Class 9

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 8 Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Solutions 8th Lesson Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products

9th Class Biology 8th Lesson Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
Suggest some ways through which our country could increase the production of rice to meet at least global limits. (AS 1)
(OR)
Day by day population is increasing. But the cultivated land is very limited. To produce required quantity of food for the growing population, what are the poible solutions in your view?
Answer:

• Increasing area of cultivated land.
• Increasing production in the existing land.
• Developing high yielding rice varieties.
• Conserving the genetic diversity of rice so it can be used in the development of new varieties suited to different growing conditions.
• Developing rice crop management strategies that improve nutrient use efficiency.
• Management of crop protection and suitable irrigation methods.
• Organic manure to be used for rice crop.
• Alternating crops and mixed crop system to be followed.

Question 2.
How are biofertilizers more beneficial as compared to chemical fertilizers? (AS 1)
Answer:

• Biofertilizers add natural nutrients to soil.
• They increases soil organic matter and improves soil structures.
• Biofertilizers improves water holding capacity of the soil and reduces soil crusting problems.
• They reduces soil erosion from wind and water.
• Biofertilizers increases crop yield.
• Biofertilizers improves the percentage of humus and remained long time in the soil.

Question 3.
a) Find out the adverse effects of chemical fertilizers need for growing the high yielding varieties of crops. (AS 1)
Answer:

• Chemical fertilizers pollute lakes, rivers and streams.
• They destroy beneficial soil life including earthworms.
• By using chemical fertilizers, we can get high yielding for only 20 to 30 years.
• After that soil becomes reluctant to plant growth.
• Chemical fertilizers damage soil fertility.
• Make certain crops vulnerable to diseases.
• Prevent some plants from absorbing needed minerals.
• Food produced by using chemical fertilizers do not taste as good.

b) Can high yielding varieties be grown without them (Chemical Fertilizers) as well? How? (AS 1)
Answer:

• Yes, high yielding varieties be grown without chemical fertilizers.
• By using biofertilizers, instead of chemical fertilizers and synthetic pyrethroids we get higher yielding.

Question 4.
What threats to nature do chemical fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides and herbi-cides pose? (AS 6)
Answer:

• When we use insecticides to kill pests or weedicides/herbicides to destroy weeds, a large percentages of herbicides, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides remain in the soil.
• From the soil, these chemicals find their way into water sources.
• People spray these chemicals in fields are exposed to them and some of the chemi-cals enter their body.
• Insecticides destroy all insects in which some of them are useful in pollination.
• Extensive use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides and weedicides makes the soil unsuitable to grow crops after sometime.

Question 5.
What are the adverse effects of using high yielding varieties of seeds? (AS 1)
Answer:
The adverse effect of using high yielding seeds is – they use more nutrients from the soil. Thus the soil can lose its fertility if they are used continuously.

Question 6.
What are the essential measures that a farmer needs to take before sowing the seeds of a crop? (AS 1)
Answer:

• Preparation of soil is done before sowing the seeds.
• The soil is ploughed to loosen and break the solid pieces of soil.
• The field is watered before sowing.
• Seed treatments against/soil-borne diseases to reduce the incidence of diseases.

Question 7.
Suppose you had a farm in a drought striken area of your state, what crops would you grow and how? (AS 1)
Answer:

• Sorghum, Pearlmillet, Red gram, Green gram, Horse gram can be grown in drought striken area.
• We can grow these crops by rain water harvesting building check dams, drip irrigation methods, watershed management and soil and water conservation methods.

Question 8.
What measures will you take to save your field from seasonal outburst of insects? (AS 1)
Answer:
Nowadays farmers use insecticides and other chemicals to save their crop field.

• I prefer catching the insects manually and removed from the field.
• I also use predatory insects to remove insects from the field.
• I place lighted bulb (Deepapu Teralu) so that insects could cluster around it.
• Insecticides are sprayed at regular intervals.

Question 9.
What basis would you adopt to explain to a farmer using chemical fertilizers switch over to organic fertilizers? (AS 4)
Answer:

• Organic fertilizers replenish the soil, keeps soil easily broken up into small pieces.
• Organic fertilizers promotes beneficial soil life.
• Organic fertilizers increase crop yield.
• They maintain a natural balance in the soil.
• They protect certain crops from diseases.
• Benefit the environment by recycling agricultural wastes into energy for local community.

Question 10.
A farmer had been using a particular insecticide for a long time. What consequences will it have on – a) insect population b) soil ecosystem? (AS 1)
Answer:
a) Insect population :

1. Insect develop immunity to the insecticide used.
2. And it has any effect on the insect it targets. Hence the number of insects increases,

b) Soil ecosystem :

1. A large percentage of insecticide chemicals remain in the soil.
2. These chemicals kill the worms in the soil which are useful to soil.
3. Hence soil ecosystem destroys by increasing the concentration of salts in the soil.

Question 11.
Venkatapuram village is in drought prone area. Somaiah wants to cultivate sugar-cane in his fields. Is it beneficial or not? What questions will you ask him to convey your belief? (AS 7)
Answer:

• It is not beneficial for Somaiah to cultivate sugarcane crop.
• Sugarcane grown in places where rich water resources are present.
• “Where do you get water to cultivate sugarcane crop?” I ask this question to Somaiah.
• I advise him to grow crops which needs less water (Aruthadi Pantalu) in drought prone area.

Question 12.
Draw a block diagram of water resources in your village. (AS 5)
Answer:

Question 13.
Ramaiah has soil testing done in his field. The percentages of nutrients are 34-20-45. Is it suitable for cultivating sugarcane crop ? Which crops can be cultivate without using pesticides in Ramaiah’s field? (AS 2)
Answer:

• Ramaiah’s field is not suitable for cultivating sugarcane crop.
• Because sugarcane needs 90% of nitrogen in the soil but Ramaiah’s field has only 34% of nitrogen.
• Maize and groundnut can be cultivated in Ramaiah’s field.

Question 14.
Organic manure is helpful to biodiversity. How do you support this statement? (AS 6)
Answer:

• Biological research on soil and soil organisms has proven beneficial to the system of organic farming.
• Varieties of bacteria and fungi breakdown chemicals, plant matter and animal waste into productive soil nutrients.
• In turn the producer benefits by heal their yields and more suitable soil for future crops.

Question 15.
Make a list of major weeds in your area (You have already conducted the project) Find out the different weeds that grow along with different crops in your area. (AS 4)

Answer:
Cynodondacylon, Digitaria longifolia, Dacty loctenium colonum, Setaria glauca, Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus difformis, Eichornia crassipes, Salvinia mollusta, Alternathera sps. Celosia argentea, Leucas aspera, Portulaca oleracea, cleome sps. Solanum nigum, Argemone mexicana, Abutilon indicum, Euphorbia sps. Vernonia Cinnera, Eichnochloa colonum, Commelina bengalensis, Avenafatua, Eichnochloa Crusgalli, Eleusine indica, Euphorbia hirta, Achyranthus, despera, Eclipta prostrata.

Name of the Crop	Weeds that grown on crop
Paddy	Cynodon dactylon, Digitaria longi folia, Cyperus rotundus, Eichornia.
Groundnut	Leucas aspera, portulaca oleracea, Cleome sps, Abutilon indicum, Euphorbia cynodon dactylon, Commelina bengalensis, Cyperus roturdus.
Black gram	Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus, Abutilon indicum, Commalina bengalensis, Euphorbia hirta.
Maize	Euphorbia hirta, solanum nigrum, cyperus rofundus, cynodon dactylon.
Green gram	Eichnochloa colonum, cyperus rotundus cynodon dactylon, Argemone mexicana, Portulaca oleracea.

Question 16.
Spraying high dose of pesticides is hazardous to biodiversity and crop yielding. How can you support this statement?
Answer:

• When we use pesticides large percentage of it will remain in the soil. These kill the germs in the soil.
• From the soil pesticides find their way into water bodies affecting the aquatic animals.
• People who spray these pesticides in the fields are exposed to them and some of the chemicals enter their bodies causing health problems or some times the person dies.
• Pesticides destroy all the insects which are useful to the plants causing hazardous to biodiversity.

Question 17.
Natural pest controlling methods are useful to biodiversity. Comment it.
Answer:

• Some insects control the harmful insects and they are called friendly insects.
  E.g.: Spiders, Dragonfly, Krisopa etc.
• Trachoderma bacterium lives in the eggs of stemborer, tobacco caterpillar destroy the pests at the egg stage.
• Some bacteria like Bacillus Turengenisis destroy some pests.
• Mixed crops also control some pests and diseases.
• Hence natural pest control methods are useful to biodiversity because these methods destroys only the selected pests.

Question 18.
Observe the fields in your surroundings and collect the information from farmers about the process to remove weeds.
Answer:
Farmers use different methods to remove weeds. Some of them are
1) Manual method:
Many farmers still remove weeds by manually pulling them out of the field, making sure to include the roots that would otherwise allow them to resprout.

2) Stale seed bed method :
This method involves cultivating the soil, then leaving it follow for a week or so when the initial weeds sprout, the farmer lightly hoes them away before planting the desired crop.

3) Using Herbicides :
Selective herbicides kill certain targets while leaving the de¬sired crop relatively unharmed.

4) Biological control:
Vinegar kills the visible part of the weed. They will wrinkle and die next day.

5) Ploughing & Tilling :
Ploughing includes filling of soil, inter-cultural ploughing and summer ploughing. Ploughing up roots weeds causing them to die. Mechanical tilling can remove weeds around crop plants at various points in the growing process.
Crop rotation method also helps in controlling weeds.

9th Class Biology 8th Lesson Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products InText Questions and Answers

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 110

Question 1.
Rate of growth of population and food grain production.

1. In which decade population growth is higher?
Answer:
Population growth is higher in 1961-1971.

2. In which decade food grain production is higher?
Answer:
Food grain production is higher in 1981-1991.

3. What major differences did you find in the table?
Answer:
The major differences find in the table are :
i) Foodgrain production is not increasing according to population growth.
ii) Ratio of FP/PG is in irregular order.

4. Is food grain production increasing according to population growth?
Answer:
No, last two decades food grain production is not increasing according to population growth.

5. In which decades production of food grains didn’t satisfy the needs of population? What will happen if the production is not sufficient?
Answer:
In 1991-2001 production of food grains didn’t satisfy the needs of population. If the food production is not sufficient then it leads to food crisis.

6. The decade 1991-2001 shows that rate of food production was nearly half as compared to population. What can you infer from the decade when population growth was highest?
Answer:
The reasons for the highest population growth :
i) Wide spread diseases are controlled.
ii) Health care programmes were made available in rural areas.
iii) So death rate declined.
iv) Therefore population growth become inevitable.

Question 2.

1. Find out from the graph the months in which the most water evaporates from plants.
Answer:
The months in which the most water evaporates from plants are May and June.

2. Are these the same months in monsoon season when the rainfall is heavy?
Answer:
No, these are not same.

3. So how does the availability of more water effect the plant?
Answer:
The availability of more water effects the plant with more evaporation.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 110

Question 3.
When the weather is hot and the stomata dose, what effect would this have on the absorption of carbon dioxide by the plant?
Answer:
If the stomata closed, then the absorption of carbon dioxide by the plant is less.

Question 4.
What effect would a change in the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed have on the growth of the plant?
Answer:
If the absorption of carbon dioxide by the plant is less then the growth of the plant decreases.

Question 5.
If the plant does not get water at this time, what effect would this have on its growth? Discuss in your class and find out reasons.
Answer:
If the plant does not get water at this time then the growth of the plant will stopped.

Question 6.
What are the main water sources in your village for agriculture? How farmers utilise them?
Answer:

• Canals, Bore wells, ponds are the main water sources in our villages.
• Farmers utilise water from these sources to cultivate crops.

Question 7.
Make a list of crops which require less amount of water.
Answer:
Cotton, Jute, Bajra, Maize, Coconut, Black gram, Green gram etc.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 111

Question 8.
If a field is cultivated for many years, what would happen to the nutrient content of the soil?
Answer:
If a field is cultivated for many years, then the nutrient content of the soil is decreased.

Question 9.
How does the soil get back or replenish these nutrients?
Answer:
The soil get back or replenish of these nurients by adding organic manure or chemical fertilizers.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 112

Question 10.
A farmer cultivated sugar cane in his land for the last five years. Another farmer culti¬vated sugarcane in the first year and soya bean in the second year and sugarcane in third year.
– In which case do you think has the land lost most of its nutrients?
Answer:
The land lost most of its nutrients in the case of first farmer.

Question 11.
Have you ever seen two types of crops in the same field?
Answer:
Yes, I have seen two types of crops in the same field.

Question 12.
Which crops are grown in this way?
Answer:
In the fruit growing fields like Lemon, Pomegranate, Papaya, etc. pulses like Red gram, Black gram, Green gram, etc. are grown in this way.

Question 13.
What are the uses of cultivating mixed crops?
Answer:
The uses of cultivating mixed crops are :
1) The soil becomes fertile.
2) The nutrients which are used by one crop will be regained by cultivating another crop.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 113

Question 14.
Is betel (Tamalapaku) a mixed crop? How can you justify your answer?
Answer:
Yes. Betel is mixed crop. Sorghum grown along with betel.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 121

Question 15.
If we don’t use these chemicals, how can we get a good crop? How can we increase production? Is there an answer to this question? What coidd it be?
Answer:
Suppose we can use some other methods that do not give rise to these problems. For example, they say we can make use of the natural food chains to control pests. There are many insects that eat other insects. They are called predatory insects. We can make use of these insects. There are also birds that eat insects. We can use these birds to get rid of insects.

Question 16.
If insects that pollinate crops are killed, what effect will this have on crop production?
Answer:
If insects that pollinate crops are killed, the crop production will decrease.

Question 17.
In recent times, why farmers touch the flowers with handkerchiefs in sunflower fields?
Answer:
Farmers touch the flowers with handkerchiefs in sunflower fields to control the insects.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 122

Question 18.
Do you know why Jatropa in cotton fields and marigold in mirchi fields are cultivated?
Answer:
Some mixed crops controls some diseases and pests. That’s why Jatropa in cotton field, marigold in mirchi fields are cultivated.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 110

Question 19.
In what way this kind of water supply is useful to the crop as well as the farmer?
Answer:
To prevent water wastage and economically helpful to the farmer.

Question 20.
Water Shed is a process to improve ground water level. In what way it is related to irrigation? Support with your answer.
Answer:
If ground water level will be increased then it will help to irrigation.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 117

Question 21.
In what way vermi compost is better than chemical fertilisers?
Answer:
After using vermi compost, investment on chemical fertilizers and other pesticides became reduced and the quantity of their agricultural products increased.

9th Class Biology 8th Lesson Challenges in Improving Agricultural Products Activities

Activity -1

Question 1.
Observe the Transpiration :

1. Take a polythene bag. Cover the bag on leaves and tie it.
2. Do this experiment during day time and night time separately.
3. Note the difference in your notebook.

Observations :

1. If we tie a plastic bag over a leaf, we will be able to see how much water a plant releases in the air.
2. It is estimated that a plant use only 0.1 percent of the water it absorbs to form carbohydrate.
3. The rate of transpiration is high during day time when compared to night time.

Question 2.
b) Draw the route map of Jawahar and Lai Bahadoor canals of Nagarjuna sagar in Andhra Pradesh & Telangana map.
Answer:

I. 1) Take one example from each of millets, cereals, vegetables, and fruits.
2) First you have to list out the known characters of the above and then list out the characters that you want to change or modify in them.
3) But you need to give your own reasons – why do you want to make such changes in them?

II. Red and yellow equal to rellow.

1) If you want to make your own hybrid flower you need to do the following. But it is time consuming process and patience job too.
2) For this you need red and yellow colour chandrakantha plants.
3) Select 5 or 6 red flowers on a plant.
4) Remove all the other flowers of that plant.
5) Take each flower, remove stamens carefully.
6) Take yellow flower and rub with that flower gently on the stigma of selected red flower for pollination. Do this process in the evening only.
7) Tie a tag with a thread loosely to the pollinated flower to avoid confusion in iden¬tifying these flowers for seeds in the next few days.
8) Within a week days you will get black seeds.
9) Keep them another two weeks to dry and sow them in a pot.
10) Take care to grow the plants until they flower.

Observations:
1) The colour of the flowers will be orange.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 7 Animal Behaviour Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Solutions 7th Lesson Animal Behaviour

9th Class Biology 7th Lesson Animal Behaviour Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
What is the advantage of reflex action? (AS 1)
(a) It has to be learned
(b) It happens differently each time
(c) It does not have to be learned
(d) None of them
Answer:
(c) It does not have to be learned.

Question 2.
If a rat is given a mild electric shock when it goes to a certain part of its cage, it eventually avoids going there. This is because of- (AS 1)
(a) Imitation
(b) Conditioning
(c) Instinct
(d) Imprinting
Answer:
(b) Conditioning

Question 3.
Describe all types of behaviour discussed in the lesson with appropriate examples. (AS 1)
(OR)
Describe different types of animal behaviours discussed in the classroom with suitable examples.
Answer:
Scientists categorize animal behaviour into different categories like instinct, imprinting, conditioning, imitation.
1) Instinct:
A) Instinctual behaviours are behaviours that need not be learned.
B) They are inborn behaviours and can be complex like making nest by birds, choose mates and forming into groups for protection.
C) Reflexes are also a type of instinct behaviour.

2. Imprinting:
A) Chickens and ducklings are able to walk almost immediately after hatching from the egg.
B) Duckling can even swim after a few days.
C) They recognise their mother because of a behaviour type called imprinting.
D) Imprinting lets young animals recognise their mother from a young age. They can follow her for food and protection.

3. Conditioning:
A) Conditioning is a type of behaviour involving a response to a stimulus that is different from the natural one.
B) It is a type of learned behaviour.
C) If we take ringing of school bell as an example, student shows different types of conditioning to a school bell as per the time.

4. Imitation:
A) It is a type of behaviour where one animal copies another animal.
B) Kohler conducted experiments on imitation in chimpanzees.
C) One chimpanzee tried to take a fruit from a tree. But it failed in reaching the fruit.
D) Later chimpanzee used sticks to reach the fruit. This time it succeded in reaching the fruit.
E) Chimpanzee used sticks to spear juicy grubs to eat.
F) Other chimpanzees copy this behaviour.

Question 4.
Differentiate between (AS 1)
Answer:
a) Imitation and Imprinting.

Question 5.
How human behaviour is different from behaviour of other animals? Explain with an example. (AS 1)
Answer:

• Humans show many of the same types of behaviour as other animals.
• But human behaviour is often more complex because we are more intelligent and aware of ourselves.
• For example, hungry persons might want to start eating immediately when they sit down at the dining table.
• But the humans have learned that good manners mean they should wait until everyone is seated and ready to eat.
• But animals eat food whenever they find it.

Question 6.
Observe ants going on a line. Ask your teacher how they communicate and write a note on this. (AS 4)
Answer:

• Ants talk to each other using chemical signals called pheromones that they detect with antennae.
• Ants use their antennas to pick up smells.
• For example, when ants find food they have a pheromone trail from the food soure to the colony.
• Other ants follow this trial. As the other ants follow the trial, the pheromone scent becomes stronger.
• The paired antennas of ants provide information about the direction and intensity of scents.
• Since most ants live on the ground, they use the soil surface to leave pheromene trail that may be followed by other ants.
• Some ants produce sounds using gaster segments and their mandibles.
• Sounds may be used to communicate with colony members or with other species.

Question 7.
“Understanding of animal behaviour creates positive attitude towards animals”. How do you support this statement? Explain with suitable examples. (AS 6)
Answer:

• I support the above statement that understanding of animal behaviour creates positive attitude towards animals.
• Animals usually make sounds depending upon their needs. They show different facial expressions.
• For example, cattle make sounds whenever they need food and water.
• After giving food and water by the master they calmdown.
• When a crow dies, all the other crows come around making sounds ‘kaww, kaww’ shows their sadness, we have to understand nature of the crows in this situation.
• We have to identify the unity and integrity among the ants when they go in line in search of food.
• When dogs bark during nights, we should understand that they are doing that for our safe.
• We have to show positive attitude towards animals who are useful in our daily life. Live and let live should be our motto.

Question 8.
Look at this picture. How do you feel about sibbiling care nature of animals. Have you ever seen such kind of situations in your surroundings? Explain in your own words. (AS 7)

Answer:

• Sibbiling care nature of animals are animals with instinct behaviour.
• Every animal take care of their young ones until they are grown adults.
• I observed sibbiling care situations in my surroundings.
• The newly hatched chickens are taken by their mother to surrounding places to feed them.
• Whenever the chicks faces danger mother brings them under her wings.
• When the eagle tries to take away the chicks the mother attacks the eagle to save its chickens.
• Chicken feeds and protect young ones until they are able to collect their own food.
• A new born kitten is born blind. Its eyes normally do not open until it is 10 to 12 days.
• Finding the milk source is accomplished with help from mom, who encourages young kittens to feed a few minutes after birth.
• Cat often changes its living place by transfering young kitten. It does so to protect kittens from enemies.

9th Class Biology 7th Lesson Animal Behaviour Activities

Lab Activity

Question 1.
Behaviour of Cockroach : For this we need a choice box and calcium chloride.
Answer:
Making of Choice box :

• Take a box, and divide it into four chambers with the help of a card board.
• Make tiny holes in any two chambers of one side so that light can pass through these holes into the chambers.
• Let other two chambers as it is (dark).
• Now create humid environment with help of moist cotton wool in one of the lightened and one of the dark chambers.
• Create dry atmosphere with help of calcium chloride in one of the lightened and one of the dark chambers.

• So, the box has been divided into four chambers with different conditions i.e., light and dry, light and humid, dark and dry, dark and humid.
• Make four groups in class. Each group will put several cockroaches into a choice of chamber with four different conditions.
• Cover the box and leave the setup for 15-20 minutes.
• Count the number of cockroaches in each chamber.

Observations :

1. Cockroaches prefer dark and damp conditions.
2. The quarter of the choice chamber with these conditions contains most or all of the cockroaches.

Activity – 1

Question 2.
Observe the following behaviours of different animals. Identify their instinct, imprinting, conditioning or imitation.
a) Our pet dog barks only on strangers. If is not stopped, how would it behave?
Answer:
Conditioning.

b) Ants which usually go in a line reach sweet kept in tin. How do they know the way to reach the tin?
Answer:
Conditioning.

c) Mosquitoes, cockroaches come out of their places only when it is dark. How do they know the difference between light and dark?
Answer:
Instinct.

d) Bats and owl move and search for food during night only. How could they know what is a day what is a night?
Answer:
Instinct.

e) When you untie the neck of your bull at the time of ploughing, it moves towards plough without any instructions. In the same way, it moves towards tub at the time of feeding. How does the bull respond differently?
Answer:
Conditioning.

f) Birds collect material which is soft, strong to build its nest. How do they know the quality of material?
Answer:
Instinct.

g) Puppies, kitten fight each other when they saw a piece of cloth. They try to tare it off why?
Answer:
Imitation.

h) In a particular season some birds in our surroundings migrate from long distances. . How do they know their way?
Answer:
Instinct.

Activity – 2

Question 3.
Select any one of the animals in your surroundings. Observe it how it behaves in the following situation.
Answer:
1) Name of the animal:
Crow (corvus species)

2) Place where it lives :
They live in nests build on trees. Usually, they build nest where they feel safe from predators.

3) How it builds its place :
Crow builds its nest using tree branches, small sticks, hay etc.

4) Way of collecting food/prey:
Crows go around places where food is available. Crows are omnivorous and they eat almost everything.

5) External characters :
Crows are usually black in colour or black with little white plumage.

6) Expressions :
A) Crows make a wide variety of calls or vocalizations.
B) In many species the pattern and number of numerical vocalizations have been observed in response to events in the surroundings like arrival or departure of crows.
C) Crows show their happiness, Jadness, fear, threat by making sounds like ‘KOWWS’.

7) Group behaviour:
A) If one crow finds food it call others to join.
B) If one crow dies, all the other crows make ‘KOWWS’ continuously without interference.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 6 Sense Organs Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Solutions 6th Lesson Sense Organs

9th Class Biology 6th Lesson Sense Organs Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

I. Give reasons for :

Question 1.
We usually do not see bright colours in dim light.
Answer:

• Retina contains cells called rods and cones.
• Nearly 125 million tiny rods are present In our eye which contain pigment ‘rhodopsin’.
• Rods detect low intensity of light at night.
• Rods cannot make the fine distinctions of bright colours in dim light.

Question 2.
Removal of wax layer too often will raise incidence of ear infection.
Answer:

• External ear or pinna has wax producing ceruminous glands and oil producing sebaceous glands.
• These glands help to keep the ear canal lubricated prevent the dust and other par¬ticles from entering into the ear canal called Auditory Meatus.
• If we remove wax layer ear diseases like formation of pus, infection of eardrum etc. may be caused by bacterial and fungal infections.

Question 3.
During severe cough and cold we lose taste of food.
Answer:
When we suffering from severe cold and cough our nasal passages are completely blocked, food becomes tasteless as we are unable to smell the foods delicious aromas.

Question 4.
While cutting onions our tears start flowing.
Answer:

• The cells of onion contains amino acids like mithionine and enzyme cystine. They are kept separate in the onion cell.
• When we cut the onion, enzymes start mixing and produce propanethiol. Sulpher oxide, which is a volatile compound that starts moving towards our eyes.
• The gas that is emitted reacts with the water of our eyes and forms sulphuric acid.
• The sulphuric acid thus produced causes burning sensation in our eyes and this, in turn, leads to the tear glands secreting tears.
• Thus we end up with watery eyes every time we cut onions at home.

II. Find out the false statements and rewrite them as correct ones.

1. The rationale behind seeing is just the impression of the image in the retina.
Answer:
True

2. Ear functions only to hear.
Answer:
False
Correct statement: Ear helps in hearing and also in maintaining the equilibrium of our body.

3. Iris patterns are like fingerprints used in identifying individuals.
Answer:
True.

4. Saliva helps the taste buds in taste sensation.
Answer:
False
Correct statement: Taste receptors help the taste buds in taste sensation.

5. We are not able to adapt to sensations.
Answer:
False
Correct statement: We are able to adapt to sensations.

III. State the differences between the two.

1. Rods and cones.
Answer:

Rods	Cones
1) Rods are responsible for detecting the dim lights only with black and white.	1) Cones are responsible for detecting the bright lights with colour.
2) 125 million rods are present in retina.	2) Seven million cones are present in retina.
3) Rods contain the pigment rhodopsin.	3) Cones contain the pigment idopsin.
4) Defect in rods causes night blindness.	4) Defect in cones causes colour blindness.

2. Iris and pupil.
Answer:

Iris	Pupil
1) This is the coloured part of our eye around pupil.	1) It is the hole located in the centre of the eye.
2) The colour of the iris may be brown, blue, green or grey.	2) The colour of the pupil is black.
3) It does not dialate or contract according to the intensity of light.	3) It dialates or contracts according to the intensity of light.

3. Pinna and tympanum.
Answer:

Pinna	Tympanum
1) It is also known as external ear.	1) It is also known as ear drum.
2) Pinna is the visible part of the ear on either side of our head.	2) It is present in between external and middle ear.
3) It is a flap (ring) like structure.	3) It is in the shape of a cone.
4) Pinna is made up of cartilage.	4) It is a thin membranous layer.
5) It collects the sound waves.	5) Sound waves strikes the tympanum and vibrates.
6) It is the first part of external ear.	6) It is the last part of the external ear.

4. Nasal cavity and ear canal.
Answer:

Nasal cavity	Ear canal
1) It is the cavity present in external nostrils.	1) It is the canal in the external ear.
2) Nasal cavity opens into internal names.	2) At the end of ear canal ear drum is present.
3) It filters the air that entering into internal names.	3) It carries the sound waves from external ear to ear drum.

IV. How do the following processes occur?

Question 1.
When we see an object, a real inverted image is formed on the retina.
Answer:

• When we see an object the eye gathers light through a convex lens, focusses it and forms an image in the retina at the back of the eye.
• The lens turns the image left to right and upside down.

Question 2.
The sound waves, collected by the pinna are changed as vibrations.
Answer:

• External ear or pinna collects the sound waves.
• They enter into the auditory meatus or ear canal. Then they strike the tympanum.
• The vibrations from the tympanum reach the malleus, incus and stapes in the middle ear.
• They magnify the intensity of the sound vibrations and send them to the membrane of oval window in middle ear.

Question 3.
We move our hand away from a hot object.
Answer:

• Moving our hand from a hot object is an unconditional reflex.
• Unconditional reflexes are inherited and shown from birth.
• Unconditional reflexes are present in all individuals and are basically same.

Question 4.
A pungent odour, makes us close our nose.
Answer:

• The olfactory receptors sense pungent odour, that information is sent to brain in the form of nerve impulses through sensory nerve.
• The brain interprets the information and identifies it as pungent odour.
• It sends message to our hand to close the nose immediately.
• The brain also sends information in the form of nerve impulses through motor nerves as we are unable to smell the food’s delicious aromas.

V. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. Then give reasons why the words are suitable.

1. Choroid layer provides ………………… to the eye.
2. The relationship between the tongue and ……………………. is more.
3. Iris pattern is used for individual …………………… .
4. Area where optic nerve leaves the eye is called the ……………………..
5. The ear drum is the …………………….
Answer:

1. Protection
2. Nose
3. Identification
4. Blind spots
5. Vibrating membrane

VI. Choose the correct option.

1. This vitamin is essential for the health of eye.
a) Vitamin ‘A’
b) Vitamin ‘B’
c) Vitamin ‘C’
d) Vitamin ‘D’
Answer:
a) Vitamin ‘A’

2. Sensation is a complex pathway involving
a) Sense organs
b) Sense organs and nerve impulses
c) Sense organs, nerve impulses, brain
d)Brain and nerve impulses
Answer:
c) Sense organs, nerve impulses, brain

3. The sound waves if not focused by external pinna and ear cannal will result in
a) Hearing several types of sound loudly
b) Not hearing anything
c) Slight hearing
d) Not being able to make out the type and origin of sound
Answer:
b) Not hearing anything

4. The muscles of the eyeball of a person becomes non functional, the invariable effect would be
a) The person fails to close eyes
b) Fails to move eye and see colours clearly
c) Feels pain in the eye
d) The nerves reaching the muscles become non-functional.
Answer:
b) Fails to move eye and see colours clearly

5. The tongue of a person is exposed to a high salty taste then:
a) The person learns to taste salty things better
b) Loves tasting salty things
c) Hates tasting salty things
d) Fails to taste a less salty thing just after the exposure.
Answer:
d) Fails to taste a less salty thing just after the exposure.

VII. Draw and label the diagrams, showing the structure of the
1. Eye

2. Ear

3. Tongue

VIII. How would you pay concern towards disabled people who is lacking sensory organs?
Answer:

• 1 will show utmost sympathy forwards disabled people who is lacking sensory organs.
• I will give my full cooperation in leading normal lives.
• With my deeds I will bring confidence among the disabled people.
• If the disabled people are blind everyday I will show the way to school and from school to home.
• I will see that the disabled people get the government help in a proper way.
• I will give my support to deaf people by giving symbols and signals to understand things.
• I will join the disabled people who are in the school age in the school mend for them.

IX. How do you appreciate the functions of sensory organs which helps us to enjoy the beauty of the nature?
Answer:

• Sense organs help us to enjoy the beauty of the nature.
• We enjoy the beauty of nature with our eyes, the melodious music with our ears, the taste of food with our tongue and feel the cool breeze on our skin.
• All these situations show just how our senses pick up information and react to them.
• Our sense organs are not just parts of us because nothing that we experience in our life, from the most important to the most boring, would be possible without the complicated power of our sense organs.
• Nothing in the entire universe of scientific exploration can even come close to match-ing the ability of our brain to use information sensed by our eyes, ears, skin, tongue and nose to produce a rich sensory experience in a matter of milli seconds.

X. Form a group with five students in your class and collect eye diseases and its char-acteristics by talking with ophthalmic assistant.
Answer:

Eye disease or defect	Characteristics
1. Age related macular degeneration	It is an eye condition that leads to the deterioration of the centre of the retina called macula.
2. Astigmatism	It is an imperfection in the curvature of retina.
3. Cataract	It is the clouding of the eye lens causing vision problems.
4. Central retinal vein occlusion	It is a blockage of the main vein in the retina.
5. Colour blindness	Occurs when we are unable to see colours in a normal way.
6. Conjunctivitis	It is the swelling of the conjunctiva, the eye becomes red, burning sensation in the eye, releases water.
7. Corneal transplant	Scars, swelling or an irregular shape can cause the cornea to scatter or distart light resulting in glare or blurring vision.
8. Diabetic retinopathy	It is a common diabetic eye disease caused by changes in retinal blood vessels.
9. Dry eye or Xeropthalmia	It is a condition where the eyes do not produce enough tears or the right quality of tears to be healthy or comfortable and eye becomes dry.
10. Far sightedness (Hypermetropia)	It is a refractive error, which means the eye does not bend or refract light properly. Images are formed behind the retina.
11. Glaucoma	It is a disease that damages the eyes optic nerve. This leads to high pressure in the back of the eye.
12. Kerolitis	It is a condition where the cornea be­comes swollen or inflamed, making the eye red and painful effecting vision.
13.Macular edema	It is a swelling or thickening of the macula, the area of the retina responsible for central vision.
14. Near sightedness (Myopia)	It is a refractive error, which means the eye does not bend or refract light properly. Image is formed in front of the retina.
15. Optic neuritis	It is an inflammation of the eye’s optic nerve.
16. Retinopathy of prematurity	Retinopathy of prematurity is an eye dis­ease that occur in a small percentage of premature babies where abnormal blood vessels grow on the retina.
17. Scleritis	It is a painful swelling of the white part of the eye, which is also known as sclera.
18. Detached retina and Torn retina	A torn retina is when the retina tears in one or more places. A detached retina is when the retina is lifted off the wall of the eye.
19. Night blindness	Person suffering from night blindness cannot see things in dimlight or at nights.
20. Trachoma	It is an eye infection affecting both eyes, is the world’s leading cause of prevent­able blindness. It is caused by a bacterium called Chlamydia Trachomatis.

XI. What happens if our skin loses its sensory nature?
Answer:

• The skin contains numerous sensory receptors which receive information from the outside environment.
• The sensory receptors of the skin are concerned with at least five different senses: pain, heat, cold, touch and pressure.
• The five are usually grouped together as the single sense of touch in the classification of the five senses of the whole human body.
• If the skin loss its sensory nature we cannot experience the pain, heat, cold, touch and pressure.

XII. Sagar is not able to listen things properly. Guess what would happen to him. What suggestions would you like to give him?
Answer:

• Sagar may be exposed to too much loud noise. This condition is noise induced hearing loss.
• Some times loud noise can cause a ringing, hissing or roaring sound in the ears called Tinnitus.
• Hearing problems may also be caused by a virus or bacteria.
• Hearing impairment happens when there is a problem with one or more partsflof the ear.
• So, I suggests Sagar to identify the reason for not listening things properly.
• I also advise him to consult a specialist called audiologist in ear problems.

9th Class Biology 6th Lesson Sense Organs InText Questions and Answers

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 76

Question 1.
Do you think our sense organs work together? Why, why not?
Answer:

• Yes, our sense organs work together.
• Every single function of the body is managed and controlled by the brain, including our organs and senses.
• Otherwise, we would have different interpretations of a stimulus, resulting confusion.
• But to be clear it is not the organs working together it is the brain constantly receiving stimuli from different senses.
• The brain is responsible for assimilating information and filling the pieces together.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 85

Question 2.
If we do not have our external ear what will happen to us?
Answer:

• If we have no external ears, sound waves may not be collected by it.
• So we cannot hear anything and it leads to deafness.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 87

Question 3.
If you are suffering from cold do you smell things in the natural way?
Answer:

• No, we cannot smell things in the natural way.
• When we have cold, we will notice foods seem tasteless because your nasal pas¬sages are blocked.

Question 4.
Do you find any relation between smell and taste?
Answer:

• Like smell, taste is also a sense based on identifying chemicals in food and the texture of it.
• The sense of taste and smell have a close and cooperative working relationship.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 90

Question 5.
How sensitive is our skin?
Answer:

• Different parts of our body have different sensitivity and the skin around the neck and finger tips is more sensitive than skin on the palm, knee and arm.
• This is because sensitivity of our skin depends on
  a) thickness of our skin.
  b) the number of sensory receptors.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 82

Question 6.
What will happen if we have no eyelashes?
Answer:

• The purpose of eyelashes is to keep moisture like sweat from setting into our eyes.
• Eyelashes protect the eye from debris and they are sensitive to being touched.
• If lashes are absent moisture like sweat will not be setting into our eyes.
• There will not be protection from debris to our eyes.

Question 7.
Are tears good for us?
Answer:

• Yes, tears are good for us.
• Whenever unwanted substances come in contact with the conjunctiva the lachry¬mal glands are stimulated to produce tears to wash the substances out of the eye.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 89

Question 8.
Why are we suggested not to take too cool or too hot food material?
Answer:
To cool or too hot food material causes damage the sense of smell. It also damage the taste buds. If we take too cool or too hot food materials we will loose sense of smell and taste.

Question 9.
If you are suffering from fever that time you are not able to enjoy the taste of food why?
Answer:

• During fever, the temperature of our body increases from the normal body temperature of 98.6°F to high temperature sometimes to 105°F.
• At this temperature, the function of the enzymes in our tastebuds stop since they can work efficiently only in the temperature range of 77 to 98.6°F.
• The cells in the tastebuds cannot send messages to the nerve centres in the brain.
• That is why during fever we are not able to enjoy the taste of food.

9th Class Biology 6th Lesson Sense Organs Activities

Activity – 1

Question 1.
Note down a few lines of any text in your book. Write about the stimuli and re¬sponses and the sensory and motor functions with respect to the sense organs in¬volved.
Answer:
(Stimuli from the environment around are received by our body through some sense organs. As we already know, they are the eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin. Let’s try to understand the path of receiving a stimulus to expressing a response (sensation))

1. The sense organs involved in writing the para above are eyes and skin.
2. Asking to write few lines in textbook is stimulus and writing the lines is response.
3. The sensory nerve in the eye take the information about writing lines to brain in the form of nerve impulses.
4. The brain interprets the signals and send the message through motor nerves to write the lines.
5. The skin in the palm helps to hold the pen in writing the lines.

Activity – 2

Question 2.
Testing tastes with tongue.
Answer:

• Dissolve a pinch of sugar in a glass of water.
• Drink a little of this. It doesn’t taste good.
• Try this for different concentrations of sugar adding by proper quantification that is weighing and preparing solutions to find out taste.
• You could take l/4th teaspoonful sugar each time which would be nearly 2 grams.
• After adding three spoons of sugar the taste of water becomes sugary.

Activity – 3

Question 3.
1. Observe the external structure of your friend’s eye, draw the diagram and lable it.
Answer:

2. Observe the eye ball of your friend in normal light. Then focus a beam of torch light on youj^friend’s eye.
Answer:

• Our eye contains eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrows and lachrymal glands.
• In normal light my friend’s eye ball is normal as usual, but after focusing a beam of torch light he immediately closed his eyes.
• After closing the eyes for two minutes, the black portion of eye is somewhat big in size.
• After opening forcibly when we throw the beam of torch light, the size of the small dark portion decrease.
• The small black portion in the centre of the eye expands in dark whereas in bright light it decreases in size.

Activity – 4

Question 4.
Testing the visual system.
Answer:

• Hold the text at arm’s length, close your right eye, and fix your left eye straight on the figure.
  
• Keep your right eye closed and bring the book slowly closer.
• When it is about 8 to 10 inches away the gap disappears as it is on the blind spot of your left eye.
• But you will not see a ‘hole’ in your visual field.
• Instead, your visual system “fills in” the missing area with information from the blue line on either side.

Activity – 5

Question 5.
Observe the iris and its surrounds of your friend’s eye. Can you find the pupil? Observe the colours and patterns in the iris of your friend’s eyes. Is there any difference from one another?
Answer:

• I found pupil in my friend’s eye.
• The colour of iris in my friend’s eyes are different.
• The colour of iris are blue in some, green in some and grey or brown in some of my friend’s eyes.
• The colour of iris are different but their shape is round in all my friend’s eyes.

Activity – 6

Question 6.
Enter into a dark room from a very bright place. What happens? Sit in a dark room for sometime. Then go into a bright light room. What happens?
Answer:

• If we enter into a dark room from a very bright place first we cannot see anything in the room.
• Because the pupil is very small in size and very less amount of light enters into the eyes.
• As the time progresses the pupil becomes large in size and we will be able to see things properly.
• If we go into a bright light room from a dark room, at first we cannot see anything in light from because the pupil does not bear the intensity of light.
• The pupil gradually lessens its size and we are able to see things properly.

Activity – 7

Question 7.
Eye and illusions.
Answer:

1. Take two pieces of white papers with same size.
2. Draw the picture of a cage on one pa¬per and the parrot on the other.
3. Then insert a stick and attach the blank sides of the papers with gum, see the figure.
4. Let it dry then twist the stick rapidly.
5. When we twist the stick rapidly, we see the parrot in the cage. What we are experi¬encing is an illusion.

Activity – 8

Question 8.
Testing of sound.
Answer:

• Take a plastic or iron funnel.
• Stretch a piece of rubber balloon and cover the wide part of the funnel with it.
• Tie it with rubber band.
• Ask your friend to shout ‘Oh’ at the narrow opening of the funnel.
• Observe the movements of the rubber sheet while he is shouting.
• Observe the rice grains also.

Observations:

1. Due to the vibrations in the rubber balloon the rice grains move up and down when we shout ‘Oh’ at the narrow opening of the funnel.
2. When we put the narrow end at the opening of our eye we hear the sound of heart as lub dub, lub dub …………….

Activity – 9

Question 9.
Touching test.
Answer:

• Blindfold your friend and ask him/her to identify different things by smell like lemon, tea, coffee, potato, tomato, tamarind, spinach, curd, brinjal etc.
• Keep as many things but be careful in choosing them.
• They should not be in powdered form.
• Don’t allow your friend to touch them.

Observations:

1. Biologically, the sense of smell or olfaction, begins with chemical events in the nose.
2. Their odours interact with receptor proteins associated with specialized nerve cells.
3. These cells incidentally are the body’s only nerve cells that come in direct contact with the outside environment.
4. Receptors present at the base of the skin lining the inner walls of the nose are highly sensitive to odour chemicals.
5. These odour chemicals can be complex and varied.

Activity -10

Question 10.
Tongue test
Answer:

• Close the eyes of your friend with a piece of cloth.
• Give her/him a piece of ginger, garlic, tamarind, banana and jaggery one by one.
• Ask her/him to taste by just taking these one at a time on the tongue.
• Remember that your friend needs to rinse his/her mouth between each test.
• Could your friend tell the taste by just putting the substances on the tongue? Yes, my friend told the taste.
• Now repeat the above experiment by asking your friend to take a bite and press the food on the plate.
• As food enters our mouth, we bite and chew it and press it against the palate with our tongue.
• This releases chemicals in food that trigger off our taste buds to act and carry stimulus to the brain to be processed for recognition of taste.
• The same taste bud is capable of producing different signals corresponding to the different chemicals in food.

Activity -11

Question 11.
Observe your tongue by standing in front of the mirror by sticking your tongue out. See how many different kinds of structures you can see on your tongue. Compare with the given diagram.
Answer:

• We can clearly see flake like structures that are filiform papillae.
• The roundish structures are fungi¬form papillae.
• There are large roundish ones at the back of the tongue which are circumvallate papillae.
• On the sides of the tongue, the bump like structures are foliate papillae.
• Taste buds are present on all of these except the filiform papillae that are not the sites of taste sensation.

Activity -12

Question 12.
Smell test
Answer:

• Blindfold your friend and ask him/her to close his or her nose as well.
• Give a few cumin seeds to your friend and ask him/her to chew.
• Ask your friend to identify what you have gave.
• You could try this with a small piece of potato as well.
• My friend has identified the cumin seeds and piece of potato.

Activity – 13

Question 13.
1) Make bundles of three toothpicks.
2) See to it that their pointed ends are at the same level.
3) Now ask your friend to make an outline of one of her/his palm.
4) Ask your friend to close her/his eyes. Now starting from the tip of the thumb keep pricking lightly with your toothpick bundle all over the plam.
5) Ask your friend how many points she/he could identify each time.
6) Repeat this with some of your friends.
Answer the following questions.
a) Where do you find maximum sensation on the palm?
Answer:
In the centre of the palm we find maximum sensation.

b) Where do you find minimum sensation?
Answer:
We find minimum sensation on the beginning of the palm.

c) Are palm sense patterns same for all your friends?
Answer:
Yes, palm sense patterns are same.

Activity – 14

Question 14.
Press your thumb gently on the tip of a sharpened pencil. Later press it on the blunt end of the pencil. How do you feel? Why?
Answer:

• When we press our thumb gently on the tip of a sharpened pencil it makes us feel pain.
• The sensory receptors sense the sharpened pencil’s press and the message is sent to brain through sensory nerve.
• Then the brain interprets the message and sends signals to feel pain through motor nerves.
• When we press our thumb with the blunt end of the pencil we do not feel pain because the sensory receptors (touch receptors) sends the message to brain through sensory nerve.
• Brain interprets the message and sends signals to our thumb to feel soft through motor nerves.

 

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 1 Cell its Structure and Functions Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Solutions 1st Lesson Cell its Structure and Functions

9th Class Biology 1st Lesson Cell its Structure and Functions Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Differentiate between a) Plant cell and animal cell b) Prokaryotic and Eucaryotic cells. (AS 1)
Answer:
a)

Plant Cell	Animal Cell
1. Cell wall present.	1. Cell wall absent.
2. Chloroplasts present.	2. Chloroplasts absent.
3. Plant cell can perform photosynthesis.	3. Animal cell cannot perform photosynthesis,
4. Vacuoles are large in size.	4. Vacuoles are small in size.
5. Centrioles are absent. They appears only at the time of cell division.	5. Centrioles present.

b)

Prokaryotic cell	Eucaryotic cell
1. Nuclear membrane is absent.	1. Nuclear membrane is present.
2. The membrane bound cell organelles absent.	2. Cell organelles are enclosed by membranes.
3. Except ribosomes other organelles are absent.	3. All cell organelles are present.
4. They has a tough cell wall.	4. Flexible, porus cell wall present in plants, plasma membrane present in animals.
5. E.g. : Cynobacteria, blue green algae.	5. E.g. : All higher plants and animals.

Question 2.
What happens if plasma membrane ruptures or breaks? (AS 2)
Answer:

• Cell membrane or plasma membrane is covering of the animal cell.
• It separate cytoplasm from the external environment.
• It defined the shape and size of the cell.
• It plays a crucial role in maintaining a balance of various substances inside the cell.
• It controls the exchange of substances between the cell and its external environment.
• If it ruptured or broke, then the above activities will stop, the cell will die.

Question 3.
Prepare a model of plant cell or animal cell with locally available materials. (AS 5)
Answer:

Question 4.
What would happen to the life of cell if there was no golgi complex? (AS 2)
Answer:

• The golgi apparatus packed various substances before they are transported to other parts of the cell.
• If there was no golgi complex in the cell the proteins and other substances are not altered and packed.
• Substances transport will not occur.
• Regeneration or repair of the membrane will not takes place.

Question 5.
What happen to the cell if nucleus is removed? Give two reasons to support your answer. (AS 1)
Answer:

• If nucleus is removed from a cell, there would be no control on the functions of a cell.
• Cells are not involved in the process of cell division.
• The cell will not live for more time.
• E.g.: Red blood cells, not having nucleus live less time than the other cells, which are having nucleus.

Question 6.
Lysosomes are known as suicidal bags of the cell. Why? (AS 1)
Answer:

• Lysosomes contained the destructive enzymes.
• Thus the enzymes normally do not come in contact with the rest of the cell.
• The materials that need to be destroyed are transported to the lysosomes.
• At times, the lysosomes burst and the enzymes are released to digest the cell.
• Hence, lysosomes are known as suicidal bags of the cell.

Question 7.
Why do plant cell possess large sized vacuole? (AS 1)
Answer:

• Vacuoles are fluid filled sac-like structures.
• In a newly formed plant cell, the vacuoles are small.
• As the cell becomes old, these vacuoles, fuse to form a single large vacuole.
• In mature plant cells, they might occupy almost the entire cell space.

Question 8.
Prepare a temporary mount of any leaf peel observe the stomata draw their picture. Write a short note on the same. (AS 5)
Answer:

• A fresh leaf of Rheo is taken.
• Making a slit in the pith material and keep the leaf inside the slit.
• To get the T.S a leaf, section cutting with a blade should be done.
• The thin section with brush and keep the section on the slide.
• Putting a drop of water, glycer¬ine on it.
• Staining the section with saffronin.
• Cover the section with a cover slip.
• By observing under the microscope of the leaf. We can see stomata in the lower epidermis.
• They are enclosed by two kidney shaped cells, called guard cells.
• In between two guard cells a pore formed stomata.

Question 9.
“Cell is the basic unit of life” – explain the statement. (AS1)
Answer:

• The fundamental organizational unit of life is the cell.
• All living organisms are composed of cells.
• In unicellular organisms, a single cell performs all the the functions.
• In multicellular organisms, a no. of cells together performs different functions.
• So, we can say that “Cell is the basic unit of life”.

Question 10.
How do you appreciate about the organisation of cell in the living body? (AS 6)
Answer:

• Cell is the basic unit in the structural organisation of all living organisms.
• Cell carry physiological functions like oxidise food materials to derive energy.
• Excrete the waste materials.
• Increase in number by dividing into two identical cells.
• Defend itself against the attack of foreign organisms.
• Try to adjust to the conditions in its surroundings.
• Function of an organism depends on the functions carried out by the cell.

Question 11.
If the organisation of cell is destroyed due to physical and chemical influence, what will happen? (AS 6)
Answer:

• If the organisation of cell is destroyed due to physical and chemical influence, the cell will die.
• Sometimes it also effects the functions of other cells nearby.

Question 12.
Read the chapter carefully collect the information about the functions of different cell organelles and make a table which contains serial number. Cell organelle, function. Don’t forget to write your specific findings below the table. (AS 4)
Answer:

Cell organelle	Functions
1. Nucleus	1. Regulates and controls all the functions of the cell. 2. Barrier of genetic information. 3. Determines the characteristics of the organism. 4. Cell division.
2. E.R	1. Transport of substances. 2. RER are the sites of protein manufactures. 3. SER helps in the manufactures of lipids.
3. Golgi Apparatus	1. Packing of various substances in the cell. 2. Secretion of proteins from the cell.
4. Lysosomes	1. Digestion of food materials 2. At the time of disease condition it digest the cell also.
5. Mitochondria	1. Generates and stores the energy.
6. Plastids	1. Chloroplasts trap the energy of sunlight during photosynthesis. 2. Chromoplasts are responsible for the colouring of fruits and flowers.
7. Vacuole	1. Storing of carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins, pigments and waste materials.

Question 13.
How could you appreciate the function of tiny cell in a large body of an organism? (AS 6)
Answer:

• Cell is the basic unit in the structural organisation of ail living organisms.
• It is the functional and structural unit of the organism.
• Functions essential for survival of the organism are carried out at the level of a cell only.
• Each cell acts as an individual unit.
• In each cell excretion, generation of energy, defending itself, adjust to the conditions, production of new cells etc. functions are carried out.
• So we must appreciate the function of a tiny cell in a large body of an organism.

Question 14.
Look at the following cartoon of a cell. Find out the functions of cell organelles. (AS 5)

Answer:

Cell organelle	Function
Nucleus	Nucleus regulates and controls all the functions of a cell and determines the characteristics of the organism.
Endoplasmic reticulum	1. It serve as channels for the transport of materials within the cell.
	2. It also functions as a cytoplasmic framework for various biochemical activities.
Golgi Apparatus	It package various substances. Proteins are altered slightly by golgi apparatus.
Lysosomes	It participates in intracellular digestion. It destroys the cell contents.
Mitochondria	It produces energy through cellular respiration.
Plastids	These are responsible for the colour of the plant cell.
A. Chloroplasts	These trap solar energy and convert this to chemical energy during photosynthesis.
B. Chromoplasts	These are responsible for the coloured fruits, flowers.
C. Leucoplasts	These are colourless, stores carbohydrates, oils and proteins.

Question 15.
Who and when was “The cell theory” proposed? When did they prepare it? What are its salient features? (AS 1)
Answer:
M.J. Schleiden and Theodar Schwann proposed “The cell theory”. They prepared it in 1838 – 39.

Statements of modern form of cell theory :

1. All the living organisms are made up of cells and their products.
2. All the cells are formed from pre-existing cells.
3. All the cells are made up of similar chemicals and show similar metabolic activities.
4. Functioning of an organism depends on the functions carried out and the interac-tion of different cells present in the organism.

Question 16.
When you observing the nucleus of cheek cell in laboratory, what precautions do you take?
Answer:
While observing the nucleus of cheek cell in laboratory the following precautions are to be taken.

Precautions:

1. Do not scrap the cheek too hard as it may injure the buccal mucosa.
2. Scrapped material should be spread uniformly on the slide.
3. Excess stains should be drained off.
4. There should be no air bubbles under the coverslip.

Question 17.
Draw the typical animal cell and lable its parts.
Answer:

9th Class Biology 1st Lesson Cell its Structure and Functions InText Questions and Answers

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 1& 2

Question 1.
Observe the following figures.

a) What common features do you see in both the cells?
Answer:
We can observe some common features in plant and animal cells. They both are having plasma membrane, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus etc.

b) Which cell organelles are found exclusively in plant cell?
Answer:
Chloroplasts and big vacuoles are the cell organelles exclusively found in plant cell.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 3

Question 2.
What is the role of the cell wall in plant cells?
Answer:
It exerts an inward wall pressure to resist the outward pressure exerted by the cell sap.

9th Class Biology 1st Lesson Cell its Structure and Functions Activities

Activity – 1

Question 1.
How do you observe cell membrane in a peel of Rheo leaf under microscope? Draw the diagram of it. Write your observations.
Answer:
Take Rheo leaf, tear the leaf in single stroke take a small piece of leaf peel with light coloured (transparent) portion. Put it on slide and put a drop of water on it. Cover it with cover slip and observe the light portion of leaf under the microscope.

Observations:

1. Cells are arranged in rows.
2. Cell membrane is clearly seen.
3. Nucleus is present in the cell.

Lab Activity

Question 2.
To observe the nucleus in cheek cells.
Answer:
Aim :
To observe the nucleus in cheek cells.

Material:
A tooth pick or ice-cream spoon or spatula, glass slide, coverslip, watch glass, needle, blotting paper, 1% methylene blue, normal saline, glycerine, microscope etc.

Procedure:

1. Wash your mouth and scrap a little of the internal living of your cheek inside your mouth with a clean tooth pick or spatula or ice-cream spoon.
2. Place the scrap in a watch glass containing a very small quantity of normal saline.
3. Then place the material on a glass slide.
4. Put a drop of methylene blue and wait for a couple of minutes.
5. Wipe off the extra stain with a fine cloth of blotting paper.
6. Put a drop of glycerine over it.
7. Place a coverslip. Tap the coverslip with the blunt end of needle so as to spread the cells.

Precautions :

1. Do not scrap the cheek too hard as it may injure the buccal mucosa.
2. Scrapped material should be spread uni¬formly on the slide.
3. Excess stains should be drained off.
4. There should be no air bubbles under the coverslip.

Observations :

1. The shape of the cells are circular in shape.
2. These cells are not similar to the structure in onion peel cell.
3. Near the centre of the cell there is a darkly coloured oval dot like structure present.

Activity – 2

Question 3.
How do you observe mitochondria in onion peel ? Observe and make a sketch of mitochondria.
Answer:
Observing mitochondria :

1. Make a fresh solution of Janus Green-B in a beaker.
2. Mix 200 mg Janus Green-B in 100 ml of water.
3. Take a watch glass pour some solution. Put the onion peel in this solution and keep it about half an hour.
4. Keep a piece of onion peel on the slide and wash thoroughly with water. Mitochondria in onion peel ceil
5. Cover the slide with a cover slip and observe it under microscope at high magnification.

Observations :
Green oval or cylindrical grains scattered in the cytoplasm. They are mitochondria.

Activity – 3

Question 4.
Observe a chSoroplast in Rheo leaf under microscope ? Draw the diagram of it and write your observation.
Answer:
Observing chloroplast:

1. Take the peel of Rheo leaf and mount it in water on a slide.
2. Observe it under high power microscope.

Observations :

1. Small green granules called chloroplasts are present in the cells of Rheo leaf.
2. Chloroplasts mainly contain green substance called chlorophyll.

Activity – 4

Question 5.
How do you observe chloroplast in Algae under microscope? Draw the diagram and write your findings.
Answer:
Observing chloroplast:

1. Collect some algae from pond and separate out thin filaments of them.
2. Place a few filaments on slide. Observe it under microscope.

Observations:

1. In algae the chloroplasts are found as ladders, stars, spirals or reticulate.
2. The primary function of chloroplasts is to trap the energy of sunlight and transform it to chemical energy in photosynthesis.

Activity – 5

Question 6.
How do you observe under microscope the vacuoles of succulent plant like cactus?
Write small note on them.
Answer:
Observing vacuoles :

1. Take the leaf or stem of any succulent plant like cactus.
2. Take thin cross section of stem of cactus in a watch glass containing water.
3. Stain it with dilute safranine solution.
4. Observe it under low and high power microscope.

Observations :

1. The large empty spaces visible in the cell are vacuoles.
2. These are fluid filled sac like structures.

 

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 3 Animal Tissues Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Solutions 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues

9th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
What do you understand by the term tissue? (AS 1)
Answer:
Tissue is a group of cells similar in structure and function.
Eg : Nerve tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue etc.

Question 2.
Show the difference between the three types of muscle fibres with diagrams. (AS 1)
Answer:

Question 3.
What is the specific function of the cardiac muscle? (AS 1)
Answer:
Specific function of the cardiac muscle :

1. Cardiac muscle present in the heart.
2. It is responsible for pumping of blood.

Question 4.
Differentiate between striated and unstriated muscles on the basis of their shape and site/location in the body. (AS 1)
Answer:

Striated muscle	Unstriated muscle
Shape : Cells in striated muscle are long cylindrical and unbranched.	Cells in unstriated muscle are long with pointed ends.
Site / Location : These are located in limbs and attached to skeleton.	These are located in Alimentary canal, blood vessels, Iris of the eye, in uterus and in the bronchi of lungs.

Question 5.
Draw a neatly labelled diagram of a neuron. (AS 3)
Answer:

Question 6.
Name the following. (AS 1)
a) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth.
b) Tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans.
c) Tissue that transports food in animals.
d) Tissue that stores fat in our body.
e) Connective tissue present in the brain.
Answer:
a) Epithelial cells
b) Tendon
c) Connective tissue/blood
d) Adipose tissue
e) Areolar tissue

Question 7.
Identify the types of tissue in the following : Linings of the organs, skin, bone, internal lining of kidney tubule. (AS 1)
Answer:

Linings of the organs	Epithelial tissue
Skin	Stratified squamous epithelium(epithelial tissue)
Bone	Connective tissue
Internal lining of Kidney tubule	Cuboidal epithelial tissue.

Question 8.
If the platelets are not present in the blood, what happens? (AS 2)
Answer:

• If the platelets are not present in the blood, blood loss may be more from the injury.
• Whenever a blood vessel is injured, at the site of injury formation of a blood clot will not takes place.
• The wound will not be sealed by the clot.

Question 9.
If you touch at elbow, you get a shock like feeling. Why? (AS 7)
Answer:

• In human beings ulnar nerve runs from the shoulder to the hand.
• The ulnar nerve comes close to the surface near the elbow.
• Due to the superficial location it is not protected by muscle, fat or other soft tissues.
• Thinner skin layer around bone at elbow makes ulnar nerve more receptive for any small stimuli.
• That is the reason for getting a shock like feeling if we touch at elbow.

Question 10.
Why the blood is called a connective tissue?
Answer:
Connective tissue :
A loosely spaced tissue mainly carrying different materials to different parts of the body as well as rendering support, making connection between organs is called connective tissue.

Blood is considered as connective tissue because of the following reasons.

1. Blood connects different organs of our body together by carrying oxygen, nutrients, hormones and other signaling molecules and removing the waste.
2. It has all the three components of connective tissue i.e., cells, fibers and matrix.
3. Similar to other connective tissues, blood is rich in fibres like collagen fibers and blood clotting fibres.
4. Blood originates from the mesodermal layer of the embryo from which all other connective tissues also originate.

Question 11.
Write the procedure to identify your blood group with the help of kit. (As 3)
Answer:
Aim :
Identification of blood group.

Apparatus :
Blood identification kit, glass slide, wax pencil, disposable needle.

Materials used :
Cotton, 70/6 alcohol, toothpicks.

Procedure:

1. Take one porcelain plate, clean and dry it.
2. With a wax pencil, draw three circles on the plate to divide the surface into three parts and draw three circles.
3. Place one drop of the corresponding antiserum near the edge of the circles.
4. Clean the fingertip with an alcohol and let it dry.
5. Press on the bottom of the fingertip with the thumb and quickly prick the fingertip with the help, of a needle.
6. Quickly, let one drop of blood get into each circle, but not touching the anti-serum.
7. Apply gently pressure to the wound with cotton ball.
8. Use a toothpick to mix the blood and anti-serum and stir gently.
9. Watch to see if any of the samples show agglutination.

Result and Inference :
By using the following table determine the blood group.

Anti – A	Anti – B	Type
Yes	No	A
No	Yes	B
Yes	Yes	AB
No	No	O

If agglutination occurs in anti – RhD serum, the Rh factor is positive, and if it does not . the Rh factor is negative.

Note :
1. See the needle is sterile.
2. Usually choose left ring finger.
3. Don’t use same needle to other body.

Question 12.
Ramu felt weak. Ramu’s father took him to hospital. The doctor advised a blood test. The report says that he does not have the required levels of haemoglobin. What are its ill effects?
Answer:
Ill effects of haemoglobin :

• Blood is red in colour due to the presence of red coloured protein called haemoglobin.
• Haemoglobin helps in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• Low haemoglobin is the main cause for anemia.
• If there is not enough haemoglobin in blood. The oxygen supply to various parts will be less, which causes shortness of breath.
• Low haemoglobin levels many aggravate extant heart problems.
• People with low haemoglobin levels get very tired as their cells do not get enough oxygen to perform their activities.

Question 13.
How blood test is useful to diagnose the disease? Explain with daily life situation. (AS 1)
Answer:

• Blood test is useful to diagnose diseases such as malaria, typhoid, cancer, HIV/AIDS, diabetes, anemia coronary heart disease, abnormalities in the functioning of kidney, liver, thyroid, etc.
• Abnormal red blood cell levels might be a sign of anemia. Dehydration, bleeding, and other disorder.
• Complete blood count with differential can measure the amounts of different types of white blood cells in our body.
• Abnormal white blood cell levels might be a sign of infection, blood cancer or an immune system disorder.
• Abnormal platelet levels might be a sign of a bleeding disorder or thrombotic disorder.
• Abnormal haemoglobin levels might be a sign of anemia, sickle cell anemia or thalassemia.
• Abnormal glucose levels in the blood might be a sign of diabetes.
• Abnormal calcium levels in the blood might suggest kidney problems, bone disease, thyroid disease, cancer, or malnutrition.
• Abnormal electrolyte levels might be a sign of dehydration, kidney disease, liver disease, heart failure or high B.P.
• Abnormal Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels might suggest a kidney disease.
• High levels of enzymes like Troponin and creatine kinase is a sign of Heart attack.
• Abnormal cholestrol or triglyceride levels might be a sign of increased risk of coronary heart disease.
• Abnormal coagulation pannel test results might suggest risk of bleeding or developing clots in blood vessels.
• Existence of microorganisms or their antibodies in the blood suggest occurence of corresponding disease.
  E.g. : Plasmodium – Malaria, HIV – AIDS etc.

Question 14.
Collect the old blood reports of your friends/relatives and prepare a project report on the contents of the blood.
Answer:
On collection and observation of old blood reports I came to know that the contents of blood should present in definite proportions such as.

Content of blood	Lower and upper limits
WBC	5.0 – 10.0 103 cells / ul
RBC	3.5 -5.5  106 cells/ul
HgB	Men 12 -16 g/dL; Women 9.9 – 13 g/dL
PLT (Platelet count)	1.0-3.0 105 cells/ ul
Neutrophil	40 – 75%
Lymphocytes	20 – 45%
Eosinophil	1 – 6%
Basophil	0-1%
Monocyte	0-3%

9th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues InText Questions and Answers

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 29

Question 1.
Why do old people shiver in winter when compared to youngsters? Is there any insulator like substance to prevent the escape of heat energy during winter?
Answer:

• Old people shivers in winter when compared to youngsters.
• They didn’t have enough fat storages below the skin.
• Fat storing adipose tissue is found below the skin and between internal organs.
• The cells of this tissue are filled with fat globules.
• Storage of fat also acts as insulator.

Question 2.
Which tissue gives definite shape to body of vertebrae?
Answer:

• Bone is one type of connective tissue.
• It forms the frame work that supports the body.
• It is a major component of the skeletal system of several vertebrae.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 34

Question 3.
During winter, body shivers. Why?
Answer:

• When the body is exposed to cold air, we shiver.
• During shivering muscles contract and relax and produce large amount of heat.
• This keeps the body heat.
• It is one type of defensive mechanism of the body.

9th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 30

Question 4.
Blood is a type of connective tissue. Why is it called connective tissue?
Answer:
Blood is considered as connective tissue because of the following reasons.

1. Blood connects different organs of our body together by carrying oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other signaling molecules and removing the waste.
2. It has all the three components of connective tissue i.e., cells, fibers, and matrix.
3. Similar to other connective tissues, blood is rich in fibres like collagen fibers and blood clotting fibres.
4. Blood originates from the mesodermal layer of the embryo from which ail other connective tissues also originate.

9th Class Biology 3rd Lesson Animal Tissues Activities

Lab Activity – 1

Question 1.
Aim:
Identification of tissue in collected sample.

Apparatus:
Microscope, slide, dilute HCl, forceps, brush.

Procedure:

1. Collect a small piece of chicken with bone from your nearby chicken centres or market.
2. Put it in dilute HCl for two hours.
3. Take the skin part of chicken piece.
4. Place the material with forceps or brush on the slide
5. Then keep the another slide on it and press both the slides gently.
6. Place a cover slip tap on it and observe under microscope.
7. Draw the diagram of what you have observed under microscope in your notebook.
8. Compare your diagram with the given picture.

Answer these questions.
1. Are all the cells similar?
Answer:
Yes. All the cells are similar.

2. How are they arranged?
Answer:
They are arranged in layers. Each cell is round and nucleated. Observed diagram

3. Are these cells tightly packed and formed as continuous sheath?
Answer:
Yes. The cells are tightly packed and formed as continuous sheath.

4. Is there any intercellular space?
Answer:
No. There is no intercellular space.

5. Think, why these cells look like continuous sheath.
Answer:
These cells are look like continuous sheath because there is no intercellular space and the cells are tightly packed.

6. Does this tissue covering protect inside and outside of the animal body?
Answer:
Yes. This tissue covering protect inside and outside of the animal body.

Question 2.
Aim:
Identification of tissue in collected sample.

Apparatus:
Microscope, slide, blood sample, syringe, cotton.

Procedure:

1. Take a sterilized syringe needle.
2. Collect one drop of blood from finger tip by pricking with syringe needle.
3. Take a slide. Keep the finger on the slide to collect one drop of blood.
4. Put another slide on it gently and press both :
5. Observe under microscope.
6. Draw the diagram of what you observe L microscope in your notebook. Compare diagram with the given picture.
   In this procedure we can identify red blood

Question 3.
Aim:
Identification of tissue in collected sample

Apparatus:
Microscope, slide, dilute HCl, vinegar, forceps.

Procedure:

1. Take a piece of muscle of chicken.
2. Put in diluted HCl or vinegar and leave it for two hours.
3. Next morning collect the piece of muscle on a slide with forceps.
4. Press gently with another slide, put few drops of water and place a cover slip on it.
5. Observe under microscope. Observed diagram
6. Draw the diagram what you have observed under microscope in your notebook. Compare your diagram with the above picture.

Answer these questions.

1. How are the cells arranged?
Answer:
Cells are arranged in layers one above the other.

2. Do you find any difference between skin cells and muscle cells?
Answer:
Muscle cells are long and nucleated.

3. If you want to observe the bone tissue in the chicken bone, settle it in vinegar or diluted HCl over night. Then only the bone becomes soft. Take a piece from it by using knife. Do you find any relation among these tissues?
Answer:
Usually muscle tissue is attached to bones.

4. Is this tissue useful for movements in our body?
Answer:
Yes. This tissue is useful for movements in our body.

Activity – 1

Question 4.
1. Collect the substance lining of mouth by using wooden spoon and observe this under microscope.
2. Draw the diagram that you observed in the microscope, in your notebook.
a) How are the cells arranged?
Answer:
Cells are extremely thin and flat and form a delicate lining.

b) Are there any intercellular spaces?
Answer:
No. Intercellular spaces are absent.

c) Think, why are the epithelial cells in skin are arranged in the form of layers?
Answer:

Because skin has to protect our body from cold, heat etc.

d) If you drink hot tea or chilled cool drink, how would you feel?
Answer:
Inner layers of our mouth cannot bear hot tea or chilled cool drink. We immediately spill hot or cold substances from our mouth.

e) If your skin burns or wounded, which tissue would effected ?
Answer:
Epithelial tissue.

Activity – 2

Question 5.
1. Take a permanent slide of cuboidal epithelium from your laboratory slide box and observe under microscope.
2. Draw the picture in your notebook.
3. How are the cells arranged?
Answer:
The cells are compactly arranged without intercellular spaces.

4. Conclusion :
These are the cuboidal epithelial cells which form the lining of organs or tubules or other parts and provide mainly mechanical support.

Activity – 3

Question 6.
1. Take a permanent slide of columnar epithelium from the slide box and observe under microscope.
2. Draw the figure that you observed under microscope. Observed diagram
3. How are the cells? Do you find any hair like projections on the outer surface of epithelial cells?

Answer:
a) The cells are long, compactly arranged without intercellular spaces.
b) Hair like projections are present on the outer surface of these cells.
c) These type of epithelial cells are present in the small intestine.

Activity – 4

Question 7.
1. Invite a scientist or doctor to your place.
2. Record an interview about blood structure and its functions.
3. It is important to make a questionnaire in order to conduct an interview.
4. After completion of interview, prepare a booklet about blood and display it on bulletin board or classroom library.

Booklet about blood.

1. Blood is a fluid connective tissue.
2. There are different types of cells in blood and each one has a different function.
3. All the cells in the blood cells float freely in the plasma.
4. Extracellular space is filled with fluid called plasma. There are no fibres in the blood.
5. Normal adult human beings have about 5 litres of blood. A chief component in plasma is water.
6. Besides water it also has several nutrients such as glucose, aminoacids, proteins, vitamins and hormones.
7. Plasma also contain factors responsible for blood clotting. Heparine helps to prevent blood clotting in blood vessels.
8. Cells present in blood are corpuscles. They are three types l.RBC, 2. WBC, 3. Blood platelets.
9. Red blood cells are also known as erythrocytes. They are red in colour due to the presence of haemoglobin.
10. haemoglobin helps in transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
11. When we are in mother’s womb, RBC are formed in the liver and spleen. After birth RBC are generated from the bone marrow of long bone.
12. RBC live for 120 days.
13. The second type of cells present in blood are white blood cells, which do not have haemoglobin. Hence they are called leucocytes.
14. There are two types of cells in WBC – granulocytes and agranulocytes.
15. There are three types of cells in the granulocytes – Neutrophils, Basophils and Esinophils.
16. These cells attack and destroy the microorganisms that enter the blood.
17. There are two types of agranulocytes – lymphocytes and monocytes.
18. Lymphocytes secret anti – bodies to guard against foreign material that enter into blood. So they are called microscopic policemen.
19. Monocytes move like amoeba and along with granulocytes. The foreign materials are destroyed inside these cells. They are called as ‘scavengers’.
20. Blood platelets are a separate group of cells which do not have a nucleus. They help in blood clotting.

Lab Activity – 2

Question 8.
Aim:
Identification of blood group.

Apparatus:
Blood identification kit, glass slide, wax pencil, disposable needle, cotton, tooth picks, 70% alcohol.

Kit components:

Components	Quantity (100 tests)
1. anti-A sera	5 ml
2. anti-B sera	5 ml
3. anti-RhD sera	5 ml
4. porcelaine white plate	2
5. wax pencil	1
6. needle (24G)	100
7. instructional mannual	1

Procedure:

1. Take one porcelain plate, clean and dry it. The plate must be very clean so that it does not interfere with the reaction.
2. With a wax pencil, draw three circles on the plate to divide the surface into three parts and draw three circles, one in each part as shown in figure.
3. Place one drop of the corresponding antiserum near the edge but within each of the circles as shown in figure.
4. Choose a left ring finger clean it with alcohol in a cotton ball and let it dry. Keep the cotton ball nearby, as it is needed again. Dangle the hand down to increase the amount of blood in the fingers.
5. Press on the bottom of the finger tip with the thumb of the same hand and quickly prick the finger tip with the help of a needle.
6. Quickly, let one drop of blood get into each circle but not touching the anti-sera.
7. After putting three drops of blood, apply gentle pressure to the wound with cotton ball.
8. Use a toothpick to mix the blood and antiserum and stir gently. Do it for each of the circles using a fresh toothpick every time.
9. Watch to see if any of the samples show agglutination.

Result and inference :
Determine the blood type depending on the result. Following table can be used to determine the blood type :

Anti – A	Anti – B	Type
Yes	No	A
No	Yes	B
Yes	Yes	AB
No	No	0

If agglutination occurs in anti-RhD serum, the Rh factor is positive; and if it does not, the Rh factor is negative.

Result should be noted in the given table :

Name	Blood group
Ramu	O
Gopal	B
Krishna	AB
Apparao	A
Gupta	B

Activity – 5

Question 9.
Collect three types of muscle slides (Striated muscles, Non-striated muscles, Cardiac muscles) from slide box. Then observe these under microscope. Write your findings in the following table.

Activity – 6

Question 10.
Collect the slide of nerve cells from the slide box. Observe it under microscope. Write your findings.
Answer:

1. We can identify three distinct parts in nerve cells.
2. They are
   1. Cell body or cyton,
   2. Axon and
   3. Dendrites
3. Cell body or cyton has a large nucleus and cytoplasm. The cytoplasm contains granular structure called Nissal’s granules.
4. Projections arising from the cell body are called dendrites. They are sharp, branched, more in number.
5. One projection of the cyton is somewhat longer than remaining projections. This is called axon.
6. Nerve cell is covered with myeline sheath. Nodes of Ranvier are present in myelin sheath.

 

AP State Syllabus AP Board 9th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 2 Plant Tissues Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Biology Solutions 2nd Lesson Plant Tissues

9th Class Biology 2nd Lesson Plant Tissues Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Define the terms (AS 1)
A) Tissue
B) Meristematic tissue
C) Dermal tissue.
Answer:
A) Tissue :
Tissue is a group of cells similar in structure and performing similar functions.

B) Meristematic tissue :
Meristematic tissue is the dividing tissue present in the growing regions of the plant.

C) Dermal tissue :
Tissues that form outer coverings are called as dermal tissues. It gives protection to the plant.

Question 2.
Differentiate the following. (AS 1)
A) Meristematic tissue and Ground tissue :

Meristematic tissue	Ground tissue
1. Cells divide continuously.	1. Cells do not divide and cannot derived from the meristem.
2. It is a simple tissue.	2. It is a simple or complex tissue.
3. Cells are living.	3. Cells may be living or dead.
4. Dense cytoplasm is present in the cell.	4. Thin cytoplasm is present in the cell.

B) Apical Meristem and Lateral Meristem :

Apical Meristem	Lateral Meristem
1. Apical meristem is found in growing tips of root stem and apices of leaves.	1. Lateral meristems are present around the edges in a lateral manner.
2. It brings about growth in length of stems and roots.	2. It rise the growth in diameter of the stem and root.

C) Parenchyma and Collenchyma :

Parenchyma	Collenchyma
1. The cells of parenchyma are soft, thin walled and loosely packed.	1. The cells of collenchyma are thick walled and compactly arranged.
2. They store food, bears chloroplasts and contain larger cavities.	2. They give mechanical strength in young tissue of stem.
3. Cell wall is primary made up of cellulose.	3. Cell wall has deposition of extra cellulose.
4. Cells are oval, round and rectangular in shape.	4. Cells are elongated, round and spherical in shape.

D) Sclerenchyma and Parenchyma :

Sclerenchyma	Parenchyma
1. It is a dead tissue.	1. It is a living tissue.
2. Cells are thick walled.	2. Cells are thin walled.
3. Inter cellular spaces are absent.	3. Inter cellular spaces are present.
4. It provides mechanical strength.	4. It stores food, bears, air cavities and chloroplasts.

E) Xylem and Phloem :

Xylem	Phloem
1. Xylem conducts water and mineral salts from the roots to the leaves.	1. Phloem conducts food from the leaves to the growing parts of plants.
2. Xylem consists of trachieds, vessels, fibres and parenchyma.	2. Phloem consists of sieve cells, sieve tubes, companion cells, fibres and parenchyma.
3. Only xylem parenchyma is living.	3. Only phloem fibres are nondiving.

F) Epidermis and Bark :

Epidermis	Bark
1. It is the outermost layer of roots,	1. Several layered bark tissue is present
stems and leaves.	above the epidermis.
2. Epidermis is a living tissues.	2. Bark is a dead tissue.

Question 3.
Name the following. (AS 1)
A) Growing tissue, which causes growth in the length of the plant.
Answer:
Apical Meristem

B) Growing tissue, which causes growth in the girth (diameter) of the plant.
Answer:
Lateral Meristem.

C) Large air cavities in the aquatic plants.
Answer:
Arenchyma.

D) Food material in parenchyma.
Answer:
Storage tissue

E) Pores essential for gaseous exchange and transpiration.
Answer:
Stomata

Question 4.
Compare and contrast the following. Xylem and Phloem. (AS 1)
Answer:

Xylem	Phloem
1. Xylem transports water and minerals from roots to the apical parts of the plant.	It transports food material from the leaves to growing parts of the plant.
2. Xylem consists of trachieds, vessels, xylem fibres and xylem parenchyma.	Phloem consists of sieve tubes, sieve cells, companion cells, phloem fibres and parenchyma.
3. Only xylem parenchyma is living.	Sieve tubes, sieve cells, companion cells and phloem parenchyma are living.
4. Trachieds, vessels, xylem fibres are dead tissues.	Phloem fibres are dead tissue.
5. Xylem gives mechanical strength to the plant.	Phloem does not give mechanical strength to the plants.
6. Conduction of water by xylem is unidirectional i.e., from roots to apical parts of the plant.	Food material conduction is bidire­ctional i.e., from leaves to storage organs or growing points or from storage organs to growing parts of plants.

Meristematic tissue and Dermal tissue :
Answer:

Meristematic tissue	Dermal tissue
1. Cells are small having thin cell wall.	1. The walls of the cells are thicker.
2. They are capable of dividing.	2. They are not capable of dividing.
3. This is present at shoot tip, root tip and where branches arise.	3. It is present as epidermis, mesodermis and endodermis.
4. It helps in the growth of the plant.	4. It protects the plant from water loss due to transpiration.

Question 5.
Give reasons to the following. (AS 1)
A) Xylem is a conductive tissue.
Answer:

1. Xylem conducts water and mineral salts from the soil to the apical parts of the plants.
2. It transports materials away from the root.
3. Conduction of water by xylem is unidirectional i.e., from roots to apical parts of the plants.

B) Epidermis gives protection.
Answer:

1. Epidermis usually consists of a single layer of cells.
2. The walls of the cells of epidermis are thicker.
3. The epidermis protects the plants from loss of water, mechanical damage, and invasion by parasitic and disease causing organisms.

Question 6.
“Bark cells are impervious to gases and water”. What experiment will you perform to prove this? (AS 3)
Answer:

• In big trees dermal tissue forms several layers above the epidermis. It is called Bark.
• The several layers of bark does not allow any things like gases and water to pass through it.
• Hence bark cells are impervious to gases and water.

Question 7.
Though Chlorenchyma, Arenchyma, and storage tissues are parenchyma in nature, why do they have different (specific) names? (AS 1)
Answer:

• Chlorenchyma, Arenchyma and storage tissue are parenchymatous tissues,
• These three parenchymatous tissues are modified to perform various functions.
• The parenchyma which contains chloroplasts is called chlorenchyma. It performs photosynthesis.
• The parenchyma which contain large air cavities or spaces is called Arenchyma. It helps the plant to float.
• The parenchyma which stores water or food or waste products is called storage tissue.

Question 8.
Draw and label the diagram of the T.S of stem. (AS 5)
Answer:

Question 9.
Describe the functions of Meristem, Xylem and Phloem. (AS 1)
Answer:
1. Functions of Meristem:

1. It is a dividing meristematic tissue. It divides continuously. The cells formed from meristems later they differentiated as components of other tissues.
2. It brings about overall growth and repair.

2. Functions of xylem :

1. It conducts water and mineral salts from the root to apical parts of the plant like stems and leaves.
2. It gives mechanical support to the plant.

3. Functions of phloem :
Phloem conducts food material from the photosynthetic parts of the plants to other parts.

Question 10.
While observing internal parts of plants, how do you feel about its structure and functions? (AS 6)
Answer:

• While observing the internal parts of plants I felt that there are different types of tissues to perform various functions.
• For examples xylem and phloem of stem and stomata present on the outer layers of leaf are mend for performing different functions.
• Hence 1 felt that cells are organised from tissues and tissues are organised to perform various functions making the plant alive.

Question 11.
If you want to know more about tissues in plants, what questions you are going to ask? (AS 2)
Answer:
i) Which plant tissue provides both mechanical strength and flexibility?
ii) Which structure protects the plant body against the invasion of disease causing organisms?
iii) What will happen if apical meristem is destroyed or cut?
iv) What is the tissue present in the husk of coconut?
v) Why plants need different types of tissues?

Question 12.
Collect information about dermal tissues of plants in what way they help to them? Display it on wall magazine. (AS 4)
Answer:

• Dermal tissue usually consists of a single layer of tissues showing variations in the types of cells.
• On the basis of their location and function dermal tissues are studied as three different types epidermis (outer layer), mesodermis (middle layer) and endodermis (inner- most layer).
• Small pores are seen in the epidermis of the leaf called stomata.
• Cells of the roots have long hair like parts, called root hairs.
• Gum is secreted from the dermal layer of gum tree.
• The dermal layer protects the plants from loss of water, mechanical damage and invasion by parasitic and disease causing organisms.

9th Class Biology 2nd Lesson Plant Tissues Activities

Activity – 1

Question 1.
Parts of the plants and their functions.
Fill in the table.

Function	Name of the parts
Absorption of water from soil
Exchange of gases
Photosynthesis
Transpiration
Reproduction

Answer:

Function	Name of the parts
Absorption of water from soil	Roots
Exchange of gases	Stomata of leaf
Photosynthesis	Leaf
Transpiration	Stomata of leaf
Reproduction	Flower

Activity – 2

Question 2.
How do you observe the cells in onion peel under microscope? Draw and label the diagram. Write your observations.
Answer:
Observing cells in onion peel:
Take a piece of onion peel. Place it on the slide.

Put a drop of water and then a drop of glycerine on it. Gently cover it with a cover slip. Observe it under microscope.

Observations:

1. All the cells are similar in shape and structure.
2. Intercellular spaces are present.
3. Cells are arranged in rows.
4. Each cell has cell wall, nucleus and cytoplasm.

Activity – 3

Question 3.
Observe the Cells in a leaf peel.
Answer:

• Take a betel leaf or a Tradescantia leaf.
• Tear it with a single stroke. So that a thin edge be seen at the torn end.
• Observe the thin edge where the leaf has been torn under the microscope in the” same manner as you had observed the onion peel.

Draw a diagram what you have observed and compare it with figure.

Observations:
We may have observed that the cells are present in groups with certain arrangement. With the help of following activities, we shall try to find out whether these arrangements have special roles to play in the plant body.

a) Are all the cells similar?
Answer:
All the cells are not similar in shape and size.

b) Is there any difference in their arrangement?
Answer:
They are arranged compactly living the small gaps called stomata. Stomata are surrounded by bean shaped cells (Guard cells).

c) What can we infer from the above activities?
Answer:
From the above activities it infers that some of the cells may modify or arranged in a different way to perform specific functions.

d) Have you noticed that the cells are in groups in both the activities?
Answer:
The cells are arranged in groups.

e) Compare and write a note on the arrangements of the cells that you have observed in both of the activities.
Answer:
In the second activity cells are almost of same size and shape but in this activity cells shape and size varies from one another depending on their function.

Activity – 4

Question 4.
How do you observe root tips of onion? Draw the diagram you observe under microscope. Write your observations.
Answer:

1. Take a transparent bottle filled with water. Take the onion bulb slightly larger than the mouth of the bottle.
2. Put the onion bulb on the mouth of the bottle.
3. Observe the growth of roots for few days till they grow to nearly an inch.
4. Take the onion out and cut some of the root tips.
5. Take an onion root tip. Place it on the slide. Put a drop of water and then a drop of glycerin on it.
6. Cover it with a cover slip. Put the 2-3 layer of filter paper on the cover slip.
7. Tap the cover slip gently press with the blunt end of the needle or brush to spread the material.
8. Observe under the microscope.

Observations:

1. All the cells are not similar in shape and structure.
2. Cells are arranged in rows.
3. Meristems are present below the root cap.

Activity – 5

Question 5.
Observe the roots of onion which had been cut off? Write your findings.
Answer:

• Take the onion and cut the end of the roots. Mark the cut end of roots with a permanent marker.
• Put the onion bulb on the mouth of the bottle.
• Leave the set up aside at least four to five days.
• Take care that there is enough water in the glass so that the roots are submerged.

Observations :

1. By removing the tip of the onion root, having a particular arrangement of cells, the growth of the root in length is stopped.
2. Cells are present in groups.

Activity – 6

Question 6.
Write down the arrangement of cells in the given table :
Answer:

Arrangement of the cells (Tissues)	Shoot tip	Root tip
1. At the tip	Apical meristems are present.	Meristems below the root cap are present.
2. At the lateral side	Lateral meristems are present.	Lateral meristems are present.
3. At the point of branching	Intercalary meristems are present.	Meristems are absent.

Activity – 7

Question 7.
Observe temporary mount of T.S of Dicot stem under microscope and draw, label the diagram. Write your findings.
Answer:
Observing mount of T.S of Dicot Stem : Prepare a temporary mount of the T.S of dicot stem observe it under microscope.

Findings :

1. In the T.S of dicot stem meristematic tissue, vascular tissue, dermal tissue and ground tissue are present.
2. All the cells are not similar in shape and structure.

Activity – 8

Question 8.
Observe Rheo leaf peel under microscope. Draw and label the parts. Write your findings.
Answer:

1. Take a fresh leaf of Rheo leaf.
2. Tear it with a single stroke, so that a thin whitish edge can be seen at torn end.
3. Slowly remove it and observe the peel under microscope.

Findings:

1. Cells are structurally similar. They are compactly arranged without intercellular.
2. It is the dermal tissue of the plant.
3. It has an stomatal opening.

Activity – 9

Question 9.
Observe some tissues.
Answer:
Take permanent slides of Chlorenchyma, Arenchyma, Storage Tissue from your laboratory and observe them under the microscope. Find out the characteristics and differences and record them in your notebook.

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 24th Lesson Traffic Education Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 24th Traffic Education

9th Class Social Studies 24th Lesson Traffic Education Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
What documents should a driver carry while driving and what skills are needed to drive safely?
Answer:
The following documents should be carried while driving :

1. Driving licence
2. Registration certificate
3. Taxation certificate
4. P.U.C. certificate
5. Insurance certificate
6. Fitness certificate and permit

The following is a basic description of the skills and abilities a driver needs before getting in the driver’s seat. This applies to people of all ages.

Physical skills and abilities :
Driving requires physical strength. It takes a lot of muscle work too.

1. Hold the body upright to use and control the steering wheel,
2. Maintain sitting balance,
3. Control the head, neck, arms and legs, feet and hands.
4. To operate a vehicle

Physical and mental stamina and muscle flexibility are needed to :

1. sit and drive
2. focus constantly on the task of driving.
3. twist and turn
4. move the head and’ neck side to side, up and down, back and forth.

In addition to these driving requires a clear and alert mind.

Question 2.
What will happen if someone jumps the traffic signal?
Answer:
Traffic signals help to control traffic. It someone jumps the traffic signal, there is a chance of accident.

Question 3.
Suggest a few steps that are taken in your area for road safety.
Answer:
Road safety is a result of contributing efforts from all the sections the society including both civilians and government officials. In addition to the human sufferings, the estimated costs of the road injuries are a noticeable amount in GNP per annum. So some steps can be fruitful in this direction.
A few important road safety steps :

1. Don’t use mobile phone whilst driving.
2. Belt up in the back.
3. Don’t drink and drive.
4. Always adhere to speed limits.
5. Take special care about children, senior citizens and pedestrians.
6. Don’t drive if tired.
7. Pedestrians should walk cautiously.
8. Always observe and anticipate other road users.
9. Keep your distance and
10. Always wear helmets and seat belts.

We follow all these road safety rules in our area.

Question 4.
Explain mandatory, caution and information traffic signs with examples.
Answer:
1) Mandatory signs :
Mandatory signs are indicated in a circular form. In accordance with the motor vehicle Act 1988, every driver of a motor vehicle shall drive the vehicle in conformity with any indication given by the mandatory signs and not obeying there signs is an offence.
Ex : 1. Stop
2. No Parking
3. Overtaking prohibited

2) Cautionary /Warning signs :
Cautionary signs are meant for cautioning the driver about the hazards lying ahead on the road. Drivers must obey there signs for safety. These signs are indicated in a triangular form
Ex : 1. T -inter section
2. Right hand curve
3. School ahead

3) Information signs:
Informatory signs are erected on the road to provide information on direction, destination, road side facilities etc., to the road users.
Ex : 1. Park this side
2. First aid post
3. Public telephone

Question 5.
Kamala wants to purchase a new vehicle. Explain her what are the steps to be taken and what documents are to be produced for the registration of a vehicle?
Answer:
The steps to be taken by Kamala in purchasing a car or something else :

1. Starting out
2. Using incentives and rebates
3. Pricing the car
4. Finding the exact car you want to buy
5. Test driving the car salesman
6. If you are trading in your old car
7. Negotiating for the best finance options
8. Closing the deal
9. Reviewing and signing the paper work,
10. Inspecting and taking possession of your new car.

Documents to be produced for the registration of a vehicle :

1. R.T.O. forms – a) Form 20 b) Form 34
2. Pan card , copy of sales certificate
3. Address proof
4. Insurance cover note
5. Person’s authorized signature
6. Copy of road worthiness certificate
7. Pollution under control certificate

Question 6.
Ramu wants to interchange his vehicle number to other vehicle. Is it correct or not?
Explain, why.
Answer:
No. Ramu cannot interchange his vehicle number to other vehicle.
Reason : Any vehicle registered for its particular registration mark will remain its
identifications and interchange of it is not allowed.

Question 7.
Explain the need of road safety.
Answer:
India loses more than 1,00,000 lives due to road traffic crashes every year. It has a road traffic fatality rate of 16.8 deaths per, 1,00,000 population. Approximately half of all deaths on the country’s roads are among vulnerable road users – motorcyclists, pedestrians and cyclists.

Hence road safety is very important to avoid the accidents and control loss of lives. Road safety ensures that every road user follow traffic rules and thereby avoid traffic jams and deaths due to accidents. For systematic regulation of vehicular traffic, road safety is needed.

Question 8.
Read the table of page ‘Accident Victims Age’ on page 286, identify the age group for which more number of cases registered and draw a bar graph.

Age	Cases	Age	Cases
00-05	24	50-55	207
05-10	58	55-60	138
10-15	40	60-65	113
15-20	152	65-70	57
20-25	345	70-75	49
25-30	380	75-80	13
30-35	254	80-85	12
35-40	294	85-90	0
40-45	226	90-95	0
45-50	215	95-100	0

Answer:
More number of cases registered age group 35 – 40 years age group.

Question 9.
Read the paras under the title ‘Traffic Chaos’ of page 287 and comment on them.
Traffic Chaos:
You have to go to school on the morning. If you are late, you may miss classes. You are struck in a traffic jam. What will you do?
Students, employees, labourers, teachers, doctors and all are affected by traffic jams. Foot paths (Side walks) are considered a boon for pedestrains. Sometimes motorists drive on these side walks also.

Stray animals, fruit and vegetable seller, private vehicles like cars, autorickshaws are parking at No Parking Zones are the main causes for traffic jams. As there is an increase in population and use of automobiles, there has been a rapid increase in the volume of traffic on roads. To avoid the accidents, one must know the prescribed rules and regulations.
Answer:

Road sense on Indian streets is often completely missing. The Indian traffic conditions are chaotic, the drivers are reckless, and the roads are poor repair conditions.

There is a pecking order for right of way – cows / buffaloes are at the top, trucks and buses are second, and dogs and pedestrians are at the bottom. Two wheelers are pretty low down. Pot holes and speed breaker bends are common and rarely marked. Pedestrians, . animals, bicycles, ox carts and tractors all use the roads.

Question 10.
Collect the data from the traffic police /RTA officials who are nearest to you.
Month : Place :
No. of cases booked :

Analyse the data and discuss in your classroom regarding traffic situations in your area.
Answer:
Month : September Place : Vijayawada
No. of cases booked : 1986

The above data is revealing us the negligence of the vehicle riders and road users. They are to be strictly punished.

9th Class Social Studies 24th Lesson Traffic Education InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why is it compulsory to have a driving license? (Text Book Page No. 288)
Answer:
Yes, it is compulsory to have a driving license. As per Motor Vehicle Act 1988, a valid driving license is necessary to drive any motor vehicle on public roads.

Question 2.
Observe the given table and answer the questions. (Text Book Page No. 286)

Age	Cases	Age	Cases
00-05	24	50-55	207
05-10	58	55-60	138
10-15	40	60-65	113
15-20	152	65-70	57
20-25	345	70-75	49
25-30	380	75-80	13
30-35	254	80-85	12
35-40	294	85-90	0
40-45	226	90-95	0
45-50	215	95-100	0

1) In which group do you find more cases? Can you say, why.
Answer:
25 – 30. As the people in this age become more independent, they are exposed to risks.

2) How many cases are there in the age group of both 20 – 25 and 25 – 30?
Answer:
345; 380

Question 3.
Observe the following pie-chart and answer the following questions. (Text Book Page No. 287)
1) Discuss the data relating to the accidents – accused vehicles in your classroom.

Answer:
Group discussion in classroom

2) Which type of vehicles are accused of more accidents? Can say why?
Answeer:
Two wheelers. Because they are in more number.

3) What are Traffic Rules and regulations? Discuss in your classroom.
Answer:
Traffic rules and regulations of the road are both the laws and the informal rules that may have been developed to facilitate the orderly and timely flow of traffic.
Note : Students should discuss in the classroom.

Question 4.
With the help of your teacher collect the road surface markings from RTA/Traffic police and discuss the uses of various markings in the classroom. (Text Book Page No. 290)
Answer:
Uses of various markings :

1. Road surface markings are used on paved roadways to provide guidance and information to drivers and pedestrians.
2. These markings promote road safety.
3. These are used to supplement the message of road signs and other devices.

Note : Students should collect road surface markings and discuss in the classroom.

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 23rd Lesson Disaster Management Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 23rd Disaster Management

9th Class Social Studies 23rd Lesson Disaster Management Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Explain how a natural harzard becomes a disaster.
Answer:

• A natural hazard is a natural event of unusual magnitude that people don’t expect and cannot control.
• Natural hazards threaten people’s lives and their activities and can forever change their ways of living.
• A natural hazard event can become a natural disaster when causes the destruction of people’s property or their injury and/or death.

Question 2.
What is Terrorism? What are the motives of terrorists?
Answer:
A common definition of terrorism is the systematic use or threatened use of violence to intimidate a population or government and thereby effect political, religious or ideological change.
Motives of terrorism :

• Terrorism is a type of violence used tactically in peace, conflict and war.
• The motivation of terrorists are quiet various depending on what they hope to accomplish.
• The majority of the motives can be broken down into three broad areas: rational, psychological and cultural.
• Although some motives are difficult for the majority of the world to comprehend given a motive, a terrorist group has a purpose for violence.

Question 3.
What safety measures should be followed to avoid fire accidents?
Answer:
Safety measures to be followed to avoid fire accidents:

• Prevention of fire is necessary for avoiding accidents.
• Never leave the kitchen during cooking, no matter what the circumstance.
• All the inflammable things or liquids should not be kept near the fire.
• Electrical appliances should have incorporated in an automatic cut off feature for some time. Timers can be used for these.
• Wear suitable dresses while cooking.
• Installation of fire detectors in the house will alert automatically the fire department.
• One should not smoke in bed/throw burning buds here and there.
• One should not play crackers etc., near the house.
• One should not keep match boxes, lighter etc., at the reach of the children.
• One should not keep agarbattis carelessly.
• One should not make fire when wind is blowing.
• One should close the regulator of the gas cylinder properly etc.

Question 4.
What are the main causes of road accidents? How can we reduce the road accidents?
Answer:
The main causes of road accidents:

1. Alcohol & drunk – driving.
2. Speeding
3. Weather related
4. Hydroplanning
5. Animals in road.
6. Street racing.
7. Cell phones.
8. Music, CD players, Radio distractions
9. Driver fatigue
10. Suicide car accidents.

Steps to reduce road accidents :

1. Strict enforcement of speed limits.
2. Heavy penalty should be imposed on all those who cross speed limits.
3. Lower age limit for 2 wheeler and heavy vehicle licence should be raised to 21.
4. Driving tests for issue of driving license is to be made more stringent and fool proof.
5. Helmet should be made compulsory by law.
6. Existing traffic rules should be strictly enforced, etc.

Question 5.
Terrorist attacks cause loss of life and wealth. What are the precautions to be taken to prevent these activities?
Answer:

• Devastating acts have left many concerned about the possibility of future incidents.
• Taking preparatory action can reassure us that we can exert a measure of control even in the face of such events.
• Finding out what can happen is the first step. Then develop a disaster plan.
• Create an emergency communications plan.
• Establish a meeting place.
• Assemble a disaster supplies kit.
• If disaster strikes :
  a) Remain calm and be patient.
  b) Follow the instructions of local emergency officials.
  c) If the disaster occurs near you, check for injuries. Give first aid and get help for seriously injured people.

Thus we can protect from terrorist attacks.

Question 6.
Identify the causes of rail accidents.
Answer:
Causes of rail accidents :

1. Lack of proper maintenance.
2. Human error or sabotage.

Question 7.
List out the reasons and risk inducing factors in your home, school or village.
Answer:
Three risk inducing factors :

1. In my home: Nothing.
2. In my school:
   a. There is a big pit in our school. I think it is dangerous.
   b. We have 3 storeyed building as our school. The little children are in the third stair. I think it is also a risk factor.
3. In my village : My village is in earthquake zone.

Question 8.
Locate the following places attacked by terrorists on the India map.
a) Mumbai
b) Hyderabad
c) Bhagalpur
d) Kumbakonam
e) Bengaluru
Answer:

Question 9.
Write about an incident related disaster you know.
Answer:
Some years ago we went to Marina beach in Chennai. We enjoyed a lot by playing there. We built some structures in the sand. We ate peanuts, groundnuts, mango pieces, etc. on our return we walked far away from the sea. Suddenly we heard the noises of the people in the beach. Then we saw a big wave. Many were drowned and lost their lives. We ran very fast from the place. By god’s grace we are still alive.

Question 10.
Read the para under the title ‘Fire Accidents’ on page 281 and comment on it.
Fire Accidents :
The 2004 fire in a school in Kumbakonam, Tamilnadu sparked ofT debates and arguments on the safety of schools in the*ountry. 93 innocent people were charred to death. The main causes of this fire were lack of awareness amongst children and teachers as to what to do in case of a fire, lack of preparedness, kitchen close to the classroom etc. However, incidents like these are not new.
Answer:
Fire accidents can be due to various reasons. They include open flames such as a candle being accidentally being knocked over or through electrical faults. It is important to know the fire safety rules because fire accidents can result in disastrous personal injury and distressing damage. Fire safety plans are to be planned.

Question 11.
Collect information from newspapers and magazines about the human induced disaster that have taken place in the past few years in your state. Find out, what measures are being taken in your area to reduce such risks in the future.
Answer:
Nowadays road accidents became a common scenario in India. The main reasons behind the road accidents are not obeying speed limits, poor roads, drinking and driving, rash driving, aggressive driving etc.

Information about road accidents in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh :

Year	No. of accidents	No. of deaths
2004	39,390	10,621
2005	38,913	11,098
2006	42,867	12,606
2007	45,163	13,791
2008	46,389	14,529
2009	45,977	15,203
2010	44,570	15,696
2011	42,869	15,100
2012	41,712	14,975

On an average of last 6 years the number of accidents are 44,446 and the number of deaths are 14,882 in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.
The following measures are taken to control the road accidents in Andhra Pradesh :

1. Increased traffic fines in India.
2. Suspending licence for drunken drivers.
3. Established traffic courts.
4. Started traffic awareness programmes for drivers.

Question 12.
List the various losses incurred due to terrorism.
Answer:

1. Fear in people
2. Psychological problems in people
3. Negative effect on tourism
4. Financial or economic losses
5. Unstable governments and
6. Loss of human lives, etc.

9th Class Social Studies 23rd Lesson Disaster Management Activities

Question 1.
From the nearest fire station, find out what are the other simple Do’s and Don’ts that you can follow and awareness to reduce fire accidents.
Answer:
I live in Vijayawada. We have fire station in Krishnalanka. I visited that and learnt the following. Do’s :

• Do have an adult always present when cooking is going on the kitchen. Children should not be allowed alone.
  Do keep hair tied back and do not wear synthetic clothes when you are cooking.
  Do make sure that the curtains on the window near the stove are tied back and will not blow on the flame or burner.
  Do check to make sure that the gas burner is turned off immediately if the fire is not ignited and also switched off immediately after cooking.
  Do keep matches out of the reach of children, etc.

Don’ts :

• Don’t put any clothes near the stove.
• Don’t wear loose fitting clothes or chunnies, etc.
• Don’t store spray cans or cans carrying inflammable items near the stove.
• Don’t let small children near an open oven door.
• Don’t lean against the stove to keep warm, etc.

Question 2.
Identify recent terrorist acts that have taken place in India, and discuss the possible effects of these acts on children.
Answer:
Terrorist attack at Amarnath on July 11, 2017 is recent attack that have taken place in India.

Many children are exposed to trauma and life-threatening solution, duringthe last few decades, thousands of children have been exposed to terrorism. The attacks significantly, affect the mental health of the children. Terrorist attacks and their aftermath have had a powerful impact on children and their families. Media and television exposure of terrorist events throughout the world has increased during the past few years. There is increasing concern about the effects of this exposure on children who witness these violent images. Recent studies have examined the effect of remote exposure of terrorist attacks and have shown a significant clinical impact on children and families.

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 22nd Lesson Women Protection Acts Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 22nd Women Protection Acts

9th Class Social Studies 22nd Lesson Women Protection Acts Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
What are the disadvantages of child marriage?
Answer:
Disadvantages of child marriage :

• Underage pregnancy.
• Provision for trafficking and sale of girls.
• Pushing the unmatured into family system.
• Increased abortions, premature births which results not only infant mortality but also the death of mothers.
• Handicapped child births or dead child births.
• Mental as well as physical health problems.
• Obstacle to education.
• Hurdle for physical growth (especially regarding female).
• Become child labourers for family maintenance.

Question 2.
Why has domestic violence become a common practice? In what forms domestic violence is seen? Find out the reasons.
Answer:
Reasons for the domestic violence which became common practice :

1. The family system in the society is on the edge of a blade.
2. No moral values are taught to the children.
3. Lack of understanding capacity in the people.
4. Changing cultures in the society.
5. Hurting manner.
6. Lack of adjustment between family members.
7. Lack of respect towards women.
8. Uncontrolled anger, i.e. mental imbalance.

Question 3.
You have read about various problems girls and women. Have you noticed any sort of problems in your village/town? Specify them and what is to be done.
Answer:
I observe the following in our area.

1. An estimated 85 to 90 percent of domestic violence victims are females.
2. Females are victims of intimate partner violence at a rate about five times that of males.
3. Females between the ages of 16 and 24 are most vulnerable to domestic violence.

To control this domestic violence –

1. Proper counselling should be given to them.
2. Value oriented education should be taught to the children.
3. The nature of thinking from others’ point of view’ should be developed from childhood.

Question 4.
Many acts are made by the government. What do you suggest for better implementation?
Answer:
The Acts cause changes physically. But there should be a change in the minds of the people. The government should take necessary steps for this change.

Question 5.
Write an essay on general problems, the women facing.
Answer:
A Thomson Reuters Foundation expert poll last year ranked India as the world’s fourth most dangerous country for a woman, behind only Afganisthan, Congo, and Pakisthan.

Even though the practice is outlawed 300,000 to 600,000 female foetuses are aborted every year in India because of the preference for boys.

From the time they are born or not born and continuing till late in life when they become wives or mothers, it’s a vicious cycle of discrimination and violence keeps on continuing.

Nearly half of Indian girls are married off before the age of 18. Girls are also seen as a financial liability. The practice of dowry is banned by the government, but it’s still as common as ever.

A 2012 of UNICEF study found more than half of Indian males think it is justifiable to beat a wife under certain circumstances.

Outside the household, crimes against women in India are also on the rise, and the evidence is shocking. According to government data, more than 24,000 cases of rape were reported in 2011.

Indian women in some ways, have also made some strides. Literacy rates have gone up, maternal mortality rates have gone down, and millions of women have joined the workforce.

Authorities acknowledge that action is needed and say they are taking steps to try to better protect women.

Helplines have been set up. A number of fast track courts have also been established because of the December 16 gang rape, exclusively for cases of sexual assault and rape. But women’s rights activists say that when discrimination begins even before birth, change will not come easily.

Question 6.
Imagine that you are Tehsildar. How would you prevent child marriages?
Answer:
As a Tehsildar –

1. I will raise the awareness in parents and their relatives.
2. If they don’t listen to me, I will request the police department to take them into custody. Thus I will prevent child marriages.

Question 7.
Prepare a pamphlet to understand the problems faced by the women.
Answer:

Women in India

Women in Independent India are comparitively in a respectable position. Some of the problems which had been haunting the community of women for centuries are not found now.
But still, for a woman, her life is a battle for survival and dignity from her birth to death. Female infanticide, eve-teasing, sexual exploitation, sexual harassment, rapes are still common. There are still many areas where women have not equal rights and are not encouraged to take up education. Dowry practice is still rampant, eventhough it termed illegal. Women still have to make a lot of sacrifices in every areas of their lives.

Question 8.
Read the paragraph under the title ‘Sexual Assault and Torturing’ of page 275 and comment on it.

Sexual Asssault an Torturing :
Recently, central government has appointed Justice J.S. Verma Committee asking suggestions to prevent sexual assault and abuse. Based on the suggestions, Hon. President of India issued an ordinance on 2nd February, 2013. Some important features of the ordinance, are;

• Minimum 20 years of imprisonment.
• Recruitment of women police to address the complaints from the victims.
• It is not necessary for the victim to attend before the police officers individually.
• There will be no punishment if the accused dies in struggle at the time of attack with acid on women.
• There is scope to short video at the time of complaining and trial on the request of the victims.

Answer:

1. Only legislation and law enforcement agencies cannot prevent the incident of crime against women.
2. There is a need of social awakening and change in the attitude of masses, so that due respect and equal status is given to women.

Question 9.
What facilities does the government provide to the poor for seeking judicial justice?
Consult a lawyer and get the information.
Answer:

• Lok Adalat is a relatively recent product in the justice for the poor.
• Next to that there are Legal Aid Committees, Legal Services Authority.

Services offered by the legal services authority :

1. Payment of court and other process fee,
2. Changes for preparing, drafting and filing of any legal proceedings.
3. Changes of a legal practitioner or legal advisor.
4. Costs of obtaining decrees, judgements, orders or any other documents in a legal proceeding.
5. Costs of paper work, including printing, translation, etc.

These are the facilities provided by the government to the poor for seeking judicial justice.

9th Class Social Studies 22nd Lesson Women Protection Acts InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Have you ever seen child marriages? (Text Book Page No. 269)
Answer:
No, I have never seen child marriages.

Question 2.
Have you ever observed harassment and violence made to women and girls? (Text Book Page No. 269)
Answer:
Yes, I have observed in many of my neighbouring houses.

Question 3.
Have you ever observed the various types of domestic violence threatening women in day to day life? (Text Book Page No. 269)
Answer:
I have observed the following,

1. Persisting denial of food,
2. Insisting on perverse sexual conduct
3. Constantly locking a woman out of the house.
4. Denying the woman access to children, thereby causing mental torture.
5. Physical violence.
6. Taunting, demoralising and putting down the woman with the intention of causing mental torture.
7. Abusing children in their mother’s presence with the intention of causing her mental torture.
8. Mental abuse (threaten to harm, stopping from jobs, force to marry whom she doesn’t like).
9. Threatening divorce unless dowry is given.

Question 4.
What shall we do to stop such violence caused to girls and women? (Text Book Page No. 269)
Answer:
We should take the following steps to stop such violence to girls and women.

1. Value oriented education should be given to the children in schools.
2. The persons, who caused violence, should be punished.

Question 5.
Have you ever seen or heard about women being tortured for dowry in your locality? How are they being tortured? What sort of suggestions do you make to prevent? Who will held responsible? (Text Book Page No. 273)
Answer:
Yes, I have seen such a case. My neighbour ‘Vasu’ is harassing his wife for dowry. He has his mothers support also. They usually beat her, abuse her. I suggest her to proceed women protection cell authorities. Then the project officer will hold responsible.

Question 6.
Domestic violence takes place now and then and gradually it becomes a bad habit pattern. More violence generates from violence. How do we stop this? Who will help? (Text Book Page No. 274)
Answer:
In order to put a stop to the domestic violence, there are various things which should be followed.
1) Awareness:
To make the people aware about the drawbacks and harms of the domestic violence, setthe rules againstthe practice and impose stringent punishments to the attacker.

2) Need for stringent laws:
It is very important that the law against domestic violence has to be imposed stringently.

3) Empowered non-government organizations:
Individuals can also seek the help of NGOs.

4) Seek police help:
In case of severe violence, individuals can seek legal help from the police and put an end to domestic violence.

5) Be aware of the domestic violence facts:
The facts of the domestic violence should be learnt by all.

6) Encourage and not threaten:
It is very important to organize a meeting and encourage people to come up with the solutions.

7) Counselling :
It is very important to have counselling in terms of danger.

Question 7.
Sometimes child marriages are performed for the under aged i.e., less than 15 years without their consent. How do we stop such marriages? Who will help us? (Text Book Page No. 271)
Answer:
We can approach the higher officials in the area – to stop the child marriages.

1. District Collector at district level.
2. R.D.O at division level
3. Tehsildar or Mandal level ICDS officer.
4. Gram Panchayat Secretary at village level are the incharges in stopping the child marriages. They will help us.

 

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 21st Lesson Human Rights and Fundamental Rights Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 21st Human Rights and Fundamental Rights

9th Class Social Studies 21st Lesson Human Rights and Fundamental Rights Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Which of the following is not an instance of an exercise of a fundamental right
a) Workers from Bihar go to Punjab to work on the farms
b) Religious minority set up a chain of schools
c) Men and women government employees get the same salary
d) Parents’ property is inherited by their children
Answer:
d) Parents’ property is inherited by their children

Question 2.
Which of the following freedoms is not available to an Indian citizen?
a) Freedom to criticise the government
b) Freedom to participate in armed revolution
c) Freedom to start a movement to change the government
d) Freedom to oppose the central values of the Constitution
Answer:
b) Freedom to participate in armed revolution

Question 3.
Which of these statements about the relationship between democracy and rights is more valid? Give reasons for your preference.
a) Every country that is a democracy gives rights to its citizens.
b) Every country that gives rights to its citizens is a democracy.
c) Giving rights is good, but it is not necessary for a democracy.
Answer:
I prefer the first sentence. The reasons are –
a)

1. All democratic countries ensure certain rights to its citizens.
2. Rights are reasonable claims of the people.
3. Democratic governments strive to preserve equal ground for all.

b)

1. During the early days of modern history, all despotic governments granted certain rights to the people. That was done under great pressure.
2. Therefore every country that gives rights to its citizens is not a democratic.

c) The rights are so important that they are also expressed by many democratic countries and codified by the UNO and find first place in the universal declaration of human rights. Hence it is necessary for democracy to give rights.

Question 4.
Are these restrictions on the right to freedom justified? Give reasons for your answer.
a) Indian citizens need permission to visit some border areas of the country for reasons of security.
b) Outsiders are not allowed to buy property in some areas to protect the interest of the local population.
c) The government bans the publication of a book that can go against the ruling party in the next elections.
Answer:
a)

1. Yes, it is justifiable.
2. It is the responsibility of the government to protect the life of the people.
3. Border areas are high risk areas and tension always persists there.
4. Hence permission is necessary.

b)

1. No, not justifiable.
2. People in democracy have freedom to reside in any part of India.
3. Hence, this statement is against the fundamental rules.
4. But, there is one clause in our Constitution itself, that we cannot buy property in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
5. So Jammu and Kashmir is an exemption to the fundamental rule.

c)

1. No, not justifiable.
2. Democracies grant civil liberties to its citizens.
3. Under civil liberties, we can express our ideas through media or books.
4. But generally, government bans certain books in order to avoid internal tensions.

Question 5.
Look through this chapter and the previous one and make a list of the six Fundamental Rights in the Constitution.
(OR)
What are fundamental rights? How are these helping us to live better?
(R)
Write any four fundamental rights enjoyed by the citizens of India.
Answer:
There are six fundamental rights. They are :

1. Right to equality
2. Right to freedom
3. Right to religious freedom
4. Right against exploitation
5. Right to education and culture
6. Right to constitutional remedies.

Fundamental rights protect the liberties and freedom of the citizens against any invasion by the state, prevent the establishment of the authoritarian and dictatorial rule in the country. They are very essential for the all-round development of the individuals and the country.

Question 6.
Are the Fundamental Rights being violated in each of the following cases? If so, which Fundamental Right or Rights? Discuss with your classmates.
a) Suppose a person is kept in a police station for 4 days without being told the reasons, which law was broken?
b) Suppose your neighbor tries to claim some of your land as her own.
c) Suppose your parents do not allow you to go to school. They make you take up a job in a match factory instead because they cannot afford to feed you properly.
d) Suppose your brother refuses to give you the land that you have inherited from your father.
Answer:
a)

1. In the first case, arresting a person without proper reason and keeping in a police station for 4 days is against the fundamental rights.
2. “Rights to life” and personal liberty ensures that “no one can be arrested without being told the grounds for his arrest.
3. “Hebeaus Corpus” writ protects the individuals from the arrest.

b)

1. Occupation of one’s land by another is not a violation of fundamental rights.
2. Right to property is a legal right.

c)

1. Not allowing a child to go to school is definitely violation of fundamental right.
2. “Right to education” is a part of “right to life”.
3. Government is responsible for providing free and compulsory education to all the children up to the age of 6 to 14 years.

d)

1. Refusal on part of your brother to give you land that you inherited is not violation of fundamental rights.
2. Right to property is a legal right and civil courts will solve the problem.

Question 7.
Suppose you are an advocate. How would you argue the case for a group of people who come to you with the following request:
“The river in our area is getting very polluted by the factories upstream. We get our drinking water from the river. People in our villages keep falling ill because of the polluted water. We have complained to the government but there has been no action from their side. This is surely a violation of our Fundamental Rights.” ;
Answer:

• Being an advocate I would like to file a writ in the court for the interests of the public.
• This is surely a violation of our fundamental rights.
• Hence I argue the case in such a way that immediately stay order would be issued to close down the factory.
• When the government did not respond to our complaints, courts would definitely safeguard our interests.

Question 8.
Read the paragraph under the heading ‘Abolition of Title’ and answer the following question:
Abolition of Title:
In another move to remove arbitrary and unequal classification of the aristocratic class and the bourgeoise, the Constitution prohibits the State from conferring any titles. The British government had created an aristocratic class known as Rao Bahadurs and Khan Bahadurs in India -these titles were also abolished. Citizens of India cannot accept titles from a foreign State. However, military and academic distinctions can be conferred on the citizens of India. The awards like the Bharat Ratna, the Paramveer Chakra, and the Padma Vibhushan cannot be used by the recipient as a title and do not, accordingly, come within the constitutional prohibition.
The awards can’t be used by the recipient as a title. Why?
Answer:

• In order to remove arbitrary and unequal classification of the aristocracy and middle class, the constitution prohibits the state from conferring any titles.
• Hence the awards like the Bharat Ratna, the Padma Vibhushan cannot be used by the recipients as a title.

Question 9.
Analyse an incident you know about where the Fundamental Rights are violated.
Answer:

• The 1984 Anti-Sikh Riots was a four-day period during which sikhs were massacred by members of the secular-centrist Congress party of India, some estimates that more than 2000 were killed. (Religious violation)
• Dalits and indigeneous peoples continue to face discrimination, exclusion and acts of communal violence.
• Narco analysis test (against to the Indian constitution), “nobody may be made a witness against himself, etc.

Question 10.
Invite a senior advocate into your classroom and collect the following information by conducting an interview.
– violation of fundamental rights and its consequences
– violation of children rights
– ways of struggle for rights in democracy
– any other related
Answer:
Students : Good morning sir.
Advocate : Good morning children.
Students : Sir, today we are going to known about the fundamental rights and importance of other rights from you sir.
Advocate : Yes, children, I will explain. What do you know about.
Students : Sir what will happen, if we violate fundamental rights.
Advocate : Courts will punish us.
Students : Sir please explain one example?
Advocate : If any person is created a nusence in the public places, he created inconvience to the freedom of other people. Then the police arrested that person and kept in the prision.
Students : What will happen when violate the children’s rights?
Advocate : Children are the tomorrow’s citizens generally 6-14 years age is considred as children. So that age children should be in school. But if they did not go to school and work in any where the owner will punish by government / court. Parents should provide education to their children. That is their fundamental right.
Students : Sir what are the ways to struggle for rights in democracy?
Advocate : Students in a democracy always we are fighting for our rights. We will achieve our rights in a peaceful manner. So movements will be in a democratic manner not in a violent manner. These are in through petitions, strikes etc.
Students : Sir please explain any other related issues.
Advocate : Children fundamental rights are provided by our constitution. We will enjoy that not violate and not create any inconvienient to others it will we create any we will punish by government and lost our valuable future also.
Students : Thank you sir.
Advocate : Ok children. Bye.

9th Class Social Studies 21st Lesson Human Rights and Fundamental Rights InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write a few important features of Preamble you studied last year. (Text Book Page No. 256)
Answer:
The Preamble is the heart and soul of our constitution. The important features are –

1. The Preamble starts with the words “We the people of India”. This ensures that sovereignty vests with the people.
2. It also confirms or ensures justice, equality, liberty, and fraternity to all its citizens.
3. It declares our country as sovereign, socialistic, secular, democratic, republic. Each of the words have different meaning.

Question 2.
What kinds of rights to equality does the Constitution ensure? Give examples. (Text Book Page No. 259)
Answer:
The Constitution ensures the following rights to equality to its citizens.

1. Equal protection of law * The laws apply to all in the same manner, regardless of a person’s income, status, background, etc.
2. Social Equality – The state condemns any sort of discriminations of human beings.
3. Equality of opportunity – The constitution guarantees equality of opportunity for all citizens regarding education or employment.
4. Abolition of untouchability.
5. Abolition of titles – In order to remove inequalities “Titles” of any sort are abolished.

Question 3.
What would happen if the Fundamental Right to Equality was not in the Constitution? Discuss. (Text Book Page No. 259)
Answer:

1. Democratic systems preserve equal grounds for all.
2. Democracies work on the principle of equality which is also known as “rule of law”.
3. If the fundamental “Right to equality” was not in the Constitution, the very essence of democracy would be lost.

Question 4.
What associations are there in your area? (Text Book Page No. 261)
Answer:
There are so many associations in my area. Some of them are –

1. Teachers Associations
2. Workers Association
3. Foremen’s Association
4. Students’ Associations
5. Auto – Rickshaw Association
6. Trade Union Associations
7. Rice Millers’ Associations
8. Fishermen’s Associations, etc.

Question 5.
Why are workers’ unions formed? What problems do they face? (Text Book Page No. 261)
Answer:
Workers unions are formed to protect the rights of workers and to solve their problems. These unions hold meetings to discuss their problems and take their demands to the officers of the factory. The following are their problems.
a) Their working conditions will not be healthy.
b) Salaries, dearness allowances, pensions, etc., will not be paid to them in time.
c) Sometimes their services will not be regularised.
d) They will not provide any educational facilities to their children of the factory workers.
e) Medical reimbursement, generally, not given to them.

Question 6.
Why do people want to move and settle in various parts of the country? (Text Book Page No. 261)
Answer:
In search of job opportunities people move and settle in various parts of the country.

Question 7.
What do you remember about the difference between the role of the police and that of the court? (Text Book Page No. 262)
Answer:

• Police generally file a case on any person who had committed a crime.
• He has to submit the accused in the case before the court.
• The court decides whether a person is guilty or not. And finally gives judgement.

Question 8.
What are the different types of schools you see in your area? Why do you think are there such different types of schools? (Text Book Page No. 262)
Answer:
There are the following types of schools
Basing on the management –

1. Zilla Parishad School
2. Mandal Parishad Schools
3. Government Schools
4. Social Welfare Schools
5. Tribal Welfare Schools
6. Government aided schools
7. Private Schools

Basing on the classes –

1. Primary Schools (I class to 5th class)
2. Upper Primary Schools (1st class to 7th class)
3. High Schools (6th class to 10th class)

The children, whose parents are rich and can afford private school, go to private schools. And rest of the children generally go to government schools.

Question 9.
Can anyone not follow any religion if he/she wishes? (Text Book Page No. 263)
Answer:
No, everyone can follow whatever religion they want. “Right to religious freedom” is our fundamental right.

Question 10.
State some instances of violations of Human Rights. (Text Book Page No. 266)
Answer:

1. Arbitrary arrests
2. Denial of right to information and corruption
3. Sexual cruelty
4. Rape of women
5. Delay in investigation of crimes
6. Female infanticide
7. Kidnapping for ransom
8. Deplorable conditions of women, children and downtrodden people
9. Discrimination against women in the family
10. Cruelty to domestic servants

The above are some instances of the violations of human rights. These violations continue unchecked because people are not aware of their human rights.

Question 11.
Read the passage and answer the following questions. (Text Book Page No. 262)
The Constitution states, “no child below the age of 14 shall be employed to work in any factory or mines or engaged in any other hazardous employment.” Accordingly, laws have been made that prohibit children from making matches, crackers, beedis, and carpets, or doing printing and dyeing, etc.
Do you think this right has been made available to children in the villages and cities in your area?
Answer:
There are number of children who are still working in small scale industries like dyeing, printing, beedi making etc.

Question 12.
Discuss whether you think each of the following is a violation of the Fundamental Right to Equality, Also discuss whether you think it is constitutionally right or wrong to do such things. (Text Book Page No. 259)

• While filling water from a public source, some people object if the vessel of another person touches their pots.
• Some communities are never provided a place to live within the village but always outside.
• In some schools, certain children are not allowed to serve water because they belong to a particular caste.
• Members of some communities do not go to many places of worship because they fear that they will be ill treated or beaten up.

Answer:

• The above examples are the clear evidences of practice of untouchability.
• The practice of untouchability is a crime.
• Anyone doing so is punishable under law.

Question 13.
With the help ofthe teacher find out the minimum wages in your state. (Text Book Page No. 262)
Answer:
Minimum wages were received by the people in different sector in our state.
Male – Rs. 200 (per day) – Female – Rs. 150 (per day)
Teacher – Rs. 300 to 2000 (per day).

Agriculture labour
Male – Rs. 180 (per day)
Female – Rs. 120 (per day)

Mason
Male – Rs. 300 (per day)
Female – Rs. 180 (per day)

Question 14.
How does the practice of “Sati” violate fundamental rights? (Text Book Page No. 263)
Answer:

• No citizen can be denied his life and liberty except by law.
• “The right to life” does not include “the right to die”, and hence suicide, forced death or sati, etc. are offences.
• “Sati”, hence, is violation of fundamental right of “the right to live”.

Question 15.
What is the responsibility of the government towards workers who are able to find some work, in the city but don’t have a proper place to live? (Text Book Page No. 261)
Answer:

• Our Government has introduced subsidised housing schemes to the people of below poverty line.
• Under urban basic schemes, Indira Aavas Yojana, Rajiv Gruha Yojana, etc., so many people acquired houses.
• They are constructed in the prime localities of the cities.
• Most of the slums in the cities were removed.
• Development is still going on in this regard.

Question 16.
Write a petition to the NHRC if you know any instances of human rights violation in your area. (Text Book Page No. 266)
Answer:

Question 17.
Is there a State Human Rights Commission in our state? Find out about its activities. (Text Book Page No. 266)
Answer:
Yes, there is a State Human Rights Commission in our state.
A Human Rights Commission, also known as a Human Relations Commission is a body set up to investigate, promote or protect human rights.

Its activities are

1. Inquire into any violation of human rights.
2. Look into negligence in the prevention of human rights violation by a public servant.
3. They can take cognizance either sumotu or on a petition presented to it or on an order of a court.
4. They intervene in any proceeding involving allegation of violation of human rights pending before a court etc.

 

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 20th Lesson Democracy: An Evolving Idea Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 20th Democracy: An Evolving Idea

9th Class Social Studies 20th Lesson Democracy: An Evolving Idea Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
How does democracy produce an accountable, responsive, and legitimate government?
Answer:
1. Accountable :
Democracy produces a government which is accountable to all people, it is the basic outcome of democracy. It will produce a government which responds to people.

2. Legitimate :
In democracy, elections are conducted through which people select their representatives. If they do not react for their demands, they choose another representative in the next elections.

3. Responsive :
Democracy produces a government which responds to all the demands and needs of different people.

Question 2.
What are the conditions under which democracies accommodate social diversity?
Answer:

• In every society, there are people belonging to different religions, income groups, and using different languages.
• Democracy means that equal treatment is given to all the individual and that there should not be any discrimination on the basis of caste, gender, race, religion, or region.
• It accommodates all the social diversity by giving equal rights and freedoms to the people.
• In a democratic set up, people from socially weaker sections of the society are allowed to vote and choose their representatives in the government, and no particular religion or language is given any special preference.
• Also, women are given equal rights as men in the society.
• It also ensured that the rule of the majority is not by those who are in majority just in number. The majority group needs to work in harmony with the minority group such that interests and concerns of every group are respected.

Question 3.
Give arguments to support or oppose the following assertions :
A) Industrialised countries can afford democracy but poor countries need dictatorship to become rich.
Answer:
No, we do not agree with the statement, because the nature and scope of democracy is not confined or limited to rich or industrialised countries only. Democracy is the government of modern era which provides accountable, representative, responsible and legitimate government to the people. It also tries to accommodate social differences and promote economic growth which a dictatorship cannot. Hence, a poor country can also afford democracy for popular government and economic growth.

B) Democracy can’t reduce inequality of incomes between different citizens.
Answer:
We do not agree with the statement. Democracy can’t reduce inequality of incomes between different citizens. But democracy can reduce the economic inequality by providing equal distribution of wealth and equal opportunities to all.

C) Government in poor countries should spend less on poverty reduction, health, education, and spend more on industries and infrastructure.
Answer:
We do not agree with this statement. Poverty is one of the social challenges which democracy has to accommodate, so poor countries should spend more to check poverty.

Besides food, clothing, health and education are the basic needs of the people and it is the duty of the government to provide these facilities to the people.

D) In democracy, all citizens have one vote, which means that there is absence of any domination and conflict.
Answer:
Yes, we do agree with the statement. Democracy stands for political equality and guarantees Universal Adult Franschise. Universal Adult Franchise gives right to vote to every adult citizen of the country. Hence there is no chance of political domination and conflict.

Question 4.
In the context of assessing democracy, which among the following is odd one out? Democracies need to ensure :
A) free and fair elections
B) dignity of the individual
C) majority rule
D) equal treatment before law
Answer:
(C) Reason : Majority rule is odd one out because democracy ensures people’s rule based on popular consensus.

Question 5.
Studies on political and social inequalities in democracy show that:
A) democracy and development go together.
B) inequalities exist in democracies.
C) inequalities do not exist under dictatorship.
D) dictatorship is better than democracy.
Answer:
(B) Inequalities exist in democracies

Question 6.
Here is some information about six countries. Based on this information, how would you classify each of these countries? Write ‘democratic’, ‘undemocratic’ or ‘not sure’ against each of these.
i) Country A : People who do not accept the country’s official religion do not have a right to vote
ii) Country B : The same party has been winning elections for the last twenty years
iii) Country C : Ruling party has lost in the last elections
iv) Country D : The parliament cannot pass a law about the army without the consent of the Chief of Army
v) Country E : The parliament cannot pass a law reducing the powers of the judiciary
vi) Country F : All the major economic decisions about the country are taken by officials of the central bank which the ministers cannot change,
Answer:

i) Undemocratic
ii) Not sure (More details are needed)
iii) Democratic
iv) Undemocratic
v) Democratic
vi) Undemocratic

Question 7.
Each of these statements contains a democratic and an undemocratic element. Write out the two separately for each statement.
A) A minister said that some laws have to be passed by the parliament in order to confirm to the regulations decided by the World Trade Organisation.
Answer:
Passing laws by the parliament is democratic whereas passing it in confirmity to the regulations decided by WTO is undemocratic.

B) The Election Commission ordered re-polling in a constituency where large scale rigging was reported.
Answer:
To order repoll in a constituency by the Election Commission is democratic whereas rigging is undemocratic.

C) Women’s representation in the parliament has never reached 10 per cent. This led women’s organisations to demand one-third seats for women.
Answer:
Demand by women’s organisation to reserve 1/3 seats for women is democratic whereas less 10% women’s representation in the parliament is undemocratic.

Question 8.
Write a response to the following arguments against democracy :
A) Army is the most disciplined and corruption-free organisation in the country. Therefore army should rule the country.
Answer:
Army rule is always undemocratic. Under this system, people do not enjoy freedom of speech and expression and are not allowed to criticise the government. Military rule is another name for dictatorship. Moreover, many army men are not disciplined and are corrupt.

B) Rule of the majority means the rule of ignorant people. What we need is the rule of the wise, even if they are in small numbers.
Answer:
Rule of majority is democratic as it represents the views of all sections of the people.

C) If we want religious leaders to guide us in spiritual matters, why not invite them to guide us in politics as well. The country should be ruled by religious leaders.
Answer:
Rule by religious leaders is not democractic. It arouses communal feeling among the people which sometimes lead to communal riots. Besides many religious leaders do not have any experience of administration.

Question 9.
Locate the following countries in the world map.
1. Sri Lanka
2. Belgium
3. Russia
4. America (USA)
Answer:

Question 10.
Read the first two paragraphs under the subheading ‘Dignity and freedom of the citizens’ and answer the following question.

Democracy stands much superior to any other form of government in promoting dignity and freedom of the individual. Every individual wants to receive respect from fellow beings. Often conflicts arise among individuals because some feel that they are not treated with due respect. The passion for respect and freedom are the basis of democracy. Democracies throughout the world have recognised this, at least in principle. This has been achieved in various degrees in various democracies. For societies which have been built for long on the basis of subordination and domination, it is not a simple matter to recognise that all individuals are equal.

Take the case of dignity of women. Most societies across the world were historically male dominated societies. Long struggles by women have created some sensitivity today that respect to and equal treatment of women are necessary ingredients of a democratic society. That does not mean that women are actually always treated with respect. But once the principle is recognised, it becomes easier for women to wage a struggle against what is now unacceptable legally and morally. In a non-democratic set up, this unacceptability would not have legal basis because the principle of individual freedom . and dignity would not have the legal and moral force there. The same is true of caste inequalities. Democracy in India has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated castes for equal status and equal opportunity. There are instances still of caste-based inequalities and atrocities, but these lack the moral and legal foundations. Perhaps it is this recognition that makes ordinary citizens value their democratic rights.

Write about the dignity and freedom of the citizens in a democratic country in your own words.
Answer:

• In a democratic country people have freedom to choose their representatives on the basis of universal adult franchise.
• Most societies across the world are male dominated. Equal treatment of women became the necessary requirement of a democratic society. Thus their status in democratic countries improved.
• In a non-democratic set up, there is no legal basis for freedom and dignity of individuals.
• Democracy in India has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated castes for equal status and equal opportunity.
• Democracy transforms people from the status of subjects under a king or a dictator to the status of citizens with rights and duties.
• Many fundamental rights are granted to citizens in a democratic country. One such right is to travel anywhere, freedom to any profession, to choose any religion, etc.

Question 11.
What are the reasons for the people to fight for democracy?
Answer:
Reasons:

1. A democracy is the best form of government.
2. Democracy promotes equality.
3. It promotes dignity and freedom of the individual.
4. It improves the quality of decision making.
5. People can elect the leaders of their choice.
6. People have the right to get the information about the public administration.

Question 12.
Give some examples which prove that democracy is practised in our schools.
Answer:

1. Admissions to the students without any differences of caste/creed / religion.
2. Elections to elect SPL / CPL
3. Parents, teachers, associations
4. Social clubs
5. Community participation
6. Equality in teaching etc.

Question 13.
Conduct elections in your class to elect class representative with the help of your teacher.
Answer:
Note : ‘Mock poll’ should be conducted in the class with the help of the teacher.

9th Class Social Studies 20th Lesson Democracy: An Evolving Idea InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Discuss the solutions given in both the countries to accomodate social, religious, and linguistics diversity in them. (Text Book Page No. 254)
Answer:
Both are democracies. Yet, they dealt with the question of power sharing differently. In Belgium, the leaders have realised that the unity of the country is possible only by respecting the feelings and interests of different communities and regions. Such a realisation resulted in mutually acceptable arrangements for sharing power. Sri Lanka shows us a contrasting example. It shows us that if a majority community wants to force its dominance over others and refuses to share power, it can undermine the unity of the country and force the country back several hundred years with internal conflicts and civil wars.

Question 2.
How will this chess board change? (Text Book Page No. 247)

Answer:
If the inequalities are vanished, the chess board will change.

Question 3.
If a party is repeatedly voted to power, does it mean that people really want it to come to power, or that there is no alternative or that people are not allowed to vote for any alternative? Answer on the basis of the following three case studies: (Text Book Page No. 249)
a. Since its independence in 1930, Mexico holds elections after every six years to elect its President. The country has never been under a military or dictator’s rule.But, until 2000, every election was won by a party called PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party). Opposition parties did contest elections, but never managed to win. The PRI was known to use many unfair means to win elections. Teachers of government schools used to force parents to vote for the PRI.

b. Zimbabwe attained independence from White minority rule in 1980. Since then, the country has been ruled by ZANU-PF, the party that led the freedom struggle.Its leader, Robert Mugabe, has been ruling the country since independence. Elections have been held regularly and always won by ZANU-PF. President Mugabe is popular but also uses unfair practices in elections. His government has changed the Constitution several times to increase the powers of the President and make him less accountable. Opposition party workers are harassed and their meetings disrupted. There is a law that limits the right to criticise the President. Television and radio are controlled by the government and give only the ruling party’s version.

c. In China, elections are regularly held after every five years for electing the country’s parliament, called Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Oahui (National People’s Congress). The National People’s Congress has the power to appoint the President of the country. It has nearly 3,000 members elected from all over China. Some members are elected by the army. Before contesting elections, a candidate needs the approval of the Chinese Communist Party. Only those who are members of the Chinese Communist Party or eight smaller parties allied to it were allowed to contest elections held in 2002-03. The government is always formed by the Communist Party.
Answer:

1. Democracy requires free and fair elections.
2. People should have choice to vote.
3. People should not be forced by the government.
4. Electoral rolls should maintained in a right way.

In these 3 cases, these conditions are not fulfilled. So we can say that the elections are conducted in an undemocratic way.

Question 4.
Let us take the example of an election in India. Of all the residents in a region, let us assume that 1000 have right to vote. In any typical election about 60% people go to cast their votes. Thus, we have 600 people voting in an election. Let us assume that there are ten candidates in the election and of these the winning candidate gets about 250 votes, the second candidate gets 200 votes and the other candidates between them get about 150 votes. We declare the one with 250 votes the winner. Does he or she really represent the views and interests of the residents of the locality? Actually, he or she only represents one fourth of the voters. Is this a fair democratic arrangement ? Can there be better ways of representing the people in decision making bodies? (Text Book Page No. 250)
Answer:
He or she really represents the views and interests of the majority people of the locality. This may not be a fair democratic arrangement.

This controversial new look at democracy in a multicultural society considers the ideas of political inclusion and exclusion and recommends ways to engage in democratic politics in a more inclusive way. Processes of debate and decision making often marginalize individuals and groups because the norms of political discussion are biased against some forces of expression. Inclusion and democracy broadens our understanding of democratic communication by reflecting on the positive political function. It reconstructs concepts of civil society and public sphere.

Question 5.
Do the millions of poor people really have any control over the functioning of the elected functionaries? (Text Book Page No. 246)
Answer:
In a democracy, every citizen has certain basic rights that anyone cannot take away from them. I think people are using this during the time of elections.

Question 6.
Does democracy mean rule by people or merely rule by elected persons? (Text Book Page No. 246)
Answer:
Literally, democracy means rule by people only. But in practice, it is rule by elected persons.

Question 7.
How can people really participate in government on a day to day basis? (Text Book Page No. 246)
Answer:
This is possible when all policies and laws are made after extensive public discussions, in which people participate and openly state their needs and views. It also requires that people be involved in effective implementation of the policies and laws – by forming independent citizens committees.

Question 8.
Why do people not want to participate in governance? Is it because of poor knowledge or lack of interest or a feeling that they don’t have a real say in things? (Text Book Page No. 247)
Answer:
The people remain apathetic and they lose their interest in politics. Fore.g. : whoever may be the elected representative, he tries to save his position and wealth, etc.
So they do not want to participate in governance.

Question 9.
Why do you think does such high level of inequality persist even where the countries are democratic and government works in the interest of all people? (Text Book Page No. 248)
Answer:
In many countries like the USA, most of the media are owned by very rich corporate houses or media barons. They effectively manipulate and influence public opinion by what they high light and what they black out. The rich and powerful also have immediate access to members of the legislature and the ministers, and are in a position to influence their policies and programmes.

On the other hand, the poor and illiterate people have no such access to the government circles. Thus the government of many of these countries follow policies which seem to be contradictory to the interests of the poor and in favour of the rich.

So the high level of inequality persists even where the countries are democratic and government works in the interest of all people.

Question 10.
Even today, most countries do not give voting powers to people who have migrated from other countries. Actually, millions of people across the world live without these democratic rights simply because the countries they live in treat them as illegal immigrants. This is the plight of South American immigrants in the US or Turkish immigrants in France or Germany. Such immigrants and refugees are found all over the world including India. Should they not be part of democratic governance? (Text Book Page No. 247)
Think of some reasons for your answer.
Answer:
Democracy is based on the fundamental principle of political equality and inclusiveness. In a democracy, each adult citizen must have one vote and each vote must have one value. So they should also be a part of democratic governance.

Question 11.
Many governments give people the civil liberties. But they keep a careful watch on the activities of the citizens by tapping their telephones and letters, spying on them etc. Do you think this is justified? (Text Book Page No. 248)
Answer:
Today the conditions in the world are so. All the countries are in the shadow of terrorism. So the governments are supposed to do like that. But the government should not disclose the secrecy of the individuals. Then only I think this is justified.

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 18th Lesson Impact of Colonialism in India Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 18th Impact of Colonialism in India

9th Class Social Studies 18th Lesson Impact of Colonialism in India Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
How did people use the forests before the rule of the British? Why was there less danger of the forests being fully destroyed in those days?
Answer:

• The adivasis used forests for hunting, gathering tubers, fruits, flowers and herbs and for gazing their cattle.
• They cut wood, cleared the land to cultivate crops.
• They cut trees to build their homes etc.
• They did not blindly cut large tracts of forests but only small patches.
• They cut only old trees and allowed new trees to grow.
  Therefore there was less danger of the forests being fully destroyed in those days.

Question 2.
Against whom did the adivasis revolt? In what ways did they demonstrate their anger and protest? Give some examples.
Answer:

• The Adivasis revolted against the police department, the forest department and the moneylenders.
• During the protests they would burn down many police stations, posts of the forest department and houses of the moneylenders.
• In many places they would set fire to the entire jungle.
• The revolt of Santhals of Jharkhand in 1856, the Koya revolt of A.P. in 1880 and 1922, the revolt of the Maria and Muria of Bastar in 1910, etc. were some of the revolts of adivasis.

Question 3.
How were the revolts of the adivasis suppressed by the British?
Answer:

• In most of the revolts the leaders were arrested and were kept behind bars,
  e.g.: Birsa Munda died in prison in 1900.
• The leaders were traped and shot dead by the Britishers,
  e.g.: Sita Rama Raju of A.P.
• The Adivasis were armed only with bows and arrows.
• They could not stand before the gun-bearing British army.
  e.g. : In a fierce battle 15000 Santhals were killed and their revolt was finally suppressed.

Question 4.
Make a timeline to show when adivasi protests occurred in different parts of India.
Answer:

Adivasi Protests
1. Santhal adivasi revolt	Jharkhand	1856
2. Koya adivasi revolt	Andhra Pradesh	1880 and 1922
3. Maria and Muria adivasis revolt	Bastar	1910
4. Munda adivasi revolt	Chhotanagapur Plateau (Now in Jharkhand)	Between 1874 and 1901

Question 5.
What problems did the Indian industrialists have with the British government?
Answer:
The problems of the Indian industrialists during the British government were –

1. The British government had levied a special tax on cloth made by Indian weavers in order to help the cloth industry of Britain.
2. The British government refused to levy the similar tax on the British cloth.
3. Later the government levied a 3 /2% tax on the British goods and the same tax was levied on the cloth made in India too.
4. With this the British government made it clear that it would protect mainly the interests of the British factories.

Question 6.
During British rule, why was it easier for the European companies rather than Indian companies to set up industries? Give a few reasons.
Answer:

• Indian industry had got a little help from the British government.
• A very large number of factories, banks, ships etc., were in the hands of Europeans, not in the hands of Indians.
• British industries had easy access to all types of officers and authorities of the British government, whereas Indians never had such reach.
• All the foreign trade was in the hands of European companies, hence, they had no shortage of funds.

Question 7.
Labour laws were first made for child labourers, then for women and lastly for men. Why were these laws made in this order?
Answer:

• The first Factory Act in 1881 made rules especially for the welfare of the children.
• As the children are tender hence the first priority was given for the welfare and regularized their working hours and children below 7 years were restricted to work in factories.
• In 1891, laws were made in the interest of women labour as they are sensitive when compared with men.
• Lastly in 1911, the working hours of men were regularised.

Question 8.
How could education affect industrial development ? Discuss in the class.
Answer:

• Industrial development needs a lot of educational workers and officers at all levels.
  We need lot of technicians, scientists, engineers, management personnels, lot of support system etc.
  Previously lack of “technical know how” led to the establishment of factories with foreign collaboration
  Now due to education affect, we are technically skillful and can establish industries without any foreign collaboration.

Question 9.
Identify the large industrial cities on outline map of India during 20th century.

Answer:

1. Mumbai
2. Ahmedabad
3. Chennai
4. Jamshedpur
5. Kanpur
6. Kolkata
7. Hyderabad
8. Surat
9. Visakhapatnam
10. Pune
11. Nagpur
12. Indore
13. Salem

Question 10.
Find out where each of these adivasi struggles took place, and mark their locations on a map of India.
Answer:

1. Jharkhand
2. Chotanagpur Plateau
3. Uttarkhand
4. Chintapalli
5. Adilabad

Question 11.
Read the para under the title ‘Adivasi Revolts’ on page 222 and comment on it.
Adivasi Revolts :
We have seen how the conditions of the adivasi farmers who lived in the jungle worsened in British times. The Baiga, Muria, Gond and Bhil tribes of Madhya Pradeshand Chattisgarh, the Koya, Reddy, and Kolam tribes of Andhra Pradesh and the Saora adivasis of Orissa, were all no longer able to practice their old form of cultivation. They were having to become labourers for either the Forest Department or for contractors. Or they were becoming bonded labourers for moneylenders or farmers who had come from outside.
Answer:

1. As soon as the British took over Eastern India, tribal revolts broke out to challenge the alien rule.
2. In the early years of colonization, no other community in India offered such heroic resistance to British rule or faced such tragic consequences as did the numerous Adivasi communities.
3. As punishment for Adivasi resistance to British rule, ‘The Criminal Tribes Act’ was passed by the British Government in 1871.
4. As the freedom movement widened, it drew adivasis into all aspects of the struggle.

Question 12.
Visit an office of the Forest Department and interview the official on how forest could be preserved and wisely used by both industries and local people.
Answer:
Interview with Forest Ofiicer :
Student (S) : “Good Morning Sir, tell us about your eduction.”
Forest Officer (F.O) : “I was a village man. After completing my graduation, I appeared for the APPSC. Later I got selected and trained at Dehardun. I was appointed in forests in East Godavari Dist.
Student : Sir, elaborate upon your works as a Forest Officer.”
Forest Officer : “My work involved preservation of forest. As a Forest Officer it is my duty to safeguard the forests. Today, the world’s demand for timber and paper continues to grow. As we lose the forest, we also lose the habitat for many species, including human tribes.”
Student : “What precautions should we take to preserve the forests ?”
Forest Officer : 1. The government should ban the import of illegally logged timber.
2. The people should use less paper and wood.
3. People should invest in forest communities.
Student : “How can the forests be used wisely by both industries and local people ?”
Forest Officer : “Fine, there are certain things that everyone of us can do.
1. We should plant new trees.
2. We should practise the 3Rs. ‘Reduce, Reuse and Recycle’.
Reduce the amount of products of trees.
Reuse the items of forests, use the recycling process for some items.
3. Harvesting trees to create young regrowing forest in the place of cut forests.
4. We should keep all wildlife in our minds.
Student : “Thank you Sir, you gave us good information. Bye, sir”
Forest Officer : “Very good my boy. God bless you.”

Question 13.
Visit a nearby factory in your area find out its history how has the technology changed, where do the workers come from, try and talk to the employers and some workers to get their views.
Answer:
We have visited Sri Padmavathi Polymers.
Sri K. Chalapathi Rao and Sri C.V. Narasimha Rao are the partners of this factory. The factory was established in the year 2007. There are 50 employees in this factory. They are manufacturers and suppliers of Thermocol Boxes like EPS box, Apple box, Fish box, etc.

They import the thermocol balls from some other country. They heat these balls and mould them in different shapes.

The employers are present in the factory when we visit it. We met Smt. Subhadra, Accountant there. They are very happy to work there. They said that the facilities arranged by the authorities were well. There are shift duties in the factory. Women workers work during the day time only. The salary structures are also fine. They have eight working hours a day. We observe the surroundings in the factory. They are neat and clean. They grow plants for fresh air.

9th Class Social Studies 18th Lesson Impact of Colonialism in India InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Discuss what “Protected market” means. (Text Book Page No. 225)
ANswer:

• “Protected Market” is the policy according to which goods made in a specific area be protected from foreign goods.
• Protection is given to the indigeneous goods by levying tax on imports. Thereby free incoming of imports is restricted to protect local markets.
• Indian markets were not protected during the British rule.

Question 2.
The Indians demanded that a tax be imposed on British goods coming to India.
1) Do you think this was a fair demand? (Text Book Page No. 225)
2) Should the government have treated British and Indian industries equally?
Answer:

1. Yes, Indians’ demand of taxing the British goods coming to India was a fair demand.
2. Yes, the government should have treated British and Indian industries equally.

Question 3.
Why did a rapid development take place in Indian industry during the First World War? (Text Book Page No. 226)
Answer:

• During the First World War, the import of foreign goods into India fell sharply.
• Cargo ships were diverted to war related duties, and hence there was a shortage of ships.
• The factories of Europe produced things needed for the war.
• So under these circumstances, the factories in India started selling their goods in greater quantities.
• Enthused by these heavy sales there was a rapid development of industries.

Question 4.
What industries were established in India during British rule? (Text Book Page No. 227)
Answer:

• From 1850 onwards, machine based industries had begun to set up in India.
• The biggest industry was the spinning and weaving of textiles.
• The jute industry also developed during this peirod.
• The greatest example of the achievements of Indian industrialists was the setting up of a steel factory at Jamshedpur in 1907.

Question 5.
What were the difficulties in the development of Indian industries at the time of Independence? (Text Book Page No. 227)
Answer:

• Tax levied on foreign goods was not adequate to protect our industries or goods.
• The British government did not pay adequate attention to develop the resources and facilities such as coal and iron and railway, roadways and electricity.
• Indian industrialists had to buy machines from abroad and they did not start in India.
• Educated workers like scientists, engineers and technicians were not available in India.
• Hence we depended on foreigners for “technical know how”.
• The above were the difficulties in the development of Indian industries at the time of independence.

Question 6.
In the early days of factories in India : (Text Book Page No. 229)
a) What were the rules regarding work and rest for labourers?
b) What were the rules regarding payment of wages ?
c) For what reasons would there be cuts and reductions in the labourers’ wages?
Answer:
a) Rules regarding work and rest for labourers :

1. Once the work began, there was no question of stopping.
2. There was no fixed time break even for meals.
3. Taking out 15-20 minutes from their work and would eat their meal.
4. The working atmosphere was unhygienic and would pass in the heat, humidity, noise, dust and suffocation of the mill.
5. The work would stop at sunset, when it would impossible to see.

b) Rules regarding payment of wages :

1. Wages were given in proportion to the amount of goods produced.
2. The owners laid the condition that “as much as you make, so much will you be paid”.
3. The labourers were not able to get any fixed income each month.
4. At the end of the month, the owners would not even pay the full payment. They would keep some amount till the end of the next week so that the worker would not leave the work.

c) Reasons for cuts and reductions in the wages :

1. There were plenty of fines.
2. The owners would fine the labourers
   a) if they came late,
   b) if the cloth spoilt,
   c) if the owner thought the labourer did not work sincerely.
3. These fines were deducted from the month’s wages.

Question 7.
Why did labourers go on strikes? (Text Book Page No. 230)
Answer:

1. Labourers struggled against their oppressive working conditions.
2. They went on strike for fixed incomes and other facilities such as –
   a) regulation of working hours
   b) improvement of their working conditions
   c) weekly break and leave
   d) regarding employment of children

Question 8.
Why were strikes used instead of any other action? (Text Book Page No. 230)
Answer:

• During strikes all workers would participate.
• Due to that the work would stop and the production would come down.
• One day strike would lead to lakhs of rupees loss to all industrialists.
• Hence strikes were used instead of any other work.

Question 9.
Why did the educated people of India not pay much attention to the interests of factory labourers in the beginning? (Text Book Page No. 231)
Answer:

• In the beginning most of the educated people of India paid no need to the problems of the labourers.
  They believed that if laws were made in the interests of the labourers, industries would not be able to develop in India.

Question 10.
How would the labour laws have affected the industrialists? (Text Book Page No. 231)
Answer:

• The industrialists were forced to give a break of half an hour after every six hours of work.
• The working hours of men, women and children were regularised.
• The mill production came down.
• The expenses of the owners increased.
• They were forced to improve the working conditions of the workers.

Question 11.
The British industrialists were against the development of factories in India, yet they took the side of Indian labourers. Why? (Text Book Page No. 231)
Answer:

• If fixed incomes and facilities were provided, the mill production would come down and the expenses of the owners would go up.
• Then the goods produced in the factories would be more expensive.
• Then the goods from Britain would be sold easily.
• The development of Indian industries would come to a standstill.
  Thus the British industrialists were just pretending to show concern for the welfare of the Indian labourers.

Question 12.
Below what age could children not be employed as labourers in British times? (Text Book Page No. 231)
Answer:

• According to the Factory Act of 1881, children below the age of 7 were not allowed to work in the factories.
• According to the Factory Act of 1891, children below the age of 9 were not allowed to work in the factories.

Question 13.
According to the labour laws what was the maximum number of hours that children, women and men could be expected to work? (Text Book Page No. 231)
Answer:

• According to the Factory Act of 1881, the children’s working hours were reduced to 9 hours a day.
• According to the Factory Act of 1891, the women labourers cannot be made to work more than 11 hours a day.
• The men labourers cannot be made to work for more than 12 hours every day as per the Factory Act of 1911.

Question 14.
Which were the two main labourers’ unions to be formed in India during British times? (Text Book Page No. 231)
Answer:

• Girni Kamgar Union was formed with the help of labourers of Mumbai.
• The Mazdoor Mahazan was formed in Ahmedabad under the influence of Gandhiji.

Question 15.
In which year were you born? Mark it on this time line. Also mark the births of your parents and some grandparents or other old relatives you can find out about. (Text Book Page No. 231)
Answer:
I was born on ……………. . My father was born on ……………. . My mother was born on ……………. . My grand father was born on My grand mother was born on ……………. .

Question 16.
Find out whether any of the people whose births you marked were affected by the labour laws. (Text Book Page No. 231)
Answer:
My grandfather was affected by labour law. He worked in a sugar factory. So he obtained many benefits by labour law. Working hours duration, medical, housing etc., facilities were obtained.

Question 17.
Underline four sentences that represent the situation of adivasis and their use of forests before British rule. (Text Book Page No. 220)
Answer:

• Before British rule adivasis and villagers living in and near forests got many things they needed for their daily lives from the forests.
• They were the owners of the forests.
• They used the forests for hunting, gathering tubers, fruits,flowers and herbs and for grazing their cattle.
• They cut wood to build their homes and to make implements. They took things for their personal use.

Question 18.
Have you seen old wooden sleepers used in railway tracks ? What are they being replaced with today? Discuss why this replacement is taking place. (Text Book Page No. 221)
Answer:
Yes, I have seen wooden sleepers in railway tracks when I was very young. They are replaced by concrete sleepers today. Interest in concrete rail road ties increased after World War – II following advances in the design, quality and production of pre-stressed concrete. Concrete ties were cheaper and easier to obtain than timber and better able to carry higher axle weights and sustain higher speeds. Concrete sleepers have a longer service life and require less maintenance than timber due to their greater weight which helps them remain in the correct position longer.

Problems with wood ties include rot, splitting, insect infestation, plate-cutting, etc. In addition to these, the government wanted to reduce the burden on the forests.

So the concrete sleepers are introduced and replaced the wooden sleepers.

Question 19.
What do the present laws set as minimum age, below which children cannot be employed as labourers? (Text Book Page No. 231)
Answer:
According to the recent factory acts no child below 14 years of age can be employed as labour in factories or coalmines or any other jobs.

Question 20.
Why is a union or labourers’ organization important for labourers? Discuss. (Text Book Page No. 233)
Answer:

• Any union or organizations fight for the common cause of all workers.
• They fight for the right of the workers.
• They protect the workers from the harassment of owners.
• They also fight for the hike in salaries and compensation for accident deaths, etc.