిబ్బరమైన
6. అనుకూలమైన
7. మార్పు చేయలేని

సందర్భము : Langston Hughes అనబడే నల్లజాతి కవి వ్రాసిన “As I Grew Older” అనే పద్యం నుండి ఈ వాక్యములు తీసుకొనబడినవి. ఈ పద్యము అమెరికాలోని నల్లజాతి ప్రజల తిరుగుబాటు, ఆలోచనలతో నిండియున్నది. ఆయన కల పట్ల ఆయనకు గల ప్రాథమిక ఆలోచనలు ఇక్కడ ఇవ్వబడినవి.

వివరణ : అమెరికాలోని నల్లజాతి ప్రజల జీవితంలో, ముఖ్యమైన ఆగంటమును, స్వాతంత్రాభిలాష బలంగా కలిగిన కవిగారు సూచించారు. ఆ కవి ప్రాథమిక దినములలో ఒక కలను కలిగియున్నాడు. దానిని సాధించడానికి అప్పుడు ఆయనకు ఏ ఆటంకాలు కనిపించలేదు. కాలం గడిచిన తర్వాత వాస్తవ సమస్యలు ఆయన ముందుకు వచ్చినవి. ఆ కవికి, ఆయన కలకు మధ్య జాతి వివక్షత అనే ఒక గొప్ప గోడ వచ్చింది. అది అందనంత ఎత్తు అయినది.

అమెరికా వారికి జాతిపిచ్చియుంటుంది. అది మూలమూలలకు ప్రాకింది. దానిమీద ఒక బలమైన యుద్ధం జరిగింది. కవి ఆ కష్టాలను తట్టుకొనవలసి వచ్చెను. ఆయన చీకటిలోనికి త్రోయబడ్డాడు. అతడు బయటికి రావాలి. కానీ అతడు జాతిరీత్యా నల్లజాతివాడు. కానీ సంఘంలోని అన్ని కోణాల నుండి చేసిన ప్రయత్నాల వలన, ఆ నల్లవారి ధైర్యమైన ప్రవర్తన వలన అది నాశనమయ్యింది. అటు తరువాత దాని రూపుకూడా లేకుండా పోయింది.

సాధారణ భావన : తన చుట్టూరా ఉన్న పరిస్థితులను గురించి కవి మాట్లాడుతున్నాడు. అతడు నల్లజాతి వాడు కనుక ఆ వివక్షత పట్ల పోరాడాలి. పరిస్థితులు అనుకూలించి, ఆ అడ్డు తొలగించబడింది. ఇక్కడ కవి యొక్క నిబ్బరమైన విధానము పొగడదగినది.

d) My body fertilizes like a field
becomes a fundamental element.
Answer:
Context: These lines are taken from the poem ‘Body’ written by K. SivaReddy and translated into English by M. Sridhar and Alladi Uma. The poem is an interesting description of a human body and the potentiality of words. Body is not simply a physical organism but also a potential entity for life.

Explanation: While describing the potentiality of a body the poet touches different qualities giving good comparisons. Here, the body is capable of imagining¹ various things, it is not decaying and there are words enabling it to quarrel or fight. These words are like arrows at certain times. The body is compared to a field². Just like the land being fertilized, whenever the occasion comes, the body is strengthened and prepared for the next activity. The body does not decay or does not become weak because it gets its strength from words which are powerful. It is ready to ignite others.

General relevance: The poet suggests a great recognition to the body. It does not decay nor it does become weak, Whenever there is an opportunity³, the body shall rejuvenate itself and becomes a recognised element.

1. తలంపు, భ్రమ
2. పొలం, భూమి
3. అవకాశం

సందర్భము : K. Sivareddy గారు వ్రాయగా M. Sridhar మరియు అల్లాడి ఉమాగార్లు ఇంగ్లీషులోనికి అనువదించిన పద్యము ‘Body’ నుండి ఈ లైనులు తీసికొనబడినవి. ఈ పద్యము మానవ శరీరము యొక్క వర్ణనను అలాగే మాటలలోని” శక్తిని వర్ణిస్తున్నది. శరీరము అనునది కేవలము శరీరములోని అవయవము మాత్రమేగాక జీవితంలోనున్న ఒక బలమైన ప్రత్యేకతను సూచిస్తున్నది.

వివరణ : మంచి పోలికలు చెబుతూ, శరీరము యొక్క శక్తిని వివరిస్తూ దానియొక్క ప్రత్యేక లక్షణాలు కవి వర్ణించారు. ఇక్కడ శరీరము అనేక విషయములను ఊహించుటకు శక్తిని కలిగియున్నది. అది పాలిపోదు, యుద్ధము చేయడానికి లేక పోరాడడానికి పనికి వచ్చే చాలా మాటలున్నాయి. కొన్ని సార్లు అవి బాణములవలెనుంటాయి. శరీరము ఒక పొలమును పోలియున్నది. ఏవిధంగా ఒక నేలను సారవంతం చేస్తారో, సందర్భమువచ్చినప్పుడు, శరీరము బలపరచబడుతుంది. తరువాతి పనికి సిద్ధపరచబడుతుంది. శరీరము పాలిపోదు లేక బలహీనముకాదు ఎందుకనగా దానికి శక్తి బలమైన మాటలనుండి వస్తుంది. అది ఇతరులను పురికొల్పడానికి పనికివస్తుంది.

సాధారణ భావన : కవి శరీరానికి ఎక్కువ ప్రత్యేకత ఇస్తున్నాడు. అది వాడి పోదు బలహీనము కాదు. అవకాశమున్నప్పుడు శరీరము తిరిగి శక్తిని పొంది, ఒక గుర్తింపు పొందినదిగా అవుతుంది.

III. Paragraph Questions (Prose) :

a) How is the teacher expected to inculcate honesty and worldly wisdom in the child?
Answer:
Abraham Lincoln wrote a letter to the teacher of his son. His letter is filled with a number of suggestions to the teacher. The teacher should prepare the boy to tackle wars, tragedy and sorrow. He should have faith, love and courage in life. A friend should be seen in an enemy. Victory and failures are natural¹ in this world. His behaviour with others should be gentle. Cynicism should not be encouraged². The boy must have faith in himself. He should not blindly follow the crowd. Thus honesty³ and worldly wisdom⁴ could be seen in a child.

1. సహజము
2. ప్రోత్సహించుట
3. నిజాయితీ
4. తెలివి

అబ్రహాంలింకన్ తన కుమారుని ఉపాధ్యాయునికి ఒక ఉత్తరం వ్రాశారు. ఆ ఉత్తరంలో ఉపాధ్యాయునికి ఎన్నో సలహాలున్నవి. ఉపాధ్యాయుడు, ఆ అబ్బాయిని యుద్ధాలు, విచారగ్రస్త సంఘటనలు, బాధలు ఎదుర్కొనగలుగునట్లు చేయాలి. అతనికి జీవితంలో నమ్మకము, ప్రేమ మరియు మనో నిబ్బరము ఉండాలి. ఒక శత్రువులో మిత్రుణ్ణి చూడగలగాలి. ఈ ప్రపంచంలో జయాలు, అపజయాలు సహజము. అతని ప్రవర్తన ఇతరుల పట్ల సౌమ్యంగా ఉండాలి. ఇతరుల అభివృద్ధి చూచి ఓర్వలేనితనాన్ని ప్రోత్సహించరాదు. అతడు తన మీద తనకు నమ్మకం కలిగి ఉండాలి. జనాన్ని గ్రుడ్డిగా వెంబడించరాదు. నిజాయితీ మరియు ప్రపంచ జ్ఞానము, ఒక బిడ్డలో కనిపించాలి.

b) Describe the incident that led to the amputation of the left leg of Arunima. Describe the way she was treated after she was found beside the tracks.
Answer:
Dr. B. Sowjanya compiled the particulars of Arunima Sinha. She was the resident of U.P. State. As she studied law, being a sports girl, she applied for a job in Central Industrial Security Force. As the date of birth was wrongly entered, she wanted to go to Delhi to correct the error. There, in the train journey, some robbers tried to take away a gold ornament¹. She fought against them bravely. The criminals caught hold of her and threw her out of the carriage. She fell on the other track. A train ran over her left leg. She was admitted² into a hospital. They decided to cut her left leg. But there was no anesthesia. Yet, the brave girl asked them to amputate. Her left leg was cut and the right leg was supported³ by a rod. She was given the best treatment at AIIMS. Her body recovered⁴ quickly to the surprise of everybody, She decided to scale the Everest.

1. నగ
2. చేర్చబడెను
3. సహాయము చేసెను
4. బాగుపడెను

డా॥ బి. సౌజన్యగారు అరుణిమ సిన్హా యొక్క వివరములను సమీకరించారు. ఆమె యు.పి.కి చెందినవారు. ఆమె ‘లా’ చదివి, ఆటలలో ప్రావీణ్యత కలిగి యుండుట చేత Central Industrial Security Force లో ఉద్యోగము కొరకు దరఖాస్తు చేసికొన్నారు. ఆమె పుట్టిన తేదీ తప్పుగా నమోదు అగుటవలన, ఆమె ఢిల్లీ వెళ్లి తప్పు సరిచేయించుకొనాలి అనుకొన్నారు. రైలు ప్రయాణంలో దొంగలు ఆమె బంగారు గొలుసును కాజేయడానికి ప్రయత్నించారు. ఆమె ధైర్యంగా పోరాడారు. ఆ నేరస్తులు ఆమెను పట్టుకొని బండిలో నుండి బయటికి విసిరేశారు. ఆమె అవతలి ట్రాక్పై పడినారు. ఒక రైలు ఆమె ఎడమ కాలిమీదుగా వెళ్లింది. ఆమె హాస్పిటల్లో చేరింది. వారు ఆమె ఎడమ కాలిని కోయాలి అని అన్నారు. కానీ అక్కడ అనస్తీషియా లేదు. అయినప్పటికీ ఆ ధైర్యము గల బాలిక, కాలికి ఆపరేషన్ చేయమని అడిగింది. ఆమె ఎడమకాలు తెగ గొట్టబడింది మరియు కుడికాలు ఒక రాడ్డుతో సహాయము పొందింది. AIIMS లో మంచి వైద్యం అందింది. ఆమె శరీరము త్వరగా కోలుకుంది. అందరూ ఆశ్చర్యపడేవిధంగా ఆమె ఎవరెస్టును ఎక్కాలని నిర్ణయించింది.

c) What is cultural or knowledge oriented tourism ?
Answer:
APJ Abdul Kalam and Y.S.Rajan wrote the essay “Digital Technologies”. They have a vision for India in its development. Digital technology is useful in all its spheres. According to the authors, in tourism also, these should be radical changes. There are many tourist spots in India. Tajmahal, Goa, the beautiful Northeast, the Deserts, the Himalayas and others attract tourists. But tourism¹ should be cultural² or knowledge³ oriented. The spots have cultural importance. These is a great knowledge behind⁴ the visit of these places. All the knowledge and cultural importance should be given sufficiently early to the tourists. It is possible only when we use digital technology properly⁵. The person who visits the spot, with some knowledge of the importance of the place, shall be satisfied. He thinks that his tourist journey is knowledge oriented and he is in touch with the culture of the country.

1. యాత్ర
2. సంస్కృతపరమైన
3. జ్ఞాన యుక్తము
4. వెనుక
5. సరియైన రీతిలో

‘రచయితల ఉద్దేశం ప్రకారము టూరిజంలో గొప్ప మార్పులు రావాలి. తాజ్మహల్, గోవా, అందమైన వాయువ్య రాష్ట్రాలు, ఎడారులు, హిమాలయాలు మరియు అనేకములు యాత్రికులనాకర్షిస్తాయి. కానీ యాత్ర అనునది cultural మరియు జ్ఞాన సంపూర్ణంగా ఉండాలి. ఈ స్థలాలు పురాతన ప్రాధాన్యత కలిగి వున్నాయి. ఈ స్థలాలను సందర్శించడం వెనుక చాలా జ్ఞానము దాగియున్నది. వాటి యొక్క జ్ఞానము మరియు సాంస్కృతిక ప్రాధాన్యత, తగినంత ముందుగానే యాత్రికులకందించాలి. అది మనం డిజిటల్ టెక్నాలజీ సరిగా వాడినప్పుడే సాధ్యము. ఆ ప్రదేశము యొక్క ప్రాధాన్యత తెలుపు జ్ఞానముతో. ఆ స్థలమును దర్శించునప్పుడు అతడు కొంత తృప్తి పడతాడు. అతడు తన ప్రయాణము జ్ఞానముతో నిండి యున్నదని, ఆ దేశ సంస్కృతిని ఎరిగియున్నామని గ్రహిస్తాము.

d) “Citizens of character are future of the nation” support your answer wtih views of Raja gopalachari.
Answer:
C. Rajagopalachari, gave an inspiring speech at Nagpur Institute of Technology, in the 1948. He was a statesman¹ and an orator². In his speech given to the students, he stressed³ upon the need of good character. Citizens with character only could build the nation. They should line upto the standards of India. As they got independence, they should become good bricks⁴ to construct a bright future. There should be no competition for positions. They should accept their responsibility⁵ as individuals. The path of rectitude⁶ should occupy the first place. Leadership is the need of the hour. India could grow like a natural organic body if everybody lived upto the mark. Universities should prepare the students to maintain honesty and straight forwardness. The future of India depends upon the people with character.

1. రాజనీతిజ్ఞుడు
2. వక్త
3. నొక్కిపలికెను
4. రాళ్ళు
5. బాధ్యత
6. నీతి

C. రాజగోపాలాచారి, నాగపూర్ టెక్నలాజికల్ ఇన్స్టిట్యూట్లో ఒక భావస్ఫోరకమైన సంభాషణ చేశారు. అతడు మంచి రాజనీతిజ్ఞుడు మరియు వక్త. విద్యార్థులకిచ్చిన ఆ సంభాషణలో ఆయన మంచి ప్రవర్తన గురించి నొక్కి చెప్పాడు. మంచి శీలము కలవారే ఒక జాతిని కట్టగలరు. భారతదేశపు మెట్టుకు తగినట్లుండాలి. దేశానికి స్వాతంత్ర్యము వచ్చింది గనుక మంచి భవిష్యత్తు నిర్మాణంలో వారు మంచి రాళ్ళుగా కావాలి. స్థాయికొరకు పోటీలుండరాదు. వ్యక్తలుగా తమ బాధ్యతను నిర్వహించాలి. మంచి ప్రవర్తన అనేది ప్రాధాన్యత నొందాలి. ఈనాడు కావలసింది నాయకత్వము. ప్రతివారు తమ తమ రీతిలో సరియైన రీతిలోనుంటే భారతదేశము ఒక మేలైన అవయవ సౌష్టవము గల శరీరముగా ఎదుగుతుంది. నిజాయితీ మరియు ఋజుమార్గ వర్తనము కలవారిని యూనివర్సిటీలు తయారుచేయాలి. మంచి ప్రవర్తన కలిగిన వారిమీద ఇండియా భవిష్యత్తు ఆధారపడి ఉన్నది.

IV. Paragraph Questions (Poetry) :

a) According to Shakespeare, what are the lessons that human beings must learn from honey bees ?
Answer:
William Shakespeare was a play wright and a poet. He wrote a number of plays. ‘Common Wealth of Bees’ is an extract from the drama Henry V, Act I and Scene 2, Here the arch-bishop¹ of canterbury gives an interesting advice to the young king. King Henry was asked to look to the bee-hive.

The bee-hive is like a common wealth. There are many bees in the hive. There is a queen bee but Shakespeare takes it as king bee in his play. Around there are worker bees. There are soldiers to fight against the enemy. Some bees cover the holes with wax. The mechanic bees are there which do their own work. All the bees work from different angles² but for one goal. They collect honey for the whole of the crowd. They do it in order and none would swerve³ the duty. In the same manner the citizens of a kingdom should work carefully for the welfare of the kingdom.

Soldiers should be ready for war, workers to do their work, clever lawyers should work for law and order and every wing should work accordingly. The only goal is to keep the kingdom and the king safe. Shakespeare’s comparison is thought provoking⁴.

1. క్రీస్తు మతస్థుల ప్రధాన గురువు
2. కోణం
3. మార్గము నుండి తిప్పు
4. పుట్టించునట్టి

విలియం షేక్స్పియరు ఒక నాటక రచయిత మరియు కవి. ఆయన అనేక నాటకాలు వ్రాశారు. హేన్రీ V, Act I, సీన్ 2 నుండి “Common Wealth of Bees” అనబడే ఈ భాగము తీసికొనబడింది. ఇక్కడ క్యాంటర్ ్బరీ ఆర్చిబిషప్ గారు, యువకుడైన రాజు ఒక మంచి సలహానిచ్చాడు. రాజుగారిని తేనెటీగల పట్టును చూడమంటున్నాడు.

తేనెపట్టు, ఒక కామన్వెల్త్ వలె వున్నది. ఆ పట్టులో అనేక ఈగలున్నాయి. దానిలో ఒక రాణి ఈగ ఉంటుంది. కానీ షేక్స్పియరు దానిని రాజుగా తీసికొంటున్నాడు. దాని చుట్టూ శ్రమపడే తేనెటీగలున్నాయి. శత్రువు మీద పోరాడడానికి సైనిక ఈగలున్నాయి. కొన్ని రంధ్రములను waxతో పూడ్చుచున్నాయి. కొన్ని మెకానిక్ ఈగలు ఆ పనిని చేస్తున్నాయి. అన్ని ఈగల వేర్వేరు దిశలనుండి పని చేస్తున్నాయి గాని ఒకే గమ్యముతో చేస్తున్నాయి. అవి ఈగలన్నింటి కొరకు తేనెను ప్రోగుచేస్తాయి. అవి ఒక క్రమంలో చేస్తాయి. ఏ ఒక్కటి తన డ్యూటీని తప్పదు. అదే విధంగా ప్రతి పౌరుడూ, రాజ్యంకొరకు జాగ్రత్తగా పనిచేయాలి. సైనికులు యుద్ధానికి సిద్ధంగా వుండాలి, పనివారు పనికి తెలివైన న్యాయవాదులు న్యాయముకొరకు అలాగే ప్రతి విభాగము తనపనిలో వుండాలి. రాజ్యమును, రాజును క్షేమంగా వుంచడమే ధ్యేయంగా వుండాలి. షేక్స్పియర్ యొక్క పోలిక ఆలోచింపజేస్తున్నది.

b) What kind of strength does Tagore seek and why?
Answer:
Rabindranath Tagore was a poet, dramatist and a philosopher. He was a nobel laureate fot the book Gitanjali. In the 36^th song of Gitanjali, Tagore submits a prayer to God. He prays to God to strike him at the penury1 of heart. He needs strength to love the poor and the needy². He should bear the difficulties and enjoy the happy occasions. There are so many trifles³ in the life of a man. He should not think of these problems in the journey of life.

He should have a heaven on Earth. He should get the divine⁴ qualities. He should build India on the base⁵ of qualities like kindness and love. His love should not be selfish. He should have real service towards the needy. Thus an individual seeks the strength to beat and he wants it because he likes it.

1. బీదరికము
2. అవసరములలో ఉన్నవారు
3. చాలా చిన్న విషయములు
4. దైవికమైన
5. మూలము

రవీంద్రనాథ్ ఠాగూర్ గారు కవి, నాటకకర్త మరియు వేదాంతి అయి ఉన్నారు. ‘గీతాంజలి’ అనే పుస్తకము ద్వారా ఆయన నోబెల్ బహుమతి పురస్కార గ్రహీత అయ్యారు. గీతాంజలిలోని 36వ పద్యంలో, ఠాగూర్ గారు ఒక ప్రార్థన చేస్తున్నారు. ఆయన తన హృదయంలోని లేమిని కొట్టాలి అని అడిగారు. ఆయనకు బీదవారు, అవసరములలో ఉన్నవారికి ప్రేమ చూపుటకు కావలసిన శక్తిని కోరుచున్నారు. అతడు కష్టాలను సహించాలి మరియు సంతోష సమయాలను ఆనందంగా తీసుకొనాలి. ఒక మనిషి జీవితంలో అనేక చిన్న, చిన్న విషయాలుంటాయి. జీవితయానంలో వచ్చే ఈ సమస్యలను గురించి ఆలోచించరాదు. భూమిమీద స్వర్గాన్ని కోరుతున్నాడు. అతనికి దైవిక లక్షణాలుండాలి. దయ, ప్రేమ అను లక్షణాల మీద ఆధారపడి భారతదేశాన్ని కట్టాలి. అతని ప్రేమ, స్వార్థపూరితంగా ఉండరాదు. అవసరములలో ఉన్న వారికి నిజమైన సేవ చేయాలి. ఈ విధంగా ఒక వ్యక్తి శక్తి కలిగి ఉండాలి. అది ఆయన కోరుతున్నాడు. ఎందుకంటే అది ఆయనకు ఇష్టము.

c) “Hold fast to dreams, for when dreams go, Life is a barrer field frozen with snow”. How did Langston Hughes hold fast to his saying’ as he grew older?
Answer:
Langston Hughes was an African American poet. His literature is filled with the problems of the black people in America. Here in the poem” As I Grew Older’ he expresses his agony towards the life of the black people. In his childhood, the poet did not know the problems of life and so he had a dream of his own. As he grew older, he was aware¹ of the wall of race standing before him. But he was steady² in his trials,³ to make the dream true. It is true that one has to hold fast the dreams. It they are gone, life is but frozen⁴. The poet knew this and he wanted to pursue his ambition. There was darkness around. He could not enter the brightness of the Sun, it he could not break the wall of race. So he tried to throw away the obstacle and get the light of a thousand Suns. A number of dreams were realised by him and his life became fruitful.⁵ Everyone must have a dream in life and must try to fulfill it.

1. ఎరిగియుండుట
2. నిబ్బరంగా
3. ప్రయత్నము
4. గడ్డకట్టిన
5. ఫలవంతము

Langston Hughes ఆఫ్రికన్, అమెరికన్ కవి. అమెరికాలోని నల్లజాతి ప్రజల సమస్యలతో ఆయన సాహిత్యం నిండి ఉంటుంది. ఇక్కడ ‘As I Grew Older’ అనే ఈ పద్యంలో కవి తన ప్రజలైన నల్లవారి జీవితం పట్ల మానసిక ఆందోళన తెలుపుతున్నారు. చిన్నతనంలో కవికి జీవిత సమస్యలు తెలియవు. అందువలన ఒక కలను కలిగియున్నాడు. అతడు పెరిగి పెద్దవాడవుతుండగా, జాతి అనే గోడ తన ముందు నిలబడడం గ్రహించాడు. కానీ ఆయన తన ప్రయత్నాలలో జాగ్రత్తగా ఉన్నాడు. తన కలను నిజం చేయడానికి జాగ్రత్తగా ఉన్నాడు. ఒక వ్యక్తి తన జీవితంలో కలలను కలిగి ఉండాలనేది సత్యము. అవి లేకుంటే జీవితం మృతమే. కవికి ఈ విషయం తెలుసు. తన కోరికను అనుసరించాలనుకున్నాడు. చుట్టూరా చీకటి ఉన్నది. ఆ ‘తెగ’ అనబడే గోడ పగులగొట్టకపోతే అతడు సూర్యుని వెలుగులోనికి వెళ్ళలేడు. అందుచేత ఆ ఆటంకాన్ని తొలగించి, ఒక వేయి సూర్యుల వెలుగులోనికి వెళ్ళాలి అనేక కలలు ఫలించి జీవితం ఫలభరితమయ్యింది. ప్రతివాడికి ఒక కల ఉండాలి. దానిని పూర్తి చేయడానికి తప్పక ప్రయత్నించాలి.

d) I found a word and carefully placed it next to another. “Soon I had a bridge and a pathway to a wonderful future”. Tim Hollingworth.
Answer:
K. Sivareddy, a poet in Telugu Literature produced a number of books and got fame. His poem ‘Body’ was translated into English by M. Sridhar and Alladi Uma. The body and its existence is described in a varied¹ way. A body is potentially strong and it has words to make it lively². Here the statement given by Hollingworth is an important topic for study. The statement says that the future is built upon the bridge of words. When we speak certain words meaningfully, they help us, develop our personality. Words are like arrows to shoot at. Words float³ on views just like the boats on rivers. Through soft words, friendship is created. Through words the character of an individual is created and through. An individual the words are also created. Body is always on heat and it is maintained by the heat of words. Thus words make this world lively and the body revolves⁴ round the words.

1. వైవిధ్యముగల
2. చురుకుగా, సజీవంగా
3. తేలియాడుట
4. చుట్టూరా తిరుగును

తెలుగు సాహిత్యంలో కవియయిన కె. శివారెడ్డి చాలా పుస్తకములు రచించి పేరు సంపాదించారు. M. శ్రీధర్ మరియు అల్లాడి ఉమయనువారు ఆయన పద్యము అయిన ‘Body’ ని ఇంగ్లీషులోనికి తర్జుమా చేశారు. శరీరము దాని ఉనికిని ఆయన ప్రత్యేక రీతిలో చెప్పారు. ఒక శరీరము బలిష్టమైనది. దానిని చురుకుగా నుంచుటకు మాటలుంటాయి. ఇక్కడ ‘Hollingworth’ గారు వ్రాసిన ప్రకటన గురించి చదువవలయును. భవిష్యత్తు అనేది ఇప్పటి మాటల వంతెన మీద ఆధారపడుతుంది అని ఆ ప్రకటన చెబుతున్నది.

అర్థవంతంగా కొన్ని మాటలు మాట్లాడితే మన వ్యక్తిత్వమును పెంచడానికి సహాయపడుతుంది. మాటలు, వేయదగిన బాణముల వంటివి. నదులలో నావలు నడుస్తున్నట్లుగా, ఊహల మీద శరీరం నడుస్తుంది. మృదువైన మాటలతో స్నేహం ఏర్పడుతుంది. మాటల ద్వారా ఒక వ్యక్తి యొక్క ప్రవర్తన ఏర్పడుతుంది మరియు వ్యక్తి ద్వారా మాటలు వస్తాయి. శరీరం వేడిగా ఉంటుంది. దానిని మాటలవేడితో అలాగే ఉంచగలగుతున్నారు. ఈ విధంగా మాటలు ప్రపంచాన్ని చురుకుగా నుంచుతుంది. శరీరము మాటల చుట్టూ తిరుగుతుంది.

V. Paragraph Questions (Non-detailed) :

a) The narrator said “Nature came to my rescue in an unexpected manner”. How did nature help the narrator get rid of his troubles ?
Answer:
Rasipuram Krishnaswami Narayan was an Indo-Anglian writer. He wrote novels and short stories and got a great fame in the whole world. ‘Engine Trouble’ is an interesting short story.

The narrator¹ won a road engine in a lottery, for a ticket purchased² for two annas. He was happy that he got a big road engine which would bring him great fortune³. The engine was at the Gymkhana grounds and it has to be moved from that place. The Municipal authorities urged⁴ him to shift it. He paid rent for three months but it was burdensome⁵ for him and his family. He wanted to sell it. Nobody came forward to buy it.

The narrator firmly⁶ believed that one day it would make him rich. He requested some of the drivers to drive the engine but of no use⁷. There was a bargain with the secretary of a local club. The Municipal Chairman also expressed his helplessness⁸. The temple priest accepted to send the temple elephant to drag⁹ it. Fifty coolies at the rate of eight annas a day (half a rupee) got ready to push the engine from behind. The road engine had to be moved for half a furlong from the place.

The elephant was dragging the engine, the coolies were pushing¹⁰ from behind, and Joseph the driver was in the driver’s seat. A huge crowd¹¹ gathered there. As a result of confused dragging by the elephant, the driver Joseph and coolies in their own way. The engine went straight to the opposite wall and smashed¹² it. The difficulties of the narrator were multiplied¹³.

The dynamic world showed a way out. To his luck, a Swamiji arranged a yoga feat. He said that he would be ready to have the engine over his chest. But he needed a road engine and asked Municipal Chairmen for it. He didn’t have it. Then the narrator said that he had it. Are everything was ready to move the engine. The Swamiji’s assistant would drive the engine. Suddenly at this moment, a police officer came and stopped the show, there was no other go, for the narrator except to leave the town.

Luckily for him an earthquake hit the area. There was much damage¹⁴. Even the big Road Engine was moved into a discused well nearby. The owner of the house was very happy. The municipal authorities asked him to close it down. The engine fitted well like a cork. The owner accepted to construct the compound wall himself and also promised to pay all the expenditure, he had in that affair. When luck plucks, no one checks¹⁵. Loss to many by the earthquake, became a gain to the narrator.

1. కథను చెబుతున్న వ్యక్తి
2. కొనెను
3. అదృష్టము
4. ఒత్తిడి చేసెను
5. భారము
6. బలంగా
7. ప్రయోజనము లేని
8. నిస్సహాయత
9. లాగుట
10. వెనుక నుండి నెట్టుట
11. పెద్ద గుంపు
12. నాశనము చేసెను
13. రెట్టింపయ్యెను
14. నష్టము
15. అదృష్టము కలిసొస్తే ఎవరూ ఆపలేరు

రాశీపురం కృష్ణస్వామి నారాయణ్ అనువారు Indo-Anglian రచయిత. అయన నవలలు, చిన్న కథలు వ్రాసి, ప్రపంచంలో ప్రసిద్ధికెక్కారు. Engine Trouble అనునది ఆకర్షణీయమైన చిన్న కథ.

2 అణాలకు కొన్న ఒక లాటరీ టికెట్టు ద్వారా, ఈ కథకుడు ఒక రోడ్డు ఇంజను పొందాడు. ఆ పెద్ద ఇంజను అతనికి గొప్ప అదృష్టం తెచ్చిపెడుతుందని అతడు చాలా సంతోషంగా ఉండెను. ఆ ఇంజను జింఖానా గ్రౌండులో ఉండెను. దానిని అక్కడి నుండి కదపాలి. మున్సిపల్ అధికారులు, దానిని అక్కడ నుండి కదుపవలసినదిగా ఒత్తిడి చేశారు. మూడునెలలు దానికి అద్దె కట్టాడు గానీ అది భారంగా ఉండెను. దానిని అమ్మాలని అనుకొన్నాడు. ఎవరూ ముందుకు రాలేదు.

ఆ కథకుడు, తాను ఏదో ఒకనాడు అది ధనవంతుణ్ణి చేస్తుంది అనుకొన్నాడు. కొంతమంది డ్రైవర్లను అడిగినా వారు దానిని కదపలేదు. స్థానిక క్లబ్ సెక్రటరీతో సంప్రదించాడు. మున్సిపాలిటీ చైర్మన్ కూడా తన అశక్తతను ప్రకటించారు. దానిని లాగడానికి, దేవాలయ అర్చకుడు, దేవాలయ ఏనుగును పంపడానికి అంగీకరించాడు. 50 మంది కూలీలు రోజుకు 8 అణాలు (అర్ధరూపాయి) చొప్పున సిద్ధంగా ఉన్నారు. ఆ ఇంజను అక్కడి నుండి అరఫర్లాంగు దూరం కదలాలి.

ఏనుగు ఇంజనును లాగుతోంది, కూలీలు వెనుకనుండి నెట్టుతున్నారు. డ్రైవరు జోసఫ్ డ్రైవరు సీటులోనున్నాడు. పెద్దగుంపుగా ప్రజలు చేరారు. ఆ ఏనుగు కంగారుపడి తన ఇష్టము వచ్చినట్లు లాగింది. ఎదురుగా ఉన్న ఇంటి కాంపౌండు గోడకు తగిలి దానిని నాశనం చేసింది. కథకుని కష్టాలు పెరిగినాయి. అప్పుడు ఎంతో డబ్బు ఖర్చుపెట్టాలి.

ఈ ప్రపంచం మారుతూ వుంటుంది. అది ఒక మార్గం చూపింది. అదృష్టవశాత్తు ఒక స్వామీజీ ఒక యోగా కార్యక్రమం చేస్తున్నాడు. ఆ ఇంజనును తన గుండె మీద నడిపించగలనన్నాడు. ప్రతి విధమైన పని ముగించబడింది. స్వామీజీ యొక్క సహయకుడు ఇంజన్ను నడుపుతాడు. సరిగా అదే సమయంలో ఒక పోలీసు అధికారి వచ్చి దానిని ఆపివేశాడు. ఊరు విడచి వెళ్లడం తప్ప గత్యంతరం లేదు.

అదృష్టవశాత్తు ఒక భూకంపం వచ్చింది. చాలా నష్టం జరిగింది. ఆ పెద్ద ఇంజన్ కూడా ఎదురు ఇంటిలో ఉన్న పనికిరాని నూతిలో పడిపోయింది. ఆ ఇంటి యజమాని చాలా సంతోషించాడు. మున్సిపల్ అధికారులు దానిని మూసివేయమని తాకీదులు పంపారు. ఆ ఇంజన్ సరిగ్గా సరిపోయింది. తన కాంపౌండు గోడను తానే కడతానని, మరియు అప్పటివరకు అతనికి ఖర్చు తాను ఇస్తానని అంగీకరించాడు. అదృష్టం కలిసివస్తే ఎవ్వరూ ఆపలేరు. భూకంపం వలన ఎంతో మందికి నష్టము గానీ కథకునికి అది లాభదాయకమైనది.

b) How is “The Last Leaf” by O. Henry a story of hope, friendship and sacrifice.
Answer:
O. Henry was an American short story writer. His stories have the ironic endings. They belong to the American common man¹ of the 20^th century. The story Last Leaf is with affection, sacrifice² and friendship.

Johnsy and Sue were artists maintaining a studio in Newyork. Those days Johnsy was with pneumonia and she was afraid of the disease. She believed that the disease would take her life. Sue was hopeful of her friend’s survival. She was taking care of her. While drawing pictures she took old Mr. Behrman as her model paint. He was a drunkard but wanted to become a noted painter. He used to say that he would great a master piece. But everytime he failed because of his habits³ and health.

That day Sue told Behrman about the illhealth⁴ of Johnsy and her fear. Johnsy was looking through the window. She could see an old vine creeper⁵ on the other wall. The leaves of the plant were falling down and so she thought that her days were also being counted. It was her firm opinion⁶ that she would die as the last leaf falls down. Behrman come to know this from Sue. He could not accept the notion⁷ of Johnsy.

That night there was one leaf and Johnsy said that the last leaf would fall down by the next morning and that she would also die. Sue said that it was wrong. The doctor visited and said that Johnsy was completely alright. The last leaf did not fall down. It was hanging⁸ over there. She had some courage. The doctor said that Behrman was dead. Sue explained that Behrman painted the picture of the leaf on the wall and it saved her life. The last leaf was Behrman’s master piece. Behrman sacrificed his life painting the leaf in wind and the rain⁹. His leaf saved Johnsy and thus it became a master piece.

1. సామాన్యుడు
2. త్యాగము
3. దురలవాట్లు
4. అనారోగ్యము
5. తీగ
6. గట్టి భావన
7. ఉద్దేశము
8. వ్రేలాడుచున్న
9. గాలి మరియు వర్షము

O. హెన్రీ అమెరికాకు సంబంధించిన Short story writer అయి ఉన్నారు. ఆయన కథలు ironic endings కలిగి ఉంటాయి. అవి 20వ శతాబ్దపు సామాన్య మానవునికి సంబంధించినవై ఉంటాయి. Last Leaf అనే ఈ చిన్న కథలో ప్రేమ, త్యాగము మరియు స్నేహభావము కనబడుతున్నాయి.

Johnsy మరియు Sue అనువారు న్యూయార్క్ లో ఒక స్టూడియోను నిర్వహిస్తున్న కళాకారిణులు. ఆ రోజులలో Johnsy న్యూమోనియా వ్యాధితో బాధపడుతుండెను. ఆ రోగమంటే ఆమెకు భయము కలిగింది. ఆ రోగము ఆమె ప్రాణం తీస్తుంది అని నమ్మింది. Sue తన స్నేహితురాలి ఆరోగ్యమును గురించి నమ్మకంగా ఉన్నది. ఆమె తన స్నేహితురాలిని చాలా జాగ్రత్తగా చూసుకొంటున్నది. బొమ్మలు గీసేటప్పుడు ఆమె Behrman ను మోడల్గా తీసికొంటుంది. అతడు త్రాగుబోతు మరియు తానొక గొప్ప Painter కావలెనని అనుకొంటాడు. తానొక master piece సృష్టిస్తానని అంటుంటాడు. కానీ అతని దురలవాట్లు, అనారోగ్యము కారణంగా, ప్రతిసారి సాధించలేకపోతున్నాడు.

ఆ రోజు Johnsy యొక్క అనార్యోగము మరియు ఆమె భయమును గూర్చి Sue, బెహర్మన్క చెప్పింది. Johnsy కిటికీ గుండా చూస్తున్నది. ఆమె ఒక Ivy తీగను చూస్తున్నది. దాని ఆకులు రాలుతున్నాయి. అందుచేత తన రోజులు కూడా లెక్కింపబడుతున్నాయి అనుకొంది. ఆ చివరి ఆకులు రాలిపోతే తానుకూడా చనిపోతాననుకొంది. Behrman ఈ విషయం విన్నాడు. Johnsy యొక్క అభిప్రాయంతో అతడు ఏకీభవించలేదు.

ఆ రాత్రి ఒక్క ఆకు మాత్రమే ఉంది. Johnsy అన్నది, ‘ఆకు ఆ రాత్రి రాలిపోతుంది. తెల్లవారేసరికి తాను కూడా చనిపోతాను’, అని అన్నది. అలా కాదు అని Sue అన్నది. డాక్టరు వచ్చాడు. Johnsy పూర్తిగా ఆరోగ్యంగా ఉన్నది అన్నాడు. ఆ చివరి ఆకు రాలిపోలేదు. అక్కడే వ్రేలాడుతున్నది. ఆమెకు ధైర్యం వచ్చింది. డాక్టరు, Behrman చనిపోయాడని చెప్పాడు. Sue, బెహర్మన్ ఆ చివరి ఆకును, చిత్రించాడని అది Johnsy ప్రాణాన్ని రక్షించిందని తెలిపింది. ఆ Last Leaf అనునది Behrman యొక్క Master piece అయి యున్నది. అతడు చలిగాలి, వర్షంతో ఆ చివరి ఆకును చిత్రించాడు. ఆయన యొక్క చిత్రణ అనగా ఆ ఆకు ఆమె ప్రాణాన్ని రక్షించింది గనుక అది Master piece.

c) Is the title “The Informer’ appropriate ? (Or) Give an account of the parent’s reactions to the boy’s disappearance from the house.
Answer:
The play ‘The Informer’¹ was written by Bertolt Brecht a German play wright. It is a one act play written and produced as an anti-Nazi play. The circumstances at the time of the rule of Hitler, were frightening. All the people were very much afraid of the Gestapo or the government officials. The despotic² rule had informers at every level. Mr and Mrs Klimbtsch were very cautions about their behaviour. That day they were engaged in a dialogue. It was tense. When there was a phone call, they did not attend to it of their own. Their maid was asked to answer. They were afraid³ of the police.

Husband was a school teacher and he was in anxiety. Their dialogue extended over trivial matters. They inspect some informer coming to their house. One complains that the other was intension⁴ and the other the same. Meanwhile their boy, left the house after getting some money for the mother. The couple was in heated discussion but it was about very small things. The man was anxious because there was rain outside.

Their dialogue turned towards the boy they talked of him and his future. Mother was more anxious in this affair⁵. Both were suspecting his friendship with the Gestapo. Their dialogue extended towards the mistakes if any committed against the government even by means of complaining before others. The father’s duty as a teacher was completely good and there was no lapse. They can think that they are safe. But at this juncture a phone call came and again tension prevailed.

After some time the door was tapped. Both were at their wits’ends. They suspect an informer coming to them. They stood at a corner. The door was opened and the boy surprised them entering into the house having chacolates in his hands. He bought⁶ them with the money given by his mother. Tense was eased but the boy was not an informer. The fear of an informer prevailed in the house there also. Thus the title is appropriate.

1. తెలియజేయువాడు
2. ఎదురులేని
3. భయపడిన
4. అభిప్రాయపడటం
5. వ్యవహారం
6. కొనడం

‘The Informer’ అను పేరుగల ఈ నాటిక Bertolt Brecht అనే జర్మను నాటిక రచయిత వ్రాశారు. హిట్లరు పరిపాలనా కాలంలో పరిస్థితులు భయంకరముగా నుండెను. ప్రతివారు Gestapo లేక ప్రభుత్వ అధికారుల పట్ల చాలా భయపడుతున్నారు. ఆ నియంతృత్వ పరిపాలనకు ప్రతిచోట Informers ఉన్నారు. Mr and Mrs. Klimbtsch అనే దంపతులు ఈ విషయం చాలా జాగ్రత్తగా వున్నారు. వారు ఆ రోజు ఒక సంభాషణలోనున్నారు. అది చాలా ఒత్తిడిని కలుగజేస్తుండెను. ఒక ఫోన్కాల్ వస్తే దానికి జవాబు వారు స్వయంగా ఇవ్వరు. తమ సేవకురాలిని జవాబిమ్మని చెప్పారు. వారికి పోలీసుల భయం.

భర్త స్కూలు టీచరు. ఆయన చాలా కంగారులో వుంటాడు. వారి సంభాషణ చాలా తేలికైన విషయాల మీద నడిచింది. తమ ఇంటికి informer వస్తున్నాడేమోనని అనుమానము. ఒకరు, మరొకరిని చాలా ఒత్తిడిలో ఉన్నావంటూ మాట్లాడుకొంటారు. ఈ సమయంలో వారి అబ్బాయి వారి తల్లి దగ్గర కొంత డబ్బు తీసికొని బయటికి వెళ్లాడు. వారిద్దరు గట్టిగా వాదించుకొన్నారు కానీ అవి చాలా తేలిక విషయాల మీద మాత్రమే. ఆ మనిషి బయటి వర్షాన్ని చూసి కంగారు పడతాడు.

వారి సంభాషణ కుమారుడివైపుకు తిరుగుతుంది. అతని భవిష్యత్తును గురించి మాట్లాడుకొంటారు. ఈ విషయంలో వారి తల్లికి మరీ ఆందోళనగా వుంది. అతడు Gestapo తో స్నేహం చేస్తున్నాడేమోనని అనుమానిస్తున్నారు. వారి సంభాషణలో పొరపాటున ప్రస్తుత పరిపాలన గురించి ఎవరితోనైనా తప్పుగా మాట్లాడామా అని ఆలోచన వస్తుంది. తండ్రి టీచరుగా మంచిగా డ్యూటీ చేశాడు. ఏమీ తప్పు లేదు. వారు క్షేమము అనుకొనవచ్చును. కానీ ఈ సమయంలో మరొక ఫోన్కాల్ వచ్చింది. మరలా ఒత్తిడి నిలచియుంది.

కొంత సమయం తరువాత తలుపు మ్రోగింది. వారిద్దరికి భయమనిపించింది. ఇన్ఫార్మర్ వస్తున్నట్లు ఊహించుకొన్నారు. ఒక మూలన నిలబడ్డారు. తలుపు తెరచుకొంది. అబ్బాయి చాక్లెట్లు చేతితో పట్టుకొని లోనికి వచ్చి అందరికీ ఆశ్చర్యం కలిగించాడు. వారి అమ్మ ఇచ్చిన డబ్బుతో వాటిని కొన్నాడు. మనసు చాలా తేలిక పడింది. కానీ ఆ అబ్బాయి informer కాదు. తరువాత కూడా informér పట్ల భయం నిలబడియుంది. ఈ విధంగా ఈ పేరు దీనికి తగియున్నది.

Section – B

VI. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow. (5 × 1 = 5)

Throughout the 1700’s and 1800’s continual rebellion occurred as the Indian people tried to drive the British out. The British government took control of the East India Company after a large rebellion in 1857. Conditions for the sepoys, Indian soldiers in the British army, caused unrest among them. They had lower pay than the Indians of the upper caste and saw discrimination in matters of privilege and promotion by the British officers. The situation which finally pushed the soldiers to rebel was that tal- low from cows and lard from pigs were put into the gun cartridges. The soldiers had to bite off the tallow or wax before putting them into their rifles. This offended both Muslims and Hindus for religious reasons. Mangal Pandy, a 29-year-old sepoy played a key role in Sepoy mutiny. He urged the other sepoys to revolt against the British. Most of these rebels were defeated by spring, 1859. However, the revolt brought about great changes in relations between India and Britain.

Questions:

Question 1.
Who took control of East India Company after the rebellion in 1857 ?
Answer:
The British Government.

Question 2.
According to the passage, what does the word ‘sepoy’ mean?
Answer:
Sepoy means Indian soldiers in the British Army.

Question 3.
Who played a key role in sepoy mutiny ?
Answer:
Mangal Pandy, a 29 year old sepoy.

Question 4.
Which brought changes in relationship between India and British ?
Answer:
The revolt against the British.

Question 5.
What is the antonym for the word, ‘rebel’ ?
Answer:
accept.

VII. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow. (5 × 1 = 5)

Betrand Russell appeals to all concerned as a human being, a member of the species man, whose continued existence is in doubt. A war with the hydrogen bombs put an end to the human race. In his view, it seems that the ‘general public’ have not realised the real impact of a war with atomic bombs. A hydrogen bomb is 25,000 times as powerful as that which destroyed Hiroshima. So the stark, dreadful and inescapable problem before us is whether we shall put an end to the human race or if we shall give up wars. He explains in great detail the role of ordinary people in the peace process and requests the ‘general public’ to be remove aware and assertive so that the fate of the nations need not be decided by despotic leaders alone.

Questions :

Question 1.
According to Bertrand Russell, What puts an end to the human race?
Answer:
The hydrogen bomb.

Question 2.
Who have not realised the real impact of a war with atomic bombs ?
Answer:
The General public.

Question 3.
Who does Bertrand request to be move aware and assertive ?
Answer:
Ordinary people, the general public.

Question 4.
Antonym for ‘despotic’ is _____
Answer:
Democratic.

Question 5.
How many times is Hydrogen bomb as powerful as that which destroyed Hiroshima ?
Answer:
25,000 times.

Section – C

Note: The answers to questions in this section should be written at ONE PLACE in the answer book separately. The entire section should be answered in one stretch and not mixed with other sections.

VIII. Fill in the blanks with a, an or the. (6 × 1/2 = 3)

(a) Rukmini is ……….. orphan.
Answer:
an

(b) Akbar is ………………. second greatest emperor among Mughals.
Answer:
the

(c) For me breakfast is ……… best meal of the day.
Answer:
the

(d) ………. us and England are allies.
Answer:
the

(e) Milk is available at Rs. 70 ………. litre.
Answer:
a

(f) The apples of Kashmir are …….. best.
Answer:
the

IX. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions. (6 × 1/2 = 3)

(a) Amaravathi is the capital city ……. Andhra Pradesh.
Answer:
of

(b) The mango harvest in A.P. lasts ………….. April to June.
Answer:
from

(c) Mohan likes to drink coffee ……… the morning.
Answer:
in

(d) Who does this bag belong ……… ?
Answer:
to

(e) Let us stick ………….. our original plan.
Answer:
to

(f) He objected …………. contest for the seat.
Answer:
to

X. Fill in the blanks with the suitable forms of the verbs given in the brackets. (5 × 1 = 5)

(a) He often …… coffee. (drink)
Answer:
drinks

(b) This house …………………………….. three lakhs in 1980. (cost)
Answer:
costed

(c) I ……… seventeen on my next birthday. (be)
Answer:
will be

(d) At dinner time our family never …….. T.V. (watch)
Answer:
watches

(e) Sindhu……….. tennis since she was seven. (play)
Answer:
has been playing

(f) Can I have some milk before I ………….. to bed. (go)
Answer:
go

XI. Rewrite the sentences as directed. (5 × 1 = 5)

(a) Can you write the story? (Change into Passive voice)
Answer:
Can the story be written by you?

(b) The earth moves round the sun, said the teacher. (Into Indirect Speech)
Answer:
The teacher said that the earth moves round the Sun.

(c) Rajani is more beautiful than Sita. (Use beautiful)
Answer:
Sita is not as beautiful as Rajani.

(d) I am tired. I want to go to bed early.
(Use ‘therefore’ and combine the sentences into one).
Answer:
I am tired therefore I want to go to bed early.

(e) He never goes there. (Add a Question Tag)
Answer:
He never goes there, does he?

XII. Rewrite the following sentences correcting the underlined part. The entire sentence must be written. 5 × 1 = 5

(a) Look, somebody knock at the door.
Answer:
Look, somebody is knocking at the door.

(b) One should love his country.
Answer:
One should love one’s country.

(c) When I reached the station, the train left.
Answer:
When I reached the station, the train had left.

(d) There is an institution for blind in the city.
Answer:
There is an institution for the blind in the city.

(e) One of the boys, sing well.
Answer:
One of the boys sings well.

XIII. Use ANY THREE of the following phrasal verbs in your own sentences. (3 × 1 = 3)

(a) wake up
Answer:
They wake up at 5 A.M.

(b) call off
Answer:
The students called off the strike.

(c) makeup
Answer:
She made up her mind to contest the seat.

(d) yield to
Answer:
She did not yield to pressure from others.

(e) agree with
Answer:
I do not agree with my sister’s opinion.

(f) come from
Answer:
Nehru came from a noble family.

XIV. Identify the silent consonants in the following words. (6 × 1/2 = 3)

(a) scissors
Answer:
c

(b) alarm
Answer:
r

(c) dough
Answer:
gh

(d) knight
Answer:
k

(e) honest
Answer:
h

(f) report
Answer:
t

XV. Identify the parts of speech of the underlined words. (6 × 1⁄2 = 3)

(a) It was ten last night when we parted.
Answer:
Verb

(b) This book is mine.
Answer:
Adjective

(c) I wake up early.
Answer:
Adverb

(d) You may do it if you like.
Answer:
Conjunction

(e) Oh, he is the winner.
Answer:
Interjunction

(f) I know, it is a creature.
Answer:
Noun

XVI. Match the words in Column ‘A’ with their meanings/definitions in Column ‘B’. (6 × 1/2 = 3)

Answer:
1) f
2) e
3) b
4) a
5) d
6) g

XVII. Convert the following bar graph into a paragraph. (1 × 5 = 5)

Answer:
The illustration is a vertical bar graph depicting the results of a test given to a hypothetical class of students. Each letter grade (A through E) is denoted by a vertical bar of a certain height on the X axis. The Y axis shows percentage of students. The total of the percentages is equal to 100. The percentage of students receiving a specific grade is directly proportional to the height of the bar representing that grade.

As can be seen in the pie chart, half of the students got B grade. It is followed by A grade. One fourth of the students in the class attained A grade. Almost an equal number of students, i.e., 13% and 12% of the class were assessed with C and D grades respectively. Only 2% of the students, the least in the class were given E grade.

OR

A survey conducted on a group of students about the time they spend on watching television disclosed the fact that 4 students watched TV 0 to 2 hours a week. All the same 7 students watched 3 to 5 hours a week; 22 students watched 7 to 9 hours; 32 students watched 10 to 12 hours a week and 4 students watched 15 to 17 hours a week. Convert the above information into a bar graph.
Answer:

XVIII. Read the following transcriptions and write ANY FIVE words in ordinary spellings. (5 × 1 = 5)

(a) /sku :l/
Answer:
school

(b) \(/ \mathrm{fei} \theta) /\)
Answer:
faith

(c) /skil/
Answer:
skill

(d) /sǝkses/
Answer:
success

(e) /hju:mǝn/
Answer:
human

(f) /ǝdventfǝr/
Answer:
adventure

(g) /dri :m/
Answer:
dream

(h) /nlovlti/
Answer:
novelti

(i) \(\text { /e } \theta \text { nik/ }\)
Answer:
ethnic

(j)

Answer:
nation

OR

Find the word that is different from the other words in the group with regard to the sound of the underlined letters:

(a) like bike limit
Answer:
limit

(b) genuine gont guest
Answer:
guest

(c) trust just music
Answer:
music

(d) cough pouch pound
Answer:
cough

(e) lead learn lean
Answer:
learn

XIX. Write the number of syllables for ANY SIX of the following words : (6 × 1/2 = 3)

(a) hauled
Answer:
Monosyllabic
(1 syllable)

(b) resilience
Answer:
Polysyllabic
(4 syllables)

(c) security
Answer:
Polysyllabic
(4 syllables)

(d) lunacy
Answer:
Trisyllabic
(3 syllables)

(e) available
Answer:
Polysyllabic
(4 syllables)

(f) honourable
Answer:
Polysyllabic
(4 syllables)

(g) soul
Answer:
Monosyllabic
(1 syllable)

(h) immune
Answer:
Disyllabic
(2 syllables)

(i) reach
Answer:
Monosyllabic
(1 syllable)

(j) surrender
Answer:
Trisyllabic
(3 syllables)

XX. Complete the following dialogue :

Tourist : Hello good afternoon!
Receptionist : Good afternoon, Sir! How may I
Tourist : Yes, this is my first trip here. I don’t want to miss the best moment here. But I have no idea where to go. Can you recommend?
Tourist : Of course, Sir. You may go to Tanah Lot temple. It’s one of the major ____ here.
Receptionist : OK, tell me about it.
Tourist : Certainly, Sir. It is on the southwest coast of Bali. There is a sacred spring there. You can also meet ____ there.
Tourist : The holy snakes ?? I’m afraid of snake!
Receptionist : The snakes are believed as the guardians of the temple. You are safe, the snakes never attack people unless they are disturbed. The view there is very amazing.
Tourist : Well, can you ____ a tour guide for me?
Receptionist : Alright, Sir. So I will arrange a trip including a tour guide for you for tomorrow.
Tourist : How much is it?
Receptionist : It is USD 20 per person including a buffet dinner.
_________
Answer:
Tourist : Hello good afternoon!
Receptionist : Good afternoon, Sir! How may I ___ you ?
Answer: help
Tourist : Yes, this is my first trip here. I don’t want to miss the best moment here. But I have no idea where to go. Can you recommend?
Tourist : Of course, Sir. You may go to Tanah Lot temple. It’s one of the major ___ here.
Answer: temples
Receptionist : OK, tell me about it.
Tourist : Certainly, Sir. It is on the southwest coast of Bali. There is a sacred spring there. You can also meet ____ there.
Answer: the holy snakes
Tourist : The holy snakes?? I’m afraid of snake!
Receptionist : The snakes are believed as the guardians of the temple. You are safe, the snakes never attack people unless they are disturbed. The view there is very amazing.
Tourist : Well, can you ____ a tour guide for me?
Answer: get
Receptionist : Alright, Sir. So I will arrange a trip including a tour guide for you for tomorrow.
Tourist : How much is it?
Receptionist : It is USD 20 per person including a buffet dinner.

Thoroughly reviewing AP Inter 1st Year English Model Papers and AP Inter 1st Year English Question Paper April 2022 helps in understanding the examiner’s expectations.

AP Inter 1st Year English Question Paper April 2022

Section – A

I. Annotate ANY TWO of the following in about 10-15 lines each. (2 × 4 = 8)

a) Unless we are very strenuous in our conduct and honest in our minds, we can not make a glorious India.

b) “Someday I will Prove, without a doubt, the truth of what happened to me”.

c) Teach him to have faith in his own ideas, even it everyone tells him they are wrong.

d) Rapid improvements in advanced sensors would make it possible to have such sensing systems at affordable prices in many of our sectors.

II. Annotate ANY TWO of he following in about 10-15 lines each. (2 × 4 = 8)

a) Give me the strength to make my love fruitful in service.

b) I know why your eyes leap away
When they meet mine,
Why they quickly stray
From their quiet contact

c) Others like soldiers, armed in their strings
Make boot upon the summer’s velvet buds :

d) To break this shadow
Ino a thousand lighs of Sun,
Into a thousand whirling dreams of Sun !

III. Answer ANY TWO of tthe following in about 10-‘5 lines each. (2 × 4 = 8)

a) How can the teacher instill faith, love and courage in Lincoln’s Son ?

b) Satellite navigational systems are going to transform marketing logistics in a complete way! How do the writers explain this ?

c) What were the difficulties faced by Arunima while climbing the Everes ? What do you learn from her story?

d) “Citizens of character are future of the naion” – Support your answer wih the views of Rajaji.

IV. Answer ANY TWO of the following in about 10-15 lines each. (2 × 4 = 8)

a) According to Shakespeare, what are the lessons that human beings must learn from honey bees ?

b) “Hold fast to dreams for when dreaming go, Life is a barren field frozen with snow”. How did Langston Hughes hold fast to his saying as he grew older ?

c) What are Tagore’s views oh equanimity ?

d) Briefly explain the theme of the poem ‘To a Student”.

V Answer ANY ONE of the following questions in about 25-30 lines each. (1 × 8 = 8)

a) How is “The Last Leaf’ by OHeiiry a story of hope, friendship and sacrifice ?

b) How did people in the olden days show concern for social values ? Explain this in the light of the story “Will he come Home”?

c) The anrrator said “Nature came to my rescue in an unexpected manner”. How did nature help, the narrator get rid of his troubles?

Section – B

VI. Read the following passage carefully and answer he questions that follow. (5 × 1 = 5)

When he was bom everyone ‘advised’ his parents to get rid of the kid as he was blind. But his parents, who were not affluen by any count, choose to take care of him, that too, to the best of their abilities and gave him educaion. Forbes has named him in the list of super achievers from Asia under the age of 30 but visually challenged Srikanth Bolla is in no mood to celebrate. His goal is , to get into the Forbes list of richest persons and he won’t settle for anything less. ‘

Such is he determination of the 25 year-old, who was bom blind and. overcame all adversities to become the first intemaitonal Wind student at the Massachusetts institute of Technology (MIT) and now heads a Rs.30-crore ($ 4.6 million) company.

Visiting manufacturing plants in different locations in Telanganai and Karnataka, attending business meetings and in between, troble-shooting over the phone, the CEO of Bollan Industries is a busy man.

Born in a family of farmers inMachilipatnam in Andhra Pradesh, life has been one long struggle for him. After passing his class 10 exam, he chose die -science stream for the plus-two stage but was not permitted to write the Joint Entrace Exam for IIT aspirants as he was blind.

“I said when IIT doesn’t want me, I don’t want DT either. Let me find the best opportunity in the world-better than IIT. MIT being the top school in he world, I always waned to go there and I went there”, said Srikanth, who has a B.Sc., in Mannagement from MIT.

1) What did people advise the parents of Srikanth when he was born ?

2) What was the goal of Srikanth ?

3) Why did Srikanth decide to study in MIT ?

4) Write the antonym of‘Permit”.

5) Answer ‘True’ or ‘False’.

Srikanth missed a great chance because he could not take Joint Entrance Exam for IIT.

VII. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow. (5 × 1 = 5)

Tagore insisted that education should be imparted in an atmosphere of nature with all its beauty, colours, sounds, forms and such other manifestations. In his opinion, education in natural sur-roundings develops intimacy with the world and the power of communication with nature. Nature according to him, was the manuscript of God. So he emphasized that education must enable a person to realize his immediate relationship with nature, it should take the child nearer nature and therefore, in close proximity of God. It should help him to leam freely and spontaneously from the book of nature. Since nature never betrays the heart that loves her, she will provide the child with spontaneous development and natural growth.

1) What according to Tagore develops intimacy with the world ?

2) What was considered as the manuscript of God ?

3) “It shoud take child nearer nature”. It’s refers to what ?

4) Name the two things that are provided by Nature.

5) Write the present tense form of ‘emphasized’.

Section – C

Note: The answers to questions in this Section should be written at ONE PLACE in the answer book separately. The entire Section should be answered in one stretch and not to be mixed with other Section.

VIII. Fill in the blanks with suitable Articles. (6 × 1/2 = 3)

a) Babar is ____ first Mughal King in India.

b) He thinks he is ____ Shakespeare.

c) I saw ____ Untidy child.

d) Hindus read ____ Bhagavadgeetha.

e) Can you find me ____ small house for rent ?

f) My sister is ___ NCC officer.

XIV. Identify the silent consonants in the following words. (6 × 1/2 = 3)

a) Buffet

b) align

c) knight

d) neighbour

e) gargle

f) Psalm

XV. Identify the part of speech of the underlined words. (6 × 1/2 = 3)

a) She was born in 2005.

b) He solved the problem quickly.

c) Congrats! finally you won the match.

d) Do you smoke ?

e) The new car broke down.

f) Madhav is rich but he does not speand a pie.

XVI. Match the words in column A with their meanings/definitions in Column B. (6 × 1/2 = 3)

XVII. Here is a list of crops that grow in Kurnool district, Prepare a Pie diagram. (5 × 1 = 5)

Sonamasuri 50%

Red gram 25%

Maize 5%

Jowar 10%

Millet 10%

(OR)

Musical instruments are divided into three main classes according to the way they are played. Some instruments are played by blowing air into them. These are called wind instruments. Some of these are said to be of the wood wind family. Examples of wood wind instruments are the flute, the clarinet and the hom. There are also various other wind instruments such as the mouth-organ and the bagpipes. Some instruments are played by banging or striking them. Instruments like this are called percussion instruments are played by banging or striking them. Instruments like this are called percussion instruments. The last big group of musical instruments have strings. There are four kinds of stringed instruments. Examples are the harp and the guitar, the violin and cello.

Convert the above passage into a “tree-diagram”.

XVIII. Read the following transcriptions and write ANY FIVE words in ordinary spellings. (5 × 1 = 5)

1) /ti:tjs(r)/

2) /aemPjutelt/

3) /KASt3mǝ(r)/

4) /Sltizn/

5) /difikoiti/

6) /did3iti

7) \(/ \mathrm{m \Lambda} \text { Әә(r) }\)

8) /neijn/

9) /hju:mon/

10) \(\text { /fei } \theta /\)

Find the word that is different from the other words in the group with regard to the sound of the underlined letters.

1) Xerox, X-mas, X-Ray

2) gate, gem, gentle

3) one, orange, often

4) cheap, chin, character

5) culture, vulture, voltage

XIX. Write the number of syllables for ANY SIX of the following words. (6 × 1/2 = 3)

a) engine

b) politics

c) dictionary

d) new

e) security

f) mutter

g) revulsion

h) community

i) administration

j) sort

XX. Complete the following dialogue. . (4×1 = 4)

Rishitha : Do you think that children now a days are more
Kavitha : Well, depends children in big cities perhaps tend to be happy and naughty.
Rishitha : I agree with you. I wonder why !
Kavitha : Do you know that its mostly caused by
Rishitha : But sometimes children who don’t like watching TV are also naughty.
Kavitha : They are influenced by their environment. Children are still unstable, they are changeable.
Rishitha : What is the best done by parents to stop on TV?
I think its rather hard to stop violence on TV, because children today have much more freedom and to watch TV anywhere and anytime as well. Moreover, the media is concerned more about profit rather than quality.