TS 6th Class Social Bits 2nd Lesson Globe – A Model of the Earth

Regular practice with TS 6th Class Social Bits with Answers 2nd Lesson Globe – A Model of the Earth improves students’ confidence and readiness for assessments and examinations.

TS 6th Class Social Bits 2nd Lesson Globe – A Model of the Earth

Objective Type Questions

Choose the correct answer and write its letter in the bracket.

1. Zero degree latitude is …………….
(A) The. Tropic of Cancer
(B) The Tropic of Capricorn
(C) The Equator
(D) 6672° South latitude
Answer:
(C) The Equator

2. The total number of latitudes in both the hemispheres is …………….
(A) 180
(B) 90
(C) 100
(D) 360
Answer:
(A) 180

TS 6th Class Social Bits 2nd Lesson Globe – A Model of the Earth

3. Meridians are ……………
(A) Longitudes
(B) Latitudes
(C) Poles
(D) None of the above
Answer:
(A) Longitudes

4. The longitude on which Greenwich is ………………
A) 10°longitude
B) \(66^1 /_2^{\circ}\) longitude
C) 0°longitude
D) 180° longitude
Answer:
C) 0°longitude

5. A globe is the …………….
(A) model of the Earth
(B) model of the Marks
(C) model of the Jupiter
(D) model of Saturn
Answer:
(A) model of the Earth

6. A globe shows the ………………
(A) shape of the Earth
(B) water and land masses
(C) oceans
(D) all the above
Answer:
(D) all the above

TS 6th Class Social Bits 2nd Lesson Globe – A Model of the Earth

7. The reason behind the earth’s strength
(A) Magnet
B) Iron
C) Manganese
D) Aluminium
Answer:
(A) Magnet

8. The concept of lines on the globe called
A) Latitudes
B) Longitudes
C) Latitudes and Longitudes
D) International Data lines
Answer:
C) Latitudes and Longitudes

9. Lines on the globe were well known to
A) Aristotle
B) Aryabhatta
C) Charaka
D) Columbus
Answer:
B) Aryabhatta

10. Find out the correct statement.
1) Antarctica continent supports to human life.
2) Antarctica continent only supports for research stations.
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) both 1 & 2
D) both 1 & 2 or wrong
Answer:
B) 2 only

11. The darken place in the picture shows
A) Eastern hemisphere
B) Southern hemisphere
C) Northern hemisphere
D) Western hemisphere
Answer:
C) Northern hemisphere

12. The North and South poles on the earth are covered with
A) water
B) ice
C) air
D) heat
Answer:
B) ice

13. These are located in the continents.
A) villages
B) towns
C) cities
D) all the above
Answer:
D) all the above

14. If you face north on the globe, the ………….. is on your right.
A) latitude
B) longitude
C) axis
D) orbit
Answer:
A) latitude

TS 6th Class Social Bits 2nd Lesson Globe – A Model of the Earth

15. The imaginary horizontal lines on, the earth are
A) latitudes
B) longitudes
C) parallels
D) Both A & C
Answer:
B) longitudes

16. The imaginary horizontal lines on, the earth are ………….
A) latitudes
B) longitudes
C) parallels
D) Both A & C

17. The longest latitude
A) Tropic of Cancer
B) Tropic of Capricorn
C) Equator
D) Arctic circle
Answer:
C) Equator

18. The hemisphere that lies between the Equator and North pole is …………
A) southern hemisphere
B) northern hemisphere ’
C) eastern hemisphere
D) western hemisphere
Answer:
B) northern hemisphere ’

TS 6th Class Social Bits 2nd Lesson Globe – A Model of the Earth

19. The hemisphere that lies between the Equator and the South pole is ……………
A) southern hemisphere
B) northern hemisphere
C) eastern hemisphere
D) western hemisphere
Answer:
A) southern hemisphere

20. India is located in …………..
A) northern hemisphere
B) eastern hemisphere
C) southern hemisphere
D) Both A & B .
Answer:
D) Both A & B .

21. The vertical lines that connect the poles are called as …………
A) latitudes
B) longitudes
C) half-circles
D) Both B & C
Answer:
D) Both B & C

22. The other name of 0° longitude ……………
A) Greenwich longitude
B) the longest longitude
C) 180° western longitude
D) All the above
Answer:
A) Greenwich longitude

TS 6th Class Social Bits 2nd Lesson Globe – A Model of the Earth

23. Which one is called the International Date Line ?
A) 180° longitude
B) \(821 / 2^{\circ}\) East longitude
C) 90° West Jongitude
D) 95° West longitude
Answer:
A) 180° longitude

24. The Earth rotates every day from …………… to …………….
A) North to South
B)East to West
C) West to East
D) South to North
Answer:
C) West to East

25. You can see large land masses on the globe which are called …………..
A) Oceans
B) Seas
C) Plateaus
D) Continents
Answer:
D) Continents

26. ………….. are the two points on the opposite ends of the Earth.
A) Latitudes
B) Longitudes
C) Seas
D) Poles
Answer:
D) Poles

27. Around …………. AD scientists and sea-fares began to figure out that the Earth must be like a ball.
A) 1400 AD
B) 1300 AD
C) 1400 BC
D) 1300 BC
Answer:
A) 1400 AD

28. Which of these do you think is the largest ocean?
A) Atlantic
B) Pacific
C) Indian
D) Arctic
Answer:
B) Pacific

29. TS 6th Class Social Bits 2nd Lesson Globe – A Model of the Earth 2
what dose the picture shows?
A) Moon from the earth
B) Sun from the earth
C) Earth from the moon
D) Earth rise on the moon
Answer:
D) Earth rise on the moon

TS 6th Class Social Bits 2nd Lesson Globe – A Model of the Earth

30. Why the bottom portion of the earth is not visible in this picture ?
A) That portion is not receiving the sunshine
B) That portion is receiving the sunshine
C) That day is Aniav
D) None of the above
Answer:
A) That portion is not receiving the sunshine

31. TS 6th Class Social Bits 2nd Lesson Globe – A Model of the Earth 1
What does the picture shows ?
A) Earth
B) Moon
C) Globe
D) Sun
Answer:
C) Globe

32. Which of the folio wing ocean is in frozen state ?
A) Atlantic
B) Pacific
C) Antarctic
D) Indian
Answer:
C) Antarctic

33. Which of the following continent is in frozen state ?
A) Australia
B) Europe
C) Arctic
D) Antarctic
Answer:
D) Antarctic

TS 6th Class Social Bits 2nd Lesson Globe – A Model of the Earth

34. Equator: Tropical zone :: Poles: …………….
A) Temperature
B) Torrid zone
C) Frigid zone
D) None
Answer:
C) Frigid zone

35. Why did “the .sum always rises in the: east”. Find the reason.
A) The earth’s rotation from west to east
B) The earth rotate from east to west
C) Because the earth is like a ball
D) None
Answer:
A) The earth’s rotation from west to east

36. Latitudes helps us
A) To find the place
B) To know the time
C) Both A &: B
D) None
Answer:
A) To find the place

37. Longitudes helps us ………………
A) To know the local time
B) To know the location of the place
C) Both A & B
D) None
Answer:
A) To know the local time

TS 6th Class Social Bits 1st Lesson Reading and Making Maps

Regular practice with TS 6th Class Social Bits with Answers 1st Lesson Reading and Making Maps improves students’ confidence and readiness for assessments and examinations.

TS 6th Class Social Bits 1st Lesson Reading and Making Maps

Objective Type Questions.

Choose the correct answer and write its letter in the bracket.
1. The top of the arrow mark indicates the direction
(A) North
(B) South
(C) East
(D) West
Answer:
(A) North

2. The direction directly opposite to the North is called the
(A) South
(B) East
(C) West
(D) None of them
Answer:
(A) South

TS 6th Class Social Bits 1st Lesson Reading and Making Maps

3. Maps showing the distribution of population conditions are called
(A) Population maps
(B) Political maps
(C) Physical maps
(D) Weather maps
Answer:
(A) Population maps

4. Look at the following picture carefully.

(i) The girl in the middle is facing the rising Sun The object in the direction of her right hand side is …………..
(A) House
(B) Trees
(C) Well
(D) Rising Sun
Answer:
(C) Well
TS 6th Class Social Bits 1st Lesson Reading and Making Maps 3

(ii) The object in the direction of her left hand side is ………………
A) Rising Sun
B) Trees
C) House
D) Well
Answer:
B) Trees

5. The direction in which the sun sets.
A) East
B) West
C) North
D) South
Answer:
B) West

6. In which direction does the west lay to a person who stands facing east?
A) right – hand side
B) left – hand side
C) backside
D) none
Answer:
C) backside

TS 6th Class Social Bits 1st Lesson Reading and Making Maps

7. In which direction does the north lay to a person who stands facing east ?
A) left-hand side
B) right-hand side
C) backside
D) all the above
Answer:
A) left-hand side

8. In which direction does the south lay to a person who stands facing east ?
A) left-hand side
B) right-hand side
C) backside
D) none
Answer:
B) right-hand side

9. This can be expressed always relative to something.
A) direction
B) system
C) relation
D) corner
Answer:
A) direction

10. Usually, maps are prepared in such a manner that north is at the …………….of the map.
A) top
B) bottom
C) right-hand side
D) left-hand side
Answer:
A) top

11. Usually, maps are prepared in such a manner that south is at the of the map.
A) top
B) bottom
C) right-hand side
D) left-hand side
Answer:
B) bottom

12. This is used to indicate distance on the map.
A) symbol
B) direction
C) scale
D) none
Answer:

13. The scale is the of distance between two points on the map to the actual distance on the ground.
A) ratio
B) axes
C) both A and B
D) none
Answer:
B) axes

TS 6th Class Social Bits 1st Lesson Reading and Making Maps

14. Map makers prepare symbols appropriate to their needs. But some common symbols which are called are also used.
A) Heriditary symbols
B) Conventional symbols
C) Irrelative symbols
D) Improper symbols
Answer:
B) Conventional symbols

Study the map to find out how to use the symbols and answer the questions from 15 to 18.
TS 6th Class Social Bits 1st Lesson Reading and Making Maps 2

15. The symbol TS 6th Class Social 1st Lesson Questions and Answers Telangana - Reading and Making Maps 12 indicates
A) Well
B) River
C) Tree
D) Post Office
Answer:
C) Tree

16. The symbol indicates
A) Broad gauge
B) Metre gauge
C) School
D) Masjid
Answer:
A) Broad gauge

17. The symbol TS 6th Class Social 1st Lesson Questions and Answers Telangana - Reading and Making Maps 13 indicates
A) Well
B) School
C) Temple
D) Church
Answer:
C) Temple

18. The symbolTS 6th Class Social 1st Lesson Questions and Answers Telangana - Reading and Making Maps 14 indicates
A) Well
B) School
C) Tank
D) Police Station
Answer:
C) Tank

19. Map makers prepare ………….. appropriate to their needs.
A) Symbols
B) Water bodies
C) Globes
D) Directions
Answer:
A) Symbols

20. If you stand facing the East, all the things to your right hand side will be towards …………..
A) North
B) East
C) West
D) South
Answer:
D) South

TS 6th Class Social Bits 1st Lesson Reading and Making Maps

21. If you are facing the East, all the things behind you will be ………….
A) North
B) South
C) West
D) East
Answer:
C) West

22. We use ………………. for showing the actual distance on the ground in a reduced manner on a map.
A) Globe
B) Scale
C) Maps
D) Directions
Answer:
C) Maps

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 5 పుష్పించే మొక్కల స్వరూపశాస్త్రం

Students get through AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions 5th Lesson పుష్పించే మొక్కల స్వరూపశాస్త్రం which are most likely to be asked in the exam.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions 5th Lesson పుష్పించే మొక్కల స్వరూపశాస్త్రం

Very Short Answer Questions (అతిస్వల్ప సమాధాన ప్రశ్నలు)

ప్రశ్న 1.
పీచువేర్లకు, అబ్బురపు వేర్లకు గల భేదాలు వ్రాయండి. [AP M-20]
జవాబు:
పీచువేర్లు

  1. కాండం దిగువ భాగం నుంచి ఏర్పడే వేర్లను పీచువేర్లు అంటారు.
  2. ఉదా: ఏకదళ బీజాలైన మొక్కజొన్న

అబ్బురపు వేర్లు

  1. ప్రథమ మూలం నుంచి గాక మొక్క ఇతర భాగాలను నుంచి వేర్లు ఏర్పడితే వాటిని అబ్బురపు వేర్లు అంటారు.
  2. ఉదా: వాండాలోని వెలామిన్ వేర్లు

ప్రశ్న 2.
‘రూపాంతరం’ను నిర్వచించండి. మర్రి వృక్షం, మాంగ్రూప్ మొక్కలలో వేరు ఏ విధంగా రూపాంతరం చెందిందో తెలపండి.
జవాబు:

  1. రూపాంతరం: కొన్ని ప్రత్యేక విధులను నిర్వర్తించడానికిగాను మొక్కల అంగాలలో ఏర్పడే నిర్మాణాత్మకమైన శాశ్వత మార్పుని రూపాంతరం అంటారు.
  2. మర్రి వృక్షంలో వేర్లు పెద్దశాఖల నుండి ఊడవేర్లుగా రూపాంతరం చెందుతాయి. ఇవి నేలలోనికి పెరిగి స్థంభాలవలె పెరిగి వృక్షానికి అదనపు ఆధారాన్ని ఇస్తాయి.
  3. మాంగ్రూవ్ మొక్కలలో వేర్లు శ్వాసమూలాలుగా రూపాంతరం చెందాయి. ఇవి బురదనుండి భూమిపైకి నిటారుగా పెరుగుతాయి.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 5 పుష్పించే మొక్కల స్వరూపశాస్త్రం
ప్రశ్న 3.
వృక్షోపజీవుల మొక్కలలో ఏ రకం ప్రత్యేకమైన వేర్లు ఏర్పడతాయి? వాటి విధిని తెలపండి.
జవాబు:

  1. వృక్షోపజీవ మొక్కలలో ‘వెలమిన్ వేర్లు’ అనే ప్రత్యేకమైన అబ్బురపు వేర్లు ఏర్పడతాయి.
  2. ఇవి వాతావరణం నుండి తేమను గ్రహించి మొక్కకు అందిస్తాయి.

ప్రశ్న 4.
క్రిసాంథిమమ్ (చామంతి)లో గల పిలక మొక్క జాస్మిన్ (మల్లె) లోగల స్టోలను ఏ విధంగా విభేదిస్తుంది?
జవాబు:

  1. క్రిసాంథిమమ్లోని పిలక మొక్కలు భూగర్భకాండ భాగాల నుంచి ఏర్పడతాయి.
  2. జాస్మిన్లోగల స్టోలాన్ అనే శాఖలు వాయుగతంగా పెరుగుతాయి. ఈ రెండు కూడా శాఖీయ ప్రత్యుత్పత్తిలో పాల్గొంటాయి.

ప్రశ్న 5.
తల్పం వంటి పత్రపీఠం అంటే ఏమిటి? ఏ ఆవృత బీజపు కుటుంబ మొక్కలలో అవి కనిపిస్తాయి?
జవాబు:

  1. ఉబ్బి ఉండే పత్ర పీఠమును ‘తల్పం వంటి పత్ర పీఠం ‘ అంటారు. [TS M-20] [ AP M-17] [IPE Mar 14]
  2. ఇది లెగ్యుమెనోసి కుటుంబపు మొక్కలలో కన్పిస్తుంది.

ప్రశ్న 6.
‘ఈనెల వ్యాపనం’ను నిర్వచించండి. ద్విదళ బీజాలు, ఏకదళబీజాలు నుంచి ఈనెల వ్యాపనంలో ఏ విధంగా విభేదిస్తాయి? [TS-18] [ APM-15]
జవాబు:
1. ఈనెల వ్యాపనం:పత్రదళంలో ఈనెలు, పిల్ల ఈనెలు అమరి ఉండే విధానాన్ని ‘ఈనెల వ్యాపనం’ అంటారు. 2. ద్విదళ బీజాలు ‘జాలాకార ఈనెల వ్యాపనాన్ని, ఏకదళబీజాలు ‘సమాంతర ఈనెల వ్యాపనాన్ని కలిగి ఉంటాయి.

ప్రశ్న 7.
పిచ్ఛాకార సంయుక్త పత్రం, హస్తాకార సంయుక్త పత్రాన్ని ఏ విధంగా విభేదిస్తుంది? ఉదాహరణలతో వివరించండి.
జవాబు:
పిచ్ఛాకార సంయుక్త పత్రం

  1. పిచ్ఛాకార సంయుక్త పత్రంలో పత్రకాలు ఒకే విన్యాసాక్షం పై ఇరువైపులా అమరి ఉంటాయి.
    ఉదా: వేప, కరివేపాకు

హస్తాకార సంయుక్త పత్రం

  1. హస్తాకార సంయుక్త పత్రంలో పత్రకాలు, పత్రవృంతం ‘కొన భాగంలో అమరి ఉంటాయి.
  2. ఉదా: చిక్కుడు, బూరుగ

ప్రశ్న 8.
కీటకాహారి మొక్కలలో కీటకాన్ని బంధించడానికి ఏ అంగం రూపాంతరం చెందింది? రెండు ఉదాహరణలు ఇవ్వండి. [APM-19]
జవాబు:

  1. కీటకాహారి మొక్కలలో కీటకాలను బంధించడానికి పత్రాలు ‘బోను పత్రాలు’గా రూపాంతరం చెందుతాయి.
  2. ఉదా: నెప్టెంథిస్, డయోనియా.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 5 పుష్పించే మొక్కల స్వరూపశాస్త్రం

ప్రశ్న 9.
మధ్యాభిసార, నిశ్చిత పుష్ప విన్యాసాల మధ్యగల భేదాన్ని తెలపండి. [TS M-15] [AP M-22]
జవాబు:
మధ్యాభిసార పుష్పవిన్యాసము

  1. పుష్పవిన్యాస అక్షం అనిశ్చితంగా పెరుగుతుంది.
  2. పుష్పాలు అభిసార క్రమంలో అమరి ఉంటాయి.

నిశ్చిత పుష్పవిన్యాసము

  1. పుష్పవిన్యాస అక్షం నిశ్చితంగా పెరుగుతుంది.
  2. పుష్పాలు ఆధారభిసార క్రమంలో అమరి ఉంటాయి.

ప్రశ్న 10.
సయాథియమ్లోని గిన్నె వంటి నిర్మాణం స్వరూపాన్ని తెలపండి. ఏ కుటుంబంలో అది కనిపిస్తుంది. [TS M-17,22][ AP M-15,18]
జవాబు:

  1. సయాథియంలో గిన్నె వంటి నిర్మాణం స్వరూపం ‘పరిచక్ర పుచ్ఛావళి’ .
  2. ఇది ‘యూఫోర్బియేసి’ కుటుంబంలో కన్పిస్తుంది.

ప్రశ్న 11.
ఫిగ్ (మర్రి జాతి) వృక్షాలలో ఏ పుష్ప విన్యాసం కనిపిస్తుంది? బ్లాస్టోఫాగా కీటకం ఆ వృక్షంలోని పుష్ప విన్యాసాన్ని ఎందుకు చేరుతుంది?
జవాబు:

  1. ఫిగ్ (మర్రిజాతి) వృక్షంలో ‘హైపన్ థోడియమ్’ పుష్పవిన్యాసము కనిపిస్తుంది. [AP M-16]
  2. బ్లాస్టోఫాగా అను కీటకము ఆ పుష్పవిన్యాసంలోని గాల్ పుష్పాలలో తన గుడ్లను పొదుగుతుంది.

ప్రశ్న 12.
సౌష్ఠవయుత పుష్పానికీ, పాక్షికసౌష్టవయుత పుష్పానికి గల భేదాన్ని తెలపండి. [ TS May-17, 19,22][ AP M-16]
జవాబు:
సౌష్టవయుత

  1. ఇందులో పుష్పాన్ని మధ్య నుంచి ఏ వ్యాసార్ధపు తలం నుంచైనా రెండు సమ భాగాలుగా విభజించవచ్చు.
  2. ఉదా: మందార, దతూర

పాక్షిక సౌష్టవయుతం

  1. ఇందులో పుష్పాన్ని మధ్య నుంచి ఏదో ఒక తలం నుంచి మాత్రమే నిలువునా రెండు సమ భాగాలుగా విభజించవచ్చు
  2. ఉదా: బఠాణి, చిక్కుడు

ప్రశ్న 13.
బఠానీ మొక్కలో ఆకర్షణ పత్రాలు ఏ విధంగా అమరి ఉంటాయి? అటువంటి అమరికను ఏమంటారు?
జవాబు:

  1. బఠానీ పుష్పంలో ఐదు ఆకర్షణ పత్రాలు ఉంటాయి. అతిపెద్ద ఆకర్షణపత్రము రెండు పార్శ్వ ఆకర్షణపత్రాలను కప్పి ఉంచుతుంది. ఈ పార్శ్వ పత్రాలు పూర్వాంతంలో ఉన్న రెండు అతి చిన్నవైన ఆకర్షణ పత్రాలు కప్పి ఉంచుతాయి.
  2. ఈ రకపు అమరికను ‘వెక్సిల్లరీ’ లేదా ‘పాపిలియోనేషియస్’ పుష్పరచన అంటారు.

ప్రశ్న 14.
మకుటదళోపరిస్థితం అంటే ఏమిటి? ఒక ఉదాహరణ ఇవ్వండి. [TS M-22][ AP March, May-17,22]
జవాబు:

  1. ఒక పుష్పంలోని కేసరాలు ఆకర్షణ పత్రాలతో సంయుక్తమైతే దానిని ‘మకుటదళో పరిస్థితం’ అని అంటారు.
  2. ఉదా: దతూర, వంగ

ప్రశ్న 15.
అసంయుక్త, సంయుక్త అండాశయాల మద్య భేదాలు తెలపండి.
జవాబు:
అసంయుక్త అండాశయం

  1. అండాశయంలో ఉన్న ఫలదళాలు పుష్పాసనం పై విడి విడిగా ఉంటే దానిని అసంయుక్త అండాశయం అంటారు.
  2. ఉదా: తామర

సంయుక్త అండాశయం

  1. అండాశయంలో ఉన్న ఫలదళాలు కలిసి వుంటే దానిని సంయుక్త అండాశయం అంటారు.
  2. ఉదా: టమాటా

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 5 పుష్పించే మొక్కల స్వరూపశాస్త్రం

ప్రశ్న 16.
‘అండన్యాసం’ ను నిర్వచించండి. డయాంథస్ లో ఏ రకం అండన్యాసం కనిపిస్తుంది? [AP M-20][TS M-15,18,20]
జవాబు:

  1. అండన్యాసం: అండాశయంలో అండాలు అమరి ఉండే విధానాన్ని అండన్యాసం అంటారు.
  2. డయాంథస్లో ‘స్వేచ్ఛాకేంద్ర అండన్యాసం’ ఉంటుంది.

ప్రశ్న 17.
అనిషేక ఫలం అంటే ఏమిటి? అది ఏ విధంగా ఉపయోగపడుతుంది? [AP M-17]
జవాబు:

  1. ఫలదీకరణ చెందని అండాశయం నుండి ఏర్పడే ఫలమును ‘అనిషేక ఫలం’ అని అంటారు. ఉదా: అరటి.
  2. అనిషేకఫలాలు విత్తన రహితంగా ఉంటాయి కావున అవి తినడానికి తేలికగా ఉంటాయి.
    వీటిని రసాల తయారీ పరిశ్రమలో ఎక్కువగా ఉపయోగిస్తారు.

ప్రశ్న 18.
మామిడిలో ఏ రకం ఫలం ఉంది? అది కొబ్బరి ఫలాన్ని ఏ విధంగా విభేదిస్తుంది?
జవాబు:

  1. మామిడిలో గల ఫలాన్ని ‘టెంకగల ఫలం’ (డ్రూప్) అంటారు.
  2. మామిడిలో మధ్య ఫలకవచం తినగలిగే విధంగా కండకల్గి ఉంటుంది.
  3. కొబ్బరిలో మధ్యఫలకవచం తినటానికి వీలు లేని పీచులాగా ఉంటుంది.

ప్రశ్న 19.
కొన్ని ఫలాలను అవృత ఫలాలు అని ఎందుకు అంటారు? రెండు ఉదాహరణలను ఇవ్వండి. [AP M-19]
జవాబు:

  1. అండాశయం నుంచి మాత్రమే అభివృద్ధి చెందే ఫలాలను ‘నిజఫలాలు’ అంటారు.
  2. కొన్ని మొక్కలలో ఫలాలు అండాశయేతర పుష్పాసనం నుండి ఏర్పడుతాయి. కావున వీటిని అవృత ఫలాలు అంటారు. ఉదా: ఆపిల్, జీడిమామిడి.

ప్రశ్న 20.
ఒకే విత్తనం గల శుష్క ఫలాలను ఏర్పరచే రెండు మొక్కల పేర్లను తెలపండి. [ TS M-19]
జవాబు:

  1. జీడి మామిడి (పెంకుగలఫలం)
  2. వరి (కవచ బీజకం)
  3. గడ్డిచేమంతి (సిప్సెలా)

ప్రశ్న 21.
షైజోకార్పిక్ శుష్క ఫలాలను నిర్వచించండి. ఒక ఉదాహరణ ఇవ్వండి.
జవాబు:

  1. షైజోకార్పిక్ శుష్క ఫలాలు: ఒకే విత్తనం కలిగి ఫలాంశాలు గా విడిపోయే ఫలాలను షైజోకార్పిక్ శుష్కఫలాలు అంటారు.
  2. ఉదా: అకేసియా, ఆముదం

ప్రశ్న 22.
‘ఫలాంశం’ ను నిర్వచించండి. ఏ మొక్కలో అది ఏర్పడుతుంది? [TS M-16]
జవాబు:

  1. ఫలాంశం: షైజోకార్పిక్ ఫలం విడిపోగా ఏర్పడే ఒక విత్తనం గల ప్రతి భాగాన్ని ఫలాంశం (మెరికార్ప్) అంటారు.
  2. అది అకేసియా, ఆముదం మొక్కలలో ఏర్పడుతుంది.

ప్రశ్న 23.
సంకలిత ఫలాలు అని వేటిని అంటారు? రెండు ఉదాహరణలు తెలపండి.
జవాబు:

  1. ఒక పుష్పంలోని అనేక ఫల దళాలు స్వేచ్ఛగాను, అసంయుక్తంగాను ఉండి. ప్రతి ఫలదళం ఒక చిరు ఫలంగా అభివృద్ధి చెంది, అవి గుమిగుడి ఒక ఫలాన్ని ఏర్పరిస్తే దానిని సంకలిత ఫలం అని అంటారు.
  2. ఉదా: అనోనా, తామర

ప్రశ్న 24.
పుష్పవిన్యాసం అంతా ఒక ఫలంగా ఏర్పరచే మొక్కను తెలపండి. అటువంటి ఫలాన్ని ఏమంటారు?
జవాబు:

  1. పుష్పవిన్యాసం అంతా ఒక ఫలంగా ఏర్పరచే మొక్కలు అనాస, పనస.
  2. అటువంటి ఫలాన్ని సంయోగ ఫలం అని అంటారు.

Short Answer Questions (స్వల్ప సమాధాన ప్రశ్నలు)

ప్రశ్న 1.
వేరులోని వివిధ మండలాలను పటం సహాయంతో వివరించండి.
జవాబు:
సాధారణ ప్రాధమిక వేరు నాలుగు భాగాలను కలిగి ఉంటుంది.:

  1. వేరు తొడుగు
  2. విభజన జరిగే మండలము
  3. పొడవు పెరిగే మండలము
  4. ముదిరిన మండలము

1. వేరు తొడుగు:

  1. వేరు కొనభాగములను కప్పుతూ ఒక టోపి వంటి నిర్మాణముగా వేరు తొడుగు ఉంటుంది.
  2. ఇది వేరు మృత్తికలోకి చొచ్చుకుపోయేటప్పుడు వేరు కొనను రక్షిస్తుంది.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 5 పుష్పించే మొక్కల స్వరూపశాస్త్రం

2. విభజన జరిగే మండలము:

  1. ఈ మండలం లోని కణాలు చిన్నగా, పలుచని కణకవచాలను కలిగి చిక్కని కణద్రవ్యం తో ఉంటాయి.
  2. ఇవి అనేక సార్లు విభజన చెంది కొత్త కణాలను తొడుగు ఏర్పరుస్తాయి.
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 5 పుష్పించే మొక్కల స్వరూపశాస్త్రం 1

3. పొడవు పెరిగే మండలము:

  1. ఈ ప్రాంతంలోని కణాలు బాగా పొడవుగా సాగుతాయి.
  2. ఇవి వేరు పొడవు పెరుగుటకు తోడ్పడతాయి.

4. ముదిరిన మండలము:

  1. ఈ ప్రాంతంలోని కణాలు క్రమేణా విభజన చెంది పక్వమవుతాయి.
  2. కావున దీనిని ముదిరిన మండలము అంటారు.
  3. ఈ ప్రాంతంలో కొన్ని బాహ్యచర్మ కణాల నుండి చాలా సన్నని, సున్నితమైన దారాల వంటి మూలకేశాలు ఏర్పడతాయి.
  4. మూలకేశాలు నేలనుండి నీరు మరియు ఖనిజలవణాలను శోషిస్తాయి.

ప్రశ్న 2.
“మొక్కలోని భూగర్భ భాగాలన్నీ వేర్లు కావు”. ఈ వాక్యాన్ని బలపరచండి.
జవాబు:

  1. మొక్కలోని భూగర్భ భాగం సాధారణంగా వేరు, కాని ప్రతిసారి అది వేరే కానవసరం లేదు.
  2. కొన్ని సందర్భాలలో కాండాలు కూడా నేలలో ఉంటాయి.
  3. అటువంటి కాండాలను ‘భూగర్భ కాండాలు’ అంటారు.
  4. సాధారణ కాండం యొక్క లక్షణాలు వీటిలోను ఉంటాయి.
  5. కణుపు, కణుపు మాధ్యమాలు, పొలుసాకులు, గ్రీవ మరియు కొన మొగ్గలు వీటి యందు స్పష్టంగా కనిపిస్తాయి.
  6. కావున మొక్కలోని భూగర్భ భాగాలు అన్ని కూడా వేర్లు కావు.
    ఉదా: బంగాళదుంపలు, ఉల్లిపాయలు, అల్లం కొమ్ము.

ప్రశ్న 3.
పత్రవిన్యాసంలోని వివిధ రకాలను ఉదాహరణలతో వివరించండి.
జవాబు:
కాండంపై పత్రాలు అమరి ఉండే విధానాన్ని ‘పత్రవిన్యాసం’ అంటారు. ఇది మూడు రకాలు

  1. ఏకాంతర పత్ర విన్యాసము
  2. అభిముఖ పత్ర విన్యాసము
  3. చక్రీయ పత్ర విన్యాసము

1. ఏకాంతర పత్ర విన్యాసము: ఈ విన్యాసంలో ప్రతి కణుపు నుండి ఒకే పత్రం ఏకాంతరంగా ఏర్పడుతుంది. ఉదా: మందార, పొద్దు తిరుగుడు

2. అభిముఖ పత్ర విన్యాసము: ఈ విన్యాసంలో ప్రతి కణుపు నుండి రెండు పత్రాలు ఏర్పడి, ఎదురెదురుగా అమరి ఉంటాయి. ఉదా:జామ, జిల్లేడు

3. చక్రియ పత్ర విన్యాసము: ఈ విన్యాసంలో ప్రతి కణుపు నుండి రెండు కంటే ఎక్కువ పత్రాలు ఏర్పడి, వర్తులంగా అమరి ఉంటాయి. ఉదా: గన్నేరు, ఆల్ స్టోనియ
AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 5 పుష్పించే మొక్కల స్వరూపశాస్త్రం 2

ప్రశ్న 4.
పత్ర రూపాంతరాలు మొక్కలకు ఏ విధంగా తోడ్పడతాయి?
జవాబు:
పత్రాల యొక్క సాధారణ విధులు కిరణజన్య సంయోగక్రియ, శ్వాసక్రియ మరియు రవాణా. కొన్ని సందర్భాలలో పత్రాలు అదనంగా మరికొన్ని విధులను నిర్వర్తించుటకు రూపాంతరం చెందుతాయి. దీనినే ‘పత్రరూపాంతరం’ అంటారు.

  1. నులితీగలు
  2. కంటకాలు
  3. నిల్వపత్రాలు
  4. ప్రభాసము
  5. బోను పత్రాలు
  6. ప్రత్యుత్పత్తి పత్రాలు

1. నులితీగలు: బలహీనకాండం ఉన్న మొక్కలలో పూర్తి పత్రం లేదా ఏదైన పత్రభాగం ‘నులితీగలు’ గా మారి మొక్క ఎగబాకుటకు మరియు సూర్యరశ్మి గ్రహించుటకు తోడ్పడుతుంది. ఉదా: బఠాణి

2. కంటకాలు: కంటకాలు సూదిగా, మెనదేలి ఉంటాయి. ఇవి వేటినైనా తాకినపుడు ధృడంగా మారి, ఆధారం పై ప్రాకుటకు సహాయపడతాయి. ఎడారి మొక్కలలో భాష్పోత్సేకమును తగ్గించుటకు మరియు రక్షణకు తోడ్పడతాయి. ఉదా: బోగన్ విల్లా, కాక్టై.

3. నిల్వపత్రాలు: కొన్ని రసయుత పత్రాలు ఆహారాన్ని నిల్వ చేస్తాయి. ఉదా: ఉల్లి, వెల్లుల్లి
AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 5 పుష్పించే మొక్కల స్వరూపశాస్త్రం 3

4. ప్రభాసము: కిరణజన్య సంయోగక్రియను జరిపే ఆకుపచ్చని పత్రవృంతాన్ని ప్రభాసనము అంటారు. కొన్ని ఎడారి మొక్కలలో సాధారణ పత్రాలు కంటకాలుగా రూపాంతరం చెంది ‘భాష్పోత్సేక రేటు’ ను తగ్గిస్తాయి. ఉదా: అకేసియా, మొలనోజైలాన్, పార్కిన్సోనియా

5. బోను పత్రాలు: కొన్ని మొక్కలు నత్రజని లోపం ఉన్న ప్రాంతాలలో నివశిస్తాయి. ఇవి కీటకాలను బంధించి వాటి నుండి నత్రజని సంబంధిత పదార్థాలను గ్రహిస్తాయి. ఉదా: నెపంధిస్, డ్రోసిరా

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 5 పుష్పించే మొక్కల స్వరూపశాస్త్రం

6. ప్రత్యుత్పత్తి పత్రాలు: బ్రయోఫిల్లమ్లో పత్రపు అంచులలో ఉన్న గుంటలలో పత్రోపరిస్థిత మొగ్గలు ఏర్పడి ఉంటాయి. ఆ మొగ్గలు నేలను తాకినపుడు వేర్లను ఏర్పరుచుకుని, స్వతంత్ర మొక్కలుగా వృద్ధి చెందుతాయి. ఉదా: బ్రయోఫిల్లమ్
AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 5 పుష్పించే మొక్కల స్వరూపశాస్త్రం 4

ప్రశ్న 5.
ఏవైనా రెండు రకాల ప్రత్యేక పుష్పవిన్యాసాలను వివరించండి. [TS M-22]
జవాబు:
ప్రత్యేక పుష్పవిన్యాసాలు: 1) సయాథియం 2) హైపనోడియం
1. సయాథియం:

  • ఇది ఒక గిన్నె వంటి పుష్పవిన్యాసం.
  • ఈ గిన్నెవంటి నిర్మాణం పరిచక్రపుచ్చావళి సంయోగంతో ఏర్పడుతుంది.
  • గిన్నెలోపల ఒక ద్విఫలదళ స్త్రీ పుష్పం చుట్టూ కొన్ని పురుష పుష్పాలు నిశ్చిత పద్ధతిలో అమరి ఉంటాయి.
  • గిన్నె మధ్య భాగంలో పొడవైన వృంతంతో త్రిఫలదళ సంయుక్త అండకోశం ఉంటుంది.
  • స్త్రీ పుష్పం చుట్టూ అనేక పురుషపుష్పాలు ఏకశాఖీయ పద్ధతిలో అమరి ఉంటాయి. ఉదా:యుఫోర్బియేసి

2. హైపన్ థోడియం:

  • ఇది ఒక ఫలాన్ని పోలిన పుష్పవిన్యాసం పుష్పవిన్యాసాక్షంసంక్షిప్తమై, రసభరితమైన గిన్నె వంటి నిర్మాణాన్ని కలిగి ఉంటుంది.
  • పురుష పుష్పాలు అగ్రరంధ్రానికి దగ్గరగా, స్త్రీ పుష్పాలు క్రింది భాగంలో మరియు వంధ్య (గాల్) స్త్రీపుష్పాలు మధ్యలో అమరి ఉంటాయి ఉదా: ఫైకస్
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 5 పుష్పించే మొక్కల స్వరూపశాస్త్రం 5

ప్రశ్న 6.
పుష్పభాగాలు పుష్పాసనం మీద అమరి ఉన్న విధానాన్ని బట్టి వర్ణించండి. [TS M-22]
జవాబు:
పుష్పాసనం పై పుష్పభాగాల అమరిక మరియు స్థానం ఆధారంగా పుష్పాలను మూడు రకాలుగా వర్గీకరించారు.

  1. అండకోశాథస్థితి పుష్పం
  2. పర్యండకోశ పుష్పం
  3. అండకోశోపరిక పుష్పం

1. అండోశాథ స్థితి పుష్పం: ఈ రకం పుష్పంలో పుష్పాసనం యొక్క అగ్రభాగంలో అండకోశం ఉంటుంది. మిగిలిన భాగాలు క్రిందగా అమరి ఉంటాయి. ఈ అండాశయాన్ని ఊర్థ్వం అంటారు.
ఉదా: మందార, ఆవాలు, వంగ

2. పర్యండకోశ పుష్పం: ఈ రకం పుష్పంలో పుష్పాసనం మధ్యలో అండకోశం అమరి ఉండి, మిగిలిన పుష్ప భాగాలు పుష్పాసనం అంచున ఒకే ఎత్తులో అమరి ఉంటాయి. ఈ అండాశయాన్ని అర్థ నిమ్నం (లేదా) అర్ధ ఊర్థ్వం
అంటారు. ఉదా: గులాబి, బఠాణి.

3. అండకోశోపరిక పుష్పం: ఈ రకం పుష్పం నందు పుష్పాసనం అంచుపైకి పెరిగి అండాశయాన్ని పూర్తిగా ఆవరించి, సంయుక్తమై వుంటుంది. మిగిలిన పుష్ప భాగాలు అండాశయం పై ఏర్పడి ఉంటాయి.

ఈ అండాశయాన్ని ‘నిమ్నం’ అని అంటారు ఉదా: చామంతి, జామ

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 5 పుష్పించే మొక్కల స్వరూపశాస్త్రం 6

ప్రశ్న 7.
“రక్షకపత్రాలు, ఆకర్షణ పత్రాలు కలిగిన ఆవృత బీజ మొక్కల పుష్పాలు రక్షక, ఆకర్షణపత్రాలు వాటి వలయాల్లోని అమరికలో విభేదిస్తాయి” వివరించండి. [TS M-22]
జవాబు:
పుష్పం మొగ్గ దశలో ఉన్నప్పుడు రక్షక పత్రావళి లేదా ఆకర్షణ పత్రావళి అమరి ఉన్న విధానాన్ని పుష్పరచన అంటారు.

పుష్పరచన రకాలు:

  1. కవాటయుత పుష్పరచన
  2. మెలితిరిగిన పుష్పరచన
  3. చిక్కైన పుష్పరచన
  4. వెక్సిల్లరీ లేదా పాపిలియోనేసియస్ పుష్పరచన

1. కవాటయుత పుష్పరచనఃఇందులో రక్షక లేదా ఆకర్షణ పత్రాలు ఒకే వలయంలో అంచుల వద్ద తాకుతూ ఒకదానినొకటి అతివ్యాప్తం కాకుండా అమరి ఉంటాయి ఉదా: జిల్లేడు.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 5 పుష్పించే మొక్కల స్వరూపశాస్త్రం

2. మెలితిరిగిన పుష్పరచన: రక్షక మరియు ఆకర్షక పత్రాలలో ఒక భాగం అంచు, దాని పక్కనే ఉండే భాగపు అంచును కప్పుతూ అతి వ్యాప్తంగా మెలి తిరిగి ఉంటుంది. ఉదా: మందార, బెండ

3. చిక్కైన (ఇంబ్రికేట్) పుష్పరచన: రక్షక మరియు ఆకర్షణ పత్రాల అంచులు ఏదో ఒక దిశలో గాకుండా ఒకదానికొకటి అతి వ్యాప్తమై ఉంటాయి. ఉదా: కాసియా (కసింత), గుల్ మొహర్.

4. వెక్సిల్లరీ లేదా పాపిలియోనేసియస్: దీనిలోఐదు ఆకర్షణ పత్రాలు ఉంటాయి. అతి పెద్ద ఆకర్షణ పత్రం (ధ్వజం) రెండుపార్శ్వ ఆకర్షణ పత్రాలు (బాహువులు)ను కప్పి ఉంచుతుంది. ఈ రెండు బాహువులు పూర్వాంతంలో ఉన్న రెండు చిన్నవైన పత్రాలు (ద్రోణులు) ను కప్పి ఉంచుతాయి. ఉదా:బఠాణి, చిక్కుడు.
AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 5 పుష్పించే మొక్కల స్వరూపశాస్త్రం 7

ప్రశ్న 8.
పుష్పించే మొక్కలలోని నాలుగు అండన్యాస రకాలను వర్ణించండి.
జవాబు:
అండాశయంలో అండాలు అమరి ఉండే విధానాన్ని అండన్యాసం అంటారు. ఇవి ఐదు రకాలు

  1. ఉపాంత అండన్యాసం
  2. అక్షీయ అండన్యాసం
  3. కుడ్య అండన్యాసము
  4. స్వేచ్ఛాకేంద్ర అండన్యాసం
  5. పీఠ అండన్యాసం

1. ఉపాంత అండన్యాసం: ఇది ఏకబిళయుతం. అండన్యాసస్థానము అండాశయపు ఉదరపు అంచు వెంట గట్టు లాంటి నిర్మాణాన్ని ఏర్పరిచి దానిపై రెండు వరుసలలో అండాలను కలిగి ఉంటుంది. ఉదా: బఠాణి

2. అక్షీయ అండన్యాసం: ఇది బహుబిళయుతం అండన్యాసస్థానం అక్షీయంగా ఉండి, దానిపై అండాలు అతుక్కొని ఉంటాయి. ఉదా: మందార, నిమ్మ, టమాట

3. కుడ్య అండన్యాసము: ఇది ఏకబిళయుతం. ఇందులో అండాలు అండాశయం లోపలి గోడల పై గాని లేదా పరిథీయ భాగం పై గాని అభివృద్ధి చెందుతాయి. అనృతకుడ్యం ఏర్పడుట వలన ఇది ద్విబిళయుతంగా ఉంటుంది. ఉదా: ఆవ

4. స్వేచ్ఛా కేంద్ర అండన్యాసము: బిలం లేకుండా పటరహితంగా కేంద్రీయ అక్షం మీద అండాలు ఏర్పడతాయి. ఉదా: డయాంథస్, ప్రైమ్జ్.

5. పీఠ అండన్యాసం: ఇది ఏకఫలదళ, ఊర్ధ్య అండాశయము నుంచి ఏర్పడి ఒక విత్తనాన్ని కలిగి ఉంటుంది. ఉదా: పొద్దుతిరుగుడు, బంతి
AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 5 పుష్పించే మొక్కల స్వరూపశాస్త్రం 8

ప్రశ్న 9.
మీరు అధ్యయనం చేసిన కండగల ఫలాలను క్లుప్తంగా వర్ణించండి.
జవాబు:
అభివృద్ధి చెందిన తర్వాత పరిపక్వమయ్యే ఫలాలను కండగల ఫలాలు అంటారు. వీటి ఫలకవచం మూడు భాగాలను కలిగి ఉంటుంది. అవి బాహ్యఫలకవచం, మధ్యఫలకవచం మరియు అంతః ఫలకవచం.
ఫలకవచ స్వభావం ఆధారంగా ఇవి ఐదు రకాలు.

  1. టెంకగల ఫలం
  2. మృదు ఫలం
  3. పెపో
  4. హెస్పిరీడియమ్
  5. పోమ్

1. టెంకగల ఫలం: ఇది ఏకఫలదళ ఫలం. ఇది అండాశయము నుంచి ఏర్పడి ఒక విత్తనాన్ని కలిగి ఉంటుంది. ఉదా: మామిడి, కొబ్బరి
మామిడిలో మధ్య ఫలకవచం కండకల్గి ఉంటుంది. కొబ్బరిలో మధ్యఫలకవచం పీచులాగా ఉంటుంది.

2. మృదు ఫలం: ఇది కండకల ఒకటి (లేదా) అనేక విత్తనాలను కలిగి ఉండే ఫలం. ఇవి ద్విఫలదళ (లేదా) బహుఫలదళ. దీని అంతఃఫలకవచం సంయుక్తమై గుజ్జును ఏర్పరుస్తుంది. విత్తనాలు గట్టిగా ఉండి గుజ్జులో చల్లినట్లు ఉంటాయి. ఉదా: టోమాటా, ద్రాక్ష, జామ

3. పెపో:ఇది త్రిఫలదళ, ఏకబిల, నిమ్న అండాశయం నుండి ఏర్పడుతుంది. దీని మధ్య ఫలకవచం కండ కలిగి మరియు అంతః ఫలకవచం మెత్తగా ఉంటుంది. ఉదా: దోస

4. హెస్పిరీడియమ్:ఇది బహుఫలదళ, సంయుక్త, బహుబిళ ఊర్ధ్వ అండాశయం నుంచి ఏర్పడుతుంది. బాహ్య ఫలకవచం చర్మిలంగా తైలగ్రంధులతో, మధ్యఫలకవచం కాగితంలా పలుచగా, మరియు అంతః ఫలకవచం కుడ్యం పై రస భరిత కేశాలుతో ఉంటాయి. ఉదా: నిమ్మ, కమల

5. పోమ్: ఇది ద్విఫలదళ లేదా బహుఫలదళ నిమ్న అండకోశం నుంచి ఏర్పడి కండగల పుష్పాసనంలో ఆవరించబడి ఉంటాయి. అంతః ఫలకవచం గట్టిగా సాగేలా ఉంటుంది. ఉదా: ఆపిల్
AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 5 పుష్పించే మొక్కల స్వరూపశాస్త్రం 9

ప్రశ్న 10.
మీరు అధ్యయనం చేసిన వివిధ రకాల శుష్కఫలాలను ఉదాహరణలతో వర్ణించండి.
జవాబు:
పక్వదశలో ఫలకవచం వాడిపోయి లేదా కండరహితంగా ఉంటే అటువంటి ఫలాలను ‘శుష్కఫలాలు'(Dry Fruits) అంటారు. ఇవి మూడు రకాలు .
1. శుష్కవిదారక ఫలాలు: ఈ ఫలాలు పగిలి, తెరుచుకొని విత్తనాలను విడుదల చేస్తాయి.
a. ద్వి విదారక ఫలాలు (లెగ్యూమ్): దీని ఫలం పృష్టోదరతలాలలో రెండు భాగాలుగా చీలిపోయి విత్తనాలను విడుదల చేస్తుంది. ఉదా: చిక్కుడు
b. గుళిక: గుళిక అనేక విధాలుగా పగిలి విత్తనాలను విడుదల చేస్తుంది. ఉదా: పత్తి, దతూర

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 5 పుష్పించే మొక్కల స్వరూపశాస్త్రం

2. శుష్క అవిదారక ఫలాలు: ఇవి ఒక విత్తనంను మాత్రమే కలిగి ఉంటాయి. దీని ఫలకవచం క్షీణించిన తర్వాత విత్తనాన్ని విడుదల చేస్తుంది. అవి ఈ క్రింది విధంగా ఉంటాయి.
a. కవచబీజకం: దీనిలో బీజకవచం మరియు ఫలకవచం కలిసిపోయి ఉంటాయి. ఇది ‘పోయేసి’ కుటుంబ లక్షణం. ఉదా: వరి, గడ్డిజాతులు

b. పెంకుగల ఫలం: ఇది బహు ఫలదళ, సంయుక్త, ఏకబిల అండాశయం నుంచి ఏర్పడిన ఫలం. ఇది పెంకు గల ఫలకవచం కలిగి ఉంటుంది. ఉదా: జీడిమామిడి

c. సిప్సెలా: ఇది ఒకే విత్తనం ఉన్న ఫలం. ‘దీర్ఘకాలిక కేశగుచ్ఛం’ దీని యొక్క లక్షణం
ఉదా: అకేసియా (తుమ్మ), కాస్టర్ (ఆముదం)

3. షైజోకార్పిక్ శుష్క ఫలాలు: ఒకే విత్తనం కలిగి ఫలాంశాలు గా విడిపోయే ఫలాలను షైజోకార్పిక్ శుష్కఫలాలు అంటారు ఉదా: అకేసియా, ఆముదం
AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 5 పుష్పించే మొక్కల స్వరూపశాస్త్రం 10

Long Answer Questions (దీర్ఘ సమాధాన ప్రశ్నలు)

ప్రశ్న 1.
వేరు రూపాంతరాన్ని నిర్వచించండి. వివిధ విధులను నిర్వర్తించడానికి వేరు ఏ విధంగా రూపాంతరం చెందిందో వివరించండి. [TS M-20][ AP, TS M-15,17,18][IPE- 13]
జవాబు:
వేరు: పుష్పించే మొక్కల భూగర్భ భాగాన్ని ‘వేరు’ అని అంటారు.

  • వేరు యొక్క సాధారణ విధులు: నీరు, ఖనిజముల శోషణ మరియు ప్రసరణ.
  • వేరు రూపాంతరం:వేరు తన సాధారణ విధులు కంటే మరికొన్ని ఇతర విధులను నిర్వర్తించడం కోసం తన ఆకారాన్ని,
  • నిర్మాణాన్ని మార్చుకోవడాన్నే “వేరు రూపాంతరం” అంటారు.

వేరు రూపాంతర రకాలు-విధులు:
1. నిల్వ వేర్లు:

  1. కొన్ని మొక్కలు ఆహారాన్ని వేర్లలో నిల్వ చేసుకుంటాయి.
  2. దీని వలన వేర్లు ఉబ్బి ఉంటాయి.
  3. ఇలా రూపాంతరం చెందిన వేర్లనే నిల్వ వేర్లు అంటారు.
  4. ఉదా: క్యారేట్లో తల్లివేరు, చిలకడదుంపలో అబ్బురపు వేర్లు, అస్పరాగస్లో పీచువేర్లు.
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 5 పుష్పించే మొక్కల స్వరూపశాస్త్రం 11

2. ఊడ వేర్లు:

  1. మర్రి చెట్టులో పొడవుగా, లావుగా ఉండే శాఖల నుండి ఊడలు వేలాడుతూ ఉంటాయి.
  2. అవి గాలిలో వ్రేలాడుతూ నేలలోకి చొచ్చుకొని ఉంటాయి.
  3. అవి చెట్టుకు స్తంభం వలె ఆధారాన్ని ఇస్తాయి.
  4. ఇలా రూపాంతరం చెందిన ఊడలనే ఊడవేర్లు అంటారు.
  5. ఉదా: మర్రిచెట్టు
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 5 పుష్పించే మొక్కల స్వరూపశాస్త్రం 12

3. ఊత వేర్లు:

  1. కొన్ని మొక్కలలో కాండాల క్రింది కణుపుల నుంచి వేర్లు ఉద్భవిస్తాయి.
  2. అవి మొక్కకు యాంత్రిక ఆధారాన్ని(ఊతాన్ని) కలుగచేస్తాయి.
  3. కావున వీటిని ఊతవేర్లు అంటారు
  4. ఉదా: చెరుకు, మొక్కజొన్న
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 5 పుష్పించే మొక్కల స్వరూపశాస్త్రం 13

4. శ్వాసించే వేర్లు:

  1. కొన్ని మొక్కల వేర్లు బురద ప్రదేశంలో ఉంటాయి.
  2. అవి గాలిలోకి పైకి నిటారుగా పెరుగుతాయి.
  3. వాటి ఉపరితలంపై ఉండే రంధ్రాలతో శ్వాసక్రియలో పాల్గొంటాయి. కావున వీటిని శ్వాస వేర్లు అంటారు.
  4. ఉదా: అవిసీనియా, రైజోఫోరా

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 5 పుష్పించే మొక్కల స్వరూపశాస్త్రం

5. వెలమిన్ వేర్లు:

  1. కొన్ని మొక్కలు ఇతర పెద్ద మొక్కల శాఖలపై ఉంటాయి. ఇవి ప్రత్యేక అబ్బురపు వేళ్లను ఉత్పత్తి చేస్తాయి.
  2. వీటిని వెలమిన్ వేర్లు అంటారు.
  3. ఈ వేర్లు గాలిలో వ్రేలాడుతూ, వాతావరణంలోని తేమను గ్రహిస్తాయి.
  4. ఉదా: ‘వాండా’.
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 5 పుష్పించే మొక్కల స్వరూపశాస్త్రం 14

6. పరాన్న జీవ వేర్లు / హాస్టోరియల్ వేర్లు:

  1. ఇతర మొక్కలపై ఆహారం, నీరు కొరకు ఆధారపడే మొక్కల వేర్లను ‘పరాన్న జీవ వేర్లు’ అంటారు.
  2. ఇవి రెండు రకాలు.
    (a) సంపూర్ణ పరాన్న జీవ వేర్లు: కస్కూట
    (b) అసంపూర్ణ పరాన్న జీవ వేర్లు: విస్కమ్, స్ట్రెయిగా

7. బుడిపె వేర్లు:

  1. బుడిపెలను కల్గి ఉండే వేర్లను బుడిపె వేర్లు అంటారు.
  2. ‘రైజోబియం బాక్టీరియా’ వాతావరణంలో నత్రజనిని స్థాపించుటకు ఈ బుడిపెలను ఏర్పరుస్తాయి.
  3. ఇవి ఫాబేసి కుటుంబంలో కన్పిస్తాయి.
  4. ఉదా: వేరుశనగ
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 5 పుష్పించే మొక్కల స్వరూపశాస్త్రం 15

8. కిరణజన్య సంయోగ క్రియ జరిపే వేర్లు:

  1. కొన్ని మొక్కలలో ఆకుపచ్చని పత్రాలు క్షీణించి ఉంటాయి.
  2. కాని వాటి వేర్లు హరితయుతంగా (ఆకుపచ్చగా) మారి ఉంటాయి.
  3. అవి కిరణజన్యసంయోగక్రియ ను జరుపుతాయి.
  4. కావున వీటిని కిరణజన్యసంయోగక్రియ జరిపే వేర్లు టీనియోఫిల్లం అంటారు.
  5. ఉదా: టినియోఫిల్లమ్

ప్రశ్న 2.
వివిధ విధులను నిర్వర్తించడం కోసం కాండం ఏ విధంగా అనేక రకాలుగా రూపాంతరం చెందిందో వివరించండి. [AP Mar-19,20][AP May-17,22][TS M-16, IPE-14]
జవాబు:
కాండం: పుష్పించే మొక్కల వాయుగత భాగాన్ని ‘కాండం’ అని అంటారు.
కాండ రూపాంతరాలు: పరిసరాలకు అనుగుణంగా కొన్ని ప్రత్యేక విధులను నిర్వర్తించడానికి కొన్ని మొక్కల కాండాలలో ఏర్పడే శాశ్వత నిర్మాణాత్మక మార్పులనే ‘కాండ రూపాంతరాలు’ అంటారు.
కాండ రూపాంతరాలు 3 రకాలు:
I. భూగర్భ కాండ రూపాంతరాలు: కొన్ని మొక్కలలో కాండాలు భూమి లోపలికి పెరుగుతాయి.
అవి ప్రతికూల పరిస్థితులను తట్టుకొని దీర్ఘకాలితను చూపుతాయి. ఇవి శాకీయ వ్యాప్తిలో పాల్గొంటాయి మరియు ఆహార పదార్థాలను నిల్వ చేసుకుంటాయి. వీటినే భూగర్భ కాండ రూపాంతరాలు అంటారు.
ఉదా:

  • అల్లంలో కొమ్ము
  • నీరుల్లిలో లశునం
  • కొలకేసియాలో కందాలు
  • బంగాళదుంపలో దుంపకాండం

II. వాయుగత కాండ రూపాంతరాలు:ఇవి నాలుగు రకాలు
A. కాండ నులి తీగలు:

  1. ఇవి సున్నితమైన, చుట్టుకుని ఉండే నిర్మాణాలు.
  2. ఇవి మొక్కలు ఎగబ్రాకడానికి సహాయపడే రూపాంతరాలు.
    ఉదా1: దోసలో ‘గ్రీవపు మొగ్గలు’ నులితీగల వలె రూపాంతరం చెందుతాయి.
    ఉదా 2: ద్రాక్షలో ‘కొన మొగ్గలు’ నులి తీగలుగా రూపాంతరం చెందుతాయి.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 5 పుష్పించే మొక్కల స్వరూపశాస్త్రం

B. ముళ్లు:

  1. వీటి కాండపు మొగ్గలు రూపాంతరం చెంది చేవదేరిన, నిటారు, మొనదేలిన నిర్మాణాలైన ‘ముళ్లు’ గా మారుతాయి.
  2. ఈ ముళ్లు మొక్కలను ‘మేసే జంతువుల నుండి రక్షణ’ కల్పిస్తాయి. ఉదా: బోగన్ విల్లియా, సిట్రస్
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 5 పుష్పించే మొక్కల స్వరూపశాస్త్రం 16

C. పత్రాభ కాండాలు:

  1. కొన్ని ఎడారి మొక్కలలో భాషోత్సేకం నివారించడం కోసం, పత్రాలు రూపాంతరం చెంది కంటకాలుగా ఏర్పడతాయి.
  2. వాటి కాండాలు ఆకుపచ్చగా, బల్లపరుపుగా మారి కిరణజన్యసంయోగక్రియను నిర్వర్తిస్తాయి.
    ఉదా: బ్రహ్మజెముడు, యుపర్బియా, కాజురైనా

D. లఘు లశునాలు(బల్బిల్స్):

  1. కొన్ని మొక్కలు తల్లి మొక్క నుండి విడిపోయి అబ్బురపు వేర్లను ఏర్పరుచుకొని ఆహార పదార్థాలను నిల్వ చేస్తాయి.
  2. అటువంటి మొగ్గలను బల్బిల్స్ అంటారు.
  3. అవి శాకీయ ప్రత్యుత్పత్తిలో పాల్గొంటాయి.
    ఉదా: పుష్ప కోరకాలు(అగేవ్), శాకీయ కోరకాలు (డయాస్కోరియా)
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 5 పుష్పించే మొక్కల స్వరూపశాస్త్రం 17

III. ఉపవాయుగత కాండ రూపాంతరాలు: బలహీన కాండం కల్గిన కొన్ని మొక్కలలో, కాండము కొంతభాగం వాయుగతంగా, కొంతభాగం భూగర్భంగా ఉంటాయి. ఈ రకమైన కాండాలు ప్రధానంగా శాకీయ వ్యాప్తికి తోడ్పడును.అవి 4 రకాలు.
A. రన్నర్స్:

  1. కొన్ని మొక్కలు,కొత్త ప్రదేశాలకు విస్తరించి, కణుపు మధ్యమాలు, ద్వారా వృద్ధభాగాలు నశించినప్పుడు కొత్త మొక్కలను ఏర్పరుస్తాయి.
  2. ఈ మొక్కలనే రన్నర్లు అని అంటారు.
  3. ఉదా:స్ట్రాబెర్రి, ఆక్సాలిస్ కాండాలు
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 5 పుష్పించే మొక్కల స్వరూపశాస్త్రం 18

B. స్టోలన్స్:

  1. కొన్ని మొక్కలలో సున్నితమైన ‘పార్శ్వపు శాఖ’ వాయుగతంగా పెరుగుతుంది.
  2. కొంతకాలం తరువాత అవి వంగి భూమిని తాకి అబ్బురపు వేళ్లను ఏర్పరుస్తాయి.
  3. ఈ శాఖలనే స్టోలన్ అని అంటారు.
  4. ఈ శాఖలు తల్లి మొక్క నుండి విడిపోయినపుడు స్వతంత్ర జీవనాన్ని కొనసాగిస్తాయి.
  5. ఉదా:మల్లి, గన్నేరు.

C. ఆఫ్సెట్స్:

  1. నీటిపై తేలే మొక్కలలో పార్శ్వపు శాఖలోని ఒక కణుపు మధ్యమం పొడవును ‘ఆఫ్సెట్’ అంటారు. ii) ఆ మొక్కలలో ప్రతి కణుపు వద్ద, రొజెట్ క్రమంలో ఉండే పత్రాలు నీటిపైన మరియు చక్రాభకాండ పీఠభాగం నుండి ఏర్పడి ‘సంతులనం’ (బ్యాలెన్స్) జరిపే వేర్లు నీటిలోనూ ఉంటాయి.
  2. ఉదా: పిస్టియా, ఐకార్నియా
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 5 పుష్పించే మొక్కల స్వరూపశాస్త్రం 19

D. సక్కర్స్ పిలక మొక్కలు:

  1. కొన్ని మొక్కలలో కాండంలో కొంత భాగం నేలలో ఉంటుంది.
  2. నేలలోనే ప్రధాన కాండం నుండి కొన్ని పార్శ్వపు శాఖలు ఏర్పడుతాయి.
  3. అవి ఏటవాలుగా పెరిగి భూమిపైకి వచ్చి పత్రయుత శాఖలను ఏర్పరుస్తాయి.
  4. ఆ శాఖలను సక్కర్స్ (పిలక మొక్కలు) అని అంటారు. ఉదా:అరటి,అనాస, క్రైసాంథిమమ్.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 5 పుష్పించే మొక్కల స్వరూపశాస్త్రం

ప్రశ్న 3.
వివిధ రకాల మధ్యాభిసార పుష్పవిన్యాసాలను వివరించండి. [TS M-19][AP M-18]
జవాబు:
మధ్యాభిసార రకంలో ప్రధాన అక్షం నిశ్చితంగా పెరుగుతూ, పుష్ప విన్యాసవృంతం మీద పుష్పాలు పార్శ్వంగా, అగ్రాభిసార క్రమంలో ఏర్పడును.

  • సామాన్య మధ్యాభిసార పుష్పవిన్యాసంలో పుష్పాలు ప్రధాన అక్షం మీదే .పెరుగుతాయి.
  • సంయుక్త మధ్యాభిసార పుష్పవిన్యాసంలో పుష్పాలు మొక్కల శాఖల మీద పెరుగుతాయి.

మధ్యాభిసార పుష్పవిన్యాస రకాలు:
1. మధ్యాభిసార:

  1. పుష్పవిన్యాసాక్షం అనిశ్చితంగా పెరుగుతుంది.
  2. దానిపైన పుష్పాలు వృంత సహితంగా, పుచ్ఛసహితంగా, అగ్రాభిసార క్రమంలో అమరి ఉంటాయి.
  3. ఉదా: క్రోటలేరియా, మాంజిఫెరా
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 5 పుష్పించే మొక్కల స్వరూపశాస్త్రం 20

2. సమశిఖి:

  1. వీటి పుష్పవిన్యాసాక్షము పొడవుగా ఉంటుంది. ఇది అనేక పుష్పాలను అగ్రభిసార క్రమంలో కలిగి ఉంటుంది.
  2. పుష్పాలు వివిధ కణుపుల వద్ద నుండి ఏర్పడినప్పటికీ, అన్ని పుష్పాలు సమానమైన ఎత్తుకి పెరుగుతాయి.
  3. ఉదా: కాసియా, కాలిఫ్లవర్.

3. గుచ్ఛము:

  1. ఇందులో పుష్పవిన్యాస అక్షం కుదించబడి ఉంటుంది.
  2. పుష్పవిన్యాసాక్షం కొన భాగం నుండి అనేక పుష్పాలు ఉద్భవించినట్లు కనిపిస్తాయి.
  3. ఆ పుష్పాల ఆధారభాగం ‘పరిచక్రపూచ్ఛావళి’ అనే పుచ్ఛాల వలయంతో కప్పబడి ఉంటుంది.
  4. ఉదా: నీరుల్లి, కారట్
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 5 పుష్పించే మొక్కల స్వరూపశాస్త్రం 21

4. శీర్షవత్:

  1. ఇందులో కుదించబడిన పుష్ప విన్యాస వృంతం మీద ఏకలింగ మరియు ద్విలింగక, వృంతరహిత పుష్పాలు
    కేంద్రాభిసారంగా వృద్ధి చెందుతాయి.
  2. అటువంటి పుష్పాల అమరికను శీర్షపుష్ప విన్యాసం అంటారు.
  3. ఉదా: ప్రొద్దుతిరుగుడు మరియు చామంతి.

5. కంకి:

  1. కంకుల పుష్పవిన్యాసాక్షం చాలా పొడవుగా ఉంటుంది.
  2. ఉదా: అభిరాంధస్ (ఉత్తరేణి)

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 5 పుష్పించే మొక్కల స్వరూపశాస్త్రం

6. స్పాడిక్స్:

  1. ఇందులో పుష్ప విన్యాసాక్షం శాఖారహితం. ఇది అనేక వృంతరహిత, ఏకలింగక పుష్పాలను అభిసార క్రమంలో కల్గి ఉంటుంది.
  2. ఈ పుష్ప విన్యాసం ‘మట్ట’ అని పిలవబడే రూపాంతరం చెందిన పుష్పపుచ్ఛంతో రక్షించబడుతుంది.
  3. ఉదా:మ్యూస, కోకస్

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 4 వృక్షరాజ్యం

Students get through AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions 4th Lesson వృక్షరాజ్యం which are most likely to be asked in the exam.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions 4th Lesson వృక్షరాజ్యం

Very Short Answer Questions (అతిస్వల్ప సమాధాన ప్రశ్నలు)

ప్రశ్న 1.
శైవలాల వర్గీకరణకు ఆధారం ఏమిటి?
జవాబు:
శైవలాల వర్గీకరణకు ఆధారం: వర్ణ పదార్థాలు, నిల్వ ఆహార పదార్థాల రకాలు

ప్రశ్న 2.
లివర్వర్ట్, మాస్, ఫెర్న్, వివృతబీజ, అవృతబీజ మొక్కలలో క్షయకరణ విభజన ఎప్పుడు, ఎక్కడ జరుగుతుంది?
జవాబు:
ఇచ్చిన వాటిలో క్షయకరణ విభజన వాటి జీవిత చక్రంలో సిద్ధబీజాశయాల నుండి సిద్ధబీజాలు ఏర్పడే సమయంలో జరుగుతుంది.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 4 వృక్షరాజ్యం

ప్రశ్న 3.
సంయుక్త సంయోగానికి, త్రి సంయోగానికి గల భేదం ఏమిటి?
జవాబు:
సంయుక్త సంయోగం

  1. ఇందులో ఒక పురుష సంయోగబీజం స్త్రీఅండాశయం లోకి విడుదలై అండంతో సంయోగం చెంది సంయుక్త బీజాన్ని’ ఏర్పరుస్తుంది.
  2. ఇది నిజమైన ఫలదీకరణం

త్రి సంయోగం

  1. ఇందులో ద్వితీయ పురుష సంయోగబీజం ద్వయస్థితిక కేంద్రకంతో సంయోగం చెంది త్రయస్థితిక ప్రాధమిక ‘అంకురచ్ఛద కేంద్రకాన్ని’ ఏర్పరుస్తుంది.
  2. ఇది ద్విశాఖీయ ఫలదీకరణ

ప్రశ్న 4.
పురుష బీజాశయం, స్త్రీ బీజాశయానికి గల తేడా ఏమిటి?
జవాబు:
పురుష బీజాశయం

  1. పురుష బీజాశయం (ఆంథరీడియం) పురుష ప్రత్యుత్పత్తి అవయవం.
  2. ఇది ‘గద’ ఆకృతిలో ఉండును.
  3. ఇది అనేక పురుష బీజాలను ఉత్పత్తి చేయును.

స్త్రీ బీజాశయం

  1. స్త్రీ బీజాశయం (ఆర్కిగోనియం) స్త్రీ ప్రత్యుత్పత్తి స్త్రీ అవయవం.
  2. ఇది ‘కూజా’ ఆకృతిలో ఉండును.
  3. ఇది కేవలం ఒకే ఒక స్త్రీ బీజకణమును ఉత్పత్తి చేస్తుంది.

ప్రశ్న 5.
‘మాస్’ మొక్కల్లో గల రెండు సంయోగబీజద దశలు ఏవి? అవి వేటి నుంచి వృద్ధి చెందుతాయో తెలపండి.
జవాబు:

  1. మొక్కల్లో ఉండే రెండు సంయోగబీజద దశలు:
    (i) శైశవ దశ – ప్రధమ తంతువుదశ
    (ii) ప్రౌఢ పత్రదశ – సంయోగబీజదం
  2. ప్రధమ తంతువు సిద్ధబీజం నుండి మరియు సంయోగబీజదం ప్రధమ తంతువు నుండి ఏర్పడతాయి.

ప్రశ్న 6.
గోధుమవర్ణ, ఎరుపు వర్ణ శైవలాల్లో ఉన్న నిలవ ఆహార పదార్థాలను తెలపండి.
జవాబు:

  1. ఫియోఫైసీయే అనే గోధుమవర్ణ శైవలాల్లో నిల్వ ఆహారపదార్ధం ‘లామీనేరియా’ లేదా ‘మానిటాల్’
  2. రోడోఫైసీయే అనే ఎరుపువర్ణ శైవలాల్లో నిల్వ ఆహారపదార్ధం ‘ఫ్లోరిడియన్ స్టార్చ్’

ప్రశ్న 7.
గోధుమవర్ణ, ఎరుపు వర్ణ శైవలాల్లో ఆ రంగులకు కారణమైన పదార్థాల పేర్లు తెలపండి.
ప్రశ్న

  1. ఫియోఫైసీయే లో గోధుమ వర్ణమునకు కారకాలు: జాంధోఫిల్స్ మరియు ఫ్యూకోజాందిన్ అనే వర్ణద్రవ్యకాలు
  2. రోడోఫైసీ మొక్కలలో ఎరుపు వర్ణమునకు కారకాలు: -ఫైకోఎరిత్రిన్ అనే వర్ణద్రవ్యకం

ప్రశ్న 8.
బ్రయోఫైటా మొక్కల్లోని వివిధ శాకీయోత్పత్తి విధానాలను తెలపండి. [AP M-15]
జవాబు:
బ్రయోఫైటా మొక్కల్లోని వివిధ శాకీయోత్పత్తి విధానాలు: ముక్కలవడం, జెమ్మాలు ఏర్పడటం, మొగ్గలు ఏర్పడుట.

ప్రశ్న 9.
వివృతబీజాల్లో ఉన్న అండ కవచయుత స్థూల సిద్ధబీజాశయాన్ని ఏమంటారు? స్థూల సిద్ధబీజాశయం లోపల ఎన్ని స్త్రీ సంయోగ బీజదాలు ఏర్పడతాయి?
జవాబు:

  1. వివృత బీజాలలోని అండ కవచయుత స్థూల సిద్ధబీజాశయాన్ని ‘అండం’ అంటారు.
  2. స్థూల సిద్ధబీజాశయం లోపల ఒకే ఒక స్త్రీ సంయోగబీజదం ఏర్పడుతుంది.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 4 వృక్షరాజ్యం

ప్రశ్న 10.
వివృత బీజ మొక్కల్లో శిలీంధ్ర మూలాలు, ప్రవాళాల వేర్లు ఉండే మొక్కలను వరసలో తెలపండి.
జవాబు:

  1. ‘ఫైనస్ మొక్క’లో శిలీంధ్ర మూలాలు ఉంటాయి
  2. ‘సైకస్ మొక్కలో ప్రవాళాభ వేర్లు ఉంటాయి.

ప్రశ్న 11.
ఈ కింది వాటిలో ఏ నాలుగింటికైనా క్రోమోసోమ్ సంఖ్యా స్థితులను తెలపండి.
(a) మాస్- మొక్కలోని ప్రథమ తంతుకణం
(b) ద్విదళ బీజాల్లోని ప్రాథమిక అంకురచ్ఛద కేంద్రకం
(c) మాస్ మొక్కలోని పత్రకణం
(d) ఫెర్న్ మొక్కలోని ప్రథమాంకురం
(e) మార్కాంషియాలోని జెమ్మాకణం
(f) ఏకదళ బీజ విభాజ్య కణం
(g) లివర్ వర్డ్ లోని స్త్రీబీజ కణం
(h) ఫెర్న్లోని సంయోగబీజం
జవాబు:
a) ఏకస్థితికం
b) త్రయస్ధితికం
c) ఏకస్థితికం
d) ఏకస్థితికం
e) ఏకస్థితికం
f) ద్వయస్ధితికం
g) ఏకస్థితికం
h) ద్వయస్థితికం

ప్రశ్న 12.
టెరిడోఫైటాలోని నాలుగు తరగతులను ఒకొక్క ఉదాహరణతో తెలపండి.
జవాబు:
తరగతి 1: సిలోప్సిడా ఉదా: సైలోటం
తరగతి 2: లైకాప్సిడా ఉదా: లైకోపోడియం, సెలాజినెల్లా
తరగతి 3: స్ఫినోప్సిడా ఉదా: ఈక్విజిటం
తరగతి 4: టెరోప్సిడా ఉదా: డ్రయోప్టెరిస్, టెరిస్, ఎడియాంటం

ప్రశ్న 13.
రాతి ఉపరితలంపై పెరిగే మొట్టమొదటి జీవులు ఏవి? ‘పీట్’ ను అందించే ‘మాస్’ మొక్క ప్రజాతి నామం ఏది?
జవాబు:

  1. రాతి ఉపరితలం పై పెరిగే మొట్టమొదటి జీవులు ‘మాస్ మొక్కలు మరియు లైకెన్లు’.
  2. పీట్ ను అందించే మాస్ మొక్క ప్రజాతి నామం ‘స్ఫాగ్నం’

ప్రశ్న 14.
సైకస్ లోని ఫెర్న్ లక్షణాలను తెల్పండి.
జవాబు:
సైకస్లోని ఫెర్న్ లక్షణాలు:

  1. లేత పత్రాలు ‘వలిత కిసలయ విన్యాసం’ను చూపుట.
  2. పత్ర వృంతాలను కప్పుతూ ‘రామెంటా’ గోధుమ వర్ణ కేశాలు ఉండుట.
  3. పురుష బీజకణాలు ‘బహుశైలికా యుతంగా ఉండుట.
  4. స్త్రీ బీజాశయంలో స్త్రీ బీజకణం ఏర్పడుట.

ప్రశ్న 15.
బ్రయోఫైటా మొక్కలను వృక్షరాజ్య ‘ఉభయచరాలు’ అని ఎందుకు అంటారు?
జవాబు:
బ్రయోఫైటా మొక్కలు తేమ గల ప్రదేశాలలో పెరుగుతూ, లైంగిక ప్రత్యుత్పత్తికి నీటిపై ఆధారపడడం వల్ల వీటిని “వృక్షరాజ్యపు ఉభయ చరాలు” అని అంటారు.

ప్రశ్న 16.
(a) ఏకద్వయస్థితిక, (b) ద్వయస్థితిక జీవిత చక్రాలను కల్గిన శైవలాలను పేర్కొనండి.
జవాబు:

  1. ఏకద్వయస్ధితిక జీవిత చక్రమును ‘ఎక్ట్రోకార్పస్’ మరియు ‘లామినేరియా’ మొక్కలు ప్రదర్శిస్తాయి.
  2. ద్వయస్ధితిక జీవిత చక్రంను ‘ఫ్యూకస్’ మొక్క ప్రదర్శిస్తుంది.

ప్రశ్న 17.
ఏకకణ, సహనివేశ, తంతురూప శైవలాలకు ఉదాహరణలు ఇవ్వండి.
జవాబు:

  1. ఏకకణ శైవలం-క్లామిడోమోనాస్
  2. సహానివేశ శైవలం – వాల్వాక్స్
  3. తంతురూపశైవలం – స్పైరోగైరా

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 4 వృక్షరాజ్యం

Short Answer Questions (స్వల్ప సమాధాన ప్రశ్నలు)

ప్రశ్న 1.
ఎరుపువర్ణ, గోధుమవర్ణ శైవలాల మధ్య తేడాలను తెలపండి. [TS M-17,19,22] [AP M-16] [IPE-Mar-14]
జవాబు:

ఎరుపు వర్ణ శైవలాలు

  1. ఇవి రోడోఫైసి తరగతికి చెందినవి.
  2. r – ఫైకోఎరిథ్రిన్ అనే ఎరుపువర్ణ ద్రవ్యం వల్ల ఈ మొక్కలు ఎర్రగా ఉంటాయి.
  3. వీటిలోని ప్రధాన వర్ణ ద్రవ్యాలు
    క్లోరోఫిల్ a, d, ఫైకోఎరిథ్రిన్.
  4. వీటి ఆహారం ‘ఫ్లోరిడియన్ స్టార్చ్’ రూపంలో నిల్వ చేయబడుతుంది.
  5. వీటిలో అలైంగిక ప్రత్యుత్పత్తి చలనరహిత సిద్ధ బీజాల ద్వారా జరుగుతుంది.
  6. లైంగిక ప్రత్యుత్పత్తి చలనరహిత సంయోగబీజాల ద్వారా జరుగుతుంది.
    ఉదా: గ్రాసిలేరియా, జెలిడియం.

గోధుమ వర్ణ శైవలాలు

  1. ఇవి ఫియోఫైసి తరగతికి చెందినవి.
  2. జాంథోఫిల్లలు అనే వర్ణ ద్రవ్యం వల్ల ఇవి గోధుమ రంగులో ఉంటాయి.
  3. వీటిలోని ప్రధాన వర్ణ ద్రవ్యాలు క్లోరోఫిల్ a, c, కెరోటినాయిడ్లు మరియు జాంథోఫిల్లు
  4. వీటి ఆహారం లామినేరియన్ (లేదా) మానిటాల్ రూపంలో నిల్వ చేయబడి ఉంటుంది.
  5. వీటిలో అలైంగిక ప్రత్యుత్పత్తి ద్వికశాభయుత గమన సిద్ధబీజాల ద్వారా జరుగుతుంది.
  6. లైంగిక ప్రత్యుత్పత్తి చలనసిద్ద సంయోగ బీజాల ద్వార జరుగుతుంది.
    ఉదా: ఎక్టోకార్పస్, లామినేరియా, ఫ్యూకస్

ప్రశ్న 2.
లివర్వర్డ్స్, మాస్ మొక్కల మధ్య తేడాలు తెలపండి. [AP Mar, May-17]
జవాబు:
లివర్వర్ట్స్

  1. లివర్ వర్ట్స్ మొక్కల దేహం ‘థాలస్’లాగ ఏర్పడుతుంది.
  2. లివర్వర్ట్స్ు ఉభయచరాలు
  3. వీటి సిద్ధబీజం’ పూర్తి పరాన్నజీవి’గా ఉంటూ సంయోగ బీజదంపై ఆధారపడుతుంది.
  4. వీటి సిద్ధబీజాలు చిన్నవిగా లేదా అంతరించి ఉంటాయి.
  5. సిద్ధబీజాల వ్యాప్తికి ‘ఇలేటర్లు’ సహాయపడతాయి.
    ఉదా: మార్కెంషియా

మాస్

  1. మాస్ మొక్కలు నిటారుగా మధ్యస్థ అక్షంపై సర్పిలాకరంలో అమర్చబడిన పత్రాలను కలిగి ఉంటాయి.
  2. ఇవి ఆదిమ నేల మొక్కలు
  3. వీటి సిద్ధబీజం ‘అల్ప పరాన్న జీవి’గా ఉంటూ సంయోగబీజదంపై ఆధారపడుతుంది.
  4. వీటి సిద్ధబీజాలు విస్తారంగా ఉంటాయి.
  5. సిద్ధబీజాలు వ్యాప్తికి పరిముఖ దంతాలు సహాయపడతాయి
    ఉదా: పాలిట్రెకమ్, స్పాగ్నం, ప్యునేరియా.

ప్రశ్న 3.
సమసిద్ధ బీజ, భిన్న సిద్ధబీజ టెరిడోఫైట్లు అంటే ఏమిటి? రెండు ఉదాహరణలు ఇవ్వండి. [AP M-15, 18, 22] [IPE – 13]
జవాబు:

  1. సమసిద్ధ బీజ టెరిడోఫైట్లు: మొక్కలు ఒకే రకమైన సిద్ధబీజాలను ఏర్పరిస్తే వాటిని సమసిద్ధబీజాలు అంటారు. ఉదా: సైలోటమ్, లైకోపోడియం.
  2. భిన్న సిద్ధబీజ టెరిడోఫైట్లు: మొక్కలు రెండు రకాల సిద్ధ బీజాలను ఏర్పరిస్తే వాటిని భిన్నసిద్ధ బీజాలు అంటారు. ఉదా: సెలాజినెల్లా, సాల్వీనియా.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 4 వృక్షరాజ్యం

ప్రశ్న 4.
భిన్న సిద్ధబీజత అంటే ఏమిటి? దాని ప్రాముఖ్యం గురించి క్లుప్తంగా వ్రాయండి. రెండు ఉదాహరణలివ్వండి.
జవాబు:
కొన్ని రకాలైన టెరిడోఫైటా మొక్కలు రెండు రకాల సిద్ధబీజాలను (స్థూల మరియు సూక్ష్మ సిద్ధబీజాలు) ఉత్పత్తి చేయడాన్ని ‘భిన్న సిద్ధబీజత’ అని అంటారు. ఉదా: సెలాజినెల్లా, సాల్వీనియా.

భిన్న సిద్ధబీజత ప్రాముఖ్యత:

  1. రెండు రకాల సిద్ధబీజాలు కనపడతాయి.
    సూక్ష్మసిద్ధబీజాలు: ఇవి అంకురించి పురుషసంయోగ బీజదం ఏర్పడుతుంది.
    స్థూల సిద్ధబీజాలు: ఇవి అంకురించి స్త్రీసంయోగ బీజదం ఏర్పడుతుంది.
  2. పురుష లైంగిక అవయవాన్ని అంథిరీడీయా అంటారు. ఇది పురుష బీజకణంను (అంథిరోజాయిడ్) విడుదల చేస్తుంది.
  3. స్త్రీ లైంగిక అవయవాన్ని ‘ఆర్కిగోనియా’ అంటారు. ఇది స్త్రీ బీజకణంను విడుదల చేస్తుంది.
  4. స్త్రీ బీజాశయంలో ఉన్న స్త్రీ బీజకణంతో చలన పురుష బీజం సంయోగం చెంది ‘సంయుక్త బీజం’ ఏర్పడుతుంది.
  5. స్త్రీ సంయోగ బీజదంలోనే సంయుక్త బీజం పిండంగా అభివృద్ధి చెందుతుంది.
  6. ‘పూర్వగామి ఘట్టం’ విత్తనం ఏర్పడే స్థితిని సూచిస్తుంది.
  7. ఇది వాటి పరిణామ క్రమంలో ఒక ముఖ్యమైన మెట్టు.

ప్రశ్న 5.
శైవలాలు, బ్రయోఫైటా మొక్కల ఆర్థిక ప్రాముఖ్యాన్ని వివరించండి. [AP M-19][TS M-16]
జవాబు:
I. శైవలాల ఆర్థిక ప్రాముఖ్యత:

  1. భూమిపై జరిగే ‘కర్బన స్థాపనలో కనీసం సగభాగం శైవలాల ద్వారానే జరుగుతుంది.
  2. గోధుమవర్ణశైవలాలు ‘ఆల్జిన్’ అనే పదార్థంను ఉత్పత్తి చేస్తాయి. వీటిని వాణిజ్యపరంగా వాడుతున్నారు.
  3. ఎరుపువర్ణశైవలాలు ‘కెర్రాజీన్’ అనే పదార్థంను ఉత్పత్తి చేస్తాయి. వీటిని వాణిజ్యపరంగా వాడుతున్నారు.
  4. అగార్ను జెలిడియం నుండి, అయోడినను లామినేరియా నుండి సేకరిస్తారు.
  5. క్లోరెల్లా, స్పైరులినా అనే ఏకకణ శైవలాలను అంతరిక్ష యాత్రికులు అహారంగా వాడతారు.
  6. నీటిలో నివశించే జంతువులు తమ ఆహారం కొరకు ‘లామినేరియా, సర్గాసమ్ల మీద ఆధారపడతాయి.

II. బ్రయోఫైటాల ఆర్థిక ప్రాముఖ్యత:

  1. కొన్ని మాస్లు శాకాహారులైన క్షీరదాలకు, పక్షులకు, ఇతర జంతువులకు ఆహారంగా ఉపయోగపడతాయి
  2. స్ఫాగ్నం అనే మాస్ జాతులు ‘పీట్’ అనే ఇంధనాన్ని ఇస్తాయి.
  3. ఇవి మృత్తిక క్రమక్షయాన్ని నివారిస్తాయి.
  4. ఇవి మొక్కల అనుక్రమంలో ప్రధాన పాత్ర పోషిస్తాయి.
  5. వీటికి నీటిని నిలుపుకొనే శక్తి ఉండుట వల్ల, జీవ పదార్థాలను ఇతర ప్రదేశాలకు రవాణా చేయడంలో వీటిని ఉపయోగిస్తారు.

ప్రశ్న 6.
ఏకదళ, ద్విదళ బీజాలను ఏ విధంగా గుర్తిస్తారు?
జవాబు:
ఏకదళ బీజాలు

  1. వీటి విత్తనంలో ఒకే ఒక బీజదళం ఉంటుంది.
  2. ఇవి ‘పీచు వేరు వ్యవస్థ’ను కలిగి ఉండును
  3. పత్రాలు పృష్టోదరరాలు.
  4. పత్రాలలో జాలాకార ఈనెల వ్యాపనం కనిపిస్తుంది.
  5. ద్వితీయ పెరుగుదల ఉంటుంది.
  6. నాళికా పుంజాలు వలయంలాగా అమరి ఉంటాయి. వివృతం.

ద్విదళ బీజాలు

  1. వీటి విత్తనంలో రెండు బీజదళాలు ఉంటాయి
  2. ఇవి ‘తల్లి వేరు వ్యవస్థ’ను కలిగి ఉండును.
  3. పత్రాలలో సమాంతర ఈనెలు కనిపిస్తాయి.
  4. పత్రాలు సమద్విపార్శ్యాలు.
  5. ద్వితీయ పెరుగుదల ఉండదు.
  6. నాళిక పుంజాలు చెల్లాచెదురుగా మరియు సంవృతంగా ఉంటాయి.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 4 వృక్షరాజ్యం

ప్రశ్న 7.
ప్రథమాంకురం గురించి క్లుప్తంగా వివరించండి. [ AP M-20]
జవాబు:
ప్రథమాంకురం:

  1. టెరిడోఫైట్ల సంయోగబీజద మొక్క దేహన్ని ‘ప్రథమాంకురం’ అంటారు.
  2. ఏకస్థితిక సిద్ధబీజం మొలకెత్తి ‘ప్రథమాంకురం’ ను ఇస్తుంది.
  3. ఇది హృదయాకృతిలో ఆకుపచ్చగా మరియు పృష్టోదరంలో ఒక నొక్కును కలిగి ఉంటుంది.
  4. ఏకకణయుత మూల తంతువులు ఉదర భాగంలో ఉంటాయి.
  5. ఇది నీడ, తేమ మరియు చల్లని ప్రాంతాలలో పెరుగుతుంది.
  6. ప్రథమాంకురం అడుగుభాగం పురుష సంయోగబీజదాలైన ఆంథరీడియంను కలిగి ఉంటుంది.
  7. స్త్రీ సంయోగబీజదాలు ఆర్కీగోనియంల నొక్కు దగ్గర ఉత్పత్తి అవుతాయి.
  8. ఆంధరీడియాలు శైలికాయుతాలు. స్థూలసిద్ధబీజాలను చేరుటకు వీటికి నీరు అవసరం.
  9. సంయుక్తబీజం పిండంగా అభివృద్ధి చెంది, ద్వయస్ధితిక సిద్ధబీజంగా స్త్రీ సంయోగ బీజదంలో ఏర్పడుతుంది.

ప్రశ్న 8.
ఈ కింది వాని పటాలు గీసి, భాగాలను గుర్తించండి.
(a) లివర్వర్ట్ స్త్రీ, పురుష థాలస్లు
(b) ఫ్యునేరియా మొక్క సంయోగ బీజదం, సిద్ధబీజదం
జవాబు:
AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 4 వృక్షరాజ్యం 1
AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 4 వృక్షరాజ్యం 2

Long Answer Questions (దీర్ఘ సమాధాన ప్రశ్నలు)

ప్రశ్న 1.
‘ఆర్కిగోనియం’ను కలిగిన మూడు మొక్కల విభాగాలను తెలుపుతూ వాటిలో ఒకదాని జీవితచక్రం గురించి సంగ్రహంగా వివరించండి.
జవాబు:
ఆర్కిగోనియాలను కలిగిన మొక్కల విభాగాలు: బ్రయోఫైటా, టెరిడోఫైటా మరియు వివృతబీజాలు
మాస్ మొక్క జీవిత చక్రం ఫ్యూనేరియా (బ్రయోఫైటా ):

  1. వీటి జీవిత చక్రం రెండు దశలలో ఉంటుంది. అవి సంయోగబీజ దశ మరియు సిద్ధబీజదశ.
  2. సంయోగబీజ దశలో మరల రెండు దశలు ఉంటాయి. అవి ప్రథమాంకురం మరియు ప్రౌఢదశ
  3. ఏకస్థితిక సిద్ధబీజం మొలకెత్తి శైశవ దశలో ‘ప్రధమాంకురం’గా ఏర్పడుతుంది.
  4. ఇది ఆకుపచ్చని, ప్రాకుతూ పెరిగే శాఖాయుత మరియు తంతుయుత దశ.
  5. ఇది అనేక పార్శ్వ మొగ్గలను కలిగి ఉంటుంది.
  6. ప్రతిమొగ్గ నిటారుగా పెరిగే ప్రౌఢ పత్రయుత దశగా అభివృద్ధి చెందుతుంది. దీనిని సంయోగబీజదం అంటారు.
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 4 వృక్షరాజ్యం 3
  7. శాఖీయ ప్రత్యుత్పత్తి అనేది ముక్కలవడం, జెమ్మా మరియు మొగ్గతొడగడం ద్వారా జరుగుతుంది.
  8. వీటి లైంగిక అవయవాలు ఆంధరీడియా మరియు ఆర్మీగొనియాలు. ఈ రెండు ఒకే మొక్కలోని వేర్వేరు శాఖలపై అభివృద్ధి చెందుతాయి కావున ఇది ఏకలింగయుతం.
  9. ఆంధరీడియా గద ఆకారంలో ఉండి ఆంధిరోజాయిడ్స్ను ఉత్పత్తి చేస్తుంది.
  10. ఇవి శైలికాయుతాలై నీటిలో ఈదుతూ ఆర్కీ గౌని నందు చేరి అండంతో కలిసి ఫలదీకరణం జరుపుతాయి.
  11. ఫలదీకరణంలో ఏర్పడిన సంయుక్తబీజం ద్వయస్ధితికం.
  12. ఇది పిండంగా మారి స్త్రీ సంయోగబీజదంలో సిద్ధ బీజదంగా అభివృద్ధి చెందుతుంది.
  13. సిద్ధబీజదం మూడు భాగాలను కలిగి ఉంటుంది. అవి ప్రధాన అక్షం, వృంతం మరియు గుళిక.
  14. సంయోగజీజదం పై సిద్ధబీజదం పాక్షిక పరాన్న జీవనాన్ని గడుపుతుంది.
  15. సంయోగబీజదం నుండి ప్రధాన అక్షం నీటిని శోషిస్తుంది.
  16. ‘గుళిక’ పత్ర హరితయుత కణాలు కలిగి ఆహారాన్ని తయారు చేస్తుంది.
  17. ప్రతిసిద్ధబీజం మొలకెత్తి ఏకస్థితిక శైశవ ప్రధమాంకురమును ఏర్పరుస్తుంది.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 4 వృక్షరాజ్యం

ప్రశ్న 2.
వివృత బీజాల ముఖ్య లక్షణాలను వివరించండి.
జవాబు:
వివృతబీజాలు ముఖ్యలక్షణాలు:

  1. వివృతబీజాలు విత్తనాలను కలిగిన నగ్న మొక్కలు విత్తనాలు ఫలదీకరణానంతరం ఫలకవచం లేకుండా నగ్నంగా ఉంటాయి.
  2. అండాలు అండాశయ గోడలతో ఆవరించబడకుండా నగ్నంగా ఉంటాయి.
  3. వివృతబీజాలు పిండయుతాలు, నాళికా కణజాల యుతాలు మరియు ఆర్కిగోనియమ్లను కలిగిన పుష్పించే మొక్కలు
  4. ఇవి మధ్య రకపు వృక్షాలు కాని సెక్వోయియ అనేవృక్షం అతి పొడవైన వృక్షం
  5. ‘గింగో”ను బ్రతికి ఉన్న శిలాజంగా పరిగణిస్తారు.
  6. తల్లివేరు వ్యవస్థ, పైనస్ వేళ్ళలో శిలీంధ్ర మూలాలు ఉంటాయి.
  7. సైకస్ లో సహాజీవనాన్ని ప్రదర్శించే ప్రవాళాభ వేర్లు నాస్టాక్ మరియు అనబీనా వంటి సయానో బాక్టీరియాలను కలిగి ఉంటాయి.
  8. సైకస్ లో కాండం శాఖారహితంగా మరియు పైనస్లో కాండం శాఖాయుతంగా ఉంటాయి.
  9. పత్రాలు సరళంగా లేదా సంయుక్తంగా ఉంటాయి.
  10. అంతర్నిర్మాణంలో కాండంలోనిజమైన ప్రసరణ స్ధంభం ఉంటుంది.
  11. కాండం మరియు వేరులలో ద్వితీయ వృద్ధి జరుగుతుంది.
  12. భిన్న సిద్ధ బీజత – సూక్ష్మ మరియు స్థూల సిద్ధబీజాలను ఏర్పరుస్తుంది.
  13. అండాలు ఉన్న స్థూల సిద్ధబీజాశయ పత్రాలు కలిగిన శంఖును ‘స్త్రీస్ట్రోబిలస్ అంటారు.
  14. ఫలదీకరణం నాళసహిత సంయోగం’ పురుష సంయోగబీజాలు పరాగనాళం ద్వారా ప్రయాణిస్తాయి.
  15. ఫలదీకరణంలో ఏర్పడిన సంయుక్తబీజం పిండంగా అభివృద్ధి చెందుతుంది.
  16. సూక్ష్మ సిద్ధబీజాశయ పత్రాలు సూక్ష్మసిద్ధబీజాలను ఉత్పత్తి చేస్తాయి.
  17. సూక్ష్మ సిద్ధబీజాలు అయిన పరాగరేణువులు సూక్ష్మ సిద్ధ బీజాశయంలో ఏర్పడతాయి.
  18. స్థూల సిద్ధబీజాలు స్థూల సిద్ధబీజాశయంలో ఏర్పడతాయి.
  19. అండాశయాలు స్థూలసిద్ధబీజాశయ పత్రాలలో ఏర్పడతాయి.
  20. అండాశయం అండద్వారంతో తెరుచుకుంటుంది. పరాగసంపర్కం ప్రత్యక్షం, వాయు పరాగసంపర్కం.
  21. ఫలదీకరణం నాళసహితం సంయోగం పురుష సంయోగ బీజాలు (లేదా) పరాగరేణువులు పరాగనాళం ద్వారా
    ప్రయాణిస్తాయి.
  22. సంయుక్తబీజం ఫలదీకరణం యొక్క ఉత్పత్తి ఇది పిండంగా మారుతుంది.
  23. స్త్రీ సంయోగబీజద దేహం అంకురచ్ఛదంగా ఏర్పడుతుంది.
  24. విత్తనాలు నగ్నం ఎటువంటి ఫలకవచంతో కప్పబడి ఉండవు.
  25. మొలకెత్తుట బాహ్యంగా ఉంటుంది. బహుపిండతను ప్రదర్శిస్తాయి.
  26. ప్రతి సిద్ధబీజం మొలకెత్తి ఏకస్థితిక శైశవ ప్రథామాంకురంను ఏర్పరుస్తుంది.

ప్రశ్న 3.
టెరిడోఫైటా మొక్కల ముఖ్య లక్షణాలను తెలపండి.
జవాబు:

  1. టెరిడోఫైటా మొక్కలు నాళికా కణజాలాలను కలిగి నేలమీద నివశించే మొక్కలలో మొట్టమొదటవి.
  2. ఇవి పిండయుత, ఆర్కిగోనియాలను కలిగిన నాళికాకణజాలయుత పుష్పించని మొక్కలు.
  3. ఇవి చల్లని, తేమ మరియు నీడ గల ప్రాంతాలలో నివశిస్తాయి.
  4. ఇవి మృత్తికను బంధించి ఉంచుతాయి. అలంకారం కొరకు మరియు ఔషధాల కొరకు వీటిని వినియోగిస్తారు.
  5. మొక్క ప్రధాన దేహం అయిన సమసిద్ద బీజం వేర్లు కాండం మరియు పత్రాలు గా విభేదన చెంది ఉంటుంది.
  6. వేర్లు అబ్బురపు వేర్లు మరియు కాండం అంతర్నిర్మాణంలో బాహ్యచర్మం, వల్కలం మరియు ప్రసరణస్ధంభంను కలిగి ఉంటుంది.
  7. ప్రసరణస్తంభం ప్రధమ ప్రసరణ స్ధంభం లేదా నాళాకార ప్రసరణ స్థంభం లేదా సోలెనోస్టీల్ .
  8. పత్రాలు సెలాజినెల్లాలో సూక్ష్మపత్రాలు, మరియు ఫెర్న్ మొక్కలలో స్థూల పత్రాలు
  9. సిద్ధబీజదాలలో సిద్ధ బీజశాయాలు ఉన్నటువంటి పత్రం వంటి నిర్మాణాన్ని ‘సిద్ధబీజాశయ పత్రాలు’ అంటారు.
  10. సిద్ధబీజాశయాభివృద్ధి ‘లెప్టోస్పోరాంజియేట్’ లేదా యూస్పోరాంజియేట్ పద్ధతిలో జరుగుతుంది.
  11. అధిక శాతం టెరిడోఫైటా మొక్కలు ఒకే రకమైన సిద్ధ బీజాలను (హోమోస్పోరస్) ఏర్పరుస్తాయి.
  12. సెలాజినెల్లా మరియు సాల్వినియా ‘భిన్న సిద్ధబీజ మొక్కలు’. ఇవి రెండు రకాల సిద్ధ బీజాలు (స్థూల సూక్ష్మ) ను ఏర్పరుస్తాయి.
  13. సిద్ధ బీజాశయ పత్రాలు ఒక నిర్ధిష్టమైన నిర్మాణాలను ఏర్పరుస్తాయి. వీటిని శంకులు (లేదా) కోన్లు అంటారు.
  14. సిద్ధ బీజాలు మొలకెత్తి చిన్న, బహుకణయుత, కిరణజన్య సంయోగ సంయోగ బీజదంగా మారతాయి. దీనినే ‘ప్రధమాంకురం’ అంటారు.
  15. ‘ప్రధమాంకురం’ ద్విలింగాశ్రయ స్థితిలో (లేదా) ఏకలింగాశ్రయస్థితిలో ఉంటుంది.
  16. లైంగిక అవయవాలు ఆంధరిడియం (లేదా) ఆర్కీగోనియా.
  17. ఆంధరీడియా పురుష సంయోగ బీజాలను ఏర్పరుస్తుంది. ఇవి ఏకకణయుతం, ద్వి (లేదా) బహు కశాభాయుతాలు.
  18. ఆర్కిగోనియా అండాలను మాత్రమే కలిగి ఉంటుంది.
  19. పురుష మరియు స్త్రీ సంయోగబీజదాల కలయిక ద్వయస్ధితిక సంయుక్త బీజాలను ఏర్పరుస్తుంది.
  20. సంయుక్త బీజం ద్వయస్ధితిక పిండంగా స్త్రీ సంయోగ బీజదంలో అభివృద్ధి చెందుతుంది.
  21. ఈ పిండం బహుకణయుత సిద్ధబీజదంగా విభేదన చెందుతుంది. ఇది టెరిడోఫైటా మొక్కల్లో ప్రబలమైన దశ.

ప్రశ్న 4.
భిన్న సిద్ధబీజత అంటే ఏమిటి? దాని ప్రాముఖ్యం గురించి క్లుప్తంగా వ్రాయండి. రెండు ఉదాహరణలివ్వండి.
జవాబు:
భిన్న సిద్ధబీజత: మొక్కలో రెండు రకాల సిద్ధబీజాలు (స్థూల మరియు సూక్ష్మ) బీజాలు కలిగి ఉన్న స్థితిని భిన్న సిద్ధబీజత అంటారు.
A. జీవిత చక్రాలు.
I. ఏకస్థితిక జీవిత చక్రం:

  1. మొక్కలో ప్రధానమైన దశ కిరణజన్య సంయోగక్రియ ద్వారా స్వంతంత్ర జీవనం గడిపే ‘సంయోగ బీజదశ”.
  2. సిద్ధబీజదశ ఏకకణయుత సంయుక్త బీజం ద్వారానే గుర్తింపబడుతుంది.
  3. సిద్ధబీజాలు స్వతంత్ర జీవనం గడపలేవు.
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 4 వృక్షరాజ్యం 4
  4. సంయుక్త బీజంలో క్షయకరణ విభజన వల్ల ఏకస్థితిక సిద్ధబీజాలు ఏర్పడి సంయోగబీజదాన్ని ఏర్పరుస్తాయి.
  5. ఈ రకమైన జీవిత చక్రాన్ని ‘ఏకస్థితిక జీవిత చక్రం’ అంటారు. ఉదా: శైవలాలైన వాల్వాక్స్ మరియు స్పైరోగైరా.

II. ద్వయస్థితిక జీవిత చక్రం :

  1. ద్వయస్ధితిక సిద్ధబీజదం స్వతంత్ర జీవనం కలిగిన ప్రధాన దశ
  2. ఏకస్థిక దశ సంయోగ బీజాల ద్వారా గుర్తించబడుతుంది.
  3. ఈ రకమైన జీవిత చక్రాన్ని ‘ద్వయస్థితిక జీవిత’ చక్రం అంటారు.
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 4 వృక్షరాజ్యం 5
  4. జీవిత చక్రం అనేది కేవలం స్వతంత్ర ‘సిద్ధ బీజదం’ కొన్ని కణాల సంయోగబీజదం ద్వారా సూచించబడితే అటువంటి
  5. జీవిత చక్రాన్ని ‘ద్వయ ఏకస్థితిక’ జీవిత చక్రం అంటారు. ఉదా: టెరిడోఫైట్లు మరియు విత్తనాలను కలిగిన మొక్కలు

III. ఏక = ద్వయస్ధితిక జీవిత చక్రం:

  1. బ్రయోఫైటా మొక్కలు ఈ రెండిటికి మధ్యస్థంగా ఉన్న ఏక ద్వయ స్థితిక దశను ప్రదర్శిస్తాయి.
  2. ఈ రెండు దశలు బహుకణయుతాలు
  3. సంయోగ బీజ దశ ప్రబలమైన స్వతంత్ర దశ
  4. సిద్ధబీజ దశ స్వయం పోషణ దశ, కాని సంయోగబీజదంపై ఆధారంపడి ఉంటుంది.
  5. దీని జీవిత చక్రాన్ని ‘ఏక – ద్వయస్ధితిక’ జీవిత చక్రం అంటారు.
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 4 వృక్షరాజ్యం 6
  6. అధిక శాతం శైవలాలు ఏకస్థితికాలు
  7. ‘ఎక్ట్రోకార్పస్ లామినేరియా’ వంటి శైవలాలు ‘ఏక – ద్వయస్ధితిక’ శైవలాలు
  8. ఫ్యూకస్ ‘ద్వయ స్థితికం’ మరియు పాలిసైఫోనియా ‘ద్విదయ స్థితికాలు’.

B. ఏకాంతర దశలు:

  1. మొక్క దేహంలో రెండు తరాల జీవిత దశలు ఉంటాయి. అవి సంయోగబీజదశ మరియు సిద్ధబీజ దశ
  2. ఏకస్థితిక సంయోగబీజదం సమవిభజన ద్వారా సంయోగ బీజాలను ఉత్పత్తి చేస్తుంది.
  3. సంయోగ బీజాల కలయిక ‘ద్వయస్థితిక సంయుక్తబీజం’ ను ఏర్పరుస్తుంది.
  4. సంయుక్తబీజం సమవిభజన జరిపి ద్వయస్థితిక సిద్ధబీజద మొక్క దేహాన్ని ఏర్పరుస్తుంది.
  5. సిద్ధబీజదం సిద్ధ మాతృకణాలను ఏర్పరుస్తుంది. ఇవి క్షయకరణ విభజన జరిపి ఏకస్థితిక సిద్ధబీజాలను ఏర్పరుస్తాయి.
  6. ఈ సిద్ధబీజాలు మరొకసారి క్షయకరణ విభజనను జరిపి ఏకస్థితిక మొక్క దేహాన్ని ఏర్పరుస్తాయి.
  7. లైంగిక పద్ధతుల్లో ప్రత్యుత్పత్తి జరిపే ఏ మొక్క జీవిత చక్రంలోనైనా సంయోగ బీజాలను ఉత్పత్తి చేసే ద్వయస్థితిక సిద్ధ బీజదదశ ఏకాంతరంగా ఉంటాయి.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 4 వృక్షరాజ్యం

ప్రశ్న 5.
శైవలాలు, బ్రయోఫైటా మొక్కల ఆర్థిక ప్రాముఖ్యాన్ని వివరించండి.
జవాబు:
వివృత బీజాలు మరియు ఆవృతబీజాలు రెండూ విత్తనాలను కలిగి ఉంటాయి. కానీ ఈ క్రింది లక్షణాలు ఆధారంగా వీటిని వేర్వేరుగా వర్గీకరించారు.
వివృత బీజాలు లక్షణాలు

  1. వివృత బీజాలు ‘నగ్న విత్తనాలు’ కలిగిన మొక్కలు
  2. అండాలు, అండాశయ కవచాలతో కప్పబడి ఉండవు.
  3. కావున, విత్తనాలు కూడా ఫలకవచంతో కప్పబడి
  4. పరాగసంపర్కం ప్రత్యక్షం.
  5. పురుష సంయోగ బీజాలు శైలికాయుతాలు
  6. అంకురచ్ఛదం ఏకస్థితిక కణజాలం మరియు పూర్వఫలదీకరణ కణజాలం.
  7. విత్తనాలు ద్విదళబీజయుతాలు
  8. వీటిలో బహుపిండత కనిపిస్తుంది.

ఆవృత బీజాల లక్షణాలు

  1. ఆవృత బీజాలు ‘కవచయుత విత్తనాలు’ కలిగిన మొక్కలు.
  2. అండాలు అండాశయ కవచాలతో కప్పబడి ఉంటాయి.
  3. విత్తనాలు ఫలంతో కప్పబడి మరియు ఫలం ఫలకవచంతో కప్పబడి ఉంటాయి.
  4. పరాగసంపర్కం పరోక్షం.
  5. పురుష సంయోగ బీజాలు శైలికాయుతం కాదు.
  6. ద్విఫలదీకరణం లేదా త్రి ఫలదీకరణం ద్వారా ప్రాథమిక అంకురచ్ఛద కేంద్రకం ఏర్పడుతుంది. ఇది త్రయస్ధితిక అంకురచ్ఛదాన్ని ఏర్పరుస్తుంది.
  7. విత్తనాలు ఏకదళబీజాలు లేదా ద్విదళ బీజయుతాలు.
  8. వీటిలో బహుపిండత గుర్తించబడలేదు.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 3 మొక్కల విజ్ఞానం – వృక్షశాస్త్రం

Students get through AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions 3rd Lesson మొక్కల విజ్ఞానం – వృక్షశాస్త్రం which are most likely to be asked in the exam.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions 3rd Lesson మొక్కల విజ్ఞానం – వృక్షశాస్త్రం

Very Short Answer Questions (అతిస్వల్ప సమాధాన ప్రశ్నలు)

ప్రశ్న 1.
‘బోటనీ’ అనే పదం ఏ విధంగా వాడుకలోకి వచ్చిందో వివరించండి. [AP M-19]
జవాబు:
బోటనీ ‘బౌస్సికీన్’ అనేపదం నుంచి ఏర్పడింది. దీని అర్ధం ‘పశువుల మేత’ .
కాలక్రమంలో ‘బౌస్సికీన్’ నుండి బోటానే అనే పదం, దీని నుండి బోటనీ అనే పదం వాడుకలోకి వచ్చింది.

ప్రశ్న 2.
పరాశరుడు రచించిన పుస్తకాల పేర్లు తెలిపి వాటిలోని ముఖ్యాంశాలను వివరించండి.? [AP M-17,20]
జవాబు:
పరాశరుడు రచించిన పుస్తకాలు ‘కృషిపరాశరం’ మరియు ‘వృక్షాయుర్వేదం’

  1. ‘కృషిపరాశరం’ పుస్తకం ‘వ్యవసాయం’ మరియు ‘కలుపు మొక్కల’ ను గురించి తెలియజేస్తుంది.
  2. ‘వృక్షాయుర్వేదం’ పుస్తకం అడవుల గురించి మరియు ఔషధ మొక్కలను గురించి వివరిస్తుంది.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 3 మొక్కల విజ్ఞానం – వృక్షశాస్త్రం
ప్రశ్న 3.
‘వృక్షశాస్త్ర పిత’ అని ఎవరిని అంటారు? అతను రచించిన గ్రంథం ఏది? [TS M-18] [AP &TS M-16]
జవాబు:

  1. ‘థియోఫ్రాస్టస్’ ను వృక్షశాస్త్రపిత అని అంటారు.
  2. ఇతడు రచించిన గ్రంథం ‘ది హిస్టోరియాప్లాంటారమ్’.

ప్రశ్న 4.
‘హెర్బలిస్టులు’ అంటే ఎవరు? వారు రచించిన గ్రంథాలేవి?
జవాబు:
ఔషధ మొక్కలను గుర్తించి వాటిని సాంకేతికంగా వర్ణించే శాస్త్రవేత్తలనే ‘హెర్బలిస్టులు’ అంటారు. వీరు రచించిన గ్రంధం ‘హెర్బల్స్’.

ప్రశ్న 5.
వృక్ష వర్గీకరణ శాస్త్రాభివృద్ధికి కెరొలస్ వాన్ లిన్నేయస్ చేసిన కృషి ఏమిటి?
జవాబు:

  1. కారోలస్ వాన్ లిన్నేయస్’ అనే శాస్త్రవేత ద్వినామీకరణ విధానాన్ని వాడుకలోకి తీసుకువచ్చాడు.
  2. ఇతడు ‘లైంగిక వర్గీకరణ వ్యవస్థ’ని ప్రతిపాదించాడు.

ప్రశ్న 6.
మెండలు ‘జన్యుశాస్త్రపిత’గా ఎందుకు పరిగణిస్తున్నారు? [TS M-17]
జవాబు:
1866 వ సంవత్సరంలో మెండల్, బఠాణి మొక్కలపై సంకరణ ప్రయోగాలు జరిపి, అనువంశిక సూత్రాలను ప్రవేశపెట్టాడు. కావున మెండల్ను ‘జన్యు శాస్త్రపిత’గా పరిగణిస్తారు.

ప్రశ్న 7.
కణాన్ని కనుక్కొన్నదెవరు? ఆయన రచించిన పుస్తకం ఏమిటి? [TS May-17,22]
జవాబు:

  1. ‘రాబర్ట్ హుక్’ కణాన్ని కనుగొన్నాడు.
  2. ఇతను రచించిన పుస్తకం ‘మైక్రోగ్రాఫియా’.

ప్రశ్న 8.
పురా వృక్షశాస్త్రం అంటే ఏమిటి? దాని ఉపయోగం ఏమిటి? [APM-17,22][TS M-15,17,20.]
జవాబు:

  1. మొక్కల శిలాజాల గూర్చి అధ్యయనం చేసే శాస్త్రాన్ని ‘పురావృక్షశాస్త్రం’ అని అంటారు.
  2. ఇది మొక్కలలో పరిణామ క్రమాన్ని అర్థం చేసుకోవడానికి ఉపయోగపడుతుంది.

ప్రశ్న 9.
హరితసహిత స్వయం పోషక థాలోఫైట్లు, హరిత రహిత పరపోషక థాలోఫైట్లకు సంబంధించిన వృక్షశాస్త్ర విభాగాలను తెల్పండి?
జవాబు:

  1. శైవలశాస్త్రం(ఫైకాలజీ): ఇది హరితసహిత, స్వయంపోషక థాలోఫైట్లును (శైవలాలు) అధ్యయనం చేస్తుంది.
  2. శిలింధ్ర శాస్త్రం (మైకాలజీ): ఇది హరిత రహిత, పరపోషక థాలోఫైట్లును (శిలింధ్రం) అధ్యయనం చేస్తుంది.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 3 మొక్కల విజ్ఞానం – వృక్షశాస్త్రం

ప్రశ్న 10.
లైకెన్లలో సహజీవనం చేసే మొక్కల సముదాయాలు ఏవి? లైకెన్ల అధ్యయనాన్ని ఏమంటారు?
జవాబు:

  1. లైకెన్లలో సహజీవనం చేసే మొక్కల సముదాయాలు ‘శైవలాలు మరియు శిలీంధ్రాలు’.
  2. లైకెన్ల గురించి అధ్యయనం చేయు శాస్త్రాన్ని ‘లైకెనాలజీ’ అంటారు.

ప్రశ్న 11.
ఏ మొక్కల సముదాయాన్ని నాళికాకణజాలయుత పుష్పించని మొక్కలు అంటారు? వీటి అధ్యయనానికి సంబంధించిన వృక్షశాస్త్ర శాఖ పేరేమిటి? [TS M-19] [APM-18]
జవాబు:

  1. టెరిడోఫైటా మొక్కల సముదాయాన్ని నాళికా కణజాలయుత పుష్పించని మొక్కలు అంటారు.
  2. వీటి అధ్యయనానికి సంబంధించిన వృక్షశాస్త్ర శాఖ పేరు ‘టెరిడాలజి’ .

ప్రశ్న 12.
ఏ మొక్కల సముదాయాన్ని వృక్ష రాజ్యపు ఉభయచరాలు అని అంటారు? వాటిని అధ్యయనం చేసే విభాగాన్ని ఏమంటారు? [TS M-22]
జవాబు:

  1. బ్రయోఫైటా మొక్కలను వృక్షరాజ్యపు ఉభయచరాలు అని అంటారు.
  2. వీటిని అధ్యయనం చేసే విభాగాన్ని ‘బ్రయాలజి’ అంటారు.

Short Answer Questions (స్వల్ప సమాధాన ప్రశ్నలు)

ప్రశ్న 1.
వ్యవసాయ, ఉద్యానవన, ఔషధపరంగా వృక్షశాస్త్ర పరిధిని క్లుప్తంగా వర్ణించండి.
జవాబు:
1. వ్యవసాయ మరియు ఉద్యానవనపరంగా వృక్షశాస్త్ర సంబంధం:

  • సంకరణ ప్రయోగాలు, జన్యుఇంజనీరింగ్ మరియు మొక్కలు ప్రజనన సాంకేతికత వంటి ఎంతో ఉపయోగకరమైన పద్ధతుల ద్వారా అధిక దిగుబడినిచ్చే పంట రకాలైన వరి, గోధుమ, బంతిలు వ్యవసాయం మరియు ఉద్యానవన శాఖకు ఎంతో ఉపయోగకరంగా ఉన్నాయి.
  • వృక్ష శరీర ధర్మ శాస్త్ర పరిజ్ఞానం మొక్కల పెరుగుదలకు సంబంధించిన హార్మోనులు వాటి పని తీరును వ్యవసాయం మరియు ఉద్యానవన శాఖల అభివృద్ధికి సహాయపడుతుంది.
  • వృక్ష వ్యాధి శాస్త్ర పరిజ్ఞానం మొక్కలలో వచ్చే అనేక వ్యాధుల నివారణ మరియు నిర్మూలన గురించి తెలియజేస్తుంది.

2. వృక్షశాస్త్రం మరియు వైద్యశాస్త్రంకు ఉన్న అనుబంధం:

  • వేప, ఆర్నికా, బెల్లడోనా, సింకోనా, దత్తూర, రావుల్ఫియా, తులసి, మొదలయిన ఔషధ విలువలు ఉన్న మొక్కలు పరిజ్ఞానం, మానవుల ఆరోగ్యరక్షణ కోసం ఉపయోగించుకోవడంలో దోహాదపడుతుంది. ఈ పరిజ్ఞానం ఆయుర్వేదం మరియు హోమియోపతి వైద్యంకు దారితీసింది.
  • యాంటీబయాటిక్లైన పెన్సిలిన్, జీవకీటకనాశినిలు ఉత్పత్తి ఆయా పదార్థాలనిచ్చే మొక్కల అధ్యయనం వల్ల సాధ్యమయింది.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 3 మొక్కల విజ్ఞానం – వృక్షశాస్త్రం

ప్రశ్న 2.
వృక్షశరీర ధర్మ శాస్త్రాన్ని ఉదాహరణగా తీసుకొని వృక్షశాస్త్ర పరిధిని వివరించండి.
జవాబు:

  1. వృక్ష శరీర ధర్మశాస్త్రం, మొక్కల పోషణలో ఖనిజ లవణాల పాత్రను తెలుసుకొనుటకు సహాయపడుతుంది.
  2. వృక్ష శరీర ధర్మశాస్త్రం ఖనిజలవణాల లోపం మరియు రసాయన ఎరువుల వినియోగంను తెలుసుకొనుటకు సహాయపడుతుంది.
  3. మొక్కల పెరుగుదల మరియు అభివృద్ధిలో హార్మోనుల పాత్రను తెలుసుకొనుటకు ఉపయోగపడుతుంది.
  4. వృక్షశరీర ధర్మశాస్త్రం కలుపు మొక్కల నివారణ మరియు విత్తన స్థుప్తావస్తను విచ్ఛిన్నం చేయుటకు కావలసిన జీవనాశాకాలను గురించి తెలియచేస్తుంది.
  5. కాండపు ఖండికలలో వేళ్ళను ప్రేరేపించి శాఖీయ ఉత్పత్తిని ఆపిల్, అరటి మరియు పుచ్చకాయలాంటి పళ్ళు ఆకుకూరల నిల్వ కాలం పెంచటం వంటివి వృక్షశరీర ధర్మశాస్త్రం మొక్క ఇతర ఉపయోగాలు.

ప్రశ్న 3.
వృక్ష స్వరూప శాస్త్రంలోని వివిధ శాఖలు, వాటి లక్షణాలను రాయండి.
జవాబు:
స్వరూపశాస్త్రం మొక్కల యొక్క వివిధ భాగాల అధ్యయన మరియు వర్ణన గురించి తెలియజేస్తుంది. ఇది మొక్కల వర్గీకరణకు ప్రాధమిక ఆధారం. దీన్ని రెండుగా విభజించవచ్చు.
a) బాహ్యస్వరూపశాస్త్రం: ఇది మొక్కల యొక్క బాహ్య స్వరూపాలైన వేర్లు, కాండం, పత్రాలు, పుష్పాలు, ఫలాలు మరియు విత్తనాలను గురించి అధ్యయనం చేసి వర్ణిస్తుంది.

b) అంతరస్వరూప శాస్త్రం: మొక్కల వివిధ భాగాల అంతర్నిర్మాణాన్ని గురించి అధ్యయనం చేసే శాస్త్రం

  1. కణజాల శాస్త్రం మొక్కలొని వివిధ కణజాలాలను అధ్యయనం చేసే శాస్త్రం
  2. అంతర్నిర్మాణ శాస్త్రం మొక్క యందలి వేరు, కాండం, పత్రం, పుష్పంలోని అంతర్నిర్మాణలను అధ్యయనం చేసే శాస్త్రం.

Long Answer Questions (దీర్ఘ సమాధాన ప్రశ్నలు)

ప్రశ్న 1.
వృక్షశాస్త్రంలోని వివిధ శాఖల పరిధిని సోదాహరణంగా వివరించండి.
జవాబు:
1. వ్యవసాయ శాఖయందు వృక్షశాస్త్ర పరిధి:

  • హరిత విప్లవం ద్వారా అధిక దిగుబడిని సాధించి తక్కువ వనరులు మరియు అధిక జనాభా సమస్యను పరిష్కరించవచ్చు.
  • వరి, గోధుమ, మొక్కజొన్న మరియు చెరకు మొదలైన పంట మొక్కలలో సంకరణ రకాలను అభివృద్ధి పరచుటకు మొక్కల ప్రజననం యొక్క నూతన సాంకేతికతలు సహాయపడతాయి.
  • నేల మరియు నీరు రసాయన ఎరువుల వాడకం వలన కలుషితమవుతున్నాయి. దీన్ని జీవ ఎరువులను వినియోగించుట ద్వారా నివారించవచ్చును.
  • పంటల సాగు మానవుల నాగరికత ఆవిర్భావాన్ని తెలియజేస్తుంది.

2. ఉద్యానవనశాఖ యందు వృక్షశాస్త్రపరిధి:

  • సంకరణాలు మరియు జన్యు సాంకేతికత ప్రయోగాల ద్వారా ఉద్యానవనశాఖ పురోగతిని సాధించగలుగుతుంది. తక్కువ సమయంలో ఎక్కువ మొక్కలను ఉత్పత్తి చేయు విధానాన్ని ‘సూక్ష్మవ్యాప్తి’ అంటారు.
  • ఇది కణజాల మరియు వర్ధనం ప్రయోగాల ద్వారా సులువు అవుతుంది.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 3 మొక్కల విజ్ఞానం – వృక్షశాస్త్రం

3. వైద్యరంగంలో వృక్షశాస్త్ర పరిధి:

  • ఔషధమొక్కలైన ఆర్నికా, సింకోనా, వేప, దత్తూర, తులసి, రావుల్ఫియా, కలబంద వంటి వాటి విత్తనాల అధ్యయనం మానవ ఆరోగ్య సంరక్షణకు ఉపయోగపడుతుంది.
  • సూక్ష్మ జీవనాశక పదార్థాలైన పెన్సిలిన్, జీవకీటక నాశినిలు, ఏకకణ ప్రోటీనులు మొదలగు వాటిని మొక్కల అధ్యయనం ద్వారా తయారు చేయవచ్చు.

4. వృక్షశరీర ధర్మ శాస్త్రంలో వృక్షశాస్త్ర పరిధి:

  • సంకరణం మరియు జన్యు సాంకేతికత ప్రయోగాలు అనుబంధ శాఖలు వ్యవసాయం, అటవీశాఖ, ఉద్యానవనశాఖ, మరియు పుష్పోత్తి శాఖలను మెరుగుపరిచాయి.
  • పంట మొక్కలైన వరి, గోధుమ, మొక్కజొన్న చెరకులలో కొత్త వంగడాలను ఏర్పరచడానికి కొత్త ప్రజనన పద్ధతులు ఉపయోగపడతాయి.
  • వృక్ష వ్యాధిశాస్త్రం అనేక మొక్క వ్యాధులను నివారించుటకు మరియు నిర్మూలించుటకు సహాయపడుతుంది.

5. పరిశ్రమల యందు వృక్షశాస్త్ర పరిధి:

  • వృక్షశాస్త్రం ద్వారా వస్త్ర, కాగిత, ఆయుర్వేద, పంచదార పరిశ్రమలు అభివృద్ధి చెందినవి.
  • టేకు, కాఫీ, టీ, రబ్బర్, సుగంధ ద్రవ్యాలు వంటి వాణిజ్య పంటల ఉత్పత్తికి ఉపయోగపడుతుంది.
  • పెట్రోల్, గ్యాసోలిన్, కోక్ వంటి ఇంధనాలను శిలాజాల మొక్కల నుండి తయారు చేస్తారు.
  • జాట్రోపా మరియు పొంగామియాల వంటి పెట్రో మొక్కల నుండి జీవ ఇంధనమును తయారు చేస్తారు.

6. వాతావరణంలో వృక్షశాస్త్ర పరిధి:

  • ఎక్కువగా మొక్కలను నాటుట మరియు పెంచుట ద్వారా హరిత గృహాప్రభావాన్ని నివారించవచ్చు.
  • పూతికాహారుల ద్వారా పోషక పదార్థాల పునశ్చక్రీయం, అజోల్లా, నాస్టాక్, అనబీనా వంటి జీవ ఎరువులను రసాయన ఎరువుల వల్ల కలిగే మృత్తిక, నీటి కాలుష్యాలను అరికట్టడం కోసం వాడతారు.

7. ఇతర ఉపయోగాలు:

  • క్లోరెల్లా లాంటి శైవలాలను అంతరిక్ష పరిశోధనలో వ్యోగాముల ఆహారంగా ఉపయోగించడం, చాలా సముద్రపు కలుపు మొక్కల నుంచి అయోడిన్, అగార్-అగార్ తయారు చేయడం లాంటివి ప్రస్తుత అవసరాల కోసం సమకాలీన ప్రపంచంలో వృక్షశాస్త్రానికి ఉన్న అవకాశాలను సూచిస్తాయి.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 2 జీవశాస్త్ర వర్గీకరణ

Students get through AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions 2nd Lesson జీవశాస్త్ర వర్గీకరణ which are most likely to be asked in the exam.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions 2nd Lesson జీవశాస్త్ర వర్గీకరణ

Very Short Answer Questions (అతిస్వల్ప సమాధాన ప్రశ్నలు)

ప్రశ్న 1.
డయాటమ్లలో కణకవచ స్వభావం ఏది?
జవాబు:

  1. డయాటమ్లలో కణకవచములు రెండు పలుచని కర్పరాలతో ఒక దానిపై ఒకటి సబ్బు పెట్టి మూత వలె అమరి ఉంటాయి.
  2. పై కవచాన్ని ‘ఏపిధీకా’ అనియు క్రింది కవచాన్ని ‘హైపోధీకా’ అని అంటారు.
  3. కణకవచాలు సిలికాతో నిర్మితమై ఉండుట వల్ల అవి నాశనం చెందవు.

ప్రశ్న 2.
వైరాయిడ్లకూ, వైరస్లకూ ఉన్న తేడాలు ఏమిటి? [AP M-16, 17 IPE M-14][TSM-22]
జవాబు:
వైరాయిడ్స్

  1. వైరాయిడ్స్ కేవలం కేంద్రక ఆమ్లాన్ని కల్గి ఉంటాయి. ఇవి ప్రోటీన్ తొడుగును కలిగి ఉండవు.
  2. కేంద్రక ఆమ్లం కేవలం RNA మాత్రమే
  3. ఇవి మొక్కలకు మాత్రమే వ్యాధిని కలుగజేస్తాయి.

వైరస్

  1. వైరస్లు కేంద్రక ఆమ్లం మరియు ప్రోటిన్ తొడుగు రెండింటిని కల్గి ఉంటాయి.
  2. కేంద్రక ఆమ్లాలు RNA లేదా DNA
  3. వైరస్లు అన్ని రకాల జీవులకు వ్యాధిని కలుగజేస్తాయి.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 2 జీవశాస్త్ర వర్గీకరణ
ప్రశ్న 3.
ఫైకోబయాంట్, మైకోబయాంట్ అనే పదాలు వేటిని తెలియజేస్తాయి? [AP M-17] [TS M-18]
జవాబు:
‘లైకెన్లు’ శైవలాలు మరియు శిలీంధ్రాలతో సహజీవన సంబంధాన్ని కలిగి ఉంటాయి.

  1. లైకేన్లలోని శైవల భాగస్వామిని ‘ఫైకోబయాంట్’ తెలియజేస్తుంది.
  2. లైకేన్లలోని శిలీంధ్ర భాగస్వామిని ‘మైకోబయాంట్’ తెలియజేస్తుంది.

ప్రశ్న 4.
శైవల మంజరి (algal bloom), ఎరుపు అలలు (red tides) అనే పదాలు వేటిని సూచిస్తాయి?
జవాబు:

  1. శైవల మంజరి: నీటి కుంటలలో అధికంగా పెరిగే శైవలాలను ‘శైవల మంజరి’ అని అంటారు. ఉదా: నాస్టాక్, అనబీనా.
  2. ఎరుపు అలలు: గోనియాలాక్స్ లాంటి ఎరుపు రంగులోని డైనోఫ్లాజెల్లేట్లు అతి త్వరితగతిన వృద్ధి చెందుతూ అవి నివసించే సముద్ర ప్రాంతం అంతా ఎరుపు రంగును కలుగచేస్తాయి. వీటినే ఎరుపు అలలు అని అంటారు.

ప్రశ్న 5.
పరిపోషిత బాక్టీరియమ్లకు గల రెండు ఆర్థిక ప్రాముఖ్యం గల ఉపయోగాలను తెలపండి? [TS M-16,20]
జవాబు:
పరపోషిత బాక్టీరియా ఆర్థిక ఉపయోగాలు:

  1. పాల నుండి పెరుగు తయారీ.
  2. జీవనాశక ఉత్పత్తి, మత్తుపానీయాల ఉత్పత్తి.

ప్రశ్న 6.
వ్యవసాయ భూములలో పంటల పెంపుదలకు సయనోబాక్టీరియమ్లను ఉపయోగించడంలో ఇమిడి ఉన్న ఉద్దేశ్యం ఏమిటి? [AP M-19,15]
జవాబు:
సయనో బాక్టీరియాలైన నాస్టాక్, అనబీనాలో ‘నైట్రోజినేజ్’ అనే ఎంజైమ్ ఉంటుంది.
ఇది వాతావరణంలోని నత్రజనిని హెటిరోసిస్ట్ అనబడే ప్రత్యేకమైన కణాలలో స్థాపించి, నేలను సారవంతం చేస్తాయి.

ప్రశ్న 7.
మొక్కలు స్వయం పోషితాలు, పాక్షికంగా పరపోషితాలైన కొన్ని మొక్కలను తెలపండి.
జవాబు:

  1. ఆకుపచ్చని మొక్కలన్నీ స్వయంపోషితాలు. ఎందుకంటే అవి ఆహారాన్ని స్వయంగా కిరణజన్య సంయోగక్రియ ద్వారా తయారు చేసుకుంటాయి.
  2. పాక్షిక పరపోషిత మొక్కలు: విస్కమ్ (పాక్షిక కాండ పరాన్న జీవి), కస్కుటా (పూర్తి కాండ పరాన్న జీవి), సైగా (పాక్షిక వేరు పరాన్న జీవి)

ప్రశ్న 8.
ఐదు రాజ్యాల వర్గీకరణను ఎవరు ప్రతిపాదించారు? ఈ వర్గీకరణలో నిజకేంద్రక జీవులు ఎన్ని రాజ్యాలలో ఉన్నాయి? [TS M-19]
జవాబు:

  1. R.H.విట్టాకర్ అనే శాస్త్రవేత్త ఐదు రాజ్యాల వర్గీకరణను ప్రతిపాదించాడు.
  2. ఈ వర్గీకరణలో నిజకేంద్రక జీవులు నాలుగు రాజ్యాలలో ఉన్నవి. అవి
    ప్రొటిస్ట్గా, శిలింధ్రాలు, ప్లాంటే(మొక్కలు), ఏనిమేలియా(జంతువులు)

ప్రశ్న 9.
విట్టాకర్ వర్గీకరణలో పాటించిన ముఖ్యమైన ప్రాతిపదికలు ఏవి? [AP M-18,20,22][ TS M-15]
జవాబు:
విట్టాకర్ వర్గీకరణ ప్రాతిపదికలు: కణనిర్మాణము, థాలస్ సంవిధానము, పోషణ విధానం, ప్రత్యుత్పత్తి మరియు వర్గవికాస సంబంధాలు.

ప్రశ్న 10.
మైకోప్లాస్మా కలిగించే రెండు వ్యాధులను తెలపండి? [TS May-17,22]
జవాబు:

  1. మొక్కలలో మంత్రగత్తె చీపురు కట్ట అనే వ్యాధి.
  2. పశువులలో ప్లూరోనిమోనియా అనే వ్యాధి.
  3. మనుషులలో మైకో ప్లాస్మల్ యురిథ్రెటిస్ అనే వ్యాధి.

ప్రశ్న 11.
జిగురు బూజులంటే ఏమిటి? జిగురు బూజుల దృష్ట్యా ప్లాస్మోడియం అంటే ఏమిటో వివరించండి?
జవాబు:

  1. జిగురు బూజులంటే ప్రొటిస్టా రాజ్యానికి చెందిన పూతికాహార జీవులు.
  2. అనుకూల పరిస్థితుల యందు ఇవి ‘ప్లాస్మోడియమ్’ అనే సముచ్ఛయనంను ఏర్పరుస్తాయి.
  3. ఇవి పెరిగి కొన్ని అడుగుల దూరం వరకు విస్తరిస్తాయి.
  4. ఇవి తమ సిద్ధబీజాల కొనలయందు ఫలవంత దేహాలను కలిగి ఉంటాయి.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 2 జీవశాస్త్ర వర్గీకరణ

Short Answer Questions (స్వల్ప సమాధాన ప్రశ్నలు)

ప్రశ్న 1.
యూగ్లినాయిడ్ల లక్షణాలు ఏవి? [TS M-20][AP,TS May-17,22][AP M-16,20]
జవాబు:
యూగ్లినాయిడ్ల లక్షణాలు:

  1. యూగ్లినాయిడ్ల రాజ్యం ‘ప్రోటిస్టా .
  2. ఇవి ఏకకణజీవులు. ఇవి కశాభాలను కల్గి ఉంటాయి.
  3. యూగ్లినాయిడ్లు ‘నిల్వ ఉన్న మంచి నీటిలో ఎక్కువగా పెరుగుతాయి.
  4. ఉదా: యూగ్లినా
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 2 జీవశాస్త్ర వర్గీకరణ 1
  5. వీటి దేహం పెల్లికల్ అనే ప్రోటీన్ పొరతో కప్పబడి ఉంటుంది.
  6. ఇవి రెండు కశాభాలను కల్గి ఉంటాయి. ఒకటి పొట్టి మరొకటి పొడుగు.
  7. శరీరపూర్వ భాగాలలో సైటోస్టోం (కణంనోరు), సైటోఫారింక్స్, రిజర్వాయర్ అనే భాగాలు ఉంటాయి.
  8. రిజర్వాయర్ త్వచంపై స్టిగ్మా లేదా ‘కంటి చుక్క’ ఉంటుంది.
  9. ఇవి అనుదైర్ఘ్య ద్విధావిచ్ఛితి ద్వారా ప్రత్యుత్పత్తి జరుపుకుంటాయి.
  10. యూగ్లినాయిడ్లు స్వయం పోషకాలు, కాని సూర్యకాంతి లేనప్పుడు అవి చిన్న జీవులను భక్షించే పరపోషకాలు.

ప్రశ్న 2.
క్రైసోఫైట్ల ముఖ్య లక్షణాలు, ప్రాముఖ్యతలను తెలపండి? [TS M-17,22][ AP M-15,18][IPE Mar- 13]
జవాబు:
క్రైసోఫైట్ ముఖ్య లక్షణాలు: (క్రైసో బంగారం, ఫైటా=మొక్కలు)

  1. క్రైసోఫైట్ల రాజ్యం ‘ప్రొటిస్టా’.
  2. ఇవి శైవల సమూహ జీవులు.
  3. ఇవి మంచి నీరు మరియు సముద్రపు నీటి పరిసరాలలో పెరుగుతాయి.
  4. ఉదా:డెస్మిడ్స్ క్రైసోఫైట్
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 2 జీవశాస్త్ర వర్గీకరణ 2
  5. ఇవి పరిమాణంలో చిన్నవిగా ఉంటూ, నీటిపై అచేతనంగా తేలుతూ, కిరణజన్యసంయోగ క్రియ జరిపే జీవులు.
  6. ఇవి సబ్బుపెట్టె వంటి ఆకారాన్ని కల్గి ఉంటాయి.
  7. క్రైసోఫైట్స్లో డయాటమ్లు మరియు బంగారపు శైవలాలు ఉంటాయి.
  8. డయాటమ్స్ గోడలు సిలికాతో నిర్మితమై ఉంటాయి.
  9. వీటి కణకవచంలో రెండు పెంకులు ఉంటాయి (i) పై పెంకు ఎఫిథీకా (ii) కింది పెంకు హైపోథీకా.
  10. ఇవి అలైంగిక ప్రత్యుత్పత్తిని ద్విధావిచ్ఛిత్తి ద్వారా, లైంగిక ప్రత్యుత్పత్తిని సంయోగ బీజాల ద్వారా జరుపుకుంటాయి.

ఉపయోగాలు:

  1. వీటిని గ్లాసులను పాలిష్ చేయడానికి ఉపయోగిస్తారు.
  2. నూనెలు, ద్రవాల్ని వడగట్టడానికి ఉపయోగిస్తారు.

ప్రశ్న 3.
డైనోఫ్లాజెల్లేట్ గురించి క్లుప్తంగా తెలపండి. [AP M-17,19] [TS M-15,16,18,19,22]
జవాబు:
డైనోఫ్లాజెల్లేట్లు:

  1. డైనోఫ్లాజెల్లేట్ల రాజ్యం ‘ప్రోటిస్ట్గా’.
  2. వీటిలో ఎక్కువ శాతం కశాభాలు కల్గి ఉన్నవి నిజకేంద్రక జీవులు.
  3. ఇవి ఎక్కువగా సముద్రపు నీటిలో కనపడతాయి.
  4. ఉదా: మధ్యధరా సముద్రంలో కనిపించే గోనియాలాక్స్ లాంటి ఎరుపు డైనోఫ్లాజెల్లేట్లు
  5. వాటి కణాలలో ఉండే వర్ణ ద్రవ్యాలను బట్టి అవి విభిన్న రంగులలో కనిపిస్తాయి. ‘
  6. వీటి కణ కవచాల బాహ్యతలంపై ధృడమైన సెల్యులోజ్ పలకలుంటాయి.
  7. వీటికి రెండు కశాభాలుంటాయి. ఒకటి నిలువుగాను, రెండోవది అడ్డంగాను అమరి ఉంటాయి.
  8. వీటి కశాభాలు బొంగరంలాంటి చలనాలను చూపిస్తాయి. అందుకే వీటిని ‘విర్లింగ్ విప్లు’ అని కూడా అంటారు.
  9. వీటి కేంద్రకం సాంద్రీకరణ చెందిన క్రోమోజోమ్లను కల్గి ఉంటుంది.
  10. కేంద్రకంలో హిస్టోన్ ప్రోటీన్ లేకపోవడం వలన వీటిని ‘మీసోకారియన్’ అని అంటారు.
  11. నాక్టిల్యుకా లాంటి కొన్ని సముద్ర డైనోఫ్లాజెల్లేట్లు ‘జీవ సందీప్తి’ని ప్రదర్శిస్తాయి.
  12. డైనోఫ్లాజెల్లేట్స్ ద్వారా విడుదలయ్యే విషపదార్థాలు కొన్ని సూక్ష్మజీవులకు హాని కలిగిస్తాయి.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 2 జీవశాస్త్ర వర్గీకరణ

ప్రశ్న 4.
మన దైనందిన జీవితంలో శిలీంధ్రాల పాత్రను గురించి వ్రాయండి. [IPE Mar-14]
జవాబు:
శిలీంధ్రాల వల్ల లాభాలు:

  1. ఈస్ట్ అనునది ఏకకణ శిలీంధ్రం. దీనిని వాణిజ్యపరంగా తయారు చేసే రొట్టె, బీర్ లలో ఉపయోగిస్తారు.
  2. పెనిసిలియం అనే శిలీంధ్రం నుండి ‘పెన్సిలిన్’ అనే సూక్ష్మజీవ నాశకాలను తయారు చేస్తారు.
  3. సాధారణంగా తినదగే శిలీంధ్రాలు: పుట్టగొడుగులు (అగారికస్), మోరెల్స్, ట్రపెల్స్, టోడ్ స్టూల్స్

శిలీంధ్రాల వల్ల నష్టాలు:

  1. కొన్ని శిలీంధ్రాలు మొక్కలకు వ్యాధులను కలుగచేస్తాయి.
  2. కొల్లెట్రోట్రెకమ్ అనే శిలీంధ్రం చెరుకులో ఎర్రకుళ్లు అనే వ్యాధిని కలుగచేస్తుంది.
  3. ‘పక్సీనియా’ గోధుమలో కుంకుమ తెగులును కలుగచేస్తుంది.

Long Answer Questions (దీర్ఘ సమాధాన ప్రశ్నలు)

ప్రశ్న 1.
మీరు చదివిన శిలీంధ్రాలలో వివిధ తరగతుల ముఖ్య లక్షణాలు తెలిపి, వాటిని పోల్చండి.
జవాబు:
AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 2 జీవశాస్త్ర వర్గీకరణ 3

ప్రశ్న 2.
మీరు చదివిన మొనీరాలోని వివిధ సముదాయాలను క్లుప్తంగా వివరించండి.
జవాబు:
మొనిరా రాజ్యంలోని సముదాయాలు: ఆర్కిబాక్టీరియా, యూబాక్టీరియా, మైకోప్లాస్మా మరియు ఆక్టినోమెసిటీస్.
I. ఆర్కిబాక్టీరియా:

  1. ఇవి ప్రత్యేక మొనిరాజీవులు. ఇవి అధిక లవణయుత ప్రాంతాలు, వేడినీటి చలమలు మరియు బురద ప్రాంతాలలో నివశిస్తాయి.
  2. వీటి కణకవచం సూడోమ్యూరిన్తో నిర్మితమై ఉంటుంది.
  3. కణకవచం శాఖాయుత లిపిడ్ శృంఖలాలను కలిగి ఉండటం వలన అధిక వాతావరణ పరిస్థితులలో నివశించగల్గుతున్నాయి.
  4. వీటిలో మిథనోజెన్లు అనే బాక్టీరియాలు ఆవు మరియు గేదెలు వంటి వాటి జీర్ణాశయంలో జీవిస్తూ పేడ నుండి మీథేన్ గ్యాస్ ఉత్పత్తికి సహాయపడుతున్నాయి.

II. యూబాక్టీరియా:

  1. బాక్టీరియా జీవులు అంతటా వ్యాపించి ఉన్నాయి. వేడినీటి చలమలు, ఎడారులు, లోతైన సముద్రాలు మరియు మంచు వంటి అన్ని వాతావరణ పరిస్థితులలో నివశిస్తాయి.
  2. ఇవి పరాన్న జీవులుగా మరియు సహజీవులుగా జీవిస్తాయి.
  3. ఆకారం ఆధారంగా బాక్టీరియాలను గోళాకారం (కోకస్), దండాకారం (బాసిల్లస్), కామా ఆకారం (విబ్రియా) మరియు, సర్పిలాకరం (స్పైరిల్లమ్) గా వర్గీకరించారు.
  4. ధృడమైన వీటి కణకవచం మ్యూరిన్ లేదా మ్యూకోపెప్టైడ్ అని పిలువబడే పెప్టిడోగైకాన్తో నిర్మితమైనది. 5. కణత్వచంలో ఉన్న ముడతలను ‘మీసోసోమ్’ లు అంటారు.
  5. వీటి జన్యుపదార్ధం ఎటువంటి కేంద్రకత్వచంతో ఆవరించబడకుండా నగ్నంగా ఉంటుంది.
  6. ఇతర కణాంగాలు ఉండవు, ‘రైబోసోమ్లు’ మాత్రమే ఉంటాయి.
  7. చలనసహిత బాక్టీరియాలు ఒకటి లేదా ఎక్కువ కశాభాలను కలిగి ఉంటాయి.
  8. పోషణ ఆధారంగా బాక్టీరీయాలు రెండు రకాలు (a) స్వయంపోషితాలు (b) పరపోషితాలు
  9. స్వయంపోషితాలు రెండు రకాలు
    (i) కిరణజన్య సంయోగక్రియస్వయంపోషితాలు (ii) రసాయన సంశ్లేషణస్వయంపోషితాలు
  10. పరపోషితాలు రెండు రకాలు: (i) పూతికాహారులు (విచ్ఛిన్నకారులు) (ii) పరాన్న జీవులు
  11. ఇవి ప్రధానంగా ద్విధావిచ్ఛిత్తి ద్వారా ప్రత్యుత్పత్తిని జరుపుకుంటాయి.
  12. లైంగిక ప్రత్యుత్పత్తి ఒక బాక్టీరియా నుండి వేరొక బాక్టీరియాకు జన్యుపదార్ధ మార్పిడి ద్వారా జరుగుతుంది.

III. మైకోప్లాస్మాలు:

  1. మైకోప్లాస్మాలు బహుళ రూపాలలో ఉండే కణకవచం లేని జీవులు.
  2. ఇవి జీవ కణాలన్నింటిలోనూ అతి చిన్నవి మరియు ఆక్సిజన్ లేని పరిస్థితులలో కూడా మనుగడను సాగిస్తాయి.
  3. మైకోప్లాస్మాలు మొక్కలకు మరియు జంతువులకు వ్యాధులను కలిగిస్తాయి.
  4. మొక్కల యందు ‘మంత్రగత్తె చీపురుకట్ట’ వంటి వ్యాధిని కలిగిస్తాయి.
  5. పశువులలో ‘పూరోనిమోనియా’ మరియు మనుషులలో ‘మైకో ప్లాస్మలయురిథ్రెటిస్’ వంటి వ్యాధులను కలిగిస్తాయి.

IV. ఆక్టినోమెసిటీస్:

  1. ఇవి శాఖాయుతమైన, తంతురూప బాక్టీరియాలు. వర్ధనాలలో కిరణకారపు సమూహాలను ఏర్పరుస్తాయి.
  2. కణకవచం ‘మైకోలిక్ ఆమ్లాన్ని’ కలిగి ఉంటుంది.
  3. ఇవి చాలావరకు ‘పూతికాహార జీవులు’ లేదా ‘విచ్ఛిన్నకారులు’
  4. మైకో బాక్టీరియా మరియు కార్ని బాక్టీరియాలు పరాన్న జీవులు
  5. కొన్ని బాక్టీరియాలైన స్ట్రెప్టోమైసిస్ ‘సూక్ష్మజీవనాశకాలను’ ఉత్పత్తి చేస్తాయి.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 2 జీవశాస్త్ర వర్గీకరణ

ప్రశ్న 3.
ప్రొటిస్టాలోని వివిధ సముదాయాల ముఖ్యలక్షణాలను సోదాహరణగా వ్రాయండి.
జవాబు:
ప్రొటీస్టాలోని వివిధ సముదాయాలు:యూగ్లినాయిడ్స్, క్రైసోఫైట్స్, డైనోఫ్లాజెల్లేట్స్, జిగురు’ బూజులు, ప్రోటోజోవన్లు,

I. యూగ్లినాయిడ్ లక్షణాలు:

  1. యూగ్లినాయిడ్ల రాజ్యం ‘ప్రోటిస్ట్గా’ .
  2. ఇవి ఏకకణజీవులు. ఇవి కశాభాలను కల్గి ఉంటాయి.
  3. యూగ్లినాయిడ్లు అధికంగా ‘నిల్వ ఉన్న మంచి నీటిలో ఎక్కువగా పెరుగుతాయి.
  4. ఉదా:యూగ్లినా
  5. వీటి దేహం పెల్లికల్ అనే ప్రోటీన్ పొరతో కప్పబడి ఉంటుంది.
  6. ఇవి రెండు కశాభాలను కల్గి ఉంటాయి. ఒకటి పొట్టి మరొకటి పొడుగు.
  7. శరీరపూర్వ భాగాలలో సైటోస్టోం (కణంనోరు), సైటోఫారింక్స్, రిజర్వాయర్ అనే భాగాలు ఉంటాయి.
  8. రిజర్వాయర్ త్వచంపై స్టిగ్మా లేదా ‘కంటి చుక్క’ ఉంటుంది.
  9. ఇవి అనుదైర్ఘ్య ద్విధావిచ్ఛితి ద్వారా ప్రత్యుత్పత్తి జరుపుకుంటాయి.
  10. యూగ్లినాయిడ్లు స్వయం పోషకాలు, కాని సూర్యకాంతి లేనప్పుడు అవి చిన్న జీవులను భక్షించే పరపోషకాలు.

II. క్రైసోఫైట్ ముఖ్య లక్షణాలు: (క్రైసో=బంగారం, ఫైటా=మొక్కలు)

  1. క్రైసోఫైట్ల రాజ్యం ‘ప్లాంటే’.
  2. ఇవి శైవల సమూహ జీవులు.
  3. ఇవి మంచి నీరు మరియు సముద్రపు నీటి పరిసరాలలో పెరుగుతాయి. ఉదా:డెస్మిడ్స్
  4. ఇవి పరిమాణంలో చిన్నవిగా ఉంటూ, నీటిపై అచేతనంగా తేలుతూ, కిరణజన్యసంయోగ క్రియ జరిపే జీవులు.
  5. ఇవి సబ్బుపెట్టె వంటి ఆకారాన్ని కల్గి ఉంటాయి.
  6. క్రైసోఫైట్స్లో డయాటమ్లు మరియు బంగారపు శైవలాలు ఉంటాయి.
  7. డయాటమ్స్ గోడలు సిలికాతో నిర్మితమై ఉంటాయి.
  8. వీటి కణకవచంలో రెండు పెంకులు ఉంటాయి (i) పై పెంకు ఎఫిథీకా (ii) కింది పెంకు హైపోథీకా.
  9. ఇవి అలైంగిక ప్రత్యుత్పత్తిని ద్విధావిచ్ఛిత్తి ద్వారా, లైంగిక ప్రత్యుత్పత్తిని సంయోగ బీజాల ద్వారా జరుపుకుంటాయి.

ఉపయోగాలు:

  1. వీటిని గ్లాసులను పాలిష్ చేయడానికి ఉపయోగిస్తారు.
  2. నూనెలు, ద్రవాల్ని వడగట్టడానికి ఉపయోగిస్తారు.

III. డైనోఫ్లాజెల్లేట్లు:

  1. డైనోఫ్లాజెల్లేట్ల రాజ్యం ‘ప్రోటిస్ట్గా’.
  2. వీటిలో ఎక్కువ శాతం కశాభాలు కల్గిఉన్న ‘యుకరేట్లు’.
  3. ఇవి ఎక్కువగా సముద్రపు నీటిలో కనపడతాయి.
  4. ఉదా: మధ్యధరా సముద్రంలో కనిపించే గోనియాలాక్స్ లాంటి ఎరుపు డైనోఫ్లాజెల్లేట్లు
  5. వాటి కణాలలో ఉండే వర్ణ ద్రవ్యాలను బట్టి అవి విభిన్న రంగులలో కనిపిస్తాయి.
  6. వీటి కణ కవచాల బాహ్యతలంపై ధృడమైన సెల్యులోజ్ పలకలుంటాయి.
  7. వీటికి రెండు కశాభాలుంటాయి. ఒకటి నిలువుగాను, రెండోవది అడ్డంగాను అమరి ఉంటాయి.
  8. వీటి కశాభాలు బొంగరంలాంటి చలనాలను చూపిస్తాయి. అందుకే వీటిని ‘విర్లింగ్ విప్లు’ అని కూడా అంటారు.
  9. వీటి కేంద్రకం సాంద్రీకరణ చెందిన క్రోమోజోమ్లను కల్గి ఉంటుంది.
  10. కేంద్రకంలో హిస్టోన్ ప్రోటీన్ లేకపోవడం వలన వీటిని ‘మీసోకారియన్’ అని అంటారు.
  11. నాక్టిల్యుకా లాంటి కొన్ని సముద్ర డైనోఫ్లాజెల్లేట్లు ‘జీవ సందిప్తి’ని ప్రదర్శిస్తాయి.
  12. డైనోఫ్లాజెల్లేట్స్ ద్వారా విడుదలయ్యే విషపదార్థాలు కొన్ని సూక్ష్మజీవులకు హాని కలిగిస్తాయి.

IV. జిగురు బూజులు:

  1. జిగురు బూజులంటే ప్రొటిస్టా రాజ్యానికి చెందిన పూతికాహార జీవులు.
  2. అనుకూల పరిస్థితుల యందు ఇవి ‘ప్లాస్మోడియమ్’ అనే సముచ్ఛయనంను ఏర్పరుస్తాయి.
  3. ఇవి పెరిగి కొన్ని అడుగుల దూరం వరకు విస్తరిస్తాయి.
  4. ఇవి తమ సిద్ధబీజాల కొనలయందు ఫలవంత దేహాలను కలిగి ఉంటాయి.

V. ప్రోటోజోవన్లు:

  1. ప్రోటోజోవా జీవులన్నీ పరపోషితాలే. ఇవి పరభక్షితాలు లేదా పరాన్న జీవులుగా జీవిస్తాయి.
  2. వీటిని జంతువుల యొక్క పూర్వ బంధువులుగా భావిస్తారు.
  3. ఇవి కణకవచాన్ని కలిగి ఉండవు. వీటి జీవపదార్థం ప్లాస్మాత్వచంతో ఆవరించి ఉంటుంది.
  4. ప్రోటోజోవా యందు నాలుగు ప్రధాన సమూహాలు కలవు.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 2 జీవశాస్త్ర వర్గీకరణ

a) అమీబాయిడ్ ప్రోటోజోవన్లు:

  1. ఈ జీవులు మంచినీరు, సముద్రపు నీరు మరియు తడి నేలలో జీవిస్తాయి.
  2. ఇవి అమీబావలె మిధ్యాపాదాల సహాయంతో చలించి, ఆహారాన్ని సేకరిస్తాయి.
  3. సముద్ర జాతులు శరీర ఉపరితలం మీద సిలిక కలిగిన పెంకువంటి నిర్మాణాలను కలిగి ఉంటాయి.
  4. ఎంటమీబా లాంటి జీవులు పరాన్నజీవులు

b) కశాభాయుత ప్రోటోజోవన్లు:

  1. ఈ జీవులు స్వేచ్ఛగా గానీ (లేదా) పరాన్న జీవులుగా, కశాభాలను కలిగి ఉంటాయి.
  2. పరాన్న జీవులుగా ఉండే జీవులు నిద్రావ్యాధి (స్లీపింగ్ సిక్నెస్) ని కలిగిస్తాయి. ఉదా: ట్రిపానోసోమా

c) శైలికాయుత ప్రోటోజోవన్లు:

  1. ఇవి నీటి జీవులు, వేల సంఖ్యలో శైలికలను కలిగి ఉండటం వలన చురుకుగా చలిస్తాయి.
  2. వీటి కణం యొక్క ఉపరితలం వెలుపలికి తెరుచుకుని ఉంటుంది. ఉదా: పేరామిషీయం

d) స్పోరోజోవన్లు:

  1. దీని యందు భిన్న జీవులు ఉంటాయి ఇవి జీవితచక్రంలో సంక్రామక సిద్ధబీజం లాంటి దశలను కలిగి ఉంటాయి.
  2. ఉదా: మానవులలో మలేరియాను కలిగించే ప్లాస్మోడియమ్.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 1 జీవ ప్రపంచం

Students get through AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions 1st Lesson జీవ ప్రపంచం which are most likely to be asked in the exam.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions 1st Lesson జీవ ప్రపంచం

Very Short Answer Questions (అతిస్వల్ప సమాధాన ప్రశ్నలు)

ప్రశ్న 1.
ICBN దేనికి సూచిక?
జవాబు:

  1. ICBN అనగా అంతర్జాతీయ వృక్ష నామీకరణ నియామవళి. (International Code for Botanical Nomenclature).
  2. ICBN ఆధారంగా గుర్తించిన జీవికి నామాన్ని ఆపాదిస్తారు.

ప్రశ్న 2.
ఫ్లోరా (flora) అంటే ఏమిటి? [AP M-19, 18] [ TS M-18] [TS M-15, 22]
జవాబు:
ఫ్లోరా: ఒక ప్రదేశంలో ఉన్న మొక్కల ఆవాసం, విస్తరణల సమాచారం, మొక్కల జాబితాను ఒక క్రమ పద్ధతిలో కలిగి ఉన్న పుస్తకమును ఫ్లోరా అంటారు.

ప్రశ్న 3.
జీవక్రియను నిర్వచించండి? నిర్మాణాత్మక, విచ్ఛిన్న క్రియల మధ్య తేడా ఏమిటి?
జవాబు:
జీవక్రియ అనేది ఒకజీవి యొక్క దేహంలో జరిగే అన్ని జీవ రసాయనిక చర్యల మొత్తం.
నిర్మాణాత్మక క్రియ

  1. ఇది సరళమైన అణువుల నుండి సంక్లిష్టమైన అణువులు ఏర్పడే క్రియ.
  2. ఉదా: కిరణజన్యసంయోగక్రియ

విచ్ఛిన్న క్రియ

  1. ఇది సంక్లిష్టమైన అణువులు సరళమైన అణువులుగా విడగొట్టబడే క్రియ.
  2. ఉదా: శ్వాసక్రియ.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 1 జీవ ప్రపంచం
ప్రశ్న 4.
ప్రపంచంలోని అతి పెద్ద వృక్షశాస్త్ర ఉద్యానవనం ఏది? భారతదేశంలోని కొన్ని ప్రసిద్ధ వృక్షశాస్త్ర ఉద్యానవనాలను పేర్కొనండి. [TS M-19]
జవాబు:

  1. ప్రపంచంలోని అతి పెద్ద వృక్షశాస్త్ర ఉద్యానవనం లండన్లో క్యూ వద్ద ఉన్న “రాయల్ బొటానికల్ గార్డెన్” (RBG).
  2. భారతదేశంలో కొన్ని ప్రసిద్ధ వృక్షశాస్త్ర ఉద్యానవనాలు:
    (a) ఇండియన్ బొటానికల్గార్డెన్ – హౌరా
    (b) నేషనల్ బొటానికల్ రీసెర్చ్ ఇన్స్టిట్యూట్ – లక్నో.

ప్రశ్న 5.
వర్గీకరణశాస్త్ర ‘కీ’ లో వాడే కప్లెట్, లీడ్ పదాలను నిర్వచించండి. [AP & TS M-16, AP M-15]
జవాబు:

  1. కప్లెట్: ‘కీ’లో విరుద్ధ లక్షణాలతో జంటలుగా ఉండే వ్యాఖ్యలను ‘కప్లెట్’ అంటారు.
  2. లీడ్: ‘క్రీ’లోని ప్రతి వ్యాఖ్యను ‘లీడ్’ అంటారు.

ప్రశ్న 6.
మాన్యుయల్లు (manuals), మోనోగ్రాఫ్లు (monographs) అంటే ఏమిటి? [AP M-17]
జవాబు:

  1. మాన్యుయల్ :తక్షణ సంప్రదింపు కోసం రూపొందించిన చిన్న పుస్తకాన్ని మాన్యువల్ అంటారు. ఇది ఒక ప్రదేశంలోని జాతుల పేర్లను గుర్తించడానికి తోడ్పడే సమాచారాన్ని అందిస్తుంది.
  2. మోనోగ్రాఫ్: ఒక నిర్ధిష్ట వర్గానికి చెందిన సమాచారాన్ని కలిగి ఉన్న పుస్తకమును మోనోగ్రాఫ్ అంటారు.

ప్రశ్న 7.
‘సిస్టమాటిక్స్’ (systematics) అంటే ఏమిటి?
జవాబు:

  1. సిస్టమాటిక్స్ అనగా విభిన్న రకాల జీవులు, వాటి వైవిధ్యాలు మరియు వాటి మధ్య సంబంధ బాంధవ్యాలను గురించి అధ్యయనం చేసే జీవశాస్త్ర విభాగం.
  2. ‘సిస్టమాటిక్స్’ అనే పదం లాటిన్ పదం ‘సిస్టిమా’ నుండి కనుగొన్నారు. దీని అర్ధం ‘జీవుల క్రమపద్ధతి అమరిక’

ప్రశ్న 8.
జీవులను ఎందుకు వర్గీకరించారు?
జవాబు:

  1. జీవ ప్రపంచంలో ఆకారం, నిర్మాణం మరియు జీవనవిధానం పరంగా భేదం కలిగిన రకరకాల జీవులు ఉన్నాయి.
  2. ఇలా అనేక రకాల జీవుల గురించి సులువుగా అర్ధం చేసుకొనుటకు మరియు అధ్యయనం చేయుట కొరకు వీటిని వివిధ రకాల సమూహాలుగా వర్గీకరించారు.

ప్రశ్న 9.
వర్గీకరణలో మౌలిక ప్రమాణం ఏది? దాన్ని నిర్వచించండి? [TS M-20][AP M -17,20,22][IPE- 13,14]
జవాబు:

  1. వర్గీకరణలో మౌలిక ప్రమాణం ‘జాతి’.
  2. మౌలికమైన పోలికలను కల్గిన జీవుల సముదాయాన్ని ‘జాతి’ అని పరిగణిస్తారు.

ప్రశ్న 10.
మామిడి శాస్త్రీయ నామాన్ని తెలపండి. ప్రజాతి, జాతి నామాలను (epithet) గుర్తించండి. [TS M -17]
జవాబు:

  1. మామిడి శాస్త్రీయనామం ‘మాంజిఫెరా ఇండికా’:
  2. ప్రజాతి మాంజిఫెరా మరియు జాతి ‘ఇండికా’.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 1 జీవ ప్రపంచం

ప్రశ్న 11.
పెరుగుదల అంటే ఏమిటి? జీవులు నిర్జీవుల పెరుగుదల మధ్యగల తేడా ఏమిటి?
జవాబు:

  1. పెరుగుదల: ద్రవ్యరాశి మరియు పరిమాణంలోని వృద్ధిని ‘పెరుగుదల’ అంటారు.
  2. జీవుల పరిమాణంలో జరిగే శాశ్వతమైన, అద్విగతమైన వృద్ధిని పెరుగుదల అంటారు. జీవులలో పెరుగుదల అంతర్గతంగా కణవిభజన ద్వారా జరుగును.
  3. నిర్జీవులలో పెరుగుదల వాటి ఉపరితలంపై పదార్థాలు సంచయనం చెందటం ద్వారా జరుగుతుంది.
    ఇది బాహ్యంగా జరుగుతుంది.
    ఉదా: ఇసుక తిన్నెల పెరుగుదల, రాతి ఉపరితలంపై లైకెన్లు, మాస్ మొక్కల పెరుగుదల.

Short Answer Questions (స్వల్ప సమాధాన ప్రశ్నలు)

ప్రశ్న 1.
గుర్తింపు, నామీకరణ అంటే ఏమిటి? ఒక జీవిని గుర్తించడంలోనూ, వర్గీకరించడం లోనూ ‘కీ'(key) ఏ విధంగా సహాయపడుతుంది?
జవాబు:
గుర్తింపు: సేకరించిన జీవి పూర్తిగా కొత్తదా లేదా పూర్వమే గుర్తించబడినదా అనే విషయమును నిర్ధారించు విధానమును ‘గుర్తింపు’ అని అంటారు.
నామీకరణ: గుర్తించిన జీవికి విశ్వవ్యాప్తంగా ఆమోదయోగ్యమైన నామాన్ని ఇవ్వడాన్ని ‘నామీకరణం’ అంటారు.

  1. ‘కీ’ అనేది వర్గీకరణశాస్త్ర సహాయకం. దీని సహాయంతో మొక్కలు మరియు జంతువులను వాటి యొక్క పోలికలు మరియు వ్యత్యాసాల ఆధారంగా గుర్తించవచ్చును.
  2. ‘కీ’లో విరుద్ధ లక్షణాలతో, జంటలుగా ఉండే వ్యాఖ్యలను ‘కప్లెట్’ అంటారు.
  3. కప్లెట్ రెండు వ్యతిరేక లక్షణాలలో ఒకదాన్ని ఎంచుకునే అవకాశాన్ని కల్పిస్తుంది. దీని వలన ఒక లక్షణం స్వీకరించబడుతుంది, మరొకటి తిరస్కరించబడుతుంది.
  4. ‘కీ’ యందలి ప్రతి వాఖ్యను ‘లీడ్’ అంటారు.
  5. మొక్కలలో ‘గుర్తింపు’ అనేది ప్రత్యక్షంగా వాటి మధ్య లక్షణాలను పోల్చుతూ హెర్బేరియమ్ యందలి నమూనాల ద్వారా లేదా పరోక్షంగా ఫ్లోరాలోని ‘కీ’ ల సహాయంతో జరుగుతుంది.
  6. వర్గీకరణ స్థాయిలను అనుసరించి అనగా కుటుంబ, ప్రజాతి మరియు జాతులను గుర్తించుటకు వేర్వేరు వర్గీకరణ ‘కీ’ లు అవసరం.

ప్రశ్న 2.
వర్గీకరణశాస్త్ర సహాయకాలు (taxonomical aids) ఏవి? హెర్బేరియంలు (herbaria), మ్యూజియంల(museums) ప్రాముఖ్యం తెలపండి?
జవాబు:
మొక్కలు మరియు జంతుజాతుల యొక్క వివిధ జాతుల యొక్క నిల్వ మరియు భద్రపరచిన సమాచారమును అందించే వాటిని ‘వర్గీకరణ శాస్త్ర సహాయకాలు’ అంటారు.
ఉదా:హెర్బేరియమ్స్, మ్యూజియమ్స్, ఉద్యానవనాలు మరియు జంతుప్రదర్శనశాలలు.
హెర్బేరియమ్స్ అనేవి సేకరించిన వృక్షనమూనాను ఆరబెట్టి, కాగితాల మధ్య ఒత్తి మరియు కాగితాలపై (షీట్స్) భద్రపరచి నిల్వ ఉంచే ప్రదేశాలు.

  1. ఈ షీట్లు అంతర్జాతీయంగా ఆమోదించబడిన వర్గీకరణ వ్యవస్థ విధానంలో అమర్చబడి ఉంటాయి.
  2. పూర్తి సమాచారంతో కూడిన వీటి నమూనాలను భవిష్యత్తు వినియోగం కొరకు భద్రపరచి ఉంచుతారు.
  3. హెర్బేరియమ్ షీట్స్లో మొక్కలను ‘సేకరించిన తేది’, సేకరించిన స్థలం, శాస్త్రీయనామం, కుటుంబం, సేకరించిన వారి పేరు మొదలైన సమాచారం ఉంటుంది.
  4. వర్గీకరణ అధ్యయనంలో హెర్బేరియమ్స్ అనేవి శీఘ్రసంప్రదింపు వ్యవస్థగా పనిచేస్తాయి.

మ్యూజియం:

  1. భద్రపరచబడిన మొక్కల మరియు జంతువుల నమూనాలను అధ్యయనం మరియు పరిశీలన కొరకు మ్యూజియమ్లలో ఉంచుతారు.
  2. ఈ మ్యూజియమ్లు విద్యాసంస్థలైన పాఠశాలలు మరియు కళాశాలయందు విస్తరించబడి ఉన్నాయి.
  3. నమూనాలను పాత్రలలో కాని లేదా జాడీలలోగాని నిల్వ ఉంచే ద్రావకంలో భద్ర పరుస్తారు.
  4. వృక్ష మరియు జంతు నమూనాలను ఎండిన స్థితిలో నిల్వచేస్తారు.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 1 జీవ ప్రపంచం

ప్రశ్న 3.
టాక్సాన్ (taxon) ను నిర్వచించండి. స్థాయి క్రమంలోని వివిధ స్థాయిలో టాక్సాన్ల (taxa) కు కొన్ని ఉదాహరణలను తెలపండి.
జవాబు:

  1. టాక్సాన్ అనేది వర్గీకరణ వ్యవస్థ యందు ప్రమాణము (లేదా) స్ధాయి.
  2. వర్గీకరణలో స్థాయిక్రమం ప్రకారం వివిధ మెట్లు ఉంటాయి. ప్రతి మెట్టూ ఒక స్థాయి లేదా రకాన్ని సూచిస్తుంది.
  3. అన్ని వర్గాలు కలిసి టాక్సాన్ స్థాయిక్రమాన్ని ఏర్పరుస్తాయి.
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 1 జీవ ప్రపంచం 1

ప్రశ్న 4.
జీవ వైవిధ్య సంరక్షణలలో వృక్షశాస్త్ర ఉద్యానవనాలు ఏ విధంగా తోడ్పడతాయి. ‘ఫ్లోరా’ (flora), ‘మాన్యుయల్’లు (manuals) ‘మోనోగ్రాఫ్లు'(monographs), కాటలాగ్ (catalogues) లను నిర్వచించండి.
జవాబు:
1. వృక్షశాస్త్ర ఉద్యానవనాలు అనేవి ప్రత్యేక ఉద్యానవనాలు. వీటియందు వివిధ రకాల మొక్కలు సేకరించబడి ఉంటాయి. ఇవి మొక్కల శాస్త్రీయ అధ్యయనం, సమాజ (విద్య) మరియు పునః(సృజన) ఉత్పత్తి కొరకు ఉపయోగపడతాయి.

2. ప్రతి మొక్క వాటి యొక్క సాధారణ, శాస్త్రీయ నామాలతో పాటు కుటుంబంకు సంబంధించిన సమాచారం ఉన్న చీటిని కలిగి ఉంటుంది.

3. ఈ ఉద్యానవనాలు అంతరించిపోతున్న మొక్కజాతులకు పెరుగుదల వాతావరణాన్ని కల్పించి, జీవవైవిధ్యాన్ని కాపాడుటకు సహాయపడతాయి.

4. ‘ఫ్లోరా’ అనబడే పుస్తకంలో ఒక ప్రదేశంలో ఉన్న మొక్కల ఆవాసము, విస్తరణ మరియు మొక్కల జాబితా ఒక క్రమ పద్ధతిలో వ్రాయబడి ఉంటాయి.

5. ‘మ్యానుయల్’ అనునది తక్షణ సంప్రదింపు కోసం వాడే చిన్న పుస్తకము. ఒక ప్రదేశములోని మొక్కల జాతుల పేర్లను వెంటనే గుర్తించడానికి తోడ్పడే సమాచారాన్ని ఇది కలిగి ఉంటుంది.

6. ‘మోనోగ్రాఫ్’ అనేది ప్రత్యేక పుస్తకం. ఇది కేవలం ఒక వర్గానికి చెందిన సమాచారాన్ని మాత్రమే కలిగి ఉంటుంది.

7. ‘కాటలాగ్’ అనే పుస్తకం మొక్కలను ఖచ్చితంగా గుర్తించడానికి కావలసిన సమాచారాన్ని అందిస్తుంది.

ప్రశ్న 5.
ద్వినామ నామీకరణను వివరించండి. [TS M-22]
జవాబు:
1. ద్వినామ నామీకరణం: గుర్తించిన మొక్కను రెండు పదాలతో కూడిన సరైన శాస్త్రీయ నామంతో నామీకరణం చేయుటను ‘ద్వినామ నామీకరణం’ అంటారు.

2. ఇందులో మొదటి పదం ప్రజాతి పేరును మరియు రెండవ పదం జాతి పేరును సూచిస్తాయి.

3. సార్వత్రిక (అంతర్జాతీయ) సూత్రాలు:

  1. శాస్త్రీయ నామం ఖచ్చితంగా ‘లాటిన్’ భాషలో ఉండాలి.
  2. చేతితో వ్రాసినపుడు పేరు కింద గీతగీయాలి లేదా ఇటాలిక్ ముద్రించాలి.
  3. ప్రజాతిని సూచించే పదం పెద్ద అక్షరంతో ప్రారంభమవ్వాలి
  4. జాతిని సూచించే పదం చిన్న అక్షరంతో ప్రారంభమవ్వాలి.
  5. ఉదా: వంకాయ శాస్త్రీయ నామం ‘సొలానమ్ మెలాంజినమ్’ (Solanum melongenum).
  6. దీనియందు సోలానమ్ అనేది ప్రజాతి పేరు మరియు మెలాంజినమ్ అనేది జాతి పేరు.

Long Answer Questions (దీర్ఘ సమాధాన ప్రశ్నలు)

ప్రశ్న 1.
‘జీవించడం’ (living) అంటే ఏమిటి? జీవరూపాలను నిర్వచించే ఏవైనా నాలుగు లక్షణాలను వివరించండి.
జవాబు:
‘జీవించడం’ అనే పదానికి అర్ధం జీవం ఉన్న జీవుల ద్వారా ప్రదర్శించబడే విభిన్న లక్షణాలు అనగా పెరుగుదల, ప్రత్యుత్పత్తి, జీవక్రియలు, పరిస్థితులను గ్రహించే సామర్థ్యం, స్వయం ప్రతిపత్తిని కలిగి ఉండుట, పరస్పర చర్య వంటి వాటిని కలిగి ఉండటం.
జీవరూపాలను నిర్వచించే లక్షణాలు:
1. పెరుగుదల: –

  • ద్రవ్యరాశి మరియు పరిమాణంలోని వృద్ధిని పెరుగుదల అంటారు.
  • జీవుల పరిమాణంలో జరిగే శాశ్వతమైన, అద్విగతమైన వృద్ధిని పెరుగుదల అంటారు. జీవులలో పెరుగుదల అంతర్గతంగా కణవిభజన ద్వారా జరుగును.
  • నిర్జీవులలో పెరుగుదల వాటి ఉపరితలంపై పదార్థాలు సంచయనం చెందటం ద్వారా జరుగుతుంది.
  • ఇది బాహ్యంగా జరుగుతుంది.
  • ఉదా: ఇసుక తిన్నెల పెరుగుదల, రాతి ఉపరితలంపై లైకెన్లు, మాస్ మొక్కల పెరుగుదల.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 1 జీవ ప్రపంచం

2. ప్రత్యుత్పత్తి:

  1. ప్రత్యుత్పత్తి అనగా జనకుల లక్షణాలను పోలిన సంతతిని ఉత్పత్తి చేయుట.
  2. ఇది జీవులలో మాత్రమే కనిపించే లక్షణం. ఇది నిర్జీవులలో కనిపించదు.
  3. జీవులు సాధారణంగా లైంగిక మరియు అలైంగిక ప్రత్యుత్పత్తిని జరుపుతాయి.
  4. శిలీంధ్రాలు మిలియన్ల కొద్ది అలైంగిక సిద్ధబీజాలను ఉత్పత్తి చేయటం వలన అవి రెట్టింపు అయి త్వరగా సులువుగా విస్తరిస్తాయి.
  5. నిష్న జీవులైన ఈస్ట్ మరియు హైడ్రాలలో మొగ్గ తొడగడం గమనిస్తాము.
  6. ఏకకణ జీవులైన బాక్టీరియా, అమీబా మరియు కొన్ని శైవలాలు లాంటి జీవులలో పెరుగుదల ప్రత్యుత్పత్తికి పర్యాయము. పెరుగుదల ద్వారా అవి వాటి సంఖ్యను పెంచుకుంటాయి.
  7. కొన్ని జీవులైన మ్యూల్స్, శ్రామిక తేనెటీగల మరియు సంతానరాహిత్య దంపతులు ప్రత్యుత్పత్తిని జరపలేవు.

3. జీవక్రియలు:

  1. జీవక్రియ అనేది ఒకజీవి యొక్క దేహులో జరిగే అన్ని జీవరసాయనిక చర్యల మొత్తం.
  2. అన్ని జీవులు విభిన్న పరిమాణంలో మరియు విభిన్న విధులు కలిగిన రసాయనాలతో ఏర్పడి ఉంటాయి.
  3. అన్ని మొక్కలు, జంతువులు, శిలీంధ్రాలు, సూక్ష్మజీవులు ‘జీవక్రియలను’ ప్రదర్శిస్తాయి.

4. పరిస్థితులను గ్రహించే సామర్ధ్యం.

  1. అన్ని జీవరాశులు వాటి పరిసరాలకు అనుక్రియను చూపుతాయి.
  2. జీవులు భౌతిక, రసాయనిక లేదా జీవ సంబంధమైన పర్యావరణ ప్రేరణలకు స్పందిస్తాయి.
  3. మొక్కలు బాహ్యాకారకాలైన కాంతి, నీరు, ఉష్ణోగ్రత మొదలగు వాటికి అసుక్రియను చూపుతాయి.
  4. మనిషి మాత్రమే తనకు తాను గుర్తింపు కలిగి ఉంటాడు, అంటే స్వయం స్పృహను కలిగి ఉంటాడు.

ప్రశ్న 2.
ఈ కింది పదాలను సోదాహరణలతో నిర్వచించండి.
(i) తరగతి
(ii) కుటుంబం
(iii) క్రమం
(iv) ప్రజాతి
(v) విభాగం
జవాబు:
i. తరగతి: ఒకే పోలికలు ఉన్న క్రమాల సముదాయమును ‘తరగతి’ అంటారు.
ఉదా: ‘ద్విదళ బీజాల తరగతి’ మాల్వేస్, రోజేల్స్, పోలిమోనియేల్స్ వంటి క్రమాలను కలిగి ఉంటుంది.

ii. కుటుంబం: సన్నిహిత సంబంధం గల ప్రజాతుల సమూహాలను ‘కుటుంబం’ అంటారు. కుటుంబాలను ప్రజాతుల యొక్క శాకీయ మరియు ప్రత్యుత్పత్తి లక్షణాల ఆధారంగా గుర్తిస్తారు.
ఉదా: ‘సోలనేసి కుటుంబం’ మూడు భిన్న ప్రజాతులను కలిగి ఉన్నది. అవి సాలానమ్, నికోటియానా మరియు దతూర

iii. క్రమం: కొన్ని సారూప్య లక్షణాలను మాత్రమే కలిగిన వేర్వేరు కుటుంబాల సముదాయమును ‘క్రమం’ అంటారు. కుటుంబంలోని విభిన్న ప్రజాతులలో ‘క్రమం’ కొన్ని లక్షణాలలో మాత్రమే పోలికలను కలిగి ఉంటాయి. ఉదా: ‘పోలిమోనియేల్స్ క్రమం’ లో కన్వాల్వులేసి మరియు సోలనేసి కుటుంబాలు పుష్ప లక్షణాలు ఆధారంగా మాత్రమే చేర్చబడినవి.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 1 జీవ ప్రపంచం

iv. ప్రజాతి: దగ్గర సంబంధం ఉన్న జాతుల సముదాయమును ప్రజాతి అంటారు.
ఉదా: ‘సోలానమ్ ప్రజాతి’ బంగాళదుంప మరియు వంకాయ వంటి రెండు జాతులను కలిగి ఉన్నది.

v. విభాగం లేదా ఫైలమ్: దగ్గర సంబంధం ఉన్న తరగతుల సముదాయంను ‘విభాగం’ అంటారు. ఉదా: ‘స్పెర్మటోఫైటా విభాగం’ ద్విదళబీజాలు మరియు ఏకదళబీజాలు అనే రెండు తరగతులను కలిగి ఉన్నది.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 13 Ecological Adaptation, Succession and Ecological Services

Students get through AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions 13th Lesson Ecological Adaptation, Succession and Ecological Services which are most likely to be asked in the exam.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions 13th Lesson Ecological Adaptation, Succession and Ecological Services

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Climax stage is achieved quickly in secondary succession as compared to primary succession. Why?
Answer:

  1. Secondary succession begins in areas where natural biotic communities have been destroyed such as in abandoned farm lands, burned or cut forest, flooded lands.
  2. Since some soil or sediment is present, secondary succession is faster than primary succession.

Question 2.
Among bryophytes lichens and ferns which one is a pioneer species in a xeric succession?
Answer:
Lichens are pioneer species in a xeric succession.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 13 Ecological Adaptation, Succession and Ecological Services

Question 3.
Give any two examples of xerarch succession.
Answer:
Newly cooled lava, bare rock, desert

Question 4.
Name the type of land plants that can tolerate the salinities of the sea: [IPE -14]
Answer:
Halophytes. Ex: Rhizophora.

Question 5.
Define heliophytes and sciophytes. Name a plant from your locality that is either heliophyte or sciophyte. [TS M-16]
Answer:

  1. Heliophytes: Plants which grow in direct sunlight are called heliophytes.Ex:Tridax,Grass plants.
  2. Sciophytes: Plants which grow in shady places are called sciophytes. Ex: Ferns. Mosses

Question 6.
Define population and community. [APMay-19] [TS Mar, May-17][AP M-15,17,19] [TS M-20,22]
Answer:

  1. Population is a group of similar individuals, belonging to same species found in an area.
  2. Community is an assemblage of several populations belonging to different species occuring an area.

Question 7.
Define communities? Who classified plant communities into hydrophytes, mesophytes and xerophytes?
Answer:

  1. Community is an assemblage of several populations belonging to different species occuring in an area.
  2. ‘Eugen Warming’ classified plant communities into hydrophytes, mesophytes and xerophytes.

Question 8.
Hydrophytes show reduced xylem. Why? [AP M-15,17,18,20,22] [TS M-15,19,22]
Answer:

  1. In hydrophytes, absorption of water takes place through all over the surface of the plant body.
  2. All submerged organs are capable of absorbing water. So, their xylem is reduced.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What are hydrophytes? Briefly discuss the different kinds of hydrophytes with examples.
[AP M-16] [TS M-15, 17, 19]
Answer:
Hydrophytes; Plants that grow in water are called hydrophytes. According to their mode of living in water, these are of five kinds.
1) Free floating hydrophytes: These plants have no contact with soil and thus float freely on water surface. Ex: Pistia, Lemna, Salvinia.

2) Rooted hydrophytes with floating leaves: Roots of these plants are fixed to the substratum, but their long petiolated leaves keep them floating on water surface.
Ex: Nymphaea and Victoria regia.

3) Submerged suspended hydrophytes: These plants have contact only with water, being completely submerged and not rooted in the mud.
Ex: Hydrilla and Utricularia.

4) Submerged rooted hydrophytes: These plants are completely submerged in water and
attached to the substratum by their root system. Ex: Vallisneria.

5) Amphibious plants: These plants live partly in water and partly in air.
Ex: Sagittaria, Typha and Limnophila.
AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 13 Ecological Adaptation, Succession and Ecological Services 1

Question 2.
Enumerate the morphological adaptations of hydrophytes. [TS M-22] [AP May-19]
Answer:
Morphological adaptations of hydrophytes:

  1. Roots may be absent or poorly developed. In some plants submerged leaves compensate for roots.
  2. Root caps are usually absent.
  3. In amphibious plants, roots are well developed with distinct root caps.
  4. In some plants, root caps are replaced by root pockets.
  5. Roots, if present, are generally fibrous, adventitious, reduced in length, unbranched or poorly branched.
  6. Stem is long, slender and flexible.
  7. Leaves are thin, long, ribbon shaped or long and linear or finely dissected.
  8. Floating leaves are large and flat with their upper surfaces coated with wax.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 13 Ecological Adaptation, Succession and Ecological Services

Question 3.
List out the anatomical adaptations of hydrophytes. [IPE Mar-13]
Answer:
Anatomical adaptations of hy drophytes:

  1. Cuticle is totally absent in the submerged parts of the plant.
  2. It may be present in the form of a thin film on the surface of parts exposed to atmosphere.
  3. The epidermis is composed of thin walled cells and it performs absorption.
  4. The epidermal cells contain chloroplasts and help in assimilation.
  5. Stomata are totally absent in submerged hydrophytes.
  6. Gaseous exchange takes place directly through thin walled cells by diffusion.
  7. In plants with floating leaves, the leaves are epistomatous.
  8. All hydrophytes contain aerenchyma that helps in gaseous exchange and buoyancy.

Question 4.
Write a brief account on classification of xerophytes. [AP Mar, May-17] [TS M-16,22]
Answer:
Xerophytes: The plants which grow in habitats deficient of water supply are called xerophytes.
They are classified into three categories. [AP, TS M-20]

Ephemerals:

  • These plants are annuals, mostly found in arid (dry) zones.
  • They complete their life cycle with in a very short period. Ex: Tribulus.

Succulents:

  • These plants absorb large quantities of water during rainy season.
  • They store the water in different parts of the plant in the form of mucilage.
  • As a result, the plant parts like the stem (Ex: Opuntia), leaf (Ex: Aloe), root (Ex: Asparagus) become succulent.
  • The stored water is used during dry periods.
  • These are called ‘drought avoiding plants’.

Non-Succulents:

  • These are perennial plants which can withstand prolonged periods of drought. Ex:Casuarina, Nerium.
  • These are called ‘true xerophytes’.
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 13 Ecological Adaptation, Succession and Ecological Services 2

Question 5.
Enumerate the’hiorphologieal adaptations of xerophytes. [AP M-19, 22]
Answer:
Morphological adaptations of xerophytes:

  1. Here, the roots are long with extensive branching spread over wide areas.
  2. Root hairs and root caps are very well developed.
  3. Stems are stunted, woody, hard and covered with thick bark.
  4. Stems are usually covered by hairs or waxy coatings.
  5. Leaves are very much reduced, small and scale like.
  6. Sometimes leaves are modified into spines to reduce the rate of transpiration.

Question 6.
Give in detail the anatomical adaptations shown by xerophytes. [AP M-15]
Answer:
Anatomical adaptations of Xerophytes: [TS M-17]

  1. In Xerophytes, epidermis is covered with thick cuticle to reduce the rate of transpiration.
  2. Epidermal cells may have silica crystals.
  3. Epidermis may be multilayered. Ex: Leaves of Nerium.
  4. Stomata may be confined to lower epidermis of leaves (hypo-stomatous)
  5. In some leaves the stomata are present in pits (sunken) Ex: Nerium
  6. Mechanical tissues are relatively well developed.
  7. Vascular tissues are relatively well developed.

Question 7.
Define plant succession. Differentiate primary and secondary successions.
Answer:
Riant succession: The gradual and fairly predictable change in the species composition of all communities in response to the changing environment till it reaches equilibrium is called plant succession.

Primary Succession Secondary Succession
1) Primary succession occurs in a bare area where no living organisms ever existed.
Ex: Bare rocks.
2) It occurs in a biologically sterile area.
3) It is a slow process.
4) It takes long time to reacth the climax stage.
1) Secondary succession occurs in an area where all living organisms that existed are lost.
Ex: Burned forests, flooded lands.
2) It occurs in a biologically fertile area.
3) It occurs faster than primary succession.
4) It takes short time to reach the climax stage.

Question 8.
Define ecosystem/ ecological services. Explain in brief with regard to pollination.
Answer:
Ecosystem/ Ecological services: The processes by which the environment produces resources that we often take for granted such as clean water, timber and habitat for fisheries and pollination of natiye and agricultural plants.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 13 Ecological Adaptation, Succession and Ecological Services

Pollination Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of a flower is called pollination. Ecosystem with regard to Pollination:

  1. Pollination is to fertilize the ovaries of flowers.
  2. It is an essential part of a healthy ecosystem.
  3. Most flowering plants require pollinators to produce fruits and seeds.
  4. Pollinators play a significant role in the production of more food crops in the world.
  5. The most important pollinator for agricultural puiposes is the honey bee.
  6. Bees, moths, butterflies, beetles and flies serve as pollinators world wide.
  7. Predicting the effects of the loss of a particular pollinator is extremely difficult.
  8. Evidence reveal that some populations of pollinators are diminishing.
  9. Continued decline in pollinator activity results in (i) rising costs of pollinator dependent fruits and vegetables (ii) disruption of entire ecological systems.

Question 9.
Write about the measures to be taken to sustain ecological functions.
Answer:
Measures to be taken to sustain ecological functions:

  1. Choose products produced with methods that conserve resources.
  2. Minimise waste and reduce environmental damage
  3. Prefer products made with methods that reduce the use of pesticides
  4. Reduce consumption and waste production.
  5. Support usage of renewable energy alternatives.
  6. Use public transit, cycle or walk to conserve natural resources.
  7. Reduce the pollution and enjoy health benefits.
  8. Participate in developing community garden and tree plantation programmes.
  9. Avoid the usage of pesticides and follow methods of natural pest control.
  10. Use native plants in the garden and provide habitat for wild life.

Question 10.
What measures do you suggest to protect the pollinators?
Answer:
Measures to protect the Pollinators:

  • Creating a own pollinator -friendly garden using a variety of native flowering plants.
  • Encouraging the planting of native flowers in open spaces and outside public buildings.
  • Reducing the level of pesticides used in and around your home.
  • Encouraging local clubs to build artificial habitats like butterfly gardens, bee boards and bee boxes.
  • Supporting agriculture enterprises with pollinator – friendly practices such as farms that avoid pesticides use.
  • Encouraging government agencies to take into account that full economic benefits of wild pollinators when formulating policies for agriculture.
  • Stress the need to develop techniques for cultivating native pollinator species for crop pollination.

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Give an account of ecosystem services with reference to carbon fixation and oxygen release.
Answer:
I) Ecosystem services-Carbon fixation:

  1. Trees are essential for carbon fixation.
  2. Trees absorb excess carbon from entering the atmosphere.
  3. The chemical flow between forests and atmosphere is the exchange of CO2 and O2 by photosynthesis.
  4. Forests provide a vast bank for CO2 and a huge amount of CO2 is deposited in its timber.
  5. This cuts down the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere.
  6. It plays an essential role in maintaining a balance between CO2 and O2 in atmosphere.
  7. So CO2 fixation has an indirect economic value.
  8. It can be estimated by taking account alternate methods of fixing CO2.
  9. According to the equation of photosynthesis, to produce 180gms of glucose and 193 gms of plants will absorb 264 gms of CO2, 180 gms of water and consume 677.2 K.cal of solar energy.
  10. Then 180 gms glucose can be transformed to 162 gm of polysaccharide ihsfae the plant.
  11. Therefore, when plant produces 162 gms of dry organic matter, 264 gms of CO2 Will be fixed.
  12. That is production of every 1 gm dry organic matter can fix 1.63 gms of CO2.
  13. The economic value of CO2 fixation can be estimated by the total fixed amount multiplied by a standard opportunity cost for per unit CO2 fixation.
  14. Natural ecosystems helped to stabilize climate and prevent over heating of the earth by removing more of the green house gas, CO2 from the atmosphere.

II) Ecosystem services – Oxygen release:

  1. The leaves of the green trees perform photosynthesis and liberate O2 as a bye product.
  2. The amount of O2 produced by a tree depends on the species of tree, its age and its health.
  3. According to recent research findings a mature leafy tree produces as much oxygen in a season as 10 people inhale in a year.
  4. A single mature tree can inhale 48 lbs of CO2/yr and release enough oxygen to support 2 human beings.
  5. One acre of trees annual produce oxygen for 18 people to breath for a year.
  6. Submerged macrophytes release oxygen and enrich dissolved oxygen in water.
  7. The plants and planktons are sometimes described as “the lungs of the World”.
  8. Some microbes, especially cyanobacteria release the oxygen directly.
  9. Some bacteria degrade cellulose organic compounds and can make compounds used as a source of food by another organisms.
  10. This subsequent utilisation can both consume and produce oxygen at various stages of digestive process.

Exercise

Question 1.
Categorise the following plants into hydrophytes, halophytes, mesophytes and xerophytes and give reasons.
a) Salvinia
b) Opuntia
c) Rhizophora
d) Mangifera
Answer:
a) Salvinia is a hydrophyte which floats freely on water surface.
b) Opuntia is a xerophyte, grows in habitats where water supply is deficient in the soil.
c) Rhizophora is a halophyte, which can tolerate marshy, saline conditions of sea water.
d) Mangifera is a mesophyte, grows in soils where there is plenty of water.

Question 2.
In a pond, we see plants which are free-floating; rooted-submerged; rooted emergent; rooted w ith floating leaves. Write the type of plants against each of them.
Plant Name
a) f hydrilla
b) Tvpha
c) Nymphaea
d) Lenina
e) Vallisncria
Answer:
a) Hydrilla – Submerged suspended hydrophyte
b) Typha – Amphibious, rooted emergent hydrophyte
c) Nymphaea – Amphibious, rooted emergent hydrophyte
d) Lemna – Free floating hydrophyte Submerged
e) Vallisneria – rooted hydrophyte

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 13 Ecological Adaptation, Succession and Ecological Services

Question 3.
Undertake the following as a part of learning process: _
a) Identify and assess ecological services found in your area
b) Think of measures or means to sustain such ecological services
c) Observe the type ofplants or crops grown in your area ’
d) Enumerate ecological services of your area
e) Find out the ecological goods of natural forests commonly used in your area
f) Observe the biotic agents of pollination for ornamental flowering plants and / or agricultural crops in your locality.
Answer:
a) Ecological services:

  1. Purification of air and water
  2. Decomposition of wastes.

b) Measures to sustain ecological services:

  1. Reduce consupmtion and waste production.
  2. Avoid the usage of pesticides

c) Crops grown in our area:

  1. Paddy
  2. Maize
  3. Sugar cane
  4. Black gram

d) Ecological services:

  1. Purification of water
  2. Decomposition and recycling of solid wastes.

e) Ecological goods:

  1. Cotton
  2. Jute
  3. Fossil fuels
  4. Petro crops
  5. Timber

f) Biotic agents of pollination:

  1. Insects
  2. Birds
  3. Snails
  4. Bats
  5. Snakes

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
A biome can be understood as a
1. Group of different populations
2. Group of different communities
3. Group of different ecosystems
4. Group of similar organisms
Answer:
3. Group of different ecosystems

Question 2.
Secondary succession is faster due to the presence of
1. Soil
2.Water
3. Buds
4. Air
Answer:
1. Soil

Question 3.
Community is an assemblage of
1. similar species of an area
2. different species of an area
3. all populations of an area
4. only one population of an area
Answer:
3. all populations of an area

Question 4.
Green house gases are
1. Sulphur dioxide and Nitrous oxide
2. Carbon dioxide and Carbon monoxide
3. Oxygen and hydrogen
4. Nitrogen and ammonia
Answer:
2. Carbon dioxide and Carbon monoxide

Question 5.
Global warming can be minimised by
1. Afforestation
2. Deforestation
3. Promoting high rainfall conditions
4. Reducing soil erosion
Answer:
1. Afforestation

Question 6.
Ephemeral plants
1. store water
2. have long slender stem
3. live for very short period
4. grow in saline soils
Answer:
3. live for very short period

Question 7.
Ephemerals are drought
1) loving plants
2) enduring plants
3) escaping plants
4) resistant plants
Answer:
3) escaping plants

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 13 Ecological Adaptation, Succession and Ecological Services

Question 8.
In CAM plants, the stomata
1. are non functional
2. open at night time
3. open at day time
4. are totally absent
Answer:
2. open at night time

Question 9.
In hydrophytes, the mechanical tissues and xylem are
1. highly developed
2. poorly developed
3. totally absent
4. found in stem parts only
Answer:
2. poorly developed

Question 10.
Pioneer plants of hydrarch succession are
1. Lichens
2. Phytoplankton
3. Algae
4. Fungi
Answer:
2. Phytoplankton

Question 11.
One of the following is not a character of Hydrilla
1. Presence of aerenchyma
2. Xylem not well developed
3. Waxy coating on the epidermis
4. Presence of stomata
Answer:
4. Presence of stomata

Question 12.
The lungs of the world are
1. Biotic factors of ecosystem
2. Atmosphere and its gases
3. Plants and phytoplankton
4. Animals and zooplankton
Answer:
3. Plants and phytoplankton

Question 13.
Water medium is enriched with dissolved oxygen by
1. Floating hydrophytes
2. Amphibious plants
3. Submerged macrophytes
4. Phytoplankton
Answer:
3. Submerged macrophytes

Question 14.
Sciophytes grow in
1. Salt water
2. Sandysoil
3. Shade of big trees
4. 0pen sunlight
Answer:
3. Shade of big trees

Question 15.
Leaves are finely dissected in
1. Utricularia
2. Vallisneria
3. Hydrilla
4. Salvinia
Answer:
1. Utricularia

Question 16.
Long ribbon like leaves are present in
1. Hydrilla
2. Vallisneria
3. Pistia
4. Lemna
Answer:
2. Vallisneria

Question 17.
Pollination in Zostera is
1. Anemophily
2. Epihydrophily
3. Entomophily
4. Hypohydrophily
Answer:
4. Hypohydrophily

Question 18.
Greatest threat to pollinators is
1. Destruction of habitat
2. Environmental pollution
3. 0ver use of pesticides
4. 0ver use of artificial fertilisers
Answer:
1. Destruction of habitat

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 13 Ecological Adaptation, Succession and Ecological Services

Question 19.
Tundras are inhabited by all of the following except
1. Lichens
2. Trees
3. Grasses
4. Sedges
Answer:
2. Trees

Question 20.
The term Ecosystem was coined by
1. Ramdeo Mishra
2. W.H.Pearsall
3. Answer:G. Tansley
4. Eugen Warming
Answer:
3. Answer:G. Tansley

Question 21.
The functional unit of nature is
1. Population
2. Ecosystem
3. Heliophytes
4. Biosphere
Answer:
2. Ecosystem

Question 22.
Plants that grow in shady places are called
1. Sciophytes
2. Epiphytes
3. Biome S.Heliophytes
4. Halophytes
Answer:
1. Sciophytes

Question 23.
Khizophora is an example for
1) Halophytes
2) Sciophytes
3) Heliophytes
4) Fungi
Answer:
1) Halophytes

Question 24.
The special photosynthetic pathway shown by desert plants is
1) CAM pathway
2) TCA cycle
3) C3 pathway
4) C4 pathway
Answer:
1) CAM pathway

Question 25.
Which of the Xerophytes face external and internal dry ness?
1) Ephetnerals
2) Succulents
3) Non succulent
4) 1 and 2
Answer:
3) Non succulent

Question 26.
Pair of follow ing hydrophytes that are neither contact with soil nor with air
1) Vallisneria, Hydrilla
2) Hydrilla, Utricularia
3) Salvinia, Pistia
4) Limnophila, Typha
Answer:
2) Hydrilla, Utricularia

Question 27.
Abundant aerenchyma and xylem cavity are found in
1) Roots of Cicer
2) Stem of Opuntia
3) Stem of Hydrilla
4) Roots of Asparagus
Answer:
3) Stem of Hydrilla

Question 28.
Suspended hydrophyte leading insectivorus life is
1) Ceratophyllum
2) Utricularia
3) Dionaea
4) Nepenthes
Answer:
2) Utricularia

Question 29.
Submerged hydrophytes have
1) Stomata on both surfaces
2) Stomata on upper surface
3) Stomata on lower surface
4) No stomata
Answer:
4) No stomata

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 13 Ecological Adaptation, Succession and Ecological Services

Question 30.
Select a pair of plants that show contact with water and air
1) Potamogeton, Vallisneria
2) Hydrilla, Ceratophyllum
3) Wolffia, Pistia
4) Typa, Limnophila
Answer:
3) Wolffia, Pistia

Question 31.
In submerged hydrophytes, gaseous exchange occurs through
1) Hydathodes
2) Stomata
3) General body surface
4) Injured parts
Answer:
3) General body surface

Question 32.
Which one not suffers from both external and internal dryness
1) Opuntia
2) Zizipphus
3) TribuIus
4) Aloe
Answer:
3) TribuIus

Question 33.
The correct pair of plants which can withstand prolonged period of drought
1) Casuarina, Tribulus
2) Nerium, Tribulus
3) Ziziphus, Tribulus
4) Casuarina, Calotropis
Answer:
4) Casuarina, Calotropis

Question 34.
Sunken stomates and multiple epidermis occur in ……….
1) Hydrilla
2) Mangifera
3) Nerium
4) Vallisneria
Answer:
3) Nerium

Question 35.
In floating leaved hydrophytes, stomata
1) occurs on both the surface of leaf
2) present on only the lower surface
3) present on only the upper surface
4) absent
Answer:
3) present on only the upper surface

Question 36.
Primary succession takes much longer time than secondary succession because it involves .
1) Colanization by organisms
2) Development of soil
3) Development of seed banks
4) All
Answer:
2) Development of soil

Question 37.
Identify the correct statement
1) Cost of the soil formation accounts for about 10 percent
2) Food, fibre are regulating services
3) Recreation and nutrient cycling accounts for less than 10%
4) Water pruification & food production are supporting services.
Answer:
3) Recreation and nutrient cycling accounts for less than 10%

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 13 Ecological Adaptation, Succession and Ecological Services

Question 38.
Oxygen produced by the plants in one acre area sufficient to breath how many people?
1) 10
2) 18
3) 20
4) 36
Answer:
2) 18

Question 39.
In U.S. how much percentage of food production is required for pollination by bees?
1) 30-60%
2) 5-15%
3) 15-30%
4) 0.15-0.30%
Answer:
3) 15-30%

Question 40.
Stability of climax community depends on the …………..
1) type of species in it
2) Changes in the environment
3) Stability of environment
4) Reproduction method of biotic factors
Answer:
2) Changes in the environment

Question 41.
Select the true combination
1) Soil formation-Cultural service
2) Supply of fuel-Supporting service
3) Flood control-Regulating service
4) Development of parks & gardens-Provisioning sendee
Answer:
3) Flood control-Regulating service

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 13 Ecological Adaptation, Succession and Ecological Services

Question 42.
Number of vertebrate species which help in pollination
1) 100,000
2) 18,000
3) 1,035
4) 25
Answer:
3) 1,035

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th Lesson Snakes in India

These TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India will help the students to improve their time and approach.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th Lesson Snakes in India

Section – A: Reading Comprehension (25 Marks)

Questions : 1 – 10, Marks : 15

Passage No. 1:

Read the following passage.

Of the death-dealing quartet, the Russell’s viper is found from the paddy fields and river valleys of north India to the densely forested hills of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka in the south. Tan or brownish, thick-bodied, and reaching a length of one metre, it has long, movable fangs that inject a large amount of venom, making it even more dangerous than the Indian cobra.

The Indian cobra, a relative of some killer snakes of Asia, Africa and Australia, is readily recognized by the ‘spectacle’ (picture on the right) and ‘monocle’ (picture on the left) marks on its back. However, the black cobra has no distinguishing marks.

About one and a half to two metres long, the cobra spends much of its time underground or beneath dead logs or stones, feeding mainly on frogs and rats. The cobra’s bite is shallow and delivers a smaller dose of venom. But the venom is three times as toxic as that of the Russell’s viper.

Now, answer the following questions. Each question has four choices. Choose the correct answer and write (A), (B), (C) or (D) in your answer booklet. 5 × 1 = 5

Question 1.
What does the word ‘toxic’ mean ?
A) non-poisonous
B) poisonous
C) conscious
D) painful
Answer:
B) poisonous

Question 2.
Which of the following is a relative of some killer snakes of Asia, Africa and Australia?
A) Common krait
B) Russell’s viper
C) Saw-scaled viper
D) Indian cobra
Answer:
D) Indian cobra

Question 3.
Spectacle or Monocle is not seen on the back of _________
A) Black cobra.
B) Indian cobra.
C) Saw-scaled viper.
D) Russell’s viper
Answer:
A) Black cobra.

Question 4.
Death-dealing quartet means _________ venomous and rather dangerous snakes.
A) three
B) two
C) four
D) five
Answer:
C) four

Question 5.
What does the cobra feed on ?
A) cats
B) rats
C) buffaloes
D) cows
Answer:
B) rats

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India

Answer the following questions in two or three sentences, each. 5 × 2 = 10

Question 6.
Where is the Russell’s viper found ?
Answer:
The Russell’s viper is found from the paddy fields and river valleys of north India to the densely’forested hills of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka in the south.

Question 7.
How is the Russell’s viper ?
Answer:
The Russell’s viper is tan or brownish, thick-bodied, and reaching a length of one metre. It has long, movable fangs.

Question 8.
What makes the Russell’s’viper even more dangerous than the Indian cobra ?
Answer:
The long, movable fangs of the Russell’s viper inject a large amount of venom. That makes the Russell’s viper even more dangerous than the Indian cobra.

Question 9.
How is the Indian cobra recognised ? Which cobra has no distinguishing marks ?
Answer:
The Indian cobra is recognised by the ‘spectacle’ or ‘monocle’ marks on its back.
The black cobra has no such distinguishing marks.

Question 10.
What does the cobra’s bite deliver ? How powerful is its venom ?
Answer:
The cobra’s bite delivers a smaller dose of venom. But its venom is three times as toxic as that of the Russell’s viper.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India

Passage No. 2:

Read the following passage.

Kamal examined his foot and saw two tiny marks near the ankle. Convinced it was a snakebite, he hastily tied a rope just above his knee, and called out to a relative working nearby, who immediately took him by taxi to a local doctor’s dispensary. Unfortunately, the doctor was not a fully qualified allopathic practitioner and did not know about antivenin serum (anti-snake venom) or how to administer it. He gave Kamal a pain- killing injection and antibiotic tablets. He told him.to rest at home until the pain subsides.

But during the next few hours, Kamal felt increasingly giddy and vomited continually. His right foot and lower leg swelled alarmingly and the pain was unbearable. Kamal’s relatives rushed him to a large public hospital in central Mumbai.

Now, answer the following questions. Each question has four choices. Choose the

correct answer and write (A), (B), (C) or (D) in your answer book. 5 × 1 = 5

Question 1.
Which of the following gives the meaning ‘completely sure about’?
A) toxic
B) giddy
C) convinced
D) nocturnal
Answer:
C) convinced

Question 2.
The local doctor did not know about _________
A) how to administer anti-venin serum.
B) antibiotic tablets.
C) a pain-killing injection.
D) what medicine he should prescribe.
Answer:
A) how to administer anti-venin serum.

Question 3.
Kamal felt increasingly _________
A) toxic.
B) giddy.
C) fat.
D) nervous.
Answer:
B) giddy.

Question 4.
Where was the large public hospital?
A) in central Mumbai
B) in central Chennal
C) in Bengaluru
D) in Delhi
Answer:
A) in central Mumbai

Question 5.
How many tiny marks did Kamal see near his ankle ?
A) three
B) four
C) many
D) two
Answer:
D) two

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India

Answer the following questions in two or three sentences, each. 5 × 2 = 10

Question 6.
What did Kainal do, when he convinced himself that it was a snakebite ?
Answer:
When convinced that it was a snakebite, Kamal hastily tied a rope just above his knee. Then he called out to a relative working nearby.

Question 7.
How did the local doctor treat Kamal ?
Answer:
The local doctor gave Kamal a pain-killing injection and antibiotic tablets. He told him to rest at home until the pain subsided.

Question 8.
Did the local doctor give Kamal an injection of antivenin ? Why or why not ?
Answer:
No, the local doctor did not give an injection of antivenin to Kamal because he was not a fully qualified allopathic practitioner and did not know about antivenin serum.

Question 9.
What happened to Kamal during the next few hours ?
Answer:
During the next few hours, Kamal felt increasingly giddy and vomited continually. His right foot and lower leg swelled alarmingly and the pain was unbearable.

Question 10.
If you were in Kamal’s position, what would you do ?
Answer:
If I were in Kamal’s position, I would at once tie a rope just above my knee and go to an allopathic doctor who knows about antivenin serum, by taking the help of some people.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India

Passage No. 3:

Read the following passage.

Even more toxic is the venom of the secretive and timid common krait. One to one and a half metres in length, it is found throughout India. The common krait is usually glistening, bluish-black, with thin, often indistinct, white cross-bands.

Contrary to what many people believe, most snakes are timid, nocturnal creatures, feeding mostly on rats, mice, frogs, toads, lizards or birds. They attack humans only when actually stepped upon, or provoked in some way. Precautions, such as wearing shoes and long trousers when walking through high grassand undergrowth, will lessen the risk of being bitten, for most snake – bites in India occur as people walk barefoot. Carry a lantern or a torch when you venture out at night.

Beat the ground ahead with a long stick as you walk – snakes will perceive the vibrations and slither away. The snakes move around as long as they have rats to feed on. Hence, keep your home and its surroundings rat-free. One should be alert during the monsoon season when snakes are most active.

Now answer the following questions. Each question has four choices. Choose the correct answer and write (A), (B), (C) or (D) in your answer booklet. 5 × 1 = 5

Question 1.
What does the word ‘nocturnal’ mean ?
A) Active during the day time
B) Active during the night time
C) Venomous
D) Poisonous
Answer:
B) Active during the night time

Question 2.
Most snakebites occur as people walk _________
A) with long sticks.
B) with lantern.
C) barefoot.
D) wearing shoes.
Answer:
C) barefoot.

Question 3.
Snakes are most active during _________
A) monsoon season
B) summer season
C) winter season.
D) spring season.
Answer:
A) monsoon season

Question 4.
Most snakes are _________
A) timid.
B) nocturnal.
C) nocturnal and brave.
D) timid and nocturnal.
Answer:
D) timid and nocturnal.

Question 5.
Which among the death-dealing quartet, is glistening?
A) Common krait
B) Russell’s viper
C) Saw-scaled viper.
D) Indian cobra
Answer:
A) Common krait

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India

Answer the following questions In two or three sentences each. 5 × 2 = 10

Question 6.
What precautions are to be taken to lessen the risk of being bitten by a snake ?
Answer:
To lessen the risk of being bitten by a snake, we should wear shoes, and long trousers when walking through grass and undergrowth. While venturing out at night, we should carry a lantern or a torch. While walking, we should beat the ground ahead with a long stick.

Question 7.
What kind of animals are snakes ?
Answer:
A majority of snakes are non-poisonous. Besides, most snakes are timid and nocturnal creatures.

Question 8.
On which do snakes feed mostly ?
Answer:
Snakes feed mostly on rats, mice„ frogs, toads, lizards or birds.

Question 9.
Why should we keep our home and its surroundings rat-free ? In which season are snakes most active ?
Answer:
We should keep our home and its surroundings rat-free because snakes move around as long as they have rats to feed on. During the monsoon season, snakes are most active.

Question 10.
How is the common krait ? Where is it found ?
Answer:
The common krait is usually glistening, bluish-black, with thin, often indistinct, white cross-bands. It is found throughout India.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India

Passage No. 4:

Read the following passage.

What are the most dangerous animals on the Indian subcontinent? They are not lions, tigers or wolves but poisonous snakes. They attack far more frequently than most people suspect. Over 20,000 humans are bitten by venomous snakes in India each year. Unfortunately, the death-rate from snake bites is high largely because of widespread ignorance about snakes and snakebite prevention.

Also, proper medical treatment is often delayed or unobtainable. According to an estimate made by the World Health Organization, about 15,000 deaths from snakebites occur annually in India—nearly half the world total of such deaths. Even for those who survive, it is a dreadful experience, usually resulting in days or weeks of agony.

Take what happened to Tengal Kamal on a rainy evening in August 1981. Kamal, a 25-year-old farmer living near Goregaon, a suburb of Mumbai, was working barefoot in his fields when he suddenly felt a sharp sting on his right foot.

Now answer the following questions. Each question has four choices. Choose the correct answer and write (A), (B), (C) or (D) in your answer booklet. 5 × 1 = 5

Question 1.
What are the most dangerous animals on the Indian subcontinent?
A) Snakes
B) Lions
C) Tigers
D) Wolves
Answer:
A) Snakes

Question 2.
What happened to Tengal Kamal in August 1981 ?
A) He was bitten by a snake.
B) He was bitten by a mad dog.
C) He was bitten by a stray dog.
D) His hut was set on fire.
Answer:
A) He was bitten by a snake.

Question 3.
The percentage of the world total of snakebite deaths occurs annually in India is _________
A) 40%.
B) 33%.
C) 60%.
D) 50%.
Answer:
D) 50%.

Question 4.
Goregaon is _________
A) a district in Maharashtra.
B) a suburb of Mumbai.
C) a suburb of Kolkata.
D) a village near Nasik.
Answer:
B) a suburb of Mumbai.

Question 5.
How many humans in India are bitten by venomous snakes, each year ?
A) 20,000
B) 2,000
C) 200,000
D) 200
Answer:
A) 20,000

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India

Answer the following questions in two or three sentences each. 5 × 2 = 10

Question 6.
Who was Tengal Kamal ? Where did he live ?
Answer:
Tengal Kamal was a 25-year-old farmer. He lived near Goregaon, a suburb of Mumbai.

Question 7.
What happened to Tengal Kamal ? When did it happen ?
Answer:
Tengal Kamal was bitten by a snake. It happened on a rainy evening in August 1981 when he was working barefoot in his fields.

Question 8.
Mention two reasons to say why the death-rate from snakebites is high ?
Answer:
Two reasons to say why the death-rate from snakebites is high are:

  1. The widespread ignorance about snakes and snakebite prevention and
  2. Proper medical treatment is often delayed or unobtainable.

Question 9.
What is the estimate made by the World Health Organization with regard to snake-bite deaths ?
Answer:
The estimate made by the World Health Organization with regard to the snakebite deaths is about 15,000 deaths from snakebites occur annually in India – nearly half the world total of such deaths.

Question 10.
For whom is snake – bite a dreadful experience ? What does it usually result in ?
Answer:
Snakebite is a dreadful experience for those who survive from snakebites. This dreadful experience results in days or weeks of agony.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India

Passage No. 5:

Read the following passage.

By then it was more than five hours since Kamal had been bitten and blood had begun to ooze from the snakebite marks. His gums were also bleeding and a soft thin tube put through Kamal’s nose into his stomach revealed a large amount of blood. Fearing that it might already be too late, the doctor gave Kamal an injection
of antivenin, and began ah emergency blood transfusion.

Over the next three days, Kamal was given 15 such transfusions as well as a repeat shot of antivenin. It was only after the fifth day that he was declared out of danger. After about a fortnight he was finally discharged from hospital.

Only about 50 of the more than 200 species of snakes in India are venomous. Of these, only four – Russell’s viper, saw-scaled viper, Indian cobra and common krait – are really dangerous. They are found across the country, from desert to fertile plains. While all the four are most common in rural India, Indian cobras and common kraits can be found in and around any human dwelling, posing danger even in the suburbs of major cities like Mumbai, Kolkata, and New Delhi.

Now answer the following questions. Each question has four choices. Choose the correct answer and write (A), (B), (C) or (D) in your answer book. 5 × 1 = 5

Question 1.
How many blood transfusions were Kamal given?
A) 5
B) 10
C) 20
D) 15
Answer:

Question 2.
Kamal was declared out of danger only after _________
A) a week.
B) the fifth day
C) the 3rd day
D) 4th day.
Answer:

Question 3.
Which poisonous snakes are found in and around human dwellings ?
A) Indian cobras and Russell’s viper
B) Saw-scaled viper and Russell’s viper
C) Indian cobras and common kraits
D) Indian cobras and saw-scaled viper
Answer:
C) Indian cobras and common kraits

Question 4.
Among the options given below, choose the word that gives the meaning of ‘producing poisonous liquid’.
A) Venomous
B) Anti-venomous
C) Transfusions
D) Antivenin
Answer:
A) Venomous

Question 5.
Through which a soft thin tube was put into Kamal’s stomach ?
A) the mouth
B) the belly
C) the nose
D) the shoulder
Answer:
C) the nose

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India

Answer the following questions in two or three sentences each. 5 × 2 = 10

Question 6.
How many species of snakes in India are venomous ? Of them, mention the four snakes that are really dangerous.
Answer:
50 species of snakes in India are venomous. Of them, Russell’s viper, saw-scaled viper, Indian cobra and common krait are really dangerous.

Question 7.
When was Kamal declared out of danger ? When was he discharged from hospital?
Answer:
It was only after the fifth day, Kamal was declared out of danger. After about a fortnight he was discharged from hospital.

Question 8.
Where can Indian cobras and common kraits be found ? Even in which areas do they pose danger ?
Answer:
Indian cobras and common kraits can be found in and around human dwellings. They pose danger even in the suburbs of major cities like Mumbai, Kolkata and New Delhi.

Question 9.
What did the doctor do to Kamal when he feared that it might already be too late ?
Answer:
When the doctor feared that it might already be too late, he gave Kamal an injection of antivenin and began an emergency blood transfusion.

Question 10.
How was Kama! saved ?
Answer:
When Kamal was taken to a large public hospital in Mumbai, the doctor noted that his condition was critical and so he gave him antivenin injections and 15 blood ‘ transfusions for about three days. Thus Kamal was saved.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India

Questions : 11 – 16, Marks : 10

Passage No. 1:

Read the following passage.

All of you are bright children. You know me well. For centuries, poets and great thinkers have written in praise of me. They call me Mother Earth with love and affection. That is because, for hundreds of years, I have taken good care of people, just as mother takes care of her children.

Do you know how old I am? I am 4.6 billion years old, much older than your father, your grandfather and any of your great grandfathers.

I give you food to eat, like rice, wheat, and fruits. You also wear clothes made of cotton and live in houses made of leaves, wood, and bricks; all of which come from me. Long ago, humans used to worship me as a goddess and they used to care for me. But now they have big axes to cut my trees down; and cars and buses to pollute my air with smoke and fumes.

They don’t respect me any more.

Fill in the blanks in the following. 2 × 1 = 2

Question 11.
The earth is _________ years old.
Answer:
4.6 billion

Question 12.
_________ are made of cotton.
Answer:
Clothes

Answer the questions in complete sentences. 4 × 2 = 8

Question 13.
Who have written in praise of Mother Earth ? How did they call her ?
Answer:
Poets and great thinkers have written in praise of Mother Earth. They called her Mother Earth’ with love and affection.

Question 14.
What are clothes made of and what are houses made of ? From which do these come?
Answer:
Clothes are made of cotton and houses are made of leaves, wood and bricks. All these come from Mother Earth.

Question 15.
‘You know me well.’ .
Who does ‘You’ refer to and who does ‘me’ refer to ? Does it take good care of us?
Answer:
‘You’ refers to children and ‘me’ refers to ‘Mother Earth’. Yes, Mother Earth takes good care of us.

Question 16.
What did people long ago do ? What do people now do ?
Answer:
Long ago people worshipped Mother Earth as a goddess. But now people cut her trees down with big axes and use cars and buses to pollute her air with smoke and fumes.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India

Passage No. 2:

Read the following poem.

Trees are the kindest Things I know,
They’do no harm, they simply grow,
And spread a shade for sleepy cows,
And gather birds among their boughs…

They give us fruit in leaves above.
And wood to make our houses of.
And leaves to burn on Halloween
And in the Spring new buds of green.

They are the first when day’s begun
To touch the beams of morning sun,
They are the last to hold the light
When evening changes into night.
And when a moon floats on the sky
They hum a drowsy lullaby
Of sleepy children long ago…
Trees are the kindest things I know -Harry Behn

Now, answer the following questions. Each question has four choices. Choose the correct answer and write (A), (B), (C) or (D) in your answer booklet. 2 × 1 = 2

Question 11.
What does the word ‘boughs’ mean ?
A) wings
B) branches
C) rays
D) leaves
Answer:
B) branches

Question 12.
In which season, do new buds of green appear ?
A) Spring
B) Summer
C) Autumn
D) Winter
Answer:
A) Spring

Answer the following questions in complete sentences. 4 × 2 = 8

Question 13.
Who hum a drowsy lullaby ?
When do they hum ?
Answer:
Trees hum a drowsy lullaby. Trees hum when a moon floats on the sky.

Question 14.
What are the kindest things ? Why !
Answer:
Trees are the kindest things. They never do harm to any living being.

Question 15.
What do trees give us ?
Answer:
Trees give us fruit to eat, wood to make our houses, leaves to burn on Halloween and new buds of green in the spring.

Question 16.
What are the trees first to ? What are the last to ?
Answer:
Trees are the first to touch the beams of morning Sun. They are the last to hold the light when evening changes into night.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India

Passage No. 3:

Read the following passage.

Your teacher must have told you how my forests and mountains help to make rain and keep life on earth going. But nowadays, even my mountains and forests are being destroyed. You humans are yourselves destroying my bountiful forests and making my lands barren. Don’t you understand that I need them to give you enough rain? Without rain, you will not have any food to survive.

I am very sad about what is being done to me. That is why I am talking to you. You will all grow up and become good citizens and I want you to take care of me. Plant more trees in your house, in your school, and in your towns and villages.

Think now, after all you have just one Mother Earth.
I trust you will take care of me well.

Fill in the blanks in the following, with suitable answers. 2 × 1 = 2

Question 11.
‘You humans are yourselves destroying my bountiful forests ………………..
In the above statement, the word ‘bountiful’ means ………………
Answer:
available in large quantities.

Question 12.
The earth needs _________ to give enough rain.
Answer:
bountiful forests.

Answer the following questions in complete sentences. 4 × 2 = 8

Question 13.
What should children do to take care of Mother Earth ?
Answer:
Children in order to take care of Mother Earth should plant more trees in their houses, in their school, and in their towns and villages.

Question 14.
I trust you ………………
Who do the words ‘I’ and ’you’ refer to ?
What does the word ’trust’ mean ?
Answer:
‘I’ refers to Mother Earth.
‘You’ refers to children.
The word ‘trust’ means believe / rely on / depend on.

Question 15.
What help to make rain ?
Which bears them ?
Answer:
Forests and mountains help to make rain. Mother Earth bears forests and mountains.

Question 16.
Why is Mother Earth sad ?
Answer:
Mother Earth is sad because people are cutting down the trees and destroying the forests indiscriminately. They are polluting the air with smoke and fumes.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India

Passage No. 4:

Read the following passage.

At the far end of the village lived a poor farmer. He lived in a small hut, in the middle of a small piece of land. Years before, when he had come to live in the village, people had tried to be friendly. But the farmer was a strange man. He did not talk much to the people. Soon they went about doing their own work and left him to himself.

Near the farmer’s hut was an old tree. The tree had a hole, and in the hole lived a cobra. When the days were hot, the cobra would come out of its hole and coil itself up in the shade of the tree. The farmer sat on the ground nearby until the sun had set and he would then return to his house.

One day, the man who owned the place came to the farmer and said to him, “I must have firewood for my home. I want you to cut down the tree. Tomorrow I will ask a man to come and help you with the cutting.” And then the land owner left. The farmer watched him as he disappeared down the road.

The farmer stood there thinking. His tree was to go – his tree which gave him shade and comfort! And the cobra? Yes, what about the cobra? If the tree were cut down, he would lose more than shade. He would lose the cobra too, his friend of the summer days.

The farmer sat on the ground thinking. Near the hole the cobra lay coiled. Both remained in complete stillness. The sun set, but the man did not return to his house. The cobra sank into its coils as if it understood the great trouble of its friend. The man slept there that night. Next morning, when he woke up, he his heart sank. In front of its hole lay the cobra, cold and dead.

Now, answer the following questions. Each question has four choices. Choose the correct answer and write (A), (B), (C) or (D) in your answer booklet. 2 × 1 = 2

Question 11.
What kind of man was the farmer?
A) st range
B) cunning
C) proud
D) harmful.
Answer:
A) st range

Question 12.
Who tried to be friendly?
A) The farmer
B) The land owner
C) People in the village
D) The man sent by the land owner
Answer:
C) People in the village

Answer the following questions in complete sentences. 4× 2 = 8

Question 13.
Where did the farmer live ? Was he rich ?
Answer:
The farmer lived in a small hut, in the middle of a. small piece of land, No, he was not rich.

Question 14.
What would the cobra do when the days were hot ?
Answer:
When the days were hot, the cobra would come out of its hole and coil itself up in the shade of the tree.

Question 15.
Why was the farmer sad ?
Answer:
The farmer was sad because the tree which gave him shade and comfort was going to be cut down and his friend, the cobra would die.

Question 16.
What should we learn from this story ?
Answer:
One should not cut down trees which are always helpful and never do any harm.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India

Passage No. 5:

Study the bar-chart and answer the questions that follow.
Monthwise distribution of 1379 snakebite incidences during the period 1999 – 2003.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India 1

Fill in the blanks in the following with suitable answers. 2 × 1 = 2

Question 11.
_________ months record the highest number of snakebite cases.
Answer:
June and July months

Question 12.
In which months did 8% of snakebite cases occur ?
Answer:
May and November

Answer following the questions in complete sentences. 4 × 2 = 8

Question 13.
What is this bar-chart about ?
Answer:
This bar-chart is about the month-wise distribution of snakebite incidences during the period 1999 – 2003.

Question 14.
What did January and December months record ?
Answer:
January and December months recorded the lowest percent of snakebite cases.

Question 15.
What was the average percentage of snakebite cases in T.S. per month ?
Answer:
The average percentage of snakebite cases in T.S. was 8.3%.

Question 16.
What other inferences tan you draw from this chart ? Support your answer.
Answer:
Snakebites occurred more during rainy season. Snakes are active during rainy season.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India

Passage No. 6:

Read the following passage.

Once it was the summer season. A stag was grazing in the forest. Suddenly a hunter came there. He set his hounds after the stag. The stag ran for his life. He ran as fast as he could. Soon he was out of the reach of the hunter and his hounds. Thus his ugly and thin legs saved his life.

But unluckily, his big horns were caught in a bush. He tried hard to make himself free but in vain. Now the stag realised his folly. He began to praise his legs that had saved him. At the same time he was attacked by the hounds. The hounds injured the stag severely. But he began to curse his horns that were going to become cause of his death.

Choose the correct answer from the four choices given below the question. 2 × 1 = 2

Question 11.
The stag was very proud of his horns because _________
A) they were very big.
B) they were beautiful.
C) they were very sharp.
D) they help to escape from the danger.
Answer:
A) they were very big.

Question 12.
Which of the following is the meaning of the word ‘hounds’ ?
A) bow and arrows
B) nets
C) foxes
D) dogs
Answer:
D) dogs

Now answer the following questions in complete sentences. 4 × 2 = 8

Question 13.
Why did the stag praise his legs ?
Answer:
The stag praised his legs because his ugly and thin legs saved his life from the hunter and his hounds.

Question 14.
What happened at once ?
Answer:
At once, his big horns were caught in a bush and the stag could not run away, then.

Question 15.
How did the stag realise his folly ?
Answer:
When his horns were caught in a bush, he tried hard to make himself free but in vain. Then he realised his folly.

Question 16.
What was unlucky for the stag ?
Answer:
The stag with its thin legs ran so fast that he went out of the reach of the hunter and his hounds. But the unlucky thing for the stag was his big horns were caught in a bush and he could not free himself.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India

Section – B : Vocabulary and Grammar (20 Marks)

Questions : 17 – 21, Marks : 5

Passage No. 1:

Read the following passage taken from your textbook.

I am very (17) sad about what is being (18) did to me. That is why I am talking to you. You will all grow up and become good citizens and I want you to take care of me. Plant more (19) trees in your house, in your school, and in your towns and villages.

Think now, after all you have just one Mother Earth.
I (20) trust you will take care of me well.

Yours (21) lovingly,
Mother Earth

Now, answer the following questions in complete sentences. 5 × 1 = 5

Question 17.
What is the antonym of the underlined word ?
Answer:
The antonym of ‘sad’ is happy.

Question 18.
Write the correct form of the word.
Answer:
The correct form of the underlined word is done.

Question 19.
Give the singular form of the’word underlined.
Answer:
The singular form of ‘trees’ is tree.

Question 20.
What is the synonym of the underlined word ?
Answer:
Synonym of ‘trust’ is ‘believe’ or ‘rely on’.

Question 21.
Write the suffix of the word underlined.
Answer:
The suffix part in the word ‘lovingly’ is ‘-ly’.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India

Passage No. 2:

In (17) give you food to eat, like rice, wheat, and fruits. You also (18) wear clothes (19) made of cotton and live in houses made of leaves, wood, and bricks; all of which come from me: Long ago, (20) humans used to worship me as a goddess and they used to care for me. But now they have big axes to cut my trees down and cars and buses to pollute my air (21) with smoke and fumes.

Now answer the following questions. Each question has four choices. Choose the correct answer and write (A), (B), (C) or (D) in your answer book. 5 × 1 = 5

Question 17.
Choose the antonym of the underlined word.
A) send
B) take
C) issue
D) offer
Answer:
B) take

Question 18.
What is the synonym of the underlined word ?
A) Put on
B) Put off
C) Put out
D) Keep out
Answer:
A) Put on

Question 19.
Choose the appropriate verb form in the present simple tense (V1) form.
A) making
B) make
C) has made
D) maked
Answer:
B) make

Question 20.
Choose the suitable meaning to the underlined word.
A) trees
B) immortals
C) animals and birds
D) people
Answer:
D) people

Question 21.
Identify the part of speech of the underlined word.
A) Preposition
B) Adverb
C) Adjective
D) Noun
Answer:
A) Preposition

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India

Passage No. 3:

Kamal examined his foot and saw two (17) tiny marks near the ankle. (18) Convinced it was a snake-bite, he hastily tied a rope just above his knee, and called out to a relative working nearby, (19) who immediately took him by taxi to a local doctor’s dispensary. (20) Unfortunately, the doctor was not a fully qualified allopathic practitioner and did not (21) know about antivenin serum (anti-snake venom) or how to administer it.

Now answer the following questions.

Question 17.
Write the antonym of the word underlined.
Answer:
Big

Question 18.
Give a synonym of the underlined word.
Answer:
Completely sure about

Question 19.
What is the part of speech of the word underlined?
Answer:
The underlined word is a pronoun.

Question 20.
What is the prefix in the underlined word ?
Answer:
Un-

Question 21.
There is a word in the given passage, that, sounds same as ‘No’. Identify it and write it.
Answer:
Know

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India

Passage No. 4:

Every child is born with some (17) inherited characteristics, into a specific (18) socio – economic and emotional environment, and trained in certain ways by figures of authority. Mr. Tirupathi Venkata Guruvardhan inherited (19) honesty and self – discipline from his father; from his mother, Sitarama Kalyani, he inherited faith in goodness and deep kindness and so did his sister, Nagalakshmi. In his childhood, he had three close – friends – Guravaiah, Hanuman and Chennakesava Sarma. We all were from (20) orthodox Hindu Brahmin families. Last year, my friend Guravaiah arranged transport for visiting (21) pilgrims.

Now answer the following questions. Each question has four choices. Choose the correct answer and write (A), (B), (C) or (D) in your answer book. 5 × 1 = 5

Question 17.
Choose the noun form of the underlined word.
A) inheritance
B) inherit
C) inherits
D) inheritably
Answer:
A) inheritance

Question 18.
Socio-economic’ is a _________
A compound noun.
B) compound adjective.
C) phrasai verb.
D) phrase.
Answer:
B) compound adjective.

Question 19.
Choose the appropriate antonym of the word underlined.
A) inhonesty
B) unhonesty
C) non-honesty
D) dishonesty
Answer:
D) dishonesty

Question 20.
Choose the appropriate synonym of the underlined word from the given choices.
A) classical
B) rich
C) conventional
D) courageons
Answer:
C) conventional

Question 21.
‘Pilgrims’ are _________
A) animals which go round the villages.
B) people who journey to sacred places for religious reasons.
C) people who make pillows.
D) books read by religious people.
Answer:
B) people who journey to sacred places for religious reasons.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India

Passage No. 5:

There was once a town in the heart. of America where all life seemed to live in harmony with its surroundings …………….. Even in winter, the roadsides were places of beauty, where countless birds carne to feed on the berries and on the seed heads of the (17) dried weeds rising above the snow ……………..

Then a strange blight crept over the area and everything began to (18) change. Some evil spell had settled on the community: (19) mysterious maladies swept the flocks of chickens; the (20) cattle and sheep sickened and died. Everywhere was a shadow of death ……………. there had been (21) several sudden and unexpected deaths.

Now answer the following, as directed. 5 × 1 = 5

Question 17.
The simple present tense (V1) form of the underlined is
Answer:
The simple present tense of ’dried’ is ‘dry‘.

Question 18.
Write a synonym for the underlined word.
Answer:
The synonym of ‘change’ is ‘alter‘.

Question 19.
What is the suffix in the underlined word ?
Answer:
The suffix in ‘mysterious’ is ‘ous‘.

Question 20.
What is the underlined noun ?
Answer:
‘Cattle’ is a collective noun.

Question 21.
Write the opposite of the underlined word.
Answer:
Opposite of ‘several’ is ‘a few‘.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India

Questions : 22 – 26, Marks : 5

Complete the passage choosing the right word from those given below it. Each blank is numbered and for each blank has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D). given. Choose the correct answer and write (A), (B), (C) or (D) in your answer book. 5 × 1 = 5

Passage No. 1:

Your teacher must _________ (22) told you how many forests and mountains help to _________ (23) rain and keep life _________ (24) earth going. But, nowadays, even mountains and forests are being destroyed. You humans are yourselves _________ (25) my beautiful forests and making my lands barren. Don’t you understand that I need them _________ (26) give you enough rain ? Without rain, you will not have any food to survive.

Question 22.
A) had
B) have
C) will
D) was
Answer:
B) have

Question 23.
A) made
B) make
C) making
D) makes
Answer:
B) make

Question 24.
A) in
B) under
C) upon
D) on
Answer:
D) on

Question 25.
A) destroyed
B) destroys
C) destroying
D) destroy
Answer:
C) destroying

Question 26.
A) to
B) for
C) of
D) about
Answer:
A) to

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India

Passage No. 2:

Venkata Guru was _________ (22) naughty boy who lived in the village of Parnasala _________ (23) mother did not know what to do with him as he refused to study or _________ (24) any work. One day, she took him to school _________ (25) told the teacher to take care of him. The teacher _________ (26) him to come to school regularly.

Question 22.
A) an
B) the
C) a
D) one
Answer:
C) a

Question 23.
A) His
B) Her
C) Him
D) Their
Answer:
A) His

Question 24.
A) doing
B) did
C) do
D) done
Answer:
C) do

Question 25.
A) but
B) and
C) yet
D) also
Answer:
B) and

Question 26.
A) tell
B) tells
C) telling
D) told
Answer:
D) told

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India

Passage No. 3:

Near the farmer’s hut was _________ (22) old tree. The tree had a hole, and in the hole _________ (23) a cobra. When the days were hot, the cobra would come out _________ (24) its hole and coil itself up in the shade of the tree. The farmer sat on the ground nearby until the sun had set and _________ (25) would _________ (26) return to his house.

Question 22.
A) the
B) any
C) an
D) a
Answer:
C) an

Question 23.
A) lived
B) live
C) lives
D) living
Answer:
A) lived

Question 24.
A) into
B) of
C) off
D) in
Answer:
B) of

Question 25.
A) they
B) it
C) he
D) she
Answer:
C) he

Question 26.
A) than
B) then
C) now
D) when
Answer:
B) then

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India

Passage No. 4:

One day, Tirupathi Hanumayamma was walking _________ (22) a forest _________ (23) suddenly she _________ (24) someone crying out for help. She _________ (25) in the direction of the sound and _________ (26) upon a well that was dried up.

Question 22.
A) by
B) through
C) in
D) from
Answer:
B) through

Question 23.
A) or
B) though
C) when
D) but
Answer:
C) when

Question 24.
A) heard
B) hear
C) hears
D) hearing
Answer:
A) heard

Question 25.
A) go
B) went
C) goes
D) going
Answer:
B) went

Question 26.
A) came
B) come
C) coming
D) comes
Answer:
A) came

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India

Passage No. 5:

Trees are the _________ (22) things. They _________ (23) no harm, they simply grow. They spread _________ (24) shade for sleepy cows _________ (25) give us fruit to eat and wood to make _________ (26) houses of.

Question 22.
A) kind
B) kindly
C) kinder
D) kindest
Answer:
D) kindest

Question 23.
A) did
B) do
C) does
D) doing
Answer:
B) do

Question 24.
A) a
B) the
C) some
D) an
Answer:
A) a

Question 25.
A) It
B) They
C) Their
D) Its
Answer:
B) They

Question 26.
A) their
B) your
C) our
D) his
Answer:
C) our

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India

Passage No. 6:

Kanadibhatla Ramalakshmamma and Kallem Bhramaramba are friends. Bhramaramba’s daughter, Kalyani was _________ (22) to Venkateswarlu and Ramalakshmamma’s daughter, Hanumayamma was married _________ (23) Tirupathi Guravaiah. Kalyan _________ (24) two children _________ (25) Hanumayamma has five children. Kalyani’s younger brother marriecl Parameswari. Hanumayamma’s eldest daughter, Venkata Narasamma _________ (26) married to Chandramouli.

Question 22.
A) marry
B) marrying
C) will marry
D) married
Answer:
D) married

Question 23.
A) to
B) for
C) on
D) with
Answer:
A) to

Question 24.
A) have
B) having
C) has
D) had
Answer:
C) has

Question 25.
A) whereas
B) which as
C) when as
D) why as
Answer:
A) whereas

Question 26.
A) were
B) was
C) are
D) being
Answer:
B) was

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India

Questions : 27 – 31, Marks : 10

Rewrite the following passage given below. Five sentences in the passage are numbered (27 – 31) at the beginning. Each of the five sentences has an error. Correct and rewrite them in the answer booklet. 5 × 2 = 10

1. (27) Only about 50 of the more than 200 spices of snakes in India are venomous. Of these, only four-Russell’s viper, saw-scaled viper, Indian cobra and common krait—are really dangerous. (28) They are found across the country, from desert and.fertile plains. (29) While all the four are most common in rural India, Indian cobras can be find in and around human dwelling, posing danger even in the suburbs of major cities like Mumbai, Kolkata, and New Delhi. (30) Contrary to what money people believe, most snakes are timid and nocturnal. (31) It attack humans only when they are stepped upon or provoked.
Answer:
27) Only about 50 of the more than 200 species of snakes in India are venomous.
28) They are found across the country, from desert to fertile plains.
29) While all the four are most common in rural India, Indian cobras can be found in and around any human dwelling, posing danger even in the suburbs of major cities like Mumbai, Kolkata, and New Delhi.
30) Contrary to what many people believe, most snakes are timid and nocturnal.
31) They attack humans only when they are stepped upon or provoked.

2. (27) Beat the ground ahead on a long stick as you walk. (28) Snakes will perceive the vibrations but slither away. (29) The snakes move around as long as they have rats to food on. (30) Hence, keep your home and it surroundings rat-free. (31) One should be alert during the monsoon season where snakes are most active.
Answer:
27) Beat the ground ahead with a long stick as you walk.
28) Snakes will perceive the vibrations and slither away.
29) The snakes move around as long as they have rat’s to feed on.
30) Hence, keep your home and its surroundings rat-free.
31) One should be alert during the monsoon season when snakes are most active.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India

3. Dear children,

All of you are bright children. You know me well. (27) For centuries, poets and great thinkers has written in praise of me. (28) They call me Mother Earth with lovely and affection. (29) I have took good care of people. (30) Do you no how old I am ? (31) I was 4.6 billion years old.
Answer:
27) For centuries, poets and great thinkers have written in praise of me.
28) They call,me Mother Earth with love and affection.
29) I have taken good care of people.
30) Do you know how old I am ?
31) I am 4.6 billion years old.

4. It was cold and wind night. (27) Varalakshmi and Nagalakshmi met after a long time and are chatting for hours. (28) They did not noticed that time flew away and it was close to ten. (29) They decided to take a auto-rickshaw to go to their room.

It started raining. They hurried to get into an auto-rickshaw and reach their place. (30) None of the auto-rickshaws stopped for them expect one. (31) The driver asked them if where they wanted to go and they told him the place.
Answer:
27) Varalakshmi and Nagalakshmi met after a long time and were chatting for hours.
28) They did not notice that time flew away and it was close to ten.
29) They decided to take an auto-rickshaw to go to their room.
30) None of the auto-rickshaws stopped for them except one.
31) The driver asked them where they wanted to go and they told him the place.

5. (27) Once upon a time there was a hungry fox that is looking for something to eat. He was very hungry. (28) No matter how hard he tried, he could not found food. Finally he went to the edge of the forest and searched there for food. (29) Suddenly, he caught the cite of a big tree with a hole in it.

Inside the hole, there was a package. (30) The hungry fox thought that their might be food in it. He became very happy. (31) He jumped in the hole. He opened the package and saw a lot of food, bread and meat in it.
Answer:
27) Once upon a time there was a hungry fox that was looking for something to eat.
28) No matter how hard he tried, he could not find food.
29) Suddenly, he caught the sight of a big tree with a hole in it.
30) The hungry fox thought that there might be food in it.
31) He jumped into the hole.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India

Section – C : Conventions of Writing (5 Marks)

Question : 32, Marks : 5

Read the following passage taken from your text book and rewrite it with proper punctuation. 5 Marks

Question 1.
of these only four Russell’s viper saw scaled viper indian cobra and common krait are really dangerous they are found across the country from desert to fertile plains.
Answer:
Of these, only four – Russell’s viper, saw – scaled viper, Indian cobra and common krait – are really dangerous. They are found across the country, from desert to fertile plains.

Question 2.
the king asked tell me oh poor brahmin how could you withstand the extreme temperature all through the night the innocent brahmin replied I could see a faintly glowing light a kilometer away and I withstood with that ray of light
Answer:
The King asked, “Tell me, oh poor Brahmin How could you withstand the extreme temperature all through the night ?” The innocent Brahmin replied, “I could see a faintly glowing light a kilometer away and I withstood with that ray of light.”

Question 3.
did you see the snake the next day doctor I asked
The doctor laughed and said I have never seen it since, it was a snake which was taken with its own beauty
Answer:
“Did you see the snake the next day, doctor ?” I asked.
The doctor laughed and said, ”I have never seen it since. It was a snake which was taken with its own beauty!”

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India

Question 4.
i am looking at the house he said why do you want to buy it asked the girl is it your house asked the man it’s my father’s replied the girl. .
Answer:
“I am looking at the house,” he said. “Why ? Do you want to buy it ?” asked the girl.
“Is it your house ?” asked the man. “It’s my father’s,” replied the girl.

Question 5.
this is because for hundreds of years i have taken good care of people just as mother takes care of her children
do you know how old i am i am 4.6 billion years old much older than your father your grandfather and any of your grandfathers
i give you food to eat like rice wheat and fruits
Answer:
This is because, for hundreds of years, I have taken good care of people, just as mother takes care of her children.
Do you know how old I am ? I am 4.6 billion years old, much older than your father, your grandfather and any of your great grandfathers.
I give you food to eat, like rice, wheat, and fruits.

Question 6.
What are the most dangerous animals on the indian subcontinent they are not lions tigers or wolves but poisonous snakes according to an estimate made by the world health organization about 15000 deaths from snakebites occur annually in india nearly half the world total of such deaths even for those who survive it is a dreadful experience usually resulting in days or weeks of agony.
Answer:
What are the most dangerous animals on the Indian subcontinent ? They are not lions, tigers or wolves but poisonous snakes. According to an estimate made by the World Health Organization, about 15000 deaths from snakebites occur annually in India – nearly half the world total of such deaths. Even for those who survive, it is a dreadful experience, usually resulting in days or weeks of agony.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India

Section – D : Creative Writings (20 Marks )

Question : 33, Marks : 12

1. You have read the letter from Mother Earth. In her letter, she urges you to protect her. She has explained the need of protecting her. You are moved after reading the letter.
Now, write a letter to your friend saying about Mother Earth, her importance and the steps to be taken to protect her.
Answer:

4-23-5/1,
Near Poleramma temple,
Farooq Nagar,
4 July, 20xx.

My dear Venkata Guruvardhan,

I am fine and pink in health. Hope you are also fine and healthy, doing your part well. In this letter, I want to write to you about something very important for each and every human being.

It’s about Mother Earth. Yes, we ought to call ‘Mother Earth’ as she takes full care of all the living things just as our mother does for us. Without Mother Earth, can we exist ? You know it has mountains and forests to give us rainfall with which we are able to survive. Knowing her importance, people in olden days praised her as ‘Mother Earth’ and worshipped her as the Goddess ‘Bhudevi’. But it is rather unfortunate to note that the people nowadays, even the educated, ignore her importance and the service she is doing for us. instead, they are destroying mountains and forests for their selfish deeds and needs, giving the future generation a threat to live on. Deforestation is the cause of global warming which affects the lives rather badly.

It’s time we became strongly determined to protect Mother Earth and took all the steps needed to protect her. Let trees be not cut down. We all should see that more and more Plants / trees are planted every year.

‘Pachani Chetlu Pragathiki MeNu’
Chetkinti Natithe Kshemam
Chetlanu Narikithe Kshamam.
Hope my words go deep into your heart..
Please convey my regards to your parents.

Yours lovingly,
xxxxx

Address on the Envelope:
To
Tirupathi Venkata Guruvardhan,
S/o T. Venkateswarlu,
Near Gandhi Bomma Centre,
Huzur Nagar (Post),
Suryapet district.
Telangana state.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India

2. You have read about a snakebite death case in the newspaper. You were moved. Write a letter saying about the Dos and Don’ts when a snake bites.
Answer:

Beside Andhra Bank,
Kazipet.
10 October, 20xx.

Hai, Nagalakshmi !

How are you ? Hope this letter finds in happy and healthy mood. Here I am fine. It’s really long since I received a letter from you.

Yesterday I read a snakebite death case in the newspaper. I was shocked and deeply moved. Hence I am writing this letter to make you aware of snakes. Most snakes are non-poisonous. Only a few like the cobra and the common krait are poisonous and dangerous. Snakes are timid and nocturnal. They attack human beings only when they are stepped upon or provoked. Yet we should know the Dos and Don’ts when a snake bites. Given below are the Dos and Don’ts when a snake bites.

Dos:

  1. Keep the person (victim) calm.
  2. Keep the affected area below the heart well.
  3. Tie up the leg upto the knee, when the bite is on the ankle or the foot.
  4. Let antivenin serum be injucted.
  5. Treat it straight way.
  6. Let blood-transfusion be taken.

Don’ts :

  1. Don’t wait to see if the bite causes any problems.
  2. Don’t lose heart.
  3. Don’t be over frightened.
  4. Don’t cut, wash or suck the bite.
  5. Don’t frighten the victim.
  6. Don’t delay in giving the victim to antivenin serum.
  7. Don’t delay in taking the victim to hospital.

I hope you would keep these things in your mind well and tell your friends / neighbours about this.

Convey my regards to your parents. No more to my pen, now.

Ever yours,
xxxxx

Address on the Envelope :
To
Tirupathi Nagalakshmi,
D/o Venkateswarlu,
Behind Sivalayam,
4th line,
Sampath Nagar,
Hanamkonda,
Warangal Urban (Dt.)

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India

Question : 34, Marks : 8

1. Prepare a poster, using the information given below.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India 2

Answer:

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India 3

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 8th lesson Snakes in India

2. You are Arijaneyulu, a student of class VII of ZPH School, Armur. You have found a wrist-watch in the school playground.
Draft a notice to be put up on the school notice-board announcing the find and inviting the owner to claim it from you.
Answer:

Z.P.H SCHOOL, Armur
Nizamabad District
NOTICE

4th August, 20xx.

WRIST WATCH FOUND

A wrist watch was found in the school playground, yesterday. You are requested to collect it from the undermentioned person, if it belongs to you, after giving proper details.

T. Anjaneyulu
Class VII

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 7th Lesson The Wonderful World of Chess

These TS 7th Class English Important Questions 7th lesson The Wonderful World of Chess will help the students to improve their time and approach.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 7th lesson The Wonderful World of Chess

Section – A : Reading Comprehension (25 Marks)

Questions : 1 – 10, Marks : 15

Passage No. 1:

Read the following passage.

The knight (gurram) and the pawn (bantu) are very special in their own ways. The knight is the only piece that can jump over other pieces. He goes two squares forward (or backward) and one square sideways (to the left r to the right). The pawn, like a brave soldier, marches only forward. When It starts from the second row, it has the option of going one square or two squares forward.

However, after the first move, it can only move one square forward. The pawn has a special move. It can go one square diagonally when it captures one of his opponent’s men: even ifit is the mighty king. The pawn has another speciality. It is the only piece that can have promotion o any rank. This is possible only when it reaches any square on the first row of the opponent.

A player marches her chessmen and tries to capture the opponent’s king. If she does that,she calls out ‘checkmate’ and wins the game. It sounds simple, but ¡t is very, very complicated. Do you know how many ways are there to do that? Mathematicians say that around 100 unique games are possible in chess. Compare this jumbo number with the earlier number 264 – 1. How big is this? There aren’t even that many electrons in this universe.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 7th lesson The Wonderful World of Chess

Now, answer the following questions. Each question has four choices. Choose the correct answer and write (A), (B), (C) or (D) in your answer booklet. 5 × 1 = 5

Question 1.
What are the two pieces that are very special in their own ways ?
A) The king and the queen
B) The knight and the bishop
C)The pawn and the rook
D) The knight and the pawn
Answer:
D) The knight and the pawn

Question 2.
How many squares can a pawn move forward, after the first move ?
A) two
B) one
C) three
D) any number
Answer:
B) one

Question 3.
A player tries to catch the opponent’s _______
A) king.
B) queen.
C) knight.
D) pawn.
Answer:
A) king.

Question 4.
How many, according to mathematicians, unique games are possible in chess ?
A) 264 – 1
B) 10120
C) 101200
D) 1012
Answer:
B) 10120

Question 5.
Which piece can jump over other pieces ?
A) pawn
B) rook
C) knight
D) bishop
Answer:
C) knight

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 7th lesson The Wonderful World of Chess

Answer the following questions in two or three sentences, each. 5 × 2 = 10

Question 6.
What do Mathematicians say about chess ?
Answer:
Mathematicians say that around 10120 unique games are possible in chess. There are not even that many electrons in this universe.

Question 7.
Which piece is like a brave soldier ? Why ?
Answer:
The pawn is like a brave soldier because like a soldier, it marches only forward.

Question 8.
What option does the pawn have, when it starts from the second row ?
Answer:
When the pawn starts from the second row, it has the option of going one square or two squares forward.

Question 9.
Can the pawn have promotion to any rank ? When is it possible ?
Answer:
Yes, the pawn can have the promotion to any rank. This is possible only when it reaches any square on the first row of the opponent.

Question 10.
What is the special move of the pawn ? When does it have that special move ?
Answer:
The special move of the pawn is it can go one square diagonally. The pawn goes one square diagonally when it captures one of his opponent’s men; even if it is the mighty king.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 7th lesson The Wonderful World of Chess

Passage No. 2:

Read the following passage.

This wonderful game of chess is a gift of India to the world. The Hindus believe that it was invented by Queen Mandodari, the wife of King Ravana. However, historian H.J.R.Murray holds that it was invented by a scholar from North-West India around fifth century. In those days it was called ‘chaturanga’ – the four divisions of the military. Legend has it that this inventor was ordered by the ruler to ask for a reward for his invention. He requested the king to give him I grain of rice for the, first square, 2 for the second one, 4 for the third one, and so on – doubling the number of grains continuously up to the 64th square. Everybody thought that he was a fool.

But when the royal accountants announced the quantity of rice that should be given to the inventor, everyone was awestruck. The figure was gigantic. No one had ever heard of such an enormous number. It was 18, 446, 774, 073, 709, 551, 615. The accountants told the king that it could not be paid even with all the rice available on earth. What a number! If you want an idea of how big this number is, imagine you have this much money. Then, if you spend one crore rupees every second of your life, it takes approximately 60,000 years for you to spend all the money.

Now, answer the following questions. Each question has four choices. Choose the correct answer and write (A), (B), (C) or (D) in your answer booklet. 5 × 1 = 5

Question 1.
‘ What does the word’ a westruck’ mean ?
A) stop being present
B) restricted
C) filled with feelings of admiration or respect
D) filled with feelings of jealousy and pride
Answer:
C) filled with feelings of admiration or respect

Question 2.
The figure the accountants gave, was _______
A) ridiculous
B) gigantic
C) negligible
D) complicated
Answer:
B) gigantic

Question 3.
Mandodar I was the wife of _______
A) King Rayana.
B) King Devadatta.
C) King Janaka.
D) King Dushyanta.
Answer:
A) King Rayana.

Question 4.
Who believed Mandodarl invented chess?
A) Sikhs
B) Jams
C) Hindus
D) Arabs
Answer:
C) Hindus

Question 5.
When the Inventor expressed the number of the grains he wanted, everybody thought that he was _______
A) a clever man.
B) a fool.
C’) a cunning man.
D) a mad.
Answer:
B) a fool.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 7th lesson The Wonderful World of Chess

Answer the following questions in two or three sentences, each, 5 × 2 = 10

Question 6.
What had no one ever heard of ?
What was that number ?
Answer:
No one had ever heard of such an enormous number as that given by the inventor. The number was 18, 446, 774, 073, 709, 551; 615.

Question 7.
Who invented chess, according to the Hindus and according to H.J.R. Murray ?
Answer:
According to the Hindus, chess was invented by Queen Mandodari, the wife of King Ravana. But according to H.J.R. Murray, chess was invented by a scholar from North-West India around 5th century.

Question 8.
What did the inventor request the king to give ? Do you think the king could give that ?
Answer:
The inventor requested the king to give him 1 grain of rice for the first square, 2 for the second one, 4 for the third one, and so on – doubling the number of grains continuously up to the 64th square. I think the king could not give that.

Question 9.
Why do you think the king could not give the inventor the number of grains he wanted ?
Answer:
The king could not give the inventor the number of grains he wanted because it was a gigantic number and it could not be paid even with all the rice available on earth,

Question 10.
What was ‘chess’ called in the days of Mandodari ? What did it mean ?
Answer:
In the days of Mandodari, chess was called ‘chaturanga’, It meant the four divisions of the military.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 7th lesson The Wonderful World of Chess

Passage No. 3:

Read the following passage.

Kingdoms have vanished. Kings have gone. But one game they played remained with us; and probably remains with us forever: CHESS. It has won the hearts of Indians, Egyptians, Persians, Chinese, Japanese and every thinking animal on earth. What is it that made it so dear to our hearts? Different people give different reasons.
The benefits of playing chess are innumerable.

Some say it refreshes their mind while others say it improves their memory, concentration, and logical thinking. In fact, some experiments have proved that it does all these things. Since chess involves a number of calculations, it increases our mathematical abilities and problem solving skills. That is why it is taught as a school subject in as many as 30 countries including Venezuela, Iceland, and Russia. So, what are you waiting for? Start playing chess right away!

Now, answer the following questions. Each question has four choices. Choose the correct answer and write (A), (B), (C) or (D) in your answer booklet. 5 × 1 = 5

Question 1.
Chess has won the hearts of _______
A) Persians
B) Indians, Egyptians and Japanese
C) Chinese
D) All these
Answer:
D) All these

Question 2.
What is made so dear to our hearts ?
A) Chess
B) Hockey
C) Kho – Kho
D) Kabbadi
Answer:
A) Chess

Question 3.
What does the word ‘vanished’ mean ?
A) appeared
B) fought
C) disappeared
D) reappeared
Answer:
C) disappeared

Question 4.
Chess involves a number of _______
A) players.
B) calculations.
C) referees.
D) people.
Answer:
B) calculations.

Question 5.
The benefits of chess are _______
A) numerable.
B) innumerable
C) limited.
D) a few.
Answer:
B) innumerable

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 7th lesson The Wonderful World of Chess

Answer the following questions in two or three sentences each. 5 × 2 = 10

Question 6.
In how many countries, now, chess is taught as a school subject ? Name a few countries.
Answer:
Chess is taught asa school subject in as many as 30 countries. Some of them are Venezuela, Iceland and Russia.

Question 7.
Why is chess taught as a school subject in Russia ?
Answer:
Chess is taught as a school subject in Russia because chess increases our mathematical abilities and problem solving skills.

Question 8.
Write some benefits that a person gets by playing chess.
Answer:
Chess has many benefits.

  1. It refreshes our mind.
  2. It improves our memory, concentration and logical thinking.
  3. It increases our mathematical abilities and problem-solving skills.

Question 9.
Which have vanished ? Who have gone ?
Answer:
Kingdoms have vanished. Kings have gone.

Question 10.
What did kings leave for us ?
Does it remain with us forever ?
Answer:
Kings have left the game of chess for Us. Yes, it remains with us forever.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 7th lesson The Wonderful World of Chess

Passage No. 4:

Read the following passage.
Just like any other game, chess is also governed by rules. The pieces or the chessmen like the rook, the knight, the bishop, etc., move on the board in quite a restricted way. The movement of each piece is important because if a piece can move to a square, it can capture the piece in that square, whoever it may be.

The king (raju) and the queen (mantri) can move in any direction. Nevertheless, the king cannot go beyond one square whereas the queen has no such restrictions.

The bishop (sakatu) and the rook (enugu) can move to any square provided it is on their path. The bishop goes diagonally whereas the rook goes straight.

Now, answer the following questions. Each question has four choices. Choose the correct answer and write (A), (B), (C) or (D) in your answer booklet. 5 × 1 = 5

Question 1.
Chess has _______
A) no rules.
B) rules.
C) 10 members, at least to play.
D) 11 players on either side.
Answer:

Question 2.
Mantri is the other name for _______
A) rook
B) bishop
C) queen
D) pawn
Answer:

Question 3.
Which of the following gives the meaning of the word, ‘restricted’?
A) very strict
B) admired
C) unlimited
D) limited
Answer:
D) limited

Question 4.
Which of the following is a correct statement?
A) The king cannot go beyond one square.
B) The bishop goes straight.
C) The queen cannot go beyond one square.
D) The rook goes diagonally.
Answer:
A) The king cannot go beyond one square.

Question 5.
The word ’Nevertheless’ means _______
A) Not always less
B) However
C) That is why
D) Not in the way
Answer:
B) However

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 7th lesson The Wonderful World of Chess

Answer the following questions in two or three sentences each. 5 × 2 = 10

Question 6.
What is the special name given to the pieces, on the chess-board ? How do they move on the board ?
Answer:
The special name to the pieces is ‘chessmen’. They move on the board in quite a restricted way.

Question 7.
Who Can move in any direction ? What is the difference between them ?
Answer:
The king and the queen can move in any direction. The difference is – the king cannot go beyond one square whereas the queen has no such restrictions.

Question 8.
Why is the movement of each piece important ?
Answer:
The movement of each piece is important because if a piece can move to a square, it can capture the piece in that square, whoever it may be.

Question 9.
Do you like chess ? Have you ever played chess ?
Answer:
Yes, I like chess. I have played chess many times.

Question 10.
How does the bishop go ?
How does the rook go ?
Answer:
The bishop goes diagonally.
The rook goes straight.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 7th lesson The Wonderful World of Chess

Passage No. 5:

Read the following passage.

Each district and state has a chess association, which conducts training camps and tournaments. The state associations are affiliated to All India Chess Federation, which in turn is affiliated to the World Chess Federation. It is also called FIDE. It acts as the governing body of international chess competitions. It gives a rating to every player in the world, depending upon the number of games won, drawn or lost- the greater the rating the better the player.

If you are on the lookout, you will find many invitation tournaments conducted at school, village, mandal, district and state levels. You can rise to the ranks of an International Grandmaster, (or simply ‘Grandmaster’ as is used nowadays) by winning more and more games and becoming a Candidate Master, then an FIDE Master, and then an International Master.

Now answer the following questions. Each question has four choices. Choose the correct answer and write (A), (B), (C) or (D) In your answer book. 5 × 1 = 5

Question 1.
Each district conducts _______
A) Physical tests.
B) Debate competitions.
C) Training camps.
D) Training camps and tournaments.
Answer:
D) Training camps and tournaments.

Question 2.
The greater the rating, _______ the better.
A) the best
B) the better
C) the good
D) the less
Answer:
B) the better

Question 3.
Which are conducted at schools?
A) State-level competitions
B) National-level tests
C) Invitation tournaments
D) Chess-training camps
Answer:
C) Invitation tournaments

Question 4.
What is used now a days?
A) Grandmaster
B) International Grandmaster
C) FIDE Master
D) Candidate Master
Answer:
A) Grandmaster

Question 5.
Which acts as the governing body of international chess competitions?
A) FIDE
B) All India Chess Federation
C) District Chess Federation
D) State Chess Federation
Answer:
A) FIDE

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 7th lesson The Wonderful World of Chess

Answer the following questions in two or three sentences each. 5 × 2 = 10

Question 6.
What is FIDE ? What does it act as ?
Answer:
FIDE is the World Chess Federation. It acts as the governing body of international chess competitions.

Question 7.
To which level can one rise as a chess player ? What is it now used as, nowadays ?
Answer:
As a chess player, one can rise to the ranks of International Grandmaster. Nowadays it is used as ‘Grandmaster’.

Question 8.
What will you find, if you are on the lookout ?
Answer:
If we are on the lookout, we will find many invitation tournaments conducted at school, village, mandal, district and state levels.

Question 9.
What are affiliated to All India Chess Federation ? What are affiliated to the World Chess Federation ?
Answer:
The State Associations are affiliated to All India Chess Federation. All India Chess Federation is affiliated to the World Chess Federation.

Question 10.
Which gives a rating to every chess player ? On what does the rating depend upon ?
Answer:
The World Chess Federation or FIDE gives a rating to every chess player. The rating depends upon the number of games won, drawn or lost.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 7th lesson The Wonderful World of Chess

Questions : 11 – 16, Marks : 10

Passage No. 1:

Read the following passage.

Soon after proving her excellence at the national level, Koneru entered the International Chess Circuit. After taking the world by storm by clinching the World Chess titles in the Under 10, Under 12 and Under 14 age groups, Humpy got an International Master title in the year 1999, at the age of 12 years. Further, she achieved her 3rd Grandmaster norm in the Elekes Memorial Grandmaster Tournament held at Budapest, Hungary. Koneru created a world record by earning the International Grandmaster title at the age of 15 years 1 month and 29 days. She broke Judit Polgar’s record to achieve the feat, and became the youngest woman ever to have earned the coveted title. Later, Hou Yifan broke Humpy’s record by earning the title at the age of 14 years 6 months in the year 2008. Koneru Humpy has been the First Indian Woman to have received an International Grandmaster title in the game of chess.

Fill in the blanks in the following. 2 × 1 = 2

Question 11.
Humpy got an International Master title in _______
Answer:
1999

Question 12.
Humpy broke _______ record.
Answer:
Judit Polgar’s

Now, answer the questions in complete sentences. 4 × 2 = 8

Question 13.
How did Koneru Humpy take the world by storm ?
Answer:
Koneru Humpy took the world by storm by clinching the World Chess titles in the Under 10, Under 12 and Under 14 age groups.

Question 14.
When did Humpy get an International Master title ? At what age did she get it ?
Answer:
Humpy got an International Master title in the year 1999. She got it at the age of 12 years.

Question 15.
Where did she get her 3rd Grandmaster norm ? In which tournament did she get ?
Answer:
Koneru got her third Grandmaster norm at Budapest, Hungary. She got it in the Elekes Memorial Grandmaster Tournament.

Question 16.
Who broke Humpy’s record ? Ai what age did she break ? When did she break ?
Answer:
Hou Yifan broke Humpy’s record. She broke it at the age of 14 years 6 months in the year 2008.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 7th lesson The Wonderful World of Chess

Passage No. 2:

Read the following passage.

My name is Health and my husband’s name is Strength. The world is our home. We have two daughters. Their names are Games and Sports. They are twins. They look alike. People often mistake Games for Sports and Sports for Games. But if you observe carefully, you will know who is who.

Sports has grace and dignity in every moment and she likes a lot of physical activity. She is not proud, but she doesn’t like the company of others much. Therefore, you hardly find anybody with her except on festive occasions.

Games, unlike her sister, likes the company of others. You will find at least 2 or 3; and sometimes, as many as 11 people with her. They talk to each other, encourage one another, and enjoy themselves by taking sides and playing against each other. One day Games told me that she wanted to marry Pleasure, who loved her so much.

I remember his name. He is the son of my close relative Entertainment.

Fill in the blanks in the following. 2 × 1 = 2

Question 11.
_______ likes a lot of physical activity.
Answer:
Sports

Question 12.
Games wanted to marry
Answer:
Games

Now, answer the questions in complete sentences. 4 × 2 = 8

Question 13.
‘I remember his name.’
Who does ‘I’ refer to ?
Whose name does the person remember ?
Answer:
‘I’ refers to ‘Health’. She knows the name of ‘Pleasure’ who loved Games so much.

Question 14.
Who is ‘Entertainment’ ?
What is the name of his son ?
Answer:
‘Entertainment’ is the close relative of ‘Health’. Pleasure is the son of Entertainment.

Question 15.
How many daughters do Health and Strength have ? What are their names ?
Answer:
Health and Strength have two daughters. Their names are Games and Sports.

Question 16.
What does’Games’like ?
How many people will you find with her ?
Answer:
‘Games’ likes the company of others. We will find at least 2 or 3 ; and sometimes, as many as 11 people with her.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 7th lesson The Wonderful World of Chess

Passage No. 3:

Read the following poem.

I like to think chess is a courteous game,
I play it with family and friends..
I like to think chess is a peaceful game,
Nobody gets hurt when it ends.

I never distract my opponent,
I don’t want to act like a pest.
I hope they behave in the very same way,
So both of us play at our best.

I know chess is not really gentle,
It’s more like a war or a fight.
I always shake hands at the start and the end,
So we can stay friends day and night,
On the board we’re enemies,
Off the board we’re friends.
On the board there’s never peace,
But that is just pretend.

On the board we’re enemies,
Off the board we ’re friends.
On the board there’s never peace,
But off the board I hope for peace that never, never ends.

Question 11.
The players are enemies
A) off the board.
B) at school
C) on the board.
D) after the play
Answer:
C) on the board.

Question 12.
What is like a war or a fight ?
A) Chess
B) Weight-lifting
C) Swimming
D) Skipping
Answer:
A) Chess

Now, answer the questions in complete sentences. 4 × 2 = 8

Question 13.
What does the poet like to think chess is ? Who does he play it with ?
Answer:
The poet likes to think chess is a courteous game. He plays it with family and friends.

Question 14.
Which is not really gentle ?
How is it more like ?
Answer:
Chess is not really gentle.
Chess is more like a war or a fight.

Question 15.
I never distract my …………….
Who does he never distract ?
What does the word ‘distract’ mean ?
Answer:
He never distracts his opponent. The word ‘distract’ means ‘take somebody’s attention away from what they are trying to do !

Question 16.
Why is chess a peaceful game ?
Mention the names of two great chess players.
Answer:
Chess is a peaceful game because nobody gets hurt when it ends. Viswanathan Anand and Koneru Humpy are great chess players.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 7th lesson The Wonderful World of Chess

Passage No. 4:

Read the following passage.

Very long ago, there lived a huge apple tree offering tasty apples to the people. A little boy became a close friend to the apple tree. The boy used to play with the tree by climbing the branches, sleeping under the shadow, plucking apples, etc. Every day he visited the tree, and ate apples. The apple tree was so kind to the boy and enjoyed spending time with the little boy.

The boy joined school and did not spend time with the apple tree. After several months, the boy came to the tree. The tree was so happy to see the boy and asked him to play with it.

The boy said that he was not a little one to play with the trees. But he had another request to the tree. The boy told the tree that he needed toys to play with, but his parents had no enough money to buy toys for him. Then the tree replied, “Deary boy, I don’t have any money to buy toys for you can pick the apples and sell them to get money for the toys.” The boy picked apples and went away, happily.

The tree was eagerly waiting for the boy’s return, but the boy did not return for several years.
The tree was so said that it did not produce any apples since then.

Fill in the blanks in the following. 2 × 1 = 2

Question 11.
The things that the boy needed were ……………….
Answer:
toys

Question 12.
The tree was waiting for the boy’s return ………………..
Answer:
eagerly

Now, answer the questions in complete sentences. 4 × 2 = 8

Question 13.
Who was the tree kind to ?
What did the tree enjoy ?
Answer:
The tree was kind to the boy. The tree enjoyed spending time with the boy.

Question 14.
When the boy told the tree that he needed money to buy toys, what did the tree tell him?
Answer:
The tree told him that it did not have any money to buy toys for him. It asked him to pick up its apples and sell them to get money for the toys.

Question 15.
Why was the tree sad ?
What did riot it do then ?
Answer:
The tree was sad because the boy did not return. Then it did not produce any apple.

Question 16.
Where did the boy join ?
Did he spend any time with the tree, then ?
Answer:
The boy joined a school. He did not spend any time with the tree, then.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 7th lesson The Wonderful World of Chess

Passage No. 5:

Read the following table.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 7th lesson The Wonderful World of Chess 1

Choose the correct answer from the four choices given below the question. 2 × 1 = 2

Question 11.
Which disease do old people suffer from, below 10% ? ( B )
A) Sleep disorders
B) Diabetes
C) Urinary problems
D) Cold and cough
Answer:
B) Diabetes

Question 12.
What is the female percentage, suffering from sleep disorders ?
A) 32
B) 36
C) 32.67
D) 48.67
Answer:
C) 32.67

Now, answer the questions in complete sentences. 4× 2 = 8

Question 13.
What does the given table indicate ?
Answer:
The given table indicates the common health problems of the rural elderly in Telangana.

Question 14.
Who suffer less from B.P / Hepertension, male or female ? What is their percentage?
Answer:
Female suffer less, from Hypertension. Their percentage is 12.67.

Question 15.
From which disease most people suffer ? What is that percentage ?
Answer:
Most people suffer from Body / Joint pains. The percentage is 52.

Question 16.
Whose percentage (Male / Female) is less with regard to Piles ? Whose percentage is more with regard to Dental problems ?
Answer:
With regard to piles, the percentage of male is less. With regard to Dented problems, the percentage of male is more.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 7th lesson The Wonderful World of Chess

Passage No. 6:

Read the following passage.

Koneru Humpy is an Indian chess player, and the best woman at the chess board that the nation has ever produced. Among the female chess players of India, she is considered to be on par with Vishwanathan Anand She, holds the World No. 2 rank (Judit Polgar is No. 1) among the female chess players.

She was born on the 31st of March. 1987 at Gudiyada, Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh. Her father, Koneru Ashok worked as a lecturer in chemistry.

He was a wonderful chess player, who won the South India Open Championship in 1985.Young Humpy got attracted towards the game at a very young age of just 5 years. Her father soon spotted her extraordinary skills in the game and realized she could become a great player if conditioned properly. Ashok took the bold decision of giving up his job to concentrate fully upon Humpy’s chess career.

Fill in the blanks in the following. 2 × 1 = 2

Question 11.
_______ won the South India Open Championship in 1985.
Answer:
Koneru Ashok, Father of Koneru Humpy.

Question 12.
The bold decision taken by Ashok was _______
Answer:
Giving up his job.

Now, answer the questions in complete sentences. 4 × 2 = 8

Question 13.
Among the female chess players, who holds the World No. 1 rank and who holds the World No. 2 rank ?
Answer:
Among the female chess players, Judit Polgar holds the World No. 1 rank. Koneru Humpy holds the World No. 2 rank.

Question 14.
What was the decision of Humpy’s father ?
Why did he take that decision ?
Answer:
Humpy’s father took the bold decision of giving up his job. He took that decision because he wanted to concentrate fully upon Humpy’s chess career.

Question 15.
Who was Humpy’s father ? What was he ?
Answer:
Koneru Ashok was Humpy’s father. He was a lecturer in chemistry.

Question 16.
When and where was Humpy born ? What was she good at ?
Answer:
Koneru Humpy was born on the 31st of March, 1987 at Gudivada, Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh. She was good at playing chess.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 7th lesson The Wonderful World of Chess

Section – B: Vocabulary and Grammar (20 Marks)

Questions : 17 – 21, Marks : 5

Passage No. 1:

Read the following passage.

For showing extraordinary talent as a chess player and making the nation proud several times at the international level, Koneru Humpy has been honoured with a number of awards and recognitions. To: commend her exceptional skills and achievements,the Government of India bestowed upon her the coveted Arjuna Award in the year 2003. Further, in the year 2007 she was awarded with the prestigious Padma Shri Award. Humpy was also conferred upon the Raja-Lakshrnl Award in the year 2008 by Raja-Lakshmi Foundation of Chennal.

Now, answer the following questions. Each question has four choices. Choose the correct answer and write (A), (B), (C) or (D) in your answer booklet. 5 × 1 = 5

Question 17.
The present simple tense (V1) form of ‘bestowed’ is _______
A) bestow
B) bestowing
Q bestowen
D) bestower
Answer:
A) bestow

Question 18.
The antonym of ‘exceptional’ is _______
A) normal / ordinary
B) different
C) same
D) unusual
Answer:
A) normal / ordinary

Question 19.
For ‘showing’ extraordinary _______
The synonym of the underlined word is _______
A) exhibiting
B) existing
C) understanding
D) cheating
Answer:
A) exhibiting

Question 20.
What is the meaning of ‘several’ ?
A) seven
B) all
C) many
D) a few
Answer:
C) many

Question 21.
What is the suffix part in the word ‘exceptional’?
A) except
B) – al
C) – l
D) ex-
Answer:
B) – al

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 7th lesson The Wonderful World of Chess

Passage No. 2:

It was evening 6 o’ clock. Rajesh was walking on road. He found a beautiful black purse. There were ten thousand rupees in the purse. He looked around. No one was there. After waiting for some time he started walking on the pavement to the police station. On the way he saw a crowd on the road. Rajesh went there. A man was asking about his purse. He was very decent. After the confirmation with the details of the purse, Rajesh gave the purse to the man. He thanked Rajesh and offered him one thousand rupees but Rajesh refused the money. All the people who gathered there, praised him very much for his honesty. His heart filled with self-satisfaction.

Now, answer the following questions. Each question has four choices. Choose the correct answer and write (A), (B), (C) or (D) in your answer booklet. 5 × 1 = 5

Question 17.
What is the meaning of ‘looked around’?
A) searched
B) found
C) saw
D) circled
Answer:
A) searched

Question 18.
What is the antonym of ‘beautiful’?
A) nice
B) ugly
C) pretty
D) handsome
Answer:
B) ugly

Question 19.
Pick out the past form ‘praise’ from the passage.
A) praised
B) has praised
C) is praised
D) had praised
Answer:
A) praised

Question 20.
What is the synonym of ‘gave’ from the passage?
A) handed over
B) took
C) asked
D) gathering
Answer:
A) handed over

Question 21.
What is the meaning of ‘decent’?
A) happy
B) respectable
C) sad
D) responsible
Answer:
B) respectable

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 7th lesson The Wonderful World of Chess

Passage No. 3:

One day, as I was taking my evening walk, I (17) found her with a young and energetic boy called confidence. He is the son of iny (18) distant relative from my husband’s side. “They will make a good couple,” I thought. Soon they were married. Confidence, my (19) son-in-law, is very much interested in giving (20) children fancy names. I can never tell you all the names unless you give me (21) time.

Now, answer the following questions. Each question has four choices. Choose the correct answer and write (A), (B), (C) or D) in your answer booklet. 5 × 1 = 5

Question 17.
Pick out the simple present tense (V1) form of the underlined word.
A) founder
B) founded
C) find
D) finder
Answer:
C) find

Question 18.
What is the antonym of the underlined word ?
A) near
B) big
C) far
D) unknown
Answer:
A) near

Question 19.
Choose the plural form of ‘son-in-law’.
A) daughter – in – law
B) sons – in – law
C) sons – in – laws
D) fatner – in – law
Answer:
B) sons – in – law

Question 20.
What is the singular form of ‘Children’ ?
A) Child
B) Childs
C) Childish
D) Childly
Answer:
A) Child

Question 21.
Pick out the synonym of the underlined word.
A) more
B) less
C) plenty
D) Sufficient
Answer:
D) Sufficient

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 7th lesson The Wonderful World of Chess

Passage No. 4:

The inventor (17) requested the king to give him 1 grain of rice for the first square, 2 for the second one, 4 for the third one and so on – doubling the number of grains (18) continuously up to the 64th square. Everybody (19) thought that he was a fool. The (20) figure of the quantity of rice that should be given to the inventor was (21) gigantic.

Question 17.
Write the antonym of the underlined word.
Answer:
Antonym of ‘requested’ is ‘ordered’ or ‘commanded’.

Question 18.
What is the suffix in the underlined word?
Answer:
ly’ is the suffix in ‘continuously’.

Question 19.
Write the simple present tense (V1) form of the underlined verb.
Answer:
The V1 form of ‘thought’ is think.

Question 20.
Give a synonym of the underlined word.
Answer:
Synonym of ‘figure’ is ‘number’.

Question 21.
What is the meaning of the underlined word?
Answer:
The meaning of ‘gigantic’ is ‘enormous’ or ‘extremely large’.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 7th lesson The Wonderful World of Chess

Passage No. 5:

It is a well known fact that for each and every religious or family function, (17) loud speakers are played. They are played throughout the day as well as the night. They cause a lot of nuisance. They create noise pollution. They do not (18) allow students to concentrate on their studies and (19) sick people to have some sleep. It’s time the Police Department took steps In this regard and stopped the playing of loud speakers (20) indiscriminately. I hope all will (21) agree with me.

Now ailswer the following questions. Each question has four choices. Choose the correct answer and write (A), (B), (C) or (D) in your answer book. 5 × 1 = 5

Question 17.
What is the underlined word?
A) Simple
B) Complex word
C) Compound word
D) Compound – complex word
Answer:
C) Compound word

Question 18.
Choose the synonym of the underlined word.
A) disallow
B) prohibit
C) exit
D) permit
Answer:
D) permit

Question 19.
What is the meaning of the underlined word?
A) ill-healthy
B) healthy
C) elderly
D) old people
Answer:
A) ill-healthy

Question 20.
What is the ‘prefix’ in the underlined word?
A) in –
B) – ly
C) dis
D) ately
Answer:
A) in –

Question 21.
Which is the antonym of ‘agree’?
A) admit
B) refuse
C) accept
D) confess
Answer:
B) refuse

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 7th lesson The Wonderful World of Chess

Questions : 22 – 26, Marks : 5.

Complete the passage choosing the right word from those given below It. Each blank is numbered and for each blank four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) are given.

Choose the correct answer and write (A), (B), (C) or(D) In your answer booklet. 5 × 1 = 5

Passage No. 1:

Just like any other game, chess is also governed _______ (22) rules. The pieces or the chessmen like the rook, the knight, the bishop, etc _______ (23) on the board in quite _______ (24) restricted way. The movement of each piece _______ (25) important because if a piece can move to a square, it can capture the piece in that square, (26) it may be.

Question 22.
A) with
B) by
C) in
D) without
Answer:
B) by

Question 23.
A) move
B) moves
C) moved
D) moving
Answer:
A) move

Question 24.
A) an
B) a
C) the
D) any
Answer:
B) a

Question 25.
A) was
B) were
C) is
D) are
Answer:
C) is

Question 26.
A) whoever
B) whenever
C) wherever
D) however
Answer:
A) whoever

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 7th lesson The Wonderful World of Chess

Passaae No. 2:

One day Guravaiah and Guruvardhan _______ (22) hunting. They went deep _______ (23) the forest. There _______ (24) saw _______ (25) extremely large and beautiful stag _______ (26) was eating behind some trees.

Question 22.
A) go
B) goes
C) went
D) gone
Answer:
C) went

Question 23.
A) into
B) in
C) at
D) for
Answer:
A) into

Question 24.
A) he
B) they
C) him
D) them
Answer:
B) they

Question 25.
A) a
B) some
C) an
D) the
Answer:
C) an

Question 26.
A) which
B) why
C) where
D) when
Answer:
A) which

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 7th lesson The Wonderful World of Chess

Passaae No. 3:

A relative came to see Hanumanu _______ (22) the country. He _______ (23) a duck. Hanumanu was grateful. He has _______ (24) duck cooked and shared it with _______ (25) his guest. The relative felt _______ (26).

Question 22.
A) from
B) on
C) over
D) into
Answer:
A) from

Question 23.
A) brings
B) bring
C) brought
D) bringing
Answer:
C) brought

Question 24.
A) any
B) a
C) an
D) the
Answer:
D) the

Question 25.
A) his
B) he
C) they
D) their
Answer:
A) his

Question 26.
A) happy
B) happily
C) happyful
D) happying
Answer:
A) happy

Passage No. 4:

The little Humpy showed _______ (22) remarkable prowess as _______ (23) excellent chess player as soon as she _______ (24) playing the game. She caught everybody’s attention _______ (25) the first time _______ (26) she won the Under 8 National Chess Championship in the year 1995.

Question 22.
A) our
B) her
C) their
D) she
Answer:
B) her

Question 23.
A) an
B) a
C) the
D) any
Answer:
A) an

Question 24.
A) begins
B) begin
C) begun
D) began
Answer:
D) began

Question 25.
A) to
B) for
C) at
D) on
Answer:
B) for

Question 26.
A) where
B) why
C) when
D) who
Answer:
C) when

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 7th lesson The Wonderful World of Chess

Passage No. 5:

Kingdoms have vanished and kings have _______ (22). But one game they played remained _______ (23) us; and probably remains with _______ (24) forever : CHESS. _______ (25) has won _______ (26) hearts of Indians.

Question 22.
A) go
B) went
C) goes
D) gone
Answer:
D) gone

Question 23.
A) by
B) with
C) on
D) into
Answer:
B) with

Question 24.
A) we
B) them
C) us
D) our
Answer:
C) us

Question 25.
A) we
B) they
C) you
D) It
Answer:
D) It

Question 26.
A) the
B) a
C) an
D) some
Answer:
A) the

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 7th lesson The Wonderful World of Chess

Questions : 27 – 31, Marks : 10

Rewrite the following passage given below. Five sentences in the passage are numbered (27 – 31) at the beginning. Each of the five sentences has an error. Correct and rewrite them in the answer booklet. 5 × 2 = 10

1. (27) The benefits of chess is innumerable. (28) Some say it refreshes their mind while others say it improves its memory. (29) Some experiment have proved that it does all these things. (30) Chess increases our mathematical abilities but problem solving skills. (31) That is why it is thought as a school subject in many countries.
Answer:
27)The benefits of chess are innumerable.
28) Some say it refreshes their mind while others say it improves their memory,
29) Some experiments have proved that it does all these things.
30) Chess increases our mathematical abilities and problem solving skills.
31) That is why it is taught as a school subject in many countries.

2. (27) At Doha Asian Games 2006, Koneru Humpy make the nation proud by bagging two Gold Medals in the Individual as well as Team Event of Chess. (28) Humpy has broken the world record seat by Susan Polgar. (29) Koneru Humpy is a Indian chess player. (30) she is the better woman at the chess board that the nation has ever produced. (31) She holds the World No. 2 rank between the female chess players.
Answer:
27) At Doha Asian Games 2006, Koneru Humpy made the nation proud by bagging two Gold Medals in the Individual as well as Team Event of Chess.
28) Humpy has broken the world record set by Susan Polgar.
29) Koneru Humpy is an Indian chess player.
30) She is the best woman at chess board that the nation has ever produced.
31) She holds the World No. 2 rank among the female chess players.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 7th lesson The Wonderful World of Chess

3. ‘Health is Wealth’. (27) If we understand this well, we can kept ourselves fit. (28) Apart from a balanced diet, Sports and Games are necessarily to maintain good health. (29) So, study on the morning as the mind is fresh then. (30) After you return from school, play for about one or two hours as the mind is tried then. Always remember the proverb, ‘All study and no play makes Jack a dull boy’. (31) This proverb applies to all of we. .
Answer:
27) If we understand this well, can keep ourselves fit.
28) Apart from a balanced diet, Sports and Games are necessary to maintain good health.
29) So, study in the morning as the mind is fresh then.
30) After you return from school, play for about one to two hours as the mind is tired then.
31) This proverb applies to all of us.

4. Long ago, people happily lived under the rule of a king. (27) One day, the king decided to go on a travel to visit places of historical important and pilgrim centres at distant places. (28) He travelled there by foot and interacted with his poeple. (29) People at those places were so happy that their king is so kind. (30) After several weaks, the king returned to his palace. (31) The king had a intolerable pain in his feet.
Answer:
27) One day the king decided to go on a travel to visit places of historical importance and pilgrim centres at distant places.
28) He travelled there on foot and interacted with his people.
29) People at those places were so happy that their king was so kind.
30) After several weeks, the king returned to his palace.
31) The king had an intolerable pain in his feet.

5. On a very bright sunny day, Hanumayamma went to her friend, Sitarama Kalyani’s village by bus. (27) She was to attended a marriage function there. (28) Sitarama Kalyani is waiting for Hanumayamma at the bus-stop. The bus came. (29) Hanumayamma got of the bus and met her friend. (30) She was very tiresome since she made a long journey. (31) Sitarama Kalyani offered Hanumayamma some coconut water to drink but Hanumayamma asked she for some cool drink.
Answer:
27) She was to attend a marriage function there.
28) Sitarama Kalyani was waiting for Hanumayamma at the bus-stop.
29) Hanumayamma got off the bus and met her friend.
30) She was very tired since she made a long journey.
31) Sitarama Kalyani offered Hanumayamma some coconut water to drink but Hanumayamma asked her for some cool drink.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 7th lesson The Wonderful World of Chess

Section – C : Conventions of Writing (5 Marks)

Question : 32, Marks : 5

Read the following passage taken from your textbook and rewrite it with proper punctuation. 5 Marks

Question 1.
it has won the hearts of indians japanese egyptians Persians Chinese and evfery thinking animal on earth what is it that made it so dear to our hearts different people give different reasons.
Answer:
It has won the hearts of Indians, Japanese, Egyptians, Persians, Chinese and every thinking animal on earth. What is it that made it so dear to our hearts ? Different people give different reasons.

Question 2.
he is the son of my distant relative from my husbands side they will make a good couple soon they were married in a very big place called olympiad
Answer:
He is the son of my distant relative from my husband’s side. “They will make a good couple,” I thought Soon they were married in a very big place called Olympiad.

Question 3.
Koneru humpy is an indian chess player and the best woman at the chess board that nation has produced, among the female chess players pf India she is considered to be on par with Vishwanathan Anand she holds the World no 2 rank among the female chess players
Answer:
Koneru Humpy is an Indian chess player and the best woman at the chess board that nation has ever produced. Among the female chess players of India, she is considered to be bn par with Vishwanathan Anand. She holds the World No. 2 rank among the female chess players.

Question 4.
hello Tirupafhi Nagalakshmi where are you going asked her neighbour Venkata Narasamma I’m going to the market replied Tirupathi Nagalakshmi will you bring me tomatoes asked Venkata Narasamma OK but how much asked Nagalakshmi one kilo said Venkata Narasamma
Answer:
“Hello! Tirupathi Nagalakshmi! where are you going ?” asked her neighbour, Venkata Narasamma. “I’m going to the market,” replied Tirupathi Nagalakshmi. “Will you bring me tomatoes ?” asked Venkata Narasamma. “0,K but how much ?” asked Nagalakshmi. “One kilo,” said Venkata Narasamma.

Question 5.
My friend, Guruvardhan said chess increases our mathematical abilities and problem solving skills I agree with him chess is taught as a school subject in Venezuela Iceland and russia what are you waiting for start playing chess right away
Answer:
My friend, Guruvardhan said, “Chess increases our mathematical abilities and problem solving skills.” I agree with him. “Chess is taught as a school subject in Venezuela, Iceland and Russia. What are you waiting for ? Start playing chess right away!”

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 7th lesson The Wonderful World of Chess

Section – D: Creative Writing (20 Marks)

Question : 33, Marks : 12

1. Your school has formed a cricket team. You are the captain of the team. You need good cricket bats,balls, pads, etc.
Write a letter to DRONA SPORT’s AGENCY, Kanchan Bagh, New Delhi. 12, placing an order for the Items of cricket game, which you want to buy for the team.
Answer:

Huzurabad.
15 July, 20xx.

From
xxxxxxx
C/o Headmistress,
Z.P.H. School,
Huzurabad,
Karlmnagar (District),
Telangana.

To
The Manager,
Messers Drona Sports Agency,
Kanchanbagh,
New Delhi – 12.

Sir,

I am’the recently elected captain of our school cricket team. We need the following equipment. Please send them by Railway parcel to the address mentioned above as early as possible. An advance of Rs. 2000/- is sent herewith through the Jank cheque bearing the No. 064357 dated 14th July 20xx.

Items Quantity
Cricket bats  6
Balls  10
Pads  5 pairs
Gloves  5 pairs
Stump sets  3

 

I request you to allow us some commission as ours is a school team.
Thanking you, sir, I remain

Yours faithfully,
xxxxxx.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 7th lesson The Wonderful World of Chess

2. Write a letter to your friend about your favourite gaine/sport.
Answer:

4th line,
Behind Sivalayam,
Sampath Nagar,
Kodada.

My dear Tirupathi Guruvardhan,

I am fine and doing my part well. I hope the same with you theve. In this letter, I would like to tell you about my favourite game.

Cricket grew out of many stick-and-ball games played in England, 500 years ago. By the seventeenth century, cricket had evolved enough to be recognisable as a – distinct game. One of the peculiarities of cricket is that a test-match can go on for five days and still end in a draw. The specific length of the pitch is 22 yards. The stumps must be 22 inches high and the bail across them is six inches. The ball must be between five and six ounces. But the size and shape of the cricket ground is not fixed.

The most important tools of the game – bat, wickets, bails are made of natural materials. Even today both bat and ball are hand made. Each team consists of 11 players. Of them, one is wicket-keeper cum batsman, some are only batsmen, some bowlers arid some are all-rounders. The captain of the team who wins the toss decides whether to bat first or field first.

Television coverage changed cricket. It expanded the audience for the game by beaming cricket into small towns and villages.

Write me a letter about your favourite game. Convey my regards to your parents.

Your loving friend,
xxxxxxx

Address on the envelope:
To
T. Venkata Guruvardhan,
S/o Mohan Rao,
Near Sri Kodandaramaswamy temple,
Alampur (Post),
Mahaboobnagar (dt).

Question : 34, Marks : 8

1. Prepare a poster on ‘Dance Competition’, using the following information.

Name of the school : Z.P.H.S. Kusumanchi
Event : Dance Competition
Apply : before 3rd Oct., 20xx
Competition held on : 6th Oct, 20xx
Venue : School auditorium
Contact : xxxxxxx
Secretary, Z.P.H.S,
Kusumanchi.
Mobile No. 80xxxxxx71
Kusumanchi, Khammam Dist.
Answer:

Poster:

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 7th lesson The Wonderful World of Chess 2

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 7th lesson The Wonderful World of Chess

2. You are Kallem Sivaramakrishna Prasad, the Sports Secretary of Z.P.H. School, Vanasthalipuram. Your school is organising Annual Sports Meet next week.
Write a notice to be put on the school notice board.
Answer:

Z.P.H SCHOOL, VANASTHALIPURAM
HYDERABAD
NOTICE

10 December, 2017,

ANNUAL SPORTS MEET

The Annual Sports Meet of the school is going to be held in the school playground / on 21st and 22nd of this month. Students who wish to take part in any event should give their names to the undersigned by 16th of this month.

K. Sivarama Krishna Prasad
(Sports Secretary)

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 6th Lesson A Hero

These TS 7th Class English Important Questions 6th lesson A Hero will help the students to improve their time and approach.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 6th lesson A Hero

Section – A : Reading Comprehension (25 Marks)

Questions : 1 – 10, Marks : 15

Passage No. 1:

Read the following passage.

Swami uncovered his face a little and whispered, “Please, please Granny! Don’t talk to me, and don’t let anyone disturb me even if the house is on fire. I Shall perhaps die if I don’t sleep at once.”

Then he turned over and curled under the blanket. He started snoring but soon found his blanket pulled away. Father was standing over him.

“Get up, Swami,” Father commanded. He looked like a ghost in the semi-darkness of the porch. Swami stirred and groaned as if in sleep.

“Get up, Swami,” said Father a second time. “Why do you disturb him?” Granny pleaded.
“Get up, Swami,” said Father for the third time and Swami got up.

Father rolled up his bed, took it under his arm and said, “Come with me.” ’’Swami looked at Granny, hesitated for a moment, and then followed his father into the office room. “Let me sleep in the hall, Father,” Swami pleaded. “Your office room is very dusty and there may be scorpions behind your law books.”

“There are no scorpions, boy. You can sleep on the bench if you like.”
“Can I have a lamp burning in the room?”

“No. You must learn to be brave. You must not be afraid of darkness; it is only a question of habit.” “Will you at least leave the door open?” Swami said very humbly.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 6th lesson A Hero

Now, answer the following questions. Each question has four choices. Choose the correct answer and write (A), (B), (C) or (D) in your answer booklet. 5 × 1 = 5

Question 1.
“Let me sleep in the hall ………………..”
Who did the speaker say these words to ?
A) Swami
B) His father
C) His granny
D) His mother
Answer:
B) His father

Question 2.
“Will you at least leave the door ……………..”
Who does ‘you’ refer to ?
A) Swami’s father
B) Swami
C) His granny
D) His mother
Answer:
A) Swami’s father

Question 3.
Swami’s father said that Swami could sleep ___________
A) under the sofa
B) on the bench
C) under the bench
D) under the table
Answer:
B) on the bench

Question 4.
What did Swami start ?
A) crying
B) shouting
C) snoring
D) weeping
Answer:
C) snoring

Question 5.
Where did Swami follow his father into ?
A) the bedroom
B) the hall
C) the verandah
D) the office room
Answer:
D) the office room

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 6th lesson A Hero

Answer the following questions in two or three sentences, each. 5 × 2 = 10

Question 6.
Why did Swami tell his granny that he would die if did not sleep at once ?
Answer:
Swami told his granny that he would die if he did not sleep at once because he was afraid of sleeping alone in his father’s room and so he wanted to sleep before the arrival of his father there.

Question 7.
He starred snoring but soon found his blanket pulled away.’ Who pulled his blanket away ? Why ?
Answer:
Swami’s father pulled his blanket away because he wanted to take Swami to his office room and make Swami sleep there.

Question 8.
What did Swami want to have in his father’s office room ? Why ?
Answer:
Swami wanted to have a lamp burning in the room because he was afraid of darkness.

Question 9.
According to his father, what must Swami learn ? What must he not be afraid of ?
Answer:
According to his father, Swami must learn to be brave. Swami must not be afraid of darkness.

Question 10.
Are you afraid of sleeping alone in darkness ? If so, why ?
Answer:
Yes, I am afraid of sleeping alone in darkness because something might happen to me if I slept alone in darkness.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 6th lesson A Hero

Passage No. 2:

Read the following passage.

“You think you know better than the newspaper ?” Father said crossly. “A man may have the strength of an elephant and yet be a coward. “Another may be a mere skeleton; but if he has real courage, he can do anything. Courage is everything; strength and age don’t matter much.” “How can that be ?” said Swami. “Suppose
I had a lot of courage, but what could I do if a tiger attacked me ?”

Now, answer the following questions. Each question has four choices. Choose the correct answer and write (A), (B), (C) or (D) in your answer booklet. 5 × 1 = 5

Question 1.
Who may have the strength of an elephant and yet be a coward ?
A) a mouse
B) a man
C) a rat
D) a buffalo
Answer:
B) a man

Question 2.
What is everything ?
A) courtesy
B) kindness
C) country
D) courage
Answer:
D) courage

Question 3.
Which one of the following animals is mentioned in the given passage ?
A) cow
B) cat
C) tiger
D) lion
Answer:
C) tiger

Question 4.
What does the word ‘crossly’ mean ?
A) little angrily
B) happily
C) eagerly
D) slowly
Answer:
A) little angrily

Question 5.
Who said, “You know better than the newspaper ?”
A) Son
B) Swami
C) Father
D) Mother
Answer:
C) Father

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 6th lesson A Hero

Answer the following questions in two or three sentences, each. 5 × 2 = 10

Question 6.
’’A man may have the strength of an elephant and yet be a coward ?” Do you agree ? Justify your answer.
Answer:
Yes, I agree to the statement. My neighbour’s family has two sons. The elder son is 20 years old. He is tall and strong and yet he is afraid of going out in darkness, alone. But the younger one is just 12 years old. He is lean but bold. He can walk alone outside in darkness.

Question 7.
What can you do if a tiger attacks you ?
Answer:
I know how to climb a’tree. So if a tiger attacks me, I will quickly climb up a tree and shout for help.

Question 8.
Do you have the habit, of reading newspapers ? Mention the names of. those newspapers.
Answer:
I have the habit of reading newspapers. I read them in our local library. I read the Telugu newspapers daily. The newspapers I read are ‘Namaste Telangana’, ‘Saakshi’, ‘Eenadu’ and ‘Andhra Jyothi’.

Question 9.
How can you say ‘courage is everything’ ?
Answer:
I can say ‘courage is everything’. One day a snake appeared on the dais, during the assembly time. Then all the teachers and the students dispersed, in fear. Then a sixth-class student came with a long-stick and killed the snake with that stick. The teachers and the H.M were surprised at his bravery and praised him. So ‘courage is everything’.

Question 10.
Can you sleep alone at night if you were Swami in the place of Swami ?
Answer:
If I were in Swami’s place, I could sleep alone at night. I sometimes sleep, alone at night, in the absence of my parents.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 6th lesson A Hero

Passage No. 3:

Read the following passage.

As it came nearer, Swami crawled out from under the bench. At once he clutched its leg and dug his teeth in.

There was a painful cry: “Aiyo! Something has bitten me.” Then there was heavy tumbling and falling amidst furniture. Everyone in the house was awakened by the loud noise. In a moment, Father and a servant came running with a light.

Both of them fell on the burglar who lay amidst the furniture with a bleeding knee.

The next day was a day of congratulations for Swami. His classmates looked at him with respect. His teacher patted his back for his courage and bravery. The headmaster said that he was a true scout. Swami had bitten into the knee of a notorious house-breaker and the police were grateful to him.

Now, answer the following questions. Each question has four choices. Choose the correct answer and write (A), (B), (C) or (D) in your answer booklet. 5 × 1 = 5

Question 1.
The headmaster said that Swami was a true ___________
A) brave boy
B) courageous boy
C) scout
D) student
Answer:
C) scout

Question 2.
Who fell on the burglar ?
A) Father
B) Swami
C) Swami’s father and his servant
D) Father’s servant
Answer:
C) Swami’s father and his servant

Question 3.
The next day a day of ___________ for Swami.
A) congratulations
B) examination
C) courage
D) punishment
Answer:
A) congratulations

Question 4.
Who clutched its leg ?
A) Father
B) Servant
C) The burglar
D) Swami
Answer:
D) Swami

Question 5.
Which part of the burglar’s body was bleeding ?
A) feet
B) head
C) knee
D) elbow
Answer:
C) knee

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 6th lesson A Hero

Answer the following questions in two or three sentences each. 5 × 2 = 10

Question 6.
What did Swami do when the burglar came nearer ?
Answer:
When the burglar came nearer, Swami crawled out from under the bench. At once, he clutched its leg and dug his teeth in.

Question 7.
Who cried out painfully ? Why ?
Answer:
The burglar cried out painfully because Swami had dug his teeth into his knee.

Question 8.
What did his teacher do ? Why ?
Answer:
His teacher patted his back for his courage and bravery.

Question 9.
How did his classmates look at Swamy ? Why ?
Answer:
His classmates looked at Swami with respect because Swami had done an act of bravery.

Question 10.
Why were the police grateful to Swami ?
Answer:
The police were grateful to Swami because Swami had bitten into the knee of a notorious house-breaker and thereby helped them to catch him.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 6th lesson A Hero

Passage No. 4:

Read the following passage.

“Can you prove you have courage?” said Father with a scowl. “Let me see if you can sleep alone tonight in my office room.”

Swami had always slept beside his granny in the porch. The two always had their, beds side by side. Any change in this arrangement kept him trembling and awake all night.

He hoped at first that Father was only joking. He tried to change the topic by saying, “Father, our captain says we shall have some elders also in our cricket club. He has asked me to tell you.” “We’ll see about that later,” Father cut in. “Hereafter you must sleep alone.”

“From the first of next month, I’ll sleep alone,” Swami said very humbly, trying to please his Father.“No, you must do it right from today,” Father said sternly. “Sleeping beside Granny or Mother like a baby is disgraceful. You are,now in the Fifth Standard and I don’t like the way you are being brought up.”

Father lifted the newspaper to his face and started reading it again. Swami rose quietly from his place and tiptoed to his bed in the porch. Granny was sitting up in her bed, and she said, “Boy, are you already feeling sleepy today? Don’t you want to hear a story?”

Swami made no reply. He threw himself on the bed and pulled the blanket over his face.

Now, answer the following questions. Each question has four choices. Choose the correct answer and write (A), (B), (C) or (D) in your answer booklet. 5 × 1 = 5

Question 1.
In order to prove his courage, Swami had to sleep alone
A) in his bedroom
B) in his father’s office room
C) in the porch
D) beside his granny
Answer:
B) in his father’s office room

Question 2.
The father told Swami to sleep alone from ___________
A) next week
B) that day onwards
C) next month
D) next year
Answer:
B) that day onwards

Question 3.
Father didn’t like the way Swami was being brought up because ___________
A) Swami was spending more time in playing cricket.
B) Swami was sleeping beside his granny.
C) Swami was not sleeping at night.
D) Swami was pampered by his granny.
Answer:
B) Swami was sleeping beside his granny.

Question 4.
Swami wanted to postpone his sleeping alone for a few days because ___________
A) he wanted his father to forget the topic.
B) he needed sometime to pick up courage.
C) he didn’t want to leave his granny.
D) he didn’t like his father’s office room.
Answer:
A) he wanted his father to forget the topic.

Question 5.
Swami pulled the blanket over his face as he ___________
A) was afraid of the darkness.
B) didn’t want to hear the story told by his granny.
C) wanted to give an impression to his father that he was sleeping.
D) it was too cold.
Answer:
C) wanted to give an impression to his father that he was sleeping.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 6th lesson A Hero

Answer the following in two or three sentences each. 5 × 2 = 10

Question 6.
Why did Swami’s father challenge him to sleep alone in his office room ?
Answer:
Swami’s father challenged him to sleep alone in his office room because he wanted Swami to learn to be courageous.

Question 7.
Why do you think Swami’s father feels sleeping beside a granny / mother like a baby is disgraceful ?
Answer:
Swami’s father felt sleeping beside granny / mother like a baby was disgraceful because Swami was then in Fifth standard but still sleeping beside his granny like a baby and he didn’t like the way he was being brought up.

Question 8.
Do you support the attitude of Swami’s father in making his son brave ?
Answer:
Yes, I support his attitude as it makes a person brave which is an essential quality for one in the present society.

Question 9.
If you were asked fo sleep alone in your room, what would you do ?
Answer:
If I were asked to sleep alone in my-room, I would make some arrangements to see that the room had ventilation and lighting and also a bed or cot.

Question 10.
Where did Swami always sleep ? What would keep him trembling ?
Answer:
Swami always slept beside his granny, in the porch. Any change in that arrangement would keep him trembling.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 6th lesson A Hero

Passage No. 5:

Read the following passage.

When Father returned home from the club that night, he asked, “Where is the boy?”

“He is asleep.”
“So early!”
“He didn’t have a wink of sleep the whole of last night,” said Swami’s mother.
“Where is he sleeping?”
“In his usual place.”

“Sleeping beside his granny again !” Father exclaimed. “That is why he wanted to be asleep before I returned home. Clever boy!”

“Let him sleep where he likes,” Mother said angrily. “You needn’t risk his life again.”

“All right, pamper him and spoil him as much as you like,” Father mumbled as he walked away to his room.
Swami was following the whole conversation from under the blanket. He felt a great relief to hear his father giving him up.

Now, answer the following questions. Each question has four choices. Choose the correct answer and write (A), (B), (C) or (D) in your answer booklet. 5 × 1 = 5

Question 1.
Who said the boy was asleep ?
A) Granny
B) Mother
C) Father
D) Granny and Mother
Answer:
B) Mother

Question 2.
“……………. before I returned ……………” The word ‘returned’ means ___________
A) came back
B) turned again
C) slept back
D) turned round
Answer:
A) came back

Question 3.
“Let him sleep where he likes.” How did Mother say the above words ?
A) happily
B) sadly
C) angrily
D) anxiously
Answer:
C) angrily

Question 4.
Where was Swami following the conversation from ?
A) under the bed
B) near the porch
C) the hall
D) under the blanket
Answer:
D) under the blanket

Question 5.
Which of the following is the synonym of ‘pamper’ ?
A) cosset
B) mumble
C) pardon
D) crossing
Answer:
A) cosset

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 6th lesson A Hero

Answer the following in two or three sentences each. 5 × 2 = 10

Question 6.
Where did father return home from ? Who did he ask then ?
Answer:
Father returned home from the club. Then he asked his wife.

Question 7.
What was the usual sleeping place of Swami ? Was Swami sleeping in his usual place when father returned ?
Answer:
Usually Swami slept beside his granny in the porch. Yes, he was sleeping in the usual place when father returned home.

Question 8.
According to Swami’s father, what did the boy want to do before his father returned home ?
Answer:
According to his father, the boy wanted to be asleep before father’s returning home.

Question 9.
What did father mumble ? When did he mumble ?
Answer:
Father mumbled his wife to pamper Swami and spoil him as much as she liked. He mumbled as he walked away to his room.

Question 10.
What was Swami following ? How did he feel then ?
Answer:
Swami was following the whole conversation between his mother and his father. He felt a great relief then.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 6th lesson A Hero

Questions : 11 – 16, Marks : 10

Passage No. 1:

Read the following passage.

Later l wound my pugree (turban) round his stomach and knitted it tight to keep everything from falling out again. We started for home walking for seven miles. I led the way and Har Singh followed me. Holding the pugree in position Har Singh told me that he wanted to meet the doctor. We walked for the extra three miles to the hospital. It was night and the hospital was closed.

But the doctor-babu who lived nearby was awake. He asked me to call Aladia, the tobacco-seller. When I returned, the doctor had laid Har Singh on a string bed. Aladia held the lantern and I held the two pieces of flesh together. The doctor was very kind. He sewed up the hole in Har Singh’s stomach. I offered him two rupees but he refused to take it. When we went home, the woman folk were crying.

Now, answer the following questions. Each question has four choices. Choose the correct answer and write (A), (B), (C) or (D) in your answer booklet. 2 × 1 = 2

Question 11.
When they went to the doctor-babu’s house, he was ___________
A) sleeping
B) treating a patient
C) awake
D) preparing some medicine
Answer:
C) awake

Question 12.
The narrator offered the doctor ___________
A) Ten rupees
B) Two rupees
C) Four rupees
D) A hundred rupees
Answer:
B) Two rupees

Now answer the questions in complete sentences. 4 × 2 = 8

Question 13.
What did the narrator do to Har Singh to keep everything from falling out again ?
Answer:
The narrator wound his pugree (turban) round the stomach of Har Singh and knitted tight to keep everything from falling out again.

Question 14.
I offered him two rupees …………..
Who offered whom two rupees ?
Did the person agree to take it ?
Answer:
The narrator offered the doctor two rupees. The doctor refused to take it.

Question 15.
Who was Aladia ? Who sent for Aladia ?
Answer:
Aladia was a tobacco-seller. The doctor sent for Aladia.

Question 16.
What did Har Singh want the. narrator to do ? Did the narrator do it?
Answer:
Har Singh wanted the narrator to take him to hospital. Yes, the narrator did it.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 6th lesson A Hero

Passage No. 2:

Read the following passage.

Dr. Dwarakanath Kotnis was born in a lower middle class family on October 10, 1910 in Sholapur, Mumbai. A vivacious kid by nature, Dr. Kotnis forever aspired to become a doctor. After completing his graduation in Medicine from G.S. Medical College, Bombay, he went on to pursue his post graduation internship. However he put aside his post graduation plans when he got the chance to join the medical aid mission to China.

Dr. Kotnis always wanted to travel around the world and practise medicine in different parts of the globe. He started his medical expedition in Vietnam, and then ‘ moved on to Singapore and Brunei. In 1937, the communist General Zhu De requested Jawaharlal Nehru to send Indian physicians to China during the second Sino-Japanese War to help the soldiers. The President of the Indian National Congress, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, accepted the request and made arrangements to send a team of volunteer doctors.

Now, answer the following questions. Each question has four choices. Choose the correct answer and write (A), (B), (C) or (D) in your answer booklet. 2 × 1 = 2

Question 11.
Dr. Kotnis was born in ___________family.
A) a lower middle class
B) an upper middle class
C) a higher class
D) a lower class
Answer:
A) a lower middle class

Question 12.
He started his medical expedition in ___________
A) India
B) Singapore
C) Japan
D) Vietnam
Answer:
D) Vietnam

Now, answer the questions in complete sentences. 4 × 2 = 8

Question 13.
Who requested Jawaharlal Nehru to send Indian physicians to China ? Why ?
Answer:
The Communist General, Zhu De requested Jawaharlal Nehru to send Indian physicians to China because at that time, the second Sino-Japanese War was going on and he needed Indian physicians to serve the wounded Chinese soldiers.

Question 14.
Who was the President of the Indian National Congress at that time ? Did he accept to send a team of volunteer doctors to China ?
Answer:
At that time, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose was the President of the Indian National Congress. Yes, he accepted to send a team of volunteer doctors to China.

Question 15.
What was the aspiration of Dr. Kotnis ? Where did he join for his medicine ?
Answer:
Dr. Kotnis aspired to become a doctor. He joined in G.S. Medical College, Bombay for his medicine.

Question 16.
Where and when was Dr. Kotnis born ? What kind of kid was Dr. Kotnis by nature?
Answer:
Dr. Kotnis was born at Sholapur in Mumbai on October 10,1910. He was a vivacious kid by nature.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 6th lesson A Hero

Passage No. 3:

Read the following poem.

My plane was just about to crash.
So, I grabbed my bag and
Took out my big blue parachute
to glide me down and land.
At last, I found a spot to land.
But there was a big breeze.
And so, 1 had to painfully land on these sharp pine trees.
I was then filled with bruises as a pine fell on my ear.
I sat down on the ground to rest.
A thorn then poked me.
I slept on the ground frantically.
Mosquitoes bit my nose.
Bugs crept all over me and tickled my body.
I scratched myself when l woke up,
appearing like a fool.
And after the whole thing I thought
I’d rather go to school.

Now, answer the following questions. Each question has four choices. Choose the correct answer and write (A), (B), (C) or (D) in your answer book. 2 × 1 = 2

Question 11.
The word ‘breeze’ means ___________
A) hot wind
B) gin insect
C) a gentle wind
D) a storm
Answer:
C) a gentle wind

Question 12.
The speaker in the poem slept on the ground ___________
A) frantically
B) happily
C) peacefully
D) joyfully
Answer:
A) frantically

Now, answer the questions in complete sentences. 4 × 2 = 8

Question 13.
Why did the speaker take out his big blue parachute ?
Answer:
His plane was about to crash. He took out his big blue parachute because it would glide him down and later land him.

Question 14.
What happened when the speaker sat down on the ground ? How did he sleep on the ground ?
Answer:
When the speaker sat down on the ground, a thorn poked him. He slept on the ground frantically.

Question 15.
What happened when the speaker was asleep ?
Answer:
When he was asleep, mosquitoes bit his nose, and bugs crept all over him and tickled his body.

Question 16.
How did the speaker appear when he woke up ? What did he finally think to do ?
Answer:
When the speaker woke up, he appeared like a fool. Finally he thought he’d rather go to school.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 6th lesson A Hero

Passage No. 4:

Read the following passage.

There was a farmhouse near Trondheim in Norway. It was June 1932. A four-year-old child, Svenhild Hansen, was playing in the yard in front of the farmhouse. Suddenly a large eagle came down. It caught, hold of the child in its claws and flew up. Luckily, only the child’s dress was held in his claws, so the child was not hurt.

The big bird carried the child for more them a kilometre. It was flying towards its nest. Eagles build their nests on high rocks. This one’s nest was on the side of a mountain. Growing tired, the bird put the child down on a flat rock. This rock was eight hundred feet high on the side of the mountain. The bird’s nest was just fifty feet away.

But by this time, the child’s mother and father, and a large party of men had set out to look for the child. They noticed the eagle flying round and round over a rock in the mountain. They thought that the child might be there, and climbed quickly to the place. But they did not have much hope that they would find her alive.

When they finally reached there, the little Svenhild was fast asleep. She was not even hurt except for a few scratches.

People say that usually, an eagle kills the animal it catches, before taking it to its nest. Why didn’t the eagle kill the child? We do hot know. We can only say that the child was very, very lucky.

Fill in the blanks in the following. 2 × 1 = 2

Question 11.
The eagle caught hold of the child in ___________
Answer:
its claws

Question 12.
The child was ___________ years old.
Answer:
four

Now, answer the questions in complete sentences. 4 × 2 = 8

Question 13.
When her parents and people reached the place of Svenhild, how did she appear to them ?
Answer:
When they reached there, Svenhild was fast asleep. She was not even hurt except for a few scratches.

Question 14.
Who did the eagle catch hold of and fly up ? When did it happen ?
Answer:
The eagle caught hold of a four – year – old child named Svenhild Hansen and flew up. It happened in June 1932.

Question 15.
Was the child lucky ? How can you say ?
Answer:
Yes, the child was lucky because when the eagle caught hold of the child, only the child’s dress was held in its claws. Later, the eagle put the child down on a flat rock, without killing her.

Question 16.
Where do eagles build their nests ? Where is the nest of the eagle which carried away Svenhild ?
Answer:
Eagles build their nests on high rocks. The nest of the eagle which carried away Svenhild was on the side of a mountain.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 6th lesson A Hero

Passage No. 5:

Read the following passage.

Once there was a thief and he was captured by the police. The judge said he should be put in prison for five years as he had stolen many valuable things and had been a thief for a long time.

The thief told the jailor that he wanted to see his mother. When the thief’s mother came to see him, she was weeping. As soon as she came close to him, the thief bit her ears. The mother screamed with pain.

The judge called the thief to the court and asked him, “Why did you bite your mother’s ears ?” The thief replied, “When I was a baby, she used to carry me on her shoulder. When she passed the banana seller with a basket on his head, I would reach out and take some bananas. She never checked me then. Slowly I began to steal other things from shops and people and bring them home. My mother did not tell me it was wrong. Instead, she was always happy about what I brought home. So today, if I have become a big. thief it is because of her. That is why I bit her ears. ‘ Could you not punish her cilso ?”

Fill in the blanks in the following. 2 × 1 = 2

Question 11.
Who caught the thief ?
A) the jailor
B) the police
C) the judge
D) the mother
Answer:
B) the police

Question 12.
What do you mean by ‘scream’ ?
A) speak very softly
B) make a loud cry
C) take or get by force
D) said something in a very low voice
Answer:
B) make a loud cry

Now, answer the questions in complete sentences. 4 × 2 = 8

Question 13.
Who called the thief to the court ? What did he ask him ?
Answer:
The judge called the thief to the court. He asked him why he had bitten his mother’s ears.

Question 14.
Why was thief put in the prison ?
Answer:
The thief was put in the prison because he had stolen many valuable things, and had been a thief for a long time.

Question 15.
What did the thief ask the jailor ? Did he do what he had asked ?
Answer:
The thief asked the jailor to bring his mother to him. Yes, the jailor sent for his mother and she came to him.

Question 16.
What did his mother do whenever the thief brought home stolen things ?
Answer:
Whenever the thief brought home stolen things, his mother did not tell him that it was wrong. Instead, she expressed her happiness about what he brought home.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 6th lesson A Hero

Section – B: Vocabulary and Grammar (20 Marks)

Questions : 17 – 21, Marks : 5

Passage No. 1:

Read the following passage taken from your text book.

We (17) continued on our way and ire tiger came out again and (18) it was growling, and twitching its tail. We stood stilnnd (19) luckily, the tiger (20) left the nullah. Being disturbed by the tiger, a number of (21) jungle fowl rose cackling out of the dense scrub.

Now answer the following questions. 5 × 1 = 5

Question 17.
Write the opposite of continued’.
Answer:
The opposite of ‘continued’ is ‘discontinued’.

Question 18.
Give the plural form of it’.
Answer:
The plural form of ‘it’ is ‘they’.

Question 19.
What is the noun form of luckily ‘?
Answer:
The Noun form of ‘luckily’ is ‘luck’.

Question 20.
Write the present simple tense (V1) form of ‘left’.
Answer:
The present simple tense (V1) form of ‘left’ is ‘leave’.

Question 21.
Write the synonym of ‘jungle’.
Answer:
The synonym of ‘jungle’ is ‘forest’.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 6th lesson A Hero

Passage No. 2:

Globalisation is the process by which (17) business or other organisations develop international influence. They start operating on an international scale. Globalisation is the process of (18) rapid integration or inter-connection between the (19) countries.

The result of greater foreign (20) investment and greater foreign trade has been greater integration of (21) production and markets across countries.

Answer the following questions, as directed. 5 × 1 = 5

Question 17.
The synonym of the underlined word ( )
A) trade
B) fate
C) fare
D) profession
Answer:
A) trade

Question 18.
The antonym of the underlined word
A) quick
B) slow
C) steady
D) balanced
Answer:
B) slow

Question 19.
The singular form of the underlined word is ___________
A) contrary
B) counter
C) continent
D) country
Answer:
D) country

Question 20.
The suffix part in the underlined word is ___________
A) in
B) ent
C) ment
D) invest
Answer:
C) ment

Question 21.
The underlined word is ___________
A) a noun
B) a pronoun
C) an adjective
D) a verb
Answer:
A) a noun

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 6th lesson A Hero

Passage No. 3:

“From the first of next month, I’ll sleep alone,” Swami said very (17) humbly, trying to please his (18) Father. “No, you must do it right from today,” Father said (19) sternly. “Sleeping beside Granny or Mother like a baby is (20) disgraceful. You are now in the Fifth Standard and I don’t like the way you are being brought up.” Father lifted the newspaper to his face and (21) started reading it again.

Choose the correct answer from the four choices given below the question. 2 × 1 = 2

Question 17.
The antonym of the underlined word is ___________
A) politely
B) pleasingly
C) happily
D) proudly
Answer:
D) proudly

Question 18.
The feminine gender form of the underlined is ___________
A) son
B) mother
C) daughter
D) woman
Answer:
B) mother

Question 19.
Which of the following is a synonym of the underlined word ?
A) firmly
B) slowly
C) biggerly
D) gently
Answer:
A) firmly

Question 20.
Which of the following is the suffix part in the underlined word ?
A) – ful
B) dis –
C) disgrace
D) graceful
Answer:
A) – ful

Question 21.
The meaning of the underlined word is ___________
A) stopped
B) startled
C) began
D) bargain.
Answer:
C) began

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 6th lesson A Hero

Passage No. 4:

Kunwar Singh was the first to visit me the day I was given my first gun. I was eight then. He came early, and I put the (17) old double-barrelled gun into his hands with great (18) pride. He (19) laid the gun aside and said to me, “You are no longer a boy, but a man; and with this good gun you can go anywhere you like in the jungles and never be afraid provided you learn how to climb trees. (20) I’ll now tell you a story.to show how (21) necessary it is for us, who shoot in the jungles, to know how to climb trees.

Question 17.
What is the antonym of the underlined word ?
Answer:
The antonym of ‘old’ is ‘new’.

Question 18.
Write the adjective form of the underlined word.
Answer:
Adjective form of ‘pride’ is ‘proud’.

Question 19.
Give ‘the present simple tense (V1) form o f the underlined word. ’
Answer:
The present simple tense (V1) of ‘laid’ is ‘lay’.

Question 20.
Write the expanded form of the underlined word.
Answer:
The expanded form of ‘I’ill is I shall /I will.

Question 21.
Give a synonym of the underlined word.
Answer:
The synonym of ‘necessary’ is ‘essential’.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 6th lesson A Hero

Passage No. 5:

I found that one of the (17) tiger’s claws had (18) entered his stomach and torn the – lining from his navel to within a few fingers (19) breadth of the backbone. All his inside had fallen out. I could not know what to do. Har Singh told me to put his intestines back into his (20) stomach. I stuffed them all back along with the dry (21) leaves, grass and twigs that stuck to them.

Question 17.
The feminine gender form of ’tiger’ is ___________
A) tigry
B) tigress
C) cub
D) baby tiger
Answer:
B) tigress

Question 18.
Which of the following gives the meaning of ’entered’ ?
A) went into
B) went outside
C) came out
D) returned
Answer:
A) went into

Question 19.
Choose the antonym of ’breadth’.
A) broad
B) length
C) width
D) wide
Answer:
B) length

Question 20.
Which of the following is the meaning of ’stomach’ ?
A) chest
B) intestine
C) belly
D) waist
Answer:
C) belly

Question 21.
What is the singular form of ’leaves’ ?
A) leave
B) leap
C) leaf
D) left
Answer:
C) leaf

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 6th lesson A Hero

Questions : 22 – 26, Marks : 5

Complete the passage choosing the right word from those given below it. Each blank is numbered and for each blank four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) are given. Choose the correct answer and write (A), (B), (C) or (D) in your answer book. 5 × 1 = 5

Passage No. 1:

Swami ___________ (22) got up and spread his bed ___________ (23) the bench and crouched there. It ___________ (24) to be a much safer place. He shut his eyes tight and encased ___________ (25) in his blanket. Unknown to himself, Swami fell asleep. In his sleep he had ___________ (26) terrible dream.

Question 22.
A) hurried
B) hurries
C) hurry
D) hurriedly
Answer:
D) hurriedly

Question 23.
A) under
B) above
C) on
D) over
Answer:
A) under

Question 24.
A) seem
B) seems
C) seemed
D) seemingly
Answer:
C) seemed

Question 25.
A) herself
B) himself
C) themselves
D) itself
Answer:
B) himself

Question 26.
A) every
B) an
C) a
D) the
Answer:
C) a

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 6th lesson A Hero

Passaae No. 2:

T.V. Guruvardhan ___________ (22) is on leave, decided to ___________ (23) his father’s place ___________ (24) he can ___________ (25) his vacation peacefully. However, ___________ (26) sister, Nagalakshmi did not like the plan.

Question 22.
A) who
B) which
C) why
D) when
Answer:
A) who

Question 23.
A) visiting
B) visits
C) visit
D) visited
Answer:
C) visit

Question 24.
A) which
B) where
C) when
D) then
Answer:
B) where

Question 25.
A) spend
B) has spent
C) spent
D) had spent
Answer:
A) spend

Question 26.
A) their
B) her
C) his
D) him
Answer:
C) his

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 6th lesson A Hero

Passaae No. 3:

___________ (22) eight-year eight-year old child, Varalakshmi heard ___________ (23) parents talking about her granny, Hanumayamma. All she knew was that Hanumayamma ___________ (24) very sick and her parents ___________ (25) not have enough money ___________ (26) the treatment.

Question 22.
A) Any
B) The
C) A
D) An
Answer:
D) An

Question 23.
A) his
B) their
C) her
D) him
Answer:
C) her

Question 24.
A) was
B) were
C) is
D) are
Answer:
A) was

Question 25.
A) do
B) did
C) done
D) does
Answer:
B) did

Question 26.
A) to
B) of
C) for
D) with
Answer:
C) for

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 6th lesson A Hero

Passaae No. 4:

Kapil Dev ___________ (22) a former Indian cricket player. ___________ (23) would always be remembered as ___________ (24) most ___________ (25) all-rounder in the game ___________ (26) cricket.

Question 22.
A) is
B) has been
C) is being
D) was
Answer:
D) was

Question 23.
A) we
B) His
C) He
D) It
Answer:
C) He

Question 24.
A) some
B) a
C) an
D) the
Answer:
D) the

Question 25.
A) exciting
B) excite
C) excited
D) excitement
Answer:
A) exciting

Question 26.
A) with
B) of
C) over
D) to
Answer:
B) of

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 6th lesson A Hero

Passage No. 5:

One day Guravaiah was walking ___________ (22) a forest. Suddenly he ___________ (23) someone crying out for help ___________ (24) went in the direction of the sound and ___________ (25) upon a well (26) was dried up.

Question 22.
A) b
B) through
C) in
D) from
Answer:
B) through

Question 23.
A) heard
B) hears
C) hearing
D) hear
Answer:
A) heard

Question 24.
A) They
B) His
C) It
D) He
Answer:
D) He

Question 25.
A) came
B) come
C) coming
D) comes
Answer:
D) comes

Question 26.
A) where
B) that
C) when
D) why
Answer:
A) where

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 6th lesson A Hero

Questions : 27 – 31, Marks :10

Rewrite the following passage given below. Five sentences in the passage are numbered (27 – 31) at the beginning. Each of the five sentences has an error. Correct and rewrite them in the answer booklet. 5 × 2 = 10

1. Father was sitting under the lamp and reading the newspaper. (27) He said, “Swami, listen to this: News has been received with the bravery of a village lad who was returning home by the jungle path. (28) While he was in the medle of the jungle, he came face to face with a tiger.” (29) The newspaper gives a detailed account of the boy’s fight with the tiger. (30) It also described how the boy flew up a tree-who he stayed half a day. (31) At last some people came that way but killed the tiger.
Answer:
27) He said, “Swami, listen to this: News has been received about the bravery of a village lad who was returning home by the jungle path.
28) While he was in the middle of the jungle, he came face to face with a tiger.
29) The newspaper gave a detailed account of the boy’s fight with the tiger.
30) It also described how the boy flew up a tree where he stayed half a day.
31) At last some people came that way and killed the tiger.

2. We started for home walking for seven miles. (27) I lead the way and Har Singh followed me. (28) Holding the pugree in position Har Singh told me that he wanted to meat the doctor. (29) We walked for the extra three miles on the hospital. (30) It was night but the hospital was closed. (31) But the doctor-babu which lived nearby was awake.
Answer:
27) I led the way and Har Singh followed me.
28) Holding the pugree in position Har Singh told me that he wanted to meet the doctor.
29) We walked for the extra three miles to the hospital.
30) It was night and the hospital was closed.
31) But the doctor-babu who lived nearby was awake.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 6th lesson A Hero

3. The bird carried the child for more than a kilometre. (27) It was flew towards its nest. (28) Eagles build their nests over high rocks. (29) This won’s nest was on the side of a mountain. (30) Growing tiring, the bird put the child down on a flat rock. (31) This rock is eight hundred feet high on the side of a mountain.
Answer:
27) It was flying towards its nest.
28) Eagles build their nests on high rocks.
29) This one’s nest was on the side of a mountain.
30) Growing tired, the bird put the child down on a flat rock.
31) This rock was eight hundred feet high on the side of a mountain.

4. (27) Kalyani is the daughter at Bhramaramba and Radhakrishna Murthy. (28) She has five brothers which are always affectionate to her. (29) Her sun, Venkata Guruvardhan is studying B.Tech III year in K.L. University. (30) Her daughter, Nagalakshmi is doing hers graduation at T.J.P.S. College. (31) The two children love her mother very much.
Answer:
27) Kalyani is the daughter of Bhramaramba and Radhakrishna murthi.
28) She has five brothers who are always affectionate to her.
29) Her son, Venkata Guruvardhan is studying B.Tech III year in K.L. University.
30) Her daughter, Nagalakshmi is doing her graduation at T.P.S College.
31) The two children love their mother very much.

5. Rahim and Hussain were neighbours. (27) Rahim Was a honest man. (28) Hussain was jealously of Rahim. (29) He plans to trouble Rahim. He complained against stealing a silver bowl. Rahim was summoned to the court by the king. (30) Hussain wanted Rahim to held a red-hot iron rod. (31) The king understood the plot and gave a fit reply to Hussain.
Answer:
27) Rahim was an honest man.
28) Hussain was jealous of Rahim.
29) He planned to trouble Rahim. He complained against stealing a silver bowl. Rahim was summoned to the court by the king.
30) Hussain wanted Rahim to hold a red-hot iron rod.
31) The king understood the plot and gave a fitting reply to Hussain.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 6th lesson A Hero

Section – C : Conventions of Writing (5 Marks)

Question : 32, Marks : 5

Read the following passage taken from your textbook and rewrite it with proper punctuation. 5 Marks

1. We often speak in fun about a bird carrying away a child a mother might say to her little one don’t be naughty or a crow will carry you away But do such things really happen
Answer:
We often speak in fun about a bird carrying away a child. A mother might say to her little one, “Don’t be naughty, or a crow will carry you away.” But do such things really happen ?

2. get up, Swami said father a second time
Why do you disturb him granny pleaded get up Swami said father for the third time and Swami got up
Answer:
“Get up, Swami,” said Father a second time.
“Why do you disturb him ?” Granny pleaded. “Get up, Swami,” said Father for the third time and Swami got up.

3. We’ll see about that later father cut in. hereafter you must sleep alone
from the first of next month I will sleep alone Swami said humbly
Answer:
“We’ll see about that later,” Father cut in. “Hereafter you must sleep alone.”
“From the first of next month, I will sleep alone,” Swami said humbly.

4. the devil would soon pull him out and tear him to pieces
So what is the use of waiting Swami thought as it came nearer, Swami crawled out from under the bench.
Answer:
The devil would soon pull him out and tear him to pieces.
“So what is the use of waiting ?” Swami thought.
As it came nearer, Swami crawled out from under the bench.

5. Can I have a lamp burning in the room No. You must learn to be brave You must not
be afraid of darkness it is only a question of habit .
will you at least leave the door open Swami said very humbly
Answer:
“Can I have a lamp burning in the room ?”
“No. You must learn to be brave. You must not be afraid of darkness; it is only a question of habit.”
“Will you at least leave the door open ?” Swami said very humbly.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 6th lesson A Hero

Section – D : Crreative Writing (20 Marks)

Question : 33, MArks : 12

1. Father was sitting under the lamp and reading the newspaper. He looked over the newspaper and said, “Swami, listen to this: News has been received about the bravery a village lad who was returning home by the jungle path.-While he was in the middle of the jungle, he came face to face with a tiger.” The newspaper gave a detailed account of the boy’s fight with a tiger. It also described how the boy flew up a tree where he stayed half a day. At last some people came that way and killed the tiger.
Now write a letter to your Mend, how the village boy escaped from the tiger.
Answer:

Basara,
12 October, 20xx.

My dear Nagalakshmi,

I am fine and pink in health. I hope the same with you, there. Now, in this letter, I tell you a detailed account of a village lad, which I read in the newspaper and which I wanted to make you know.

The newspaper says a 12 year-old village lad named Guruvardhan was going to his village through a small jungle. He was coming back to his village after attending the birthday function of his friend, Hanuman who was residing in a town on the other side of the jungle. By nature the boy was brave and was not afraid of going alone. As such, he was returning his home through the jungle. While he was in the middle of the forest, he came face to face with a tiger. Seeing the tiger, the boy was afraid. But, cleverly and bravely he stood still and the tiger was watching him.

Meanwhile the tiger heard the sound of deer running. So he turned back to catch the deer. Immediately the boy, Guruvardhan threw some earth into the eyes of the tiger and flew up a tree. The tiger got angry and growled. He wanted to kill the boy but Guruvardhan was already up in the tree. He was sitting on a high branch of the tree. He stayed there half a day. At last some people came that way and killed the tiger. Later the boy came down and went back to his village along with the villagers. This story inspired me. It taught me that one must be brave in the present society. I hope this account of the village lad interests and inspires you.- No more to my pen, now.

Convey my regards to your parents. Awaiting a letter from you, I remain.

Ever yours,
XX XXX

Address on the Envelope:
To
Tirupathi Nagalakshmi
C/o Kallem Anjaneyulu,
Kallem Vari street,
Palwancha (post),
Bhadradri (Dt).
Telangana.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 6th lesson A Hero

2. Prepare a poster with the help of the information provided in the following table.

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 6th lesson A Hero 1

Answer:

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 6th lesson A Hero 2

Question : 34, Marks : 8

1. You are Mohiddin Basha, the School Pupils Leader of Z.P.H School, Vanasthalipuram. Your school is organizing a Kite-Flying Competition on the occasion of Makara Sankranti.
Write a notice for the school notice board, informing the students about the competition and asking them to submit their names by the 6th of January, 20xx. There will be three prizes, plus two consolation prizes.
Answer:

Z.P.H. School, VANASTALIPURAM
NOTICE
Kite-Flying Competition

02 Jan., 20xx
Attention Kite Lovers !

The school is organising a Kite-Hying Competition on 10 January, 2017 from 10.00 a.m to 1.00 p.m in the school playground. The judges will award the top three kite – fliers and also give away 2 consolation prizes. Interested students should submit their names to the undersigned latest by 6 Jan., 20xx.

Mohiddin Basha Sk.
(School Pupils’ Leader)

TS 7th Class English Important Questions 6th lesson A Hero

2. Write a bio-sketch/profile of Mrs: Pratibha Patil, using the given below information.

Name : Mrs. Pratibha Patil
Position held : First Woman President of India
Birth : 19th Dec., 1934 in Jalgaon district, Maharashtra.
Education : Degree in Law, a practising Lawyer

Career :

  • Cabinet Minister in Maharashtra Government from 1972 till 1985
  • held many ministries : Social welfare, Education, Public Health, etc.
  •  Leader of Opposition (CDP) in Maharashtra Legislative Assembly during 1979 – 1980
  • From Nov., 1986 – 88 – Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
  • From Nov., 2004 to July 2007 – Governor of Rajasthan.
  • From July 2007 to July 2012 – President of India.

Marriage : Married to Devisingh Shekhawat.

Answer:

Mrs. Pratibha Patil

Mrs. Pratibha Patil created history in July, 2007 by becoming the first woman President of India. She was born in the Jalgaon district of Maharashtra. She is married to Shri Devisingh Shekhawat. After obtaining a degree in Law, she pursued her career as a lawyer. From 1972 to 1985, she was the Cabinet Minister in the Maharashtra Government and held various positions like Social Welfare, Education, Public Health, etc. She-became the Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha in 1986 and also held office of the Governor of Rajasthan from 2004 to 2007. She was the President of India from July 2007 to July 2012.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Students get through AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions 12th Lesson Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants which are most likely to be asked in the exam.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions 12th Lesson Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
The transverse section ofa plant material shows the following anatomical features- a. the vascular bundles are conjoint, scattered and surrounded by a sclerenchymatous bundle sheaths, b. Phloem parenchyma is absent. What will you identify it as?
Answer:
Monocot stem

Question 2.
Why are xyleni and phloem called complex tissues?
Answer:
Xylem and phloem are permanent tissues having more than one type of cells and work together as a unit. So they are called complex tissues.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Question 3.
How is the study of plant anatomy useful to us?
Answer:

  1. Plant anatomy is useful to understand the internal structure and arrangement of various tissues of plants.
  2. It is useful to understand various plant diseases and their cure.

Question 4.
Protoxylem is the first formed xylem. If the protoxylem lies radially next to phloem. What kind of arrangement of xylem would you call it? Where do you find it/
Answer:
a) Radial vascular bundle b) They are found in roots.

Question 5.
What is the function of phloem parenchyma?
Answer:
Phloem parenchyma stores food materials and other excretory substances like gums, resins, latex and mucilage.

Question 6.
a) What is present on the surface of the leaves which helps the plant to prevent loss of water but is absent in roots?
b) What is the epidermal cell modification in plants which prevents water loss?
Answer:
a) Cuticle b) Trichomes

Question 7.
Which part of the plant would show the following?
a) Radial vascular bundle
b) Polyarch xylem
c) Well developed pith
d)Exarch xylem
Answer:
a) Root
b) Monocot root
c) Monocot root
d) Root

Question 8.
What are the cells that make the leaves curl in plants during water stress? Give an example.
Answer:
Bulli form cells. Ex: Monocot leaves (Grass)

Question 9.
What constitutes the vascular cambial ring?
Answer:
Intrafascicular cambium and Interfascicular cambium constitutes cambial ring.

Question 10.
Give one basic functional difference between phellogen and phelloderm.
Answer:

  1. Phellogen is the cork cambium which is a meristematic tissue.
  2. Phelloderm is the secondary cortex which is a permanent tissue.

Question 11.
If one debarks a tree, what parts of the plant are removed?
Answer:
All the tissues outside the vascular cambium are removed i.e., periderm and secondary phloem are removed.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
State the location and function of different types of meristems. [TS M-15, 16, 17, 19] [AP M-20]
Answer:
Based on the location, Meristems are three types.
They are

  1. Apical
  2. Intercalary
  3. Lateral Meristems.

1) Apical meristems: These are present at the growing tips of roots, stems, branches etc. They help in linear growth of the plant body. They appear early in the life of a plant and contribute to the formation of the primary plant body. So they are called primary meristems.
AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants 1

2) Intercalary meristems: These are found in between the permanent tissues. They are seen at the base of intemodes and leaf bases of monocotyledons, particularly grasses. They are active for a short period and gradually change into permanent tissues. These are also primary meristems.

3) Lateral meristems: They are present at the lateral sides of the plant body. The cells help to increase the thickness of the organs like stem and root. It helps in the secondary growth. Ex: Vascular cambium

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Question 2.
Cut a transverse section of young stem of a plant from your garden and observe it under the microscope. How would you ascertain whether it is a monocot stem or a dicot stem? Give reason.
Answer:
Based on the following differences we can ascertain whether the given stem is monocot or dicot.
Monocot stem

  1. Trichomes are absent.
  2. Cortex is highly reduced.
  3. Hypodermis is sclerenchymatous.
  4. Endodermis is absent.
  5. Pericycle is absent.
  6. Vascular bundles are numerous.
  7. Vascular bundles are oval shaped.
  8. Vascular bundle is enclosed by fibrous sheath (fibro-vascular bundle)
  9. Vascular bundles are closed type.
  10. Xylem vessels are few in number.
  11. Protoxylem Iacunae are absent.
  12. Medulla and medullary rays are present.
  13. Vessels are in seril order.
  14. Phloem parenchyma is present.

Dicot stem

  1. Trichomes are present
  2. Cortex is well developed.
  3. Hypodermis is collenchymatous.
  4. Endodermis is present as starch sheath.
  5. Pericycle is present.
  6. Vascular bundles are few in number.
  7. Vascular bundles are wedge shaped.
  8. Vascular bundle is not enclosed by fibrous sheath.
  9. Vascular bundles are open type.
  10. Xylem vessels are more in number.
  11. Protoxylem lacunae are absent.
  12. Medulla and medullary rays are present.
  13. Vessels are in serial order.
  14. Phloem parenchyma is present.

Question 3.
What is periderm? How does periderm formation take place in the dieot stems? [AP, TS M-18]
Answer:
Periderm: The corkey outer layer of a plant system formed as a secondary covering in response to injury or infection is called Periderm.

Periderm formation:

  1. Due to the activity of vascular cambium, the stem continues to increase the girth.
  2. The outer cortical cells and epidermal layers get broken.
  3. They are to be replaced by new protective layers.
  4. The phellogen (or cork cambium) develops in the cortical region with two layers thick.
  5. The outer cells differentiate into cork or phellem.
  6. The inner cells differentiate into secondary cortex or phelloderm.
  7. The phellogen, phellem and phelloderm collectively form periderm.
  8. Here and there, on the periderm aerating pores called lenticells are formed for gaseous exchange.

Question 4.
A transverse section of the trunk of a tree shows concentric rings which are known as annual rings. How are these rings formed? What is the significance of these rings?
Answer:

  1. In temperate region, the activity of the cambium is influenced by the seasonal variation.
  2. During spring season, more leaves and flowers are formed.
  3. The plant requires more water and mineral salts.
  4. Hence the wood formed in this period shows more number of xylem vessels having wider lumens.
  5. This is known as spring wood or early wood.
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants 2
  6. During autumn, the plants donot require much water.
  7. Hence the wood produced in this period shows less number of xylem vessels having narrow lumens.
  8. This is known as autumn wood or late wood.
  9. In this way, two types of secondary xylem are produced in ‘one year’.
  10. They appear as circles. These are called growth rings or annual rings.
  11. By counting the number of annual rings, the approximate age of a tree can be estimated.
  12. This branch of science is called Dendrochronology.

Question 5.
What is the difference between lenticels and stomata? [AP M-19] [AP, TS Mar, May-17]
Answer:

Question 6.
Write the precise function of
a) Sieve tube b) interfasicular cambium c) Collenchyma d) Sclerenchyma
Answer:
a) Sieve tube: The precise function of sieve tube is to transport organic food materials from leaves to other parts of plant body.

b) I nterfasicular cambium: It helps in formation of complete ring of vascular cambium along with intrafasicular cambial strips. The vascular cambium thus formed helps in intrastelar secondary growth.

c) Collenchyma: It provides flexibility and tensile strength with mechanical strength in young aerial plant parts like young stem and petiole of leaf.

d) Sclerenchyma: It is a dead mechanical tissue. It gives tensile strength to the stem which is purely mechanical in function.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Question 7.
The stomatal pore is guarded by two kidney shaped guard ceils. Name the epidermal cells surrounding the guard cells. How does a guard cell differ from an epidermal cell? Use a diagram to illustrate your answer.
Answer:

  1. The epidermal cells surrounding the guard cells are subsidiary cells or accessory cells.
  2. The guard cells are kidney shaped in dicots and dumb bell shaped in monocots. While epidermal cells are barrel shaped.
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants 3
  3. Guard cells contain chloroplasts, unlike the epidermal cells.
  4. The wall of the guard cell towards the stomatal pore is thick, while its outer wall is thin.
  5. Guard cells possess chloroplasts whereas, epidermal cells donot possess chloroplasts.

Question 8.
Point out the differences in the anatomy of leaf of peepal (Ficus religiosa) and maize (zea mays). Draw the diagrams and label the differences.
Answer:
Dicot leaf

  1. Stomata are more in the lower epidermis than in the upper epidermis.
  2. Bulli form cells are absent.
  3. Mesophyll is differentiated into palisade and spongy tissues.
  4. Bundle sheath extensions are generally parenchymatous.
  5. Vascular bundles are big in the mid vein and small in the veins.
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants 4

Monocot leaf

  1. Stomata are equally distributed on both the sides.
  2. Bulli-form cells are present in the upper epidermis.
  3. Mesophyll is undifferentiated.
  4. Bundle sheath extensions are generally sclerenchymatous.
  5. Vascular bundles are similar in size.
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants 5

Question 9.
Cork cambium forms tissues that form the cork. Do you agree with this statement? Explain.
Answer:
Yes. Cork cambium is a secondary meristematic tissue. It is of two layered thickness. It has the capacity to divide. It cuts off cells on both the sides. The outer cells differentiate into cork or phellem. The inner cells differentiate into secondary cortex or phelloderm.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Question 10.
Name the three basic tissue systems in the flowering plants. Give the tissue names under each system.
Answer:
On the basis of structure and location, there are three types of tissue systems.
They are

  1. Epidermal tissue system
  2. Ground tissue system and
  3. vascular tissue system.

Epidermal tissue system consists of parenchymatous tissue. They are epidermis, stomata and the epidermal out growths like trichomes and hairs.

Ground tissue system consists of simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma.
Vascular tissue system consists of complex tissues, the phloem and xyiem.

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain the process of secondary growth in the stems of woody angiosperms with the help of schematic diagrams. What is its significance?
Answer:
The process of secondary growth occur in two steps:
I) Intra stelar secondary growth. II) Extra stelar secondary growth

I) Intra stelar secondary growth: These are the changes that occur inside the stelar region. They occur in two stages.
a) Formation of vascular cambium ring:

  1. In the primary dicot stem, the stele shows vascular bundles in the form of a circle.
  2. Each bundle consists of cambium in between the xylem and phloem. This is called fascicular cambium.
  3. In between the vascular bundles, there are medullary rays, from the cells of which inter fascicular cambium is formed.
  4. The fascicular and inter fasicular cambia fuse to form a continuous cambial ring called ‘vascular cambium’.

b) Activity of the vascular cambial ring:

  1. In the vascular cambium two types of initiating cells are formed.
    They are (a) Fusi form initials (b) Ray initial.
  2. The fusi form initials give rise to secondary xylem and secondary phloem.
  3. The ray initials produce phloem rays towards outside and xylem rays towards inside.
  4. As the stem increases in thickness, the primary phloem and primary xylem are crushed and removed.
  5. They are soon replaced by secondary phloem (bast) and secondary xylem (wood). The quantity of wood is more in comparison to bast.

II) Extra stelar secondary growth: These are the changes that occur outside the stelar region.

  1. As the secondary phloem and secondary’ xylem are formed inside the stele, pressure is exerted on the epidermis, causing its rupture.
  2. Meanwhile secondary protective layer called periderm is formed in the cortex.
  3. The secondary growth in cortex begins with the appearance of meristematic layer of cells of cells from the middle part of cortex.
  4. This is called phellogen or cork cambium.
  5. The cells of phellogen divide periclinally and cuts of new cells on either side.
  6. The tissue produced on the outside is called cork or phellem.
  7. The tissue produced to the inside is called secondary cortex or phelloderm.
  8. Phellogen, phellem and phelloderm are together known as periderm.
  9. Aerating pores are developed on the periderm at some intervals.
  10. They facilitate gaseous exchange to the tissues of old stem.
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants 6

Question 2.
Draw illustrations to bring out the anatomical differences between a. Monocot root and Dicot root
b. Monocot stem and Dicot stema.
Answer:
Monocot root

  1.  Pericycle produces only lateral roots.
  2. Vascular bundles are more than six.
  3. Pith is large and well developed.
  4. Secondary growth is absent.
  5. Cortex is big.
  6. Medulla is very big.
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants 7

Dicot root

  1. Pericycle produces lateral roots & vascular cambium during secondary growth.
  2. Vascular bundles range from two to four.
  3. Pith is small or inconcspicuous.
  4. Secondary growth is present.
  5. Cortex is relatively smaller.
  6. Medulla is very small or absent.
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants 8

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants

b. Differences between Monocot stem and Dicot stema.

Monocot stem

  1. Trichomes are absent.
  2. Cortex is highly reduced.
  3. Hypodermis is sclerenchymatous.
  4. Endodermis is absent.
  5. Pericycle is absent.
  6. Vascular bundles are numerous.
  7. Vascular bundles are oval shaped.
  8. Vascular bundle is enclosed by fibrous sheath (fibro-vascular bundle).
  9. Vascular bundles are closed type.
  10. Xylem vessels are few in number.
  11. Protoxylem lacunae are present.
  12. Medulla and medullary rays are absent.
  13. Vessels are in “Y” shape.
  14. Phloem parenchyma is absent.
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants 9

Dicot stem

  1. Trichomes are present
  2. Cortex is well developed.
  3. Hypodermis is collenchymatous.
  4. Endodermis is present as starch sheath.
  5. Pericycle is present.
  6. Vascular bundles are few in number.
  7. Vascular bundles are wedge shaped.
  8. Vascular bundle is not enclosed by fibrous sheath.
  9. Vascular bundles are open type.
  10. Xylem vessels are more in number.
  11. Protoxylem lacunae are absent.
  12. Medulla and medullary rays are present.
  13. Vessels are in serial order.
  14. Phloem parenchyma is present.
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants 10

Question 3.
What are simple tissues? Describe various types of simple tissues.
Answer:
Simple Tissues: Tissues which are made up of only one type of cells are called simple tissues.
The various simple tissues in plants are parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma.
a) Parenchyma:

  1. Parenchyma forms major component of plant organs.
  2. Cells of parenchyma are spherical, oval, round or polygonal.
  3. Their walls are thin and made up of cellulose.
  4. They may be closely packed or have small inter cellular spaces.
  5. Parenchyma performs photosynthesis, storage and secretion.
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants 11

b) Collenchyma:

  1. Collenchyma occurs in layers below the epidermis in dicot stem, petiole and pedicels.
  2. It occurs as a homogenous layer or in patches.
  3. The cells are thick at the comers due to a deposition of pectin, cellulose and hemicellulose.
  4. Cells may be oval, spherical or polygonal in shape.
  5. Inter cellular spaces are absent.
  6. Contain chloroplasts and perform photosynthesis.
  7. They allow bending movements in young stems, petiole of leaves.
  8. Thus they are providing mechanical strength to young stem, petiole of leaf.
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants 12

c) Sclerenchyma:

  1. It is a dead mechanical tissue with lignified cell walls.
  2. Based on the structure and origin, sclerenchyma may be either fibres or sclerides.
  3. The fibres are thick walled, elongated and pointed cells, occur in groups.
  4. Sclerides are spherical or oval or cylindrical, highly thickened dead cells with narrow lumen.
  5. These are commonly found in Suit walls of nuts, sead coat of legumes and pulp of fruits like guava.
  6. Sclerenchyma provides mechanical support to plant organs.
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants 13

Question 4.
What are complex tissues? Describe various types of complex tissues. [TS M -19]
Answer:
Complex tissues: Tissues which are made up of more than one type of cells and work together as a unit are called complex tissues. They are of two types Xylem and Phloem.

I) Xylem: Xylem is the conducting tissue for water and minerals from roots to the stem and leaves. It also provides mechanical strength to the plant parts. It is composed of four different kinds of elements. They are (a) tracheids (b) vessels (c) xylem fibres (d) xylem parenchyma.

a) Tracheids: These are elongated tube like cells with thick and lignified walls and tapering ends. These are dead elements. The inner layers of cell walls have thickenings which vary in form. In flowering plants, tracheids and vessels are the main transporting elements.
AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants 14

b) Vessels: Vessel is a long cylindrical tube like structure made up of many cells called vessel members. Vessels are inter connected through perforations in their common walls. The presence of vessels is a characteristic feature of angiosperms.

c) Xylem fibres: They have highly thickened walls and obliterated central lumens. These may either be septate or aseptate.

d) Xylem parenchyma: The xylem parenchyma cells are living and thin walled. Their cell walls are made up of cellulose. They store food in the form of starch and fat. The radial conduction of water takes place by the ray -parenchymatous cells.

In stems, the protoxylem lies towards the centre and metaxylem lies towards the periphery of the organ. This type of xylem is called ‘endarch’.

In roots, the protoxylem lies towards periphery and metaxylem lies towards the centre. This type of arrangement of primary xylem is called ‘exarch’.

II) Phloem: Phloem transports food materials from the leaves to other parts of the plant. Phloem in angiosperms is composed of sieve tube elements, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres.
(a) Sieve Tube elements: These are long tube like structures, arranged longitudinally and are associated with companion cells. Their end walls are perforated in a sieve like manner to form sieve plates.
AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants 15

(b) Companion cells: The companion cells are closely associated with sieve tube element. The sieve tube elements and companion cells are connected by pit fields present between their common longitudinal walls.

(c) Phloem parenchyma: It is made up of elongated, tapering cylindrical cells with dense cycloplasm and nucleus. They store food material, resin and letex.

(d) Phloem fibres (bast fibres): They are made up of sclerenchymatous cells. They are elongated, pointed and needle like. At maturity, these fibres lose their protoplasm and become dead.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Question 5.
Describe the internal structure of dorsiventral leaf with the help of labelled diagram.
Answer:
T.S (Transverse Section) of dorsiventral leaf (dicot leaf) shows three main parts.
They are I) Epidermis II) Mesophyll III) Vascular bundles. [TS Mar-17, 20] [AP Mar-19]

I) Epidermis:

  1. It consists of the upper surface and lower surface of the leaf.
  2. It is madeup of single layered, rectangular, compactly arranged cells.
  3. It contains epidermal hairs(trichomes).
  4. Thick cuticle is present in upper surface and thin cuticle in lower surface.
  5. Stomata are present mostly on lower epidermis. They help in transpiration.
  6. Epidermis gives protection to the inner tissues and helps in gaseous exchange.

II) Mesophyll:

  1. Mesophyll tissue is present between the upper and lower epidermis.
  2. It is divided into upper palisade parenchyma and lower spongy parenchyma.
  3. Palisade parenchyma consists of vertically, elongated cells arranged in two layers.
  4. Spongy parenchyma consists of loosely arranged oval shaped cells.
  5. Mesophyll cells contain chloroplasts. They perform photosynthesis.
  6. Mesophyll helps in the synthesis of food.

III. Vascular Bundles:

  1. Vascular bundles are present in the mid vein region of mesophyll tissue.
  2. They are conjoint, collateral and closed.
  3. Each vascular bundle is surrounded by a bundle sheath.
  4. Xylem lies towards the upper epidermis and phloem lies towards the lower epidermis.
  5. Vascular bundles help in supplying water, mineral salts and food material.
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants 16

Question 6.
Describe the internal structure of an isobilateral leaf with the help of labelled diagram.
Answer:
T.S (Transverse Section) of isobilateral leaf shows three main parts.
They are I) Epidermis II) Mesophyll III) Vascular bundles.

1) Epidermis:

  1. It consists of the upper surface and lower surface of the leaf.
  2. It is madeup of single layered, rectangular, compactly arranged cells.
  3. It does not contain epidermal hairs(trichomes). .
  4. Thick cuticle is present on both the upper and lower surfaces.
  5. Stomata are present on both surfaces. They help in transpiration.
  6. Epidermis gives protection to the inner tissues and helps in gaseous exchange.
  7. In grasses, bulliform cells are present. They help in folding of the leaves.

II) Mesophyll:

  1. Mesophyll tissue is present between the upper and lower epidermis.
  2. It is not divided into palisade and spongy parenchyma.
  3. Entire mesophyll is made up of spongy parenchyma cells.
  4. Mesophyll is loosely arranged with many intercellular spaces.
  5. Mesophyll cells contain chloroplasts.They perform photosynthesis.
  6. Mesophyll helps in the synthesis of food.

III) Vascular Bundles:

  1. Numerous vascular bundles are present parallely in the mesophyll.
  2. They are conjoint, collateral and closed.
  3. Each vascular bundle is enclosed by bundle sheath.
  4. Xylem lies towards upper epidermis and phloem lies towards lower epidermis.
  5. Vascular bundles help in supplying water, mineral salts and food material.
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants 17

Question 7.
Distinguish between the following:
a) Exarch and endarch condition of protoxylem
b) Steie and vascular bundle,
c) Protoxylem and metaxylem
d) Interfasicuiar cambium and intrafasicular cambium
e) Open and closed vascular bundles,
f) Stem hair and root hair
g) Heart wood and sap wood
h) Spring wood and Autumn wood.
Answer:

a) Exarch Endarch
The protoxylem lies towards the periphery and mataxylem lies towards the centre. Ex: Root The protoxylem lies towards the center (pith) and the metaxylem lies towards the periphery (pericycle).Ex: Stem
b) Stele Vascular bundle
It is the central conduction cylinder consisting pericycle, vascular bundles, pith or medulla and medullary rays. It is a strand of central conduction cylinder or stele consisting xylem bundles and phloem bundles.
c) Protoxylem Metaxylem
1) The first formed primary xylem elements are called protoxylem
2)>They have narrow lumen
1) Later formed primary xylem elements are called metaxylem.
2) They have wider lumen.
d) Interfasicuiar Cambium Intrafasicular cambium
1) A few cells of the medullary rays, present opposite to the intra fasicular cambium become meristematic and is known as interfasicuiar cambium.
2) It is the tissue present in between the vascular bundles.
1) The cambium present in between the primary xylem and primary phloem of a vascular bundle is called intra fasicular cambium.
2) It is present with in a vascular bundle.
e) Open vascular bundle Closed vascular bundle
1) If there is a cambium between xylem and phloem of a vascular bundle.
2) It is said to be open vascular bundle
1) If the cambium is not present between xylem and phloem of a vascular bundle,
2) It is said to be a closed vascular bundle.
f) Stem hair Root hair
1) They are multicellular
2) The epidermal surface is covered by cuticle.
3) They check the rate of transpiration.
1) These are unicellular.
2) The epidermal surface is not covered by cuticle.
3) They help in absorption of water from the soil.
g) Heart wood Sap wood
1) Constitutes greater part of secondary xylem.
2) It does not conduct water.
3) It is highly durable.
4) It is older and harder part.
1) Constitutes relatively lesser part of secondary xylem.
2) It is active in conduction water.
3) It is less Durable and more permeable.
4) It is younger and softer part.
h) Spring wood Autumn wood
1)  Xylem formed in springs season and have wider lumes is called spring wood.
2)   It is light in colour.
3)   It is formed early in a year.
4)   Produced more in amount.
5)   Xylem vessels have wide lumens.
1) Xylem formed in autumns season with narrow lumen is called Autumn wood.
2) It is dark in colour.
3) It is formed after the early wood.
4) Produced less in amount.
5) Xylem vessels have narrow lumens.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Question 8.
What is stomatal apparatus? Describe the structure of stomata with a labeled diagram.
Answer:
Stomatal apparatus: The stomatal opening, guard cells and the surrounding subsidiary cells are together called stomatal apparatus.
Structure of stomata:

  • Stomata are the openings present in the epidermis of leaves.
  • Stomata are more on the lower surface and less on the upper surface of dicot leaves,
  • Stomata are equal number on both the surfaces of monocot leaves.
  • Each stomata is composed of bean-shaped cells known as guard cells.
  • In grasses, the guard cells are dumb-bell shaped.
  • The outer walls of guard cells are thin and inner walls are highly thickened.
  • The guard cells possess chloroplasts and regulate the opening and closing of stomata.
  • The epidermal cells surrounding the guard cells are known as subsidiary cells.
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants 18

Question 9.
Describe the T.S of a Dicot Stem.
Answer:
T.S of young dicot stem shows three main parts. They are I) Epidermis II) Cortex III) Stele
I) Epidermis:

  1. It is the outermost layer.
  2. It is madeup of single layered rectangular cells.
  3. It contains epidermal hairs(trichomes).
  4. Thin cuticle is present.
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants 19
  5. Stomata helps for gaseous exchange.
  6. Epidermis protects innermost tissues.

II) Cortex: The part between epidermis and stele is called cortex. It has three subzones
a) Hypodermis:

  1. Hypodermis is present below the epidermis
  2. It is madeup of collenchyma.
  3. It gives mechanical strength to the stem.
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants 20

b) Parenchyma) General Cortex):

  1. It is found below the hypodermis and is made up of thin walled parenchyma.
  2. They enclose a number of glands.

c) Endodermis:

  1. Inner most layer of cortex is called endodermis.
  2. The cells are barrel shaped; compactly arranged without any intercellular spaces.
  3. These cells contain starch grains. Hence, it is known as ‘starch sheath’.
  4. The radial walls show lens shaped thickenings called casparian bands.

III) Stele: Stele is the central conducting cylinder
It has four parts (a) pericycle (b) vascular bundles (c) medulla (d) Medullary rays.
a) Pericycle: Pericycle is with single layer of cells surrounding the stele.

b) Vascular bundles:

  1. Few number (7-15) of Vascular bundles are present in stele.
  2. Each vascular bundle is wedge shaped, conjoint, collateral, open.
  3. Each vascular bundle is enclosed by bundle sheath.
  4. In between the phloem and xyiem, cambium is present.

c) Medulla(pith):

  1. Medula is the central part of stele
  2. It helps in storage.

d) Medullary rays:

  1. The cells between vascular bundles look like rays radiating irwn.
  2. They help in lateral conduction of food.

Question 10.
Describe the T.S of Monocot Stem.
Answer:
T.S of Monocot Stem shows Four main parts. They are
I) Epidennis II) Hypodermis III) Ground tissues IV) Vascular bundles.

I) Epidermis:

  1. It is the outermost layer
  2. It is madeup of single layered, rectangular cells.
  3. It does not contain trichomes.
  4. Thick cuticle is present.
  5. Stomata helps for gaseous exchange.
  6. Epidermis protects innermost tissues.

II) Hypodermis:

  1. It is present below the epidermis.
  2. It is madeup of sclerenchyma and gives mechanical strength to the stem.

III) Ground tissue:

  1. Except vascular bundles, remaining portion is called Ground Tissue
  2. It is madeup of parenchyma
  3. It helps in the storage of food.

IV) Vascular bundles:

  1. Many oval shaped vascular bundles are scattered in the ground tissue.
  2. Bundles are conjoint, collateral, closed.
  3. Vascular bundles are surrounded by bundle sheath
  4. Cambium is absent.
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants 21

Question 11.
Describe the internal structure of a Dicot Root.
Answer:
T.S of Dicot Root shows three main parts. They are I. Epidermis II. Cortex III. Stele
I) Epidermis:

  1. It is the outermost layer
  2. It is madeup of single layered rectangular cells.
  3. It contains root hairs. They help in absorption of water.
  4. Cuticle and stomata are absent.
  5. Epidermis is useful in the protection of inner tissue.

II) Cortex:
The Region between epidermis and stele is called cortex. It has three subparts.
a) Exodermis:

  1. It is 2 to 3 layered thick suberised cells.
  2. It prevents the exit of water from cortex.
    AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants 22

b) Parenchymal Genera! Cortex):

  1. It is found below the.hypodermis and is made up of thin walled parenchyma.
  2. They enclose a number of glands.

c) Endodermis:

  1. It is the inner most layer of the cortex.
  2. Cylindrical cells are tightly arranged.
  3. Endodermis contains ‘casparian thickenings’.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants

III) Stele:

  1. Stele is the central conducting cylinder.
  2. It has three parts (a) Pericycle (b) Vascular bundles (c) Medulla

a) Pericycle:

  1. Pericycle is with single layer of cells surrounding the stele.
  2. Lateral roots originate from pericycle cells.Secondary growth is observed .

b) Vascular bundles:

  1. Vascular bundles contain xylem and phloem on separate radii.
  2. Usually 4 xylem bundles alternate with 4 phloem bundles.
  3. This condition is called ‘Tetrach’.
  4. Xylem transports water. Phloem transports food.

c) Medulla (or) Pith :

  1. Medulla is small (or) absent.
  2. It helps in the storage of food and water.

Question 12.
Describe the internal structure of a Monocot Root. [AP M-20] [AP, TS May-17|
Answer:
T.S of Monocot Root shows three main parts.
AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants 23
They are I) Epidermis II) Cortex III) Stele.
1) Epidermis:

  1. It is the outermost layer
  2. It is madeup of single layered rectangular cells.
  3. It contains root hairs. They help in absorption of water.
  4. Cuticle and stomata are absent
  5. Epidermis is useful in the protection of inner tissue.

II) Cortex:
The Region between epidermis and stele is called cortex. It has three subparts.
a) Exodermis:

  1. It is 2 to 3 layered thick suberised cells
  2. It prevents the exit of water from corte:

b) Parenchymal General Cortex):

  1. It is found below the hypodermis and is made up of thin walled parenchyma.
  2. They enclose a number of glands.

c) Endodermis:

  1. It is the inner most layer of the cortex.
  2. Cylindrical cells are tightly arranged.
  3. Endodermis contains ‘casparian thickenings’.

III) Stele:

  1. Stele is the central conducting cylinder.
  2. It has three parts (a) Pericycle (b) Vascular bundles (c) Medulla

a) Pericycle:

  1. Pericycle is with single layer of cells surrounding the stele.
  2. Lateral roots orignate from pericycle cells. No secondary growth is observed.

b) Vascular bundles:

  1. Vascular bundles contain xylem and phloem on separate radii.
  2. Number of bundles vary from 6 to 8.
  3. It is called ‘Polyarch’.
  4. Xylem transports water. Phloem transports food.

c) Medulla (or) Pith:

  1. Medulla is well developed and is made up of parenchyma.
  2. It helps in the storage of food and water.

Exercise

Question 1.
Name the various kinds of cell layers which constitute the bark.
Answer:
Periderm and Secondary Phloem

Question 2.
A student estimated the age of a tree to be about 300 years. How did he anatomically estimate the age of this tree?
Answer:
By counting the number of annual rings, the age of the tree can be estimated.
This subject is called ‘Dendrochronology’.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Question 3.
Assume that you have removed the duramen part of a tree. Will the tree survive or die?
Answer:

  1. In old stem, the central dark coloured wood is called “heart wood or duramen”.
  2. The peripheral light coloured wood is called “Sap wood or alburnum”.
  3. Alburnum is meant for active conduction of water.
  4. Duramen is not useful for conduction of water.
  5. So if the duramen is removed, there is no effect to water conduction and the tree survives without any effect.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
A trichome is ………..
1. unicellular hair of stem
2. multicellular hair of stem
3. absorptive in function
4. non cuticularised
Answer:
3. absorptive in function

Question 2.
Bundle sheath as not found around the vascular bundles of
1. Monocot stem
2. Monocot root
3. Dicot leaf
4. Monocot leaf
Answer:
2. Monocot root

Question 3.
Conjunctive tissue helps in
1. Storage of food
2. Synthesis of carbohydrates
3. Conduction of mineral salts
4. Giving mechanical strength
Answer:
1. Storage of food

Question 4.
De-differentiation of cells is the cause of formation of
1. Primary meristems
2. Secondary meristems
3. Apical meristems
4. Intercalary meristems
Answer:
2. Secondary meristems

Question 5.
Epithelium is
1. A protective layer around the dead cell
2. Loose mass of parenchyma cells in a lenticel
3. A layer of secretory cells present around the schizogenous cavity
4. A layer of cells around the vascular bundle
Answer:
3. A layer of secretory cells present around the schizogenous cavity

Question 6.
Roots hairs are
1) Unicellular branched
2) Unicellular unbranched
3) Multicellular uniseriated
4) Multicellular multiseriated
Answer:
2) Unicellular unbranched

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Question 7.
The main function of trichomes is
1) Prevention of loss of water
2) Opening of stomata
3) Protection form herbivores
4) Absorption
Answer:
1) Prevention of loss of water

Question 8.
Scat of the origin of lateral roots is
1) Endodermal cells
2) Pericycle cells
3) Cortical cells
4) Epidermal cells
Answer:
2) Pericycle cells

Question 9.
Lcnticcls help in
1) Transpiration only
2) Photosynthesis – gaseous exchange
3) Respiration – gaseous exchange only
4) Respiration and Transpiration
Answer:
4) Respiration and Transpiration

Question 10.
In dicot roots, the vascular cambium is derived from
1) Cortex
2) Pericycle
3) Medulla
4) Endodermis
Answer:
2) Pericycle

Question 11.
In monocot stems, each vascular bundle is surrounded by
1) Parenchymatous sheath
2) Collenchymatous sheath
3) Sclerenchymatous sheath
4) None
Answer:
3) Sclerenchymatous sheath

Question 12.
Hypodermis in primary dicot stem is made up of
1) Few layer sclerenchyma
2) Few layered collenchyma
3) Multilayered parenchyma
4) Multilayered sclerenchyma
Answer:
2) Few layered collenchyma

Question 13.
Barrel shaped cells are associated with
1) Endodermis of dicot root
2) Endodermis of monocot stem
3) Pericycle of dicot root
4) Pericycle of monocot root
Answer:
1) Endodermis of dicot root

Question 14.
Bark includes
1. Phellemandphellogen
2. Phelloderm and vascular cambium
3. All tissues outer to the vascular cambium
4. Vascular cambium and secondary phloem
Answer:
3. All tissues outer to the vascular cambium

Question 15.
Secondary meristems are found in
1. Mature parts
2. Growing tips of main stem
3. In between mature tissue
4. Rootapex
Answer:
1. Mature parts

Question 16.
Sclerenchyma differs from parenchyma in
1. having thick lignified walls
2. possessing protoplasts
3. having a central vacuole
4. showing secretory functions
Answer:
1. having thick lignified walls

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Question 17.
In plants, growth occurs in
1. Vascular tissues
2. Storage tissues
3. Meristematic tissues
4. Reproductive organs
Answer:
3. Meristematic tissues

Question 18.
In xylem, the main elements of conduction are
1. Xylem fibres and tracheids
2. Vessels and xylem parenchyma
3. Tracheids and vessels
4. Xylem fibres and xylem parenchyma
Answer:
3. Tracheids and vessels

Question 19.
The function of ray parenchyma in xylem is
1. storage of Water
2.upward conduction of water
3. downward conduction of water
4. radial conduction of water
Answer:
4. radial conduction of water

Question 20.
Identify the non lignified element
1. tracheid
2. albuminous cell
3. vessel
4. fibre cell
Answer:
2. albuminous cell

Question 21.
Stomata regulate
1. transpiration
2. photosynthesis
3. respiration
4. osmotic phenomena
Answer:
1. transpiration

Question 22.
Mesophyll is a type of
1. sclerenchyma
2. collenchyma
3. parenchyma
4. meristem
Answer:
3. parenchyma

Question 23.
Ground tissue is composed of the following except
1. cortex
2. endodermis
3. phloem
4. pith
Answer:
3. phloem

Question 24.
Endodcrmis is a part of
1. outer cortex
2. vascular tissue
3. inner cortex
4. hypodermis
Answer:
3. inner cortex

Question 25.
A characterstic feature of monocot root is
1. endarch primary xylem
2. polyarch primary xylem
3. very small pith
4. presence of secondary growth
Answer:
2. polyarch primary xylem

Question 26.
Presence of lysigcnohs cavities inside the xyleni is a charecterislic feature of
1. Dicot stem
2. Monocot stem
3. Dicot root
4. dicot leaf
Answer:
2. Monocot stem

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Question 27.
Early wood is formed during
1. Favourable conditions
2. Leaf fall conditions
3. Active monsoons
4. Dull monsoons
Answer:
1. Favourable conditions

Question 28.
In a secondary stem which of the following tissues consitute a major bulk
1. Primary phloem
2. Primary xylem
3. Secondary phloem
4. Secondary xylem
Answer:
4. Secondary xylem

Question 29.
Heart wood is very hard and resistant to attacks from micro organisms due to the deposition of
1. Tanins, resins and gums
2. Mineral crystals and oils
3. Starches, proteins and fats
4. Enzymes, hormones, acids
Answer:
1. Tanins, resins and gums

Question 30.
The tissue which is impervious to water is
1. Phellogen
2. Phellem
3. Phelloderm
4. Secondary medullary ray
Answer:
2. Phellem

Question 31.
Periderm includes all the following excepting
1. Cork
2. Corkcambium
3. Secondary cortex
4. Secondaryphloem
Answer:
4. Secondaryphloem

Question 32.
Trichomes present on the stem epidermis
1. Promote transpiration
2. Prevent transpiration
3. Support the growth of microorganisms
4. Give strength
Answer:
2. Prevent transpiration

Question 33.
Bark differs from periderm in having a layer of
1. Phellem
2. Phellogen
3. Phelloderm
4. Bast
Answer:
1. Phellem

Question 34.
Phellogen is an example of
1. Secondary lateral meristem
2. Primary lateral meristem
3. Intercalary meristem
4. Apical meristem
Answer:
1. Secondary lateral meristem

Question 35.
Identify the living tissue from the following
1. Pericycle in dicot stem
2. Xylem
3. Cork tissue
4. Cambium
Answer:
4. Cambium

Question 36.
Which of the following is a living cell
1. Hypodermal cell of maize stem
2. Cells.of cork tissue
3. Young phloem fibre cell
4. Young xylem fibre cell
Answer:
3. Young phloem fibre cell

Question 37.
Endodermis is absent in .
1. Dicot stem
2. Monocot stem
3. Dicotroot
4. Monocot root
Answer:
2. Monocot stem

Question 38.
Bundle sheath cells are
1. Chlorophyllous
2. Thin walled
3. Non living
4. Thick walled
Answer:
4. Thick walled

Question 39.
Regulated transpiration occurs through
1. Epidermis
2. Lenticels
3. Stomata
4. Wounds
Answer:
3. Stomata

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Question 40.
Meristematic tissues are found in
1. Vascular bundles of dicot stem
2. Vascular bundles of monocot stem
3. Vascular bundles of dicot leaf
4. Vascular bundles of monocot root
Answer:
1. Vascular bundles of dicot stem

Question 41.
Phcllogen is an example of
1. Primary meristem
2. Primary lateral meristem
3. Intercalary meristem
4. Secondary lateral meristem
Answer:
4. Secondary lateral meristem

Question 42.
Lateral meristcms help the plant in
1. Linear gowth
2. Radial growth
3. Horizontal growth
4. Diagonal growth
Answer:
2. Radial growth

Question 43.
Growth of flowers and fruits is initiated by
1. Apical meristems
2. Intercalary meristems
3. Lateral meristems
4. Embryonic meristems
Answer:
2. Intercalary meristems

Question 44.
A living tissue is
1. Sclerenchyma
2. Phellogen
3. Xylem
4. Cork
Answer:
2. Phellogen

Question 45.
Resin ducts of Pin us belting to ………. category:
1. Lysigenous cavity
2. Schizogenous cavity
3. Pith cavity
4. Protoxylem cavity
Answer:
2. Schizogenous cavity

Question 46.
Mechanical tissues are
1. Parenchyma and Collenchyma
2. Sclerenchyma and Collenchyma
3. Xylem and Phloem
4. Meristem and Laficiferous tissue
Answer:
2. Sclerenchyma and Collenchyma

Question 47.
Lignilied cell walls are found in
1. Aerenchyma and Chlorenchyma
2. Angular Collenchyma and Lamellar Collenchyma
3. Fibers and Sclereids
4. Tracheids and Sieve tubes
Answer:
3. Fibers and Sclereids

Question 48.
Xylent parenchyma helps the plant in
1. Conduction of water and salts vertically
2. Conduction of water and salts radially
3. Storage of starch or fat
4. Synthesis of carbophdrates
Answer:
3. Storage of starch or fat

Question 49.
Trichomes found in dicot stem are …………
1. Unicellular
2. Multicellular, uniseriate
4. Multicelluiar, multiseriate
3. Multicellular, biseriate
Answer:
3. Multicellular, biseriate

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Question 50.
The function of buliform cells is
1. Regulating the opening and closure of stomata
2. Permitting the loss of water from leaf surface
3. Causes rolling and unrolling of the leaf
4. Giving protection to the inner tissues
Answer:
3. Causes rolling and unrolling of the leaf

Question 51.
The function of root hairs is
1. Absorption of water and minerals
2. Releasing secretions into soil
3. Killing the harmful micro organisms in the soil
4. Absorption of water but not minerals
Answer:
4. Absorption of water but not minerals

Question 52.
Cambium is found in
1. Monocot stem
2. Dicot stem
3. Monocot root
4. Dicot leaf
Answer:
2. Dicot stem

Question 53.
Medulla is not well developed in
1. Monocot root & Dicot stem
2. Monocot stem & Dicot root
3. Monocot stem & Monocot root
4. Dicot root & Monocot root
Answer:
2. Monocot stem & Dicot root

Question 54.
Monocot root differs from dicot root in the
1. presence of relatively bigger cortex
2. presence of tetrarch xylem
3. occurance of secondary growth
4. absence of medulla
Answer:
1. presence of relatively bigger cortex

Question 55.
The type of vascular cylinder in Helianthus stem is called
1. Atactostele
2. Dictyostele
3. Meristele
4. Eustele
Answer:
4. Eustele

Question 56.
Which of the following is present in Monocot stem
1. Phloem parenchyma
2. Medullary rays
3. Pericycle
4. Xylem parenchyma
Answer:
4. Xylem parenchyma

Question 57.
Dicot stem differs from monocot stem in character
1. Collenchymatoushypodermis
2. Sclerenchymatoushypodermis
3. Oval shaped vascular bundles
4. Presence of protoxylem lacunae
Answer:
1. Collenchymatoushypodermis

Question 58.
The guard cells in the epidermis of Helianthus leaf are
1. Spherical
2. Reniform
3. Bulliform
4. Cylindrical
Answer:
2. Reniform

Question 59.
Tissues are classified into two main groups, namely, meristematic and permanent tissues based on
1) Position and location
2) Function, position and location
3) Whether the cells being formed are capable of dividing or not
4) Structure, function position and location
Answer:
3) Whether the cells being formed are capable of dividing or not

Question 60.
Which of the following is(are) complex tissue(s)
1) Parenchyma
2) Phloem
3) Xylem
4) Both 2 and 3
Answer:
4) Both 2 and 3

Question 61.
Growth in plants is largely restricted to specialized regions of active cell division, called
1) Meristems
2) Cambium
3) Primordium
4) Permanent tissue
Answer:
1) Meristems

Question 62.
Which of the following characteristic is not found in parenchyma?
1) It forms the major component within organs
2) Their walls are thick and made up of cellulose
3) They may either be closely packed or have small intercellular spaces
4) The parenchyma performs various functions like photosynthesis, storage and secretion
Answer:
2) Their walls are thick and made up of cellulose

Question 63.
Intercalary meristem is derivative of
1) Promeristem
2) Primary meristem
3) Lateral meristem
4) Secondary meristem
Answer:
2) Primary meristem

Question 64.
The sclerenchymatous sclereids are found in
1) Fruit walls of legumes
2) Pulp of fruits like, guava, pear and sapota; leaves of tea
3) Seed coat of nuts
4) All of the above
Answer:
4) All of the above

Question 65.
The cells or tissues of plants wihich have lost the power of division are called:
1) meristematic
2) permanent
3) protoderm
4) promeristem
Answer:
2) permanent

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Question 66.
Length of petiole increases by the activity of
1) Apical meristem
2) Lateral meristem
3) Intercalary meristem
4) All the above
Answer:
3) Intercalary meristem

Question 67.
Identify the plant tissue in which lignin is absent
1) Collenchyma
2) Sclerenchyma fibres
3) Sclereids
4) Xylem tracheids
Answer:
3) Sclereids

Question 68.
Which one of the following comprises only simple tissues?
1) Parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma
2) Parenchyma, xylem and collenchyma
3) Parenchyma, xylem and sclerenchyma
4) Xylem and phloem
Answer:
1) Parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma

Question 69.
Chlorenchyma cells are
1) Chlorophyll-containing sclerenchyma cells
2) Chlorophyll-containing epidermis
3) Chlorophyll-containing parenchyma
4) Chlorophyll-containing phloem
Answer:
3) Chlorophyll-containing parenchyma

Question 70.
Vessels are characteristic of
1) Angiosperms only
2) Gymnosperms only
3 ) Pteridophytes only
4) None of the above
Answer:
1) Angiosperms only

Question 71.
Which one of the following tissue does not possess living protoplasm?
1) endarch
2) diarch
3) poly arch
4) exarch
Answer:
2) diarch

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Question 72.
The centrifugal arrangement of the xylem is called
1) Collenchyma
2) Sclerenchyma
3) Parenchyma
4) Parenchyma
Answer:
1) Collenchyma

Question 73.
A living component of xylem element is
1) Xylem tracheid’s
2) Xylem vessels
3) Xylem fibres
4) Xylem parenchyma
Answer:
4) Xylem parenchyma

Question 74.
Albuminous cells of gymnosperms are equivalent to
1) Seive tubes
2) Seive cells
3) Companion cells
4) Cork cambium
Answer:
3) Companion cells

Question 75.
Which are the following cells of phloem helps in maintaining “pressure gradient in sieve tubes”
1) Phloem parenchyma
2) Companion cells
3) Phloem fibres
4) Sieve cells
Answer:
2) Companion cells

Question 76.
A conjoint and open vascular bundle will be observed in the transverse section of
1) Monocot root
2) Monocot stem
3) Dicot root
4) Dicot stem
Answer:
4) Dicot stem

Question 77.
Select the correct match
1) Starch sheath – Epidermis
2) Trichoblast – Endodermis
3) Lateral conduction – Medullary rays
4) Palisade and spongy – Bundle sheath
Answer:
3) Lateral conduction – Medullary rays

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Question 78.
The innermost layer of cortex shows the following distinguishing character
1) The radial walls are thickened by pecto cellulose bands
2) The transverse walls are wrapped by suberized band
3) The radial walls are thickened by cutinized band
4) The transverse walls are thickened by chitinous band
Answer:
3) The radial walls are thickened by cutinized band

Question 79.
Water containing cavity within the vascular bundle of monocot stem is
1) Mucilage canal
2) Lisogenous cavity
3) Schizogenous cavity
4) Resin duct
Answer:
2) Lisogenous cavity

Question 80.
Seat of the origin of trichomes is
1) Endodermal cells
2) Pericycle cells
3) Cortical cells
4) Epidermal cells
Answer:
4) Epidermal cells

Question 81.
Which of the following pairs show very large pith
1) Sunflower stem & maize stem
2) Sunflower stem & maize root
3) Sunflower root & maize stem
4) Maize root & sunflower root
Answer:
2) Sunflower stem & maize root

Question 82.
In xylem, the main elements of conduction are
1) Xylem fibres and trachieds
2) Vessels and xylem parenchyma
3) Tracheids and Vessels
4) Xylem fibres and xylem parenchyma
Answer:
3) Tracheids and Vessels

Question 83.
Select the mismatch
1) Cuticle – prevents the water loss
2) Root hairs – absorption
3) Mesophyll – photosynthesis
4) subsidiary cells – photosynthesis
Answer:
4) subsidiary cells – photosynthesis

Question 84.
The water impcrable cell wall material present on the radial and tangential walls of endodermal cells is
1) Cellulose
2) Suberin & lignin
3) Pectin
4) Cutin
Answer:
2) Suberin & lignin

Question 85.
Bulliform cells help in unrolling of leaves when they are in
1) Flaccid condition
2) Plasmolysed condition
3) Turgid condition
4) Disintegrated condition
Answer:
3) Turgid condition

Question 86.
Which of the following is incorrect about isobiiateral leaf?
1) Stomata present on both surfaces
2) Undifferentiated mesophyll
3) Nearly same size vascular bundle present all over leaf
4) It is a monocot leaf
Answer:
3) Nearly same size vascular bundle present all over leaf

Question 87.
In a dorsiventral leaf, location of palisade tissue and phloem are known as
1) abaxial and abaxial
2) adaxial and abaxial
3) adaxial and adaxial
4) abaxial and adaxial
Answer:
2) adaxial and abaxial

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Question 88.
Other names of secondary cortex, cork cambium and cork are
1) phellem, phelloderm and phellogen
2) phellogen, phelem and phelloderm
3) phelloderm, phellogen and phellem
4) phellogen, phelloderm and phellem
Answer:
3) phelloderm, phellogen and phellem

Question 89.
Annual rings are distinct in plants growing in
1) phellem, phelloderm and phellogen
2) phellogen, phelem and phelloderm
3) phelloderm, phellogen and phellem
4) phellogen, phelloderm and phellem
Answer:
4) phellogen, phelloderm and phellem

Question 90.
Which statement is not true regarding the secondary growth in dicot roots?
1) The vascular cambium appears wavy due to collateral nature of bundles
2) Cambium is formed by conjunctive tissue
3) Cells infront of protoxylem becomes meristematic
4) Secondary xylem is formed inside vascular cambium
Answer:
3) Cells infront of protoxylem becomes meristematic

Question 91.
Vascular cambium is formed by
I) interfascicular cambium
II) Intrafascicular cambium
III) Cork cambium
1) I and III only
2) II and III only
3) I, II and III only
4) I and II only
Answer:
4) I and II only

Question 92.
Structure absent in monocot stem
I) Pericycle
II) Meduiary rays
III) Medulla
IV) Endodermis
V) Phloem parenchyma
1) I, II, IV only
2) I, III, IV only
3) I, II, IV, V only
4) I, II, III, IV & V
Answer:
4) I, II, III, IV & V

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 12 Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Question 93.
As a tree grows older, which of the following increases more rapidly In thickness?
1) Heartwood
2) Sapwood
3) Phloem
4) Cortex
Answer:
1) Heartwood