Class 10

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 13th Lesson The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part 1 Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 13th Lesson The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part 1

10th Class Social Studies 13th Lesson The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part 1 Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
Correct the false statements,
(a) At the beginning of 20th century disparity across the world was marked by west and the rest.
Answer:
The statement is correct.

(b) 20th century saw the rise of democracy and instances of dictatorship as well as making of new kingdoms,
Answer:
20th century saw the rise of democracy and instances of dictatorship as well as making of new countries, the colonies rose to independence.

(c) Socialist societies wanted to build on the idea of equality and fraternity.
Answer:
The statement is correct.

(d) Army members of countries fighting belonged to many different countries and not Just those which directly participated in the war.
Answer:
The statement is correct.

(e) After or during the First World War many countries changed over from monarchy rule to democracies.
Answer:
The statement is correct.

Question 2.
Make a table to show allies, axis and central powers, participated with following countries on different sides of the world wars: Austria, USSR(Russia), Germany, Britain, Japan, France, Italy, USA.
Answer:

Question 3.
How did the idea of nation-states and nationalism influence desire for war during World Wars? (Or) How did Aggressive nationalism lead to World Wars?
(OR)
How did the idea of Nationalism lead to the World Wars?
Answer:

1. The ideology of nationalism was a positive impulse.
2. It was the foundation of modern nation-states.
3. But later it became aggressive nationalism.
4. It is used to create pride in oneself and hatred against neighbours.
5. Fascists in Italy tried to build images of victories with it.
6. Nazis of Germany mobilised Germans against other nations of Europe.
7. These incidents led to World War.
8. Thus, we can say the idea of nation-states and nationalism influenced the desire for war during World Wars.

Question 4.
Write a short note on various causes of two World Wars. Do you think any of these features are prevalent even today in countries around the world? How?
Answer:

1. Two World Wars have various causes for their outbreak.
2. They have some immediate provocation and some long-term causes.
3. Among long-term causes aggressive nationalism, imperialism, secret alliances, militarism, the Treaty of Versailles, failure of League of Nations, German challenge to vengeful domination and fear of communism are there to be named.
4. I don’t think any such features are prevalent in nations around the world now.
5. But few developed nations are after the natural resource reserves of various other nations and damaging their sovereignty.

Question 5.
What are the different impacts of wars during the first half of 20th century? (OR)
“Second World War ended imperialism” justify it. (OR)
Describe the consequences of the World Wars.
Answer:

1. There were different impacts of wars during the first half of 20th century.
2. They showed the dangers of undemocratic governments.
3. They strengthened the case for democratisation of power.
4. They put an end to several empires like Austro-Hungarian, Russian, Ottoman and German empires.
5. These empires were replaced by democracies.
6. Colonies demanded self-government from colonialists.
7. With the process of decolonization, hundreds of new countries were born.
8. The League of Nations and the United Nations Organization were formed after the World War I & II.
9. The map of eastern and central Europe was redrawn on the basis of nationality, economic viability and military security.
10. These were the impacts of wars during the first half of the 20th century.
11. After a long struggle for political right the right to vote – British women got these rights in 1918.

10th Class Social Studies 13th Lesson The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part 1 InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 176 & 177

Question 1.
Look at some of the pictures given below, connect them with one or the other point mentioned and write a short note on each of them.
(a) Observe the picture of 1934 rally of Hitlers Nazi party at Nurnberg. Compare it with the political party rallies you have seen.
Answer:

1. Political rallies conducted during the time of Hitler and that they are conducted now will definitely bear similarities.
2. But the political fervour with which Nazis worked could not be seen now.
3. Nazis under Hitler thought militarism and race superiority as their Agenda.
4. Now political parties work for harmony and equality of all.
5. Their approach may fit the period when they formed government.
6. Now political rallies are conducted in peaceful manner moving towards democracy.

(b) Famous photograph of Polish immigrant Florence Owens during Depression by Dorothea Lange.
It depicts destitute pea pickers in California, March 1936. What would she be thinking?
Answer:

1. Great Depression during 1929 – 30 ramshackle world economy.
2. Many industries were closed and many more were taken away of their employment.
3. Many were forced to take up the menial jobs like pea picking, etc.
4. This picture depicts one such woman with her children in deep grief.
5. She had migrated from Poland to California and was employed as pea picker.
6. The picture depicts her sorrow of what happened and worries about the future.

(c) Atom Bomb in Nagasaki, also look at the picture at end of the chapter which shows the effect of this bomb.
Answer:

1. Towards the end of the Second World War, America dropped two small atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki of Japan.
2. They killed immediately between 1,50,000 to 2,46,000 people.
3. The after-effects of these bombings, like leukaemia and cancer, lingered on for decades.
4. From then, there is always the fear hanging around the world of another atom bomb dropping or a Third World War.

(d) A painting by Kustodiev in 1920 on The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia. What is the artist trying to say? Who the giant leader could be?
Answer:

1. Bolshevik Revolution in Russia came in 1917.
2. People revolted against the Tsarist Regime.
3. Bolshevik party promised people; food to starving people; land to peasants; power to Soviets and withdraw from World War.
4. They confiscated all private factories, mills and industries and rationalised them.
5. The portrait could be of Lenin.

(e) A cartoon in German with caption “Buy from the Jews, betray your people” 1929. What bias does it show?
Answer:

1. The bias it shows is not to buy any product from Jews in Germany.
2. That act of purchasing could prove them to be traitors of Germany.
3. Germans under Hitler exhibited racial supremacy of Nordic.
4. They developed wanton hatred towards Jews.
5. In the later days, nearly 60 lakh Jews were killed by Nazis, followers of Hitler.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 179

Question 2.
Find out: How long did the India Pakistan war last in 1971? How many people were killed? (Or) “1971 a year of war and liberation.” Explain.
Answer:

1. Actually East Pakistan (later Bangladesh) people were fighting for liberation from Pakistan from March 1971.
2. India joined the war supporting East Pakistan on 3rd December 1971 and ended on 16the December 1971.
3. The war lasted for only 13 days. It is considered to be one of the shortest wars in the history.
4. 3,843 Indian soldiers lost their lives whereas 9000 Pakistani soldiers were killed.
5. 9,851 Indians and 4,350 Pakistani’s were wounded.
6. 97,368 Pakistani’s were taken as prisoners of war.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 181

Question 3.
In what ways do you think industrialisation has created the conditions for modern wars?
Answer:

1. Industrial capital developed in European countries like Britain, Germany and the USA.
2. They needed markets for their products and access to raw materials.
3. Accumulated capital in Banks was also to be put in safe investment opportunities in colonies. This led to imperialism.
4. Governments of these countries acted in interests of capitalists to increase their colonies.
5. New industrial powers like Germany, Italy and Japan competed with them.
6. This created much stress and often led to wars.

Question 4.
Do you think the love for one’s country among people of different countries leads to wars?
Answer:

1. Love for one’s country is a positive impulse.
2. If one lives among people of different countries also, love for his country will not harm.
3. But love for one’s country, at times is associated with hatred against neighbours.
4. Then it would not be a positive impulse.
5. It will make the living of one even in his own country miserable.
6. He cannot live comfortably with such kind of people.
7. This type of aggressive nationalism, at times disturbs the peaceful co-existence and leads to wars.

Question 5.
If one country takes an aggressive stance against another country, should the other country also respond aggressively? Can there be other ways of handling the problem?
Answer:

1. If one country takes an aggressive stance against another country, the other country should not respond aggressively.
2. There can be other ways of handling this problem.
3. If both the countries are members of any institution of world governance like UNO, then going there is the better option.
4. UNO tries to sort out the problem and comes up with just solution.
5. If any of the country does not happen to be a member of UNO, then arbitration is the best policy.
6. Both of them should have an agreeable third party country to mediate and both of them should abide by its solution.

Question 6.
Do you find the presence of aggressive nationalism, imperialism, power blocks and militarism around us today too? Give examples and discuss in the class.
Answer:

1. We may find traces of such things now.
2. In perfect sense, we may not find aggressive nationalism, imperialism, power blocks and militarism around us today.
3. We can see countries like China, which are denying countries like Tibet of their sovereignty.
4. We can see countries like the USA which are interfering in affairs of other countries like Iran, Afghanistan, Vietnam, Libya, etc.
5. We find some countries interfering in the affairs of other countries with a view to over power the natural resources present there.

Question 7.
Find out about some of the wars fought during the last ten years and see to what extent these four factors caused them.
Answer:

1. The four factors were aggressive nationalism, imperialism, power blocks and militarism.
2. The USA was involved in most of the wars that were fought during the last ten years.
3. Iraq War: The USA attacked Iraq blaming the regime of Saddam Hussein in 2003. From then till 2011 American forces were there in Iraq. They tried Saddam and executed him.
4. War in North West Pakistan: Taliban, a militant Islam Group formed for separate nation from Pakistan and fighting with it from 2004. The USA sent troops to quell the agitation. But it Is not decimated yet.
5. Somalia War (2006 – 2009): There were ethnic differences led to large scale fighting In Eastern Africa in countries like Somalia, Ethiopia and Eritria, etc.
6. An Islamic militant outfit Al-Queida (under Osama Bin Laden once) intruded Into Yemen in 2010.
7. In 2007 there occurred Transahara War in Northern African countries Morocco, Tunisia and Mauritania, etc.
8. Most of these wars are of militant nature.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 183

Question 8.
Some organs of the League of Nations like the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and World Health Organisation (WHO) continue to function to this day. Find out about their activities and prepare a project report on one such organ.
Answer:
Some organs of the League of Nations are functioning till date. A few of them are ILO, WHO and IG, etc. World Health Organisation (WHO) played an Important role in providing good healthy conditions to most of the third world countries. Dreadful diseases like cholera, smallpox, polio, etc., were checked. In recent years WHO is fighting against AIDS and heart diseases. In Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, the WHO suggested measures and advised to start an international school for infant and child welfare at buenos. Aires, and a public health school at Rio-de-Janerio, the capital of Brazil.
(OR)
Some activities of U.N.O:

1. Skills development, job creation and elimination of work force inequalities.
2. Ensuring equal access of women to the labour market and social security.
3. Integration of youth through education, etc.

Question 9.
Do you think the Second World War could have been avoided if the victorious powers had been more considerate towards Germany in 1919?
Answer:

1. The peace treaty after 1st World War imposed inhumane and humiliating terms on Germany.
2. Germans thought that the Treaty of Versailles was a diktat imposed on them.
3. Germans were asked to return colonies like Alsace and Lorraine.
4. Germany was asked to pull down its army strength to 1 lakh from 9 lakhs.
5. It was asked not to have submarines and restrictions were imposed on its naval strength.
6. This humiliating terms of Treaty of Versailles led to the rise of Hitler.
7. He recovered all the territories lost due to Treaty of Versailles.
8. Hence we can conclude that the Second World War could have been avoided if the victorious powers had been more considerate towards Germany.

(OR)

It is right upto some extent. But the considerations might not be accepted by the dictator Hitler. Pacifying nature should be in both the sides.
I think the considerations could have postponed the World War – II.

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 12th Lesson Sustainable Development with Equity Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 12th Lesson Sustainable Development with Equity

10th Class Social Studies 12th Lesson Sustainable Development with Equity Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Identify at least ten food items that you consume and find out how far they have travelled from their place of production to reach your plate.
Many people have argued for localisation of food production rather than food travelling long distances. How is localisation of food connected to the environment ? Find out more about the localisation movement in food and organise a discussion and debate in the classroom.
Answer:

Question 2.
Why did the people of Jalsindhi village refuse to move out of the village?
Answer:

1. The people of Jalsindhi were asked to leave the place as it would be the first village in Madhya Pradesh to be submerged by Sardar Sarovar dam.
2. They have lived there for generations, cleared the forests, worshipped Gods, improved the soil, domesticated animals and settled in villages.
3. In hard times they went to the forest and used its produce.
4. They live with their clan, their relatives.
5. They are all alike and they share a common understanding.
6. Their village gods were all there.
7. The land in Gujarat was not acceptable to them.
8. The compensation to be given by Madhya Pradesh government was not acceptable to them.
9. They were born from the belly of the Narmada and they were not afraid to die in her lap.
10. That’s why they were not ready to leave their village.

Question 3.
“This is the land of our forefathers. We have a right to it. If this is lost, then we will only get spades and pickaxes, nothing else ” says Bava Mahalia. Can you explain the statement?
Answer:

1. Bava Mahaliya belonged to Jalsindhi, a village on the banks of river Narmada.
2. When government decided to construct Sardar Sarovar dam, it would be the first village in Madhya Pradesh to be submerged.
3. They lived there for generations.
4. Their ancestors cleared the forest, worshipped Gods, improved the soil, domesticated the animals and settled in villages.
5. They had flowing water of the river Narmada and fodder in the forest.
6. In hard times they depended on forest produce.
7. Their children played on the banks of the river Narmada.
8. They were all alike there and shared a common understanding.
9. Thus, they say that was their forefathers’ land and they won’t leave it. They will try to protect it by hook or crook.

Question 4.
“Last, but not the least, the key to the environmental problem lies in changing lifestyles that will minimise waste and pollution.”
(i) What are the various ways in which our lifestyles affect the environment? Use examples from your own context to explain.
Answer:

1. There are various ways in which our lifestyles affect the environment.
2. Nowadays people are using polythene covers as carry bags for almost every household chore.
3. After usage they are thrown into waste.
4. It takes many years for them to completely decay into land.
5. Everyone is using vehicles to travel, they emit carbon monoxide and a few other gases which cause damage to environment.
6. The usage of air-conditioners and refrigerators is also increasing, the gases emitted by them cause the destruction or holes to ozone layer.
7. Thus, our lifestyle is the key to environmental problems.
8. So we need to change our lifestyle and minimize the waste and reduce the pollution.

(ii) Find out about the various ways in which the problems of garbage and emissions are being dealt with around the world.
Answer:

1. The problems of garbage and emissions are dealt In i
2. The garbage is divided into dry waste and wet waste and thus channelized to be used In production of electricity.
3. Much research is underway in waste management.
4. United Nations organs are working on the emission of gases and their management.
5. Euro standards were set up and the production of vehicles also was made compatible.
6. In many places conversion from the usage of petroleum or diesel to Natural Gas Compressed (CNG) was also advocated.
7. Making products that are more durable, repairable, re-usable and recyclable would help out down on the amount of waste being created.
8. Encouraging people and business to re-use goods via charity shops or other re-use networks would help boost markets for second hand items.

Question 5.
Rapid extraction of minerals and other natural resources would adversely impact the future development prospects. Do you agree?
Answer:

1. Yes, I agree with this statement.
2. We are extracting minerals and natural resources rapidly.
3. Modern industrial development and agricultural development are intensive in use of minerals and natural resources.
4. If this extraction goes on like this, the mineral deposits and natural resources will be deploted.
5. The extent of our current use of minerals and natural resources is such that the chances of future generations to have access to their fair share of scarce resources are endangered.
6. Moreover, the consequences in terms of impacts on the environment may Induce serious damages that go beyond the carrying capacity of the environment.

Question 6.
Why do you think the effects of ‘climate change’ may be felt by all countries?
Answer:
Many global issues are climate-related, including basic needs such as food, water, health and shelter.
Changes in climate may threaten these needs with increased temperatures, rise of sea level, changes in precipitation, etc. Climate change also threatens key natural resources, affecting water and food security.
So conflicts, mass migrations, health Impacts and environmental stresses happened.
So, I think the effects of climate change may be felt by all countries.

Question 7.
Should the average temperature of the earth be treated as a natural resource for all people?
Answer:

1. The average temperature of the earth should be treated as a natural resource for all people.
2. The complete radiation of the heat received by the sun Is important.
3. If the CO₂ proportion in the atmosphere Increases, then less heat will be radiated.
4. This causes an increase in global temperatures called Global Warming.
5. So the average temperature of the earth is treated as natural resource for all people.
6. People can use this temperature for different types of solar energy operated equipment.

(OR)

Yes, the average temperature of the earth can be treated as a natural resource for all people. Taking the advantage of this renewable resource in the form of solar energy, people can reduce their dependency on non – renewable sources like coal, petroleum etc.

Question 8.
What are the lessons to be drawn from the alternate PDS initiative at Zaheerabad mandal in Telangana?
Answer:

1. Many lessons can be drawn from the alternate PDS initiative of Zaheerabad mandal In Telangana.
2. We have to reverse the dependence on crops like wheat and rice.
3. We can adapt to crops like millets.
4. Millets are hardy crops and nutritious.
5. Community can cultivate and start community grain banks.
6. Manage local grain and ensure food security in the village.

Question 9.
“Environment is crucially important for the lives and livelihoods of the local communities and the lifestyles of local communities are harmonious with the environment.” Explain.
Answer:

1. For most rural communities, the link between the environment and the lives of people is very strong.
2. Access to environment serves their needs like food, firewood, fodder, commercially valuable articles, etc.
3. They lose out all if they are displaced.
4. The environment is denuded of its rich biodiversity and rich traditional knowledge.
5. With It they can make good contributions to environment when it is endangered.
6. So, environment is crucially important for the lives and livelihoods of the local communities.
7. The lifestyle of local communities also should be in harmony with the environment.

10th Class Social Studies 12th Lesson Sustainable Development with Equity InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 159 & 160

Question 1.
Write a brief note on the inequality in India based on the graphs and figures.
Graph: Distribution of households in India based on annual income (2010 survey)


Answer:
Graph 1 shows the distribution of households in India based on annual income. It gives the details of rich people, middle class, below middle class and poor people. We can see a lot of difference in terms of inequality. There are 135 million households with annual income Rs. 1.5 lakhs, 71 million households with income between Rs. 1.5 to Rs. 3.4 lakhs, 31 million households with income between Rs. 3.4 to Rs. 17 lakhs whereas 3 million households are there with annual income above Rs. 17 lakhs.
Graph 2 depicts that the total wealth held by Billionaires. When compared to 1996 and 2004, the total wealth by Billionaires had an enormous increase in 2011.
Graph 3 shows an increase in the number of Billionaires. There were 3 billionaires in 1996, 9 billionaires in 2004 but the number of billionaires was 56 in 2011 which shows an enormous increase between 2004 and 2011.

1. The figures show the living conditions of the rich and the poor. The rich are getting richer and richer whereas the poor are getting poorer and poorer.
2. The rich are leading comfortable lives and the poor are living in pitiable conditions without even basic amenities.
3. People with education, skill and wealth have made the best use of opportunities.
4. On the other hand, there are many people who have not shared the benefits.
5. Such wide inequalities in incomes and opportunities across people cannot be the basis for a just society.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 161

Question 2.
Revisit the class IX chapters on Indian Agriculture and industry.
How have they discussed issues of disparity and distribution and access to resources in these two contexts?
Answer:

1. There are disparities in cultivating various crops and areas under such crop cultivation.
2. The land distribution was not equitable, more land was concentrated in the hands of large farmers and landlords.
3. Small landholdings were there for many small and marginal farmers.
4. There were irrigation facilities for only 40% of the total land cultivated.
5. When it comes to Industries, we lack in sophisticated technologies and in the adaption of them.
6. The capital required did not meet through mobilization and expansions of industries were not in large scale.
7. There is shortage of skilled labourers and the wages paid were also low.
8. Post globalisation era, changed these situations to some extent of improvement.

Question 3.
Identify how the idea of development has been contested through problems of the environment.
Answer:

1. The Idea of development has been contested through problems of environment.
2. The ground water levels fell rapidly and ground water recharge is also not to the expected level.
3. Fertilizers made the soil less fertile and ever increasing costs to farmers.
4. Industrialization has resulted in a world where natural resources are threatened.
5. Industrialization has resulted in disruption of climate.
6. Economic development focussed narrowly on GDP springs from its neglect of the environment.
7. Environmental resources have been used up and damaged to an unprecedented extent.
8. There occurred long-term damages to the environment.

Question 4.
What kind of environmental problems did the spread of ‘green revolution’ create? What lesson does this have for the future?
Answer:

1. The ‘Green Revolution’ has brought in several environmental imbalances.
2. The High Yielding Variety seeds usage required plenty of water.
3. Number of tubewells were increased over the years, the ground water level fell rapidly which meant that less groundwater is available for future use.
4. Green Revolution resulted in a loss of soil fertility.
5. The soil was deprived of normal production of micro-organisms.
6. Chemical fertilizers polluted groundwaters, rivers, lakes etc.
7. Thus, it resulted in ever-increasing costs of farmers.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 162

Question 5.
Why do you think has modern method of lifting water proved to be unsustainable?
Answer:

1. Modern method of lifting water has proved to be unsustainable.
2. Initially there was relief from drudgery and lifting of water with pumps was easy.
3. With the lifting of groundwater by electric and motor pumps, water table started going down.
4. Nearly 1/3 of the country is pumping out groundwater than what goes in as recharge.
5. About 300 districts have reported a water level decline of over 4 mts during the past 20 years.
6. Ground waters are also becoming unsafe and being contaminated by chemical industrial waste.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 164

Question 6.
Environment is also called ‘natural capital’. Recall the definition of capital from Chapter 9. Why do you think environment is called natural capital?
Answer:

1. Capital from chapter 9 defines as the money needed to meet the inputs of agriculture and the raw materials for production.
2. They also included factors of production like land, labour on which money is to be spent.
3. Many naturally existing substances like land, water, minerals and ores, products from trees and animals are central to the production processes.
4. All the sectors of economy too are dependent on natural resources in various degrees i.e., environment’s source function.
5. Thus, we can say that environment is natural capital.

Question 7.
Why should water be considered as common property?
Answer:

1. Water is available to us through the nature.
2. We can have access to it from different sources like underground water, canals, tanks and rivers, etc.
3. It is a compulsory part of living.
4. Thus it is common for all and is called common property.
5. We shall have it and retain it for the future generations.
6. We have used up it and this extra use is causing a concern of future availability.
7. Underground waters are to be recharged and we should see that they are not contaminated.
8. For a better quality of life to everyone, water is necessary. So water is considered as common property.

Question 8.
Why was it considered necessary to go to court to stop the use of endosulfan?
Answer:

1. In 1976, to protect cashew crop the government sprayed the pesticide endosulfan by helicopter over 15,000 acres of land in Kasaragod in the northen part of Kerala.
2. The air, water and entire environment was suffused with the pesticide.
3. Caused serious health problems to local people, especially agricultural labourers.
4. At least 5,000 people died and for countless life became miserable.
5. So, it was necessary to go to court to stop the use of endosulfan.
6. In recent years, the use of endosulfan was banned by court order.

Question 9.
The court order banning the use of endosulfan argued that the pesticide violated the Right to Life (Article 21 of the Constitution). Can you describe how use of endosulfan had violated people’s Right to Life?
Answer:

1. The Constitution gaurantees Right to Life under Article 21 of it.
2. It states that every individual has the right to lead life which is secured.
3. But the spraying of pesticide, endosulfan claimed the lives of 5,000 people.
4. Apart from this it has caused cancer and deformities which made life worse than death.
5. The treatment was continued for 25 years.
6. Thus, the use of endosulfan had violated people’s Right to Life.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 167

Question 10.
“In the chapter ideas on Development, we read that what is development for one might not be development for another”. Use Bava Mahaiiya’s letter to explain this statement.
Answer:

1. Bava Mahaliya in his letter brings out different ideas of development.
2. The idea that the government took was different from him.
3. Government says their lands were not hospitable but they say they are satisfied with living there.
4. As government calls them, they say that they own houses and have prosperous agriculture.
5. They have traditional knowledge of every tree and herb and shrub, which would be lost if they are to be dislocated.
6. They say they pool together and construct a house in one day and are living alike with sharing a common understanding.
7. Thus, we can say ‘what is development for one might not be development for another’.

Question 11.
Create a table identifying the current aspects of living and changes that will occur if the tribal people are re-settled in a different state on the following aspects:
Food habits; Farming; Finance; Relation with forest; Religious practices; House making; Social relations.
Answer:

Question 12.
How is the loss of biodiversity being expressed in the letter?
Answer:

1. The loss of biodiversity is expressed in different ways in the letter.
2. The forest will be submerged and cannot be seen.
3. The various trees, shrubs and herbs are not seen and their traditional knowledge will be forgotten.
4. Many different kinds of crops that were not grown outside the forest will not be cultivated.
5. Channels made from streams will be washed away.
6. Thus, the loss of biodiversity was discussed.

Question 13.
For the tribal people livelihood, cultural practices and social relations are deeply connected to the local environment. Can you explain?
Answer:

1. They get their livelihood from local cultivation of own seeds, manure from livestock.
2. For irrigation water they make channels from stream in the local environment.
3. They live with their clan, their relatives and their kin.
4. All of them pool together to any individual’s work needs.
5. Their village gods were all there and their ancestors memorial stones were there.
6. People come from all over to celebrate their festivals.
7. All of them go to market where the youth choose their spouses.
8. Thus, tribal people’s livelihood, cultural practices and social relations are deeply connected to the local government.

Question 14.
Do you think that the people of Jalsindhi village are food secure in their present location?
Answer:

1. I think the people of Jalsindhi village are not food secure in their present location.
2. As far as the various crops they grew, nothing insecure of food.
3. They eat the leaves of forest trees like hegva, mahia, amli, etc. It does not refer to food security.
4. In times of famine they are survived by eating roots and tubers which is not food secure.
5. When they fall sick, their medicine was leaves, roots and bark from forest, this is also not
   food secure.

Question 15.
If you lived in the above situation, how would you have responded to the demand for resettlement?
Answer:

1. If I lived in the above situation, I would have accepted the demand for resettlement.
2. At the place of resettlement, one may get schooling to their children.
3. In place of tribal medicine treatments governments provide with public health.
4. The food taken there may at times prove to be health hazardous.
5. Government pay provide with alternate land to practice modern agriculture, etc.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 168

Question 16. Observe the following figure.
Write your caption in the context of the environment.
Answer:
FOR BETTER FUTURE – SAVE THE NATURE
Man is overusing natural resources indiscriminately
Creating severe problems ecologically
For our future generations we should work collectively
To conserve these invaluable resources judiciously
And take measures that are eco-friendly.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 169

Question 17.
You have read about the protests against the Kudankulam nuclear power plant in the Chapter on Ideas of Development. Can you interpret the protest in view of what you have read here?
Answer:

1. Kudankulam was a peaceful village in Tamil Nadu.
2. Most people from there depend on fishing for livelihood.
3. With the setting up Kudankulam nuclear power plant all of them have to vacate that place.
4. They lost their livelihood.
5. Not only they have allayed the fears of the accidents in Nuclear plants.
6. A recent accident jn Nuclear plant in Japan created a havoc in the minds of people.
7. They have protested on large scale.

Question 18.
“Environment protection is not just crucial for those communities directly affected but for all of us.” Explain with a few examples.
Answer:

1. Climate change affects all countries and people, some may be more than the others.
2. Even a country is trying to reduce emission of greenhouse gases, its environment would continue to deteriorate if other countries do not regulate their emissions.
3. As more and more ground water is pumped out through electric and motor power pumps the water tables deplete.
4. In 59% of the districts of India, water from hand pumps and wells are unsafe for drinking.
5. Thus, environment protection is not just crucial for those communities directly affected but for ail of us.

Question 19.
Revisit the class VIII chapters on Mines and Minerals in the context of Andhra Pradesh. What issues of conflict emerge between industrialists and people living in regions of minerals?
Answer:

1. People living in regions of minerals face cutting down of forests, destroying fields and habitations, creating large pits and mounds.
2. Nearby rivers and water sources are polluted.
3. This results in people leaving the land like that as the older use of land cannot be continued.
4. Even people who live nearby face problems created by mining.
5. Uncontrolled mining by the private companies far in excess of the permits given to them and disregarded safety measures.
6. Minerals taken by private companies without paying royalty to the government- thus people do not get anything.

Question 20.
There has been rapid increase in the extraction of minerals for domestic use and for exports to other countries since liberalisation and globalisation of Indian economy. Using figures from the table here substantiate the observation.
Answer:

1. The extraction of Bauxite is raised from 6108 thousand tonnes in 1997-98 to 15250 thousand tonnes in 2008-2009.
2. The extraction of Coal is raised from 297000 in 1997-98 to 493000 thousand tonnes in 2008-2009.
3. The extraction of Iron ore is raised from 75723 in 1997-1998 to 225544 thousand tonnes in 2008-2009.
4. The extraction of Chromite is raised from 1515 thousand and tonnes in 1997-1998 to 3976 thousand tonnes in 2008-2009.

Question 21.
What do you think would be the environmental and human costs of such rapid growth in mining?
Answer:

1. Such rapid growth in mining would have a negative impact on the environment as well as at the human cost.
2. Mines are dug deep, so the layers of earth become weak.
3. They may cause landslides, avalanches, earthquakes, etc.
4. Most of the water is used in the process of digging and later process also.
5. Post liberalisation era brought private people (companies) into mining activities.
6. Accidents may occur, tunnel may fall down, or get flooded with water or there can be fire and suffocation due to gases – these dangers may be faced in mining.
7. With the motto of earning profits, these companies do not take proper measures of safety.
8. Thus, there may be many human losses in rapid extractions of minerals.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 170

Question 22.
Observe the following picture.
Write your caption in the context of development.
Answer:
On the name of development, man is causing nature’s destruction, So for the flora and fauna where is the protection ?

Project work

You have read about composting in the context of organic farming. Here is a simple method that you can try out in your school and home.

• Take a large size container and make several holes for water drainage.
• Layer it with coconut fibres for drainage.
• Cover it with a thin layer of soil.
• Add vegetable wastes in a layer.
• Add another layer of soil.
• Again add vegetable wastes in a layer.
• Cover with soil.
• After one week, introduce earthworms in it.
• After decomposition, use the soil to make a small garden with plants of your choice.

Answer:
Self Activity.

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 11th Lesson Food Security Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 11th Lesson Food Security

10th Class Social Studies 11th Lesson Food Security Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Correct the false statements.
(a) Increase in food production alone ensures food security.
Answer:
It is not sufficient that there is increase in food production. Everyone should be able to buy them for consumption.

(b) It is important to encourage mono-crop cultivation to ensure food security.
Answer:
Encouraging mono-crops will not serve the purpose of food secuirty. It makes the soil lose its ife&ility. Care must be taken to encourage farmers to go for agricultural diversification.

(c)
Low-calorie intake is higher among people with low income.
Answer:
It is correct.

(d) Legislations have an important role to play in ensuring food security.
Answer:
It is correct. Those legislations are needed to be executed in a heartful manner.

(e) PDS system could be used to address the issue of child nutrition.
Answer:
To address the issue of child nutrition PDS could be used. Anganwadis and Mid-day meals are. serving the needs of children. Their parents shall be made to have the purchasing power to sufficient food with secured access.

Question 2.
The consumption of calories has consistently ——– in rural areas. The average per capita calorie consumption in 2004-05 is ——– than the required calories. The minimum calorie consumption for persons living in urban areas is 2100 calories. The difference between actual calorie consumption in 2004-05 and the required calorie consumption in urban areas is ——–.
Answer:
(i) decreased
(ii) less
(iii) 300 calories

Question 3.
Supposing the foodgrain production has been affected in a particular year, because of a natural calamity. In what ways can the government ensure higher availability of foodgrains for the year?
Answer:

1. The food production has been affected in a particular year, because of natural calamity.
2. The government ensures higher availability of foodgrains for the year in different ways.
3. It could arrange from stocks with it.
4. It could arrange from imports i.e., increasing the amount of foodgrains compared to the exports.
5. Encouraging the farmers who suffered in calamity with waiver of taxes and providing free inputs.
6. Insuring the crops all the time by paying the premium by government itself.

Question 4.
Use an imaginary example from your context to describe the relationship between underweight
and access to food.
Answer:

1. There is some relationship between underweight and access to food.
2. If we have access to sufficient food with required calorific values, there is no question of underweight.
3. No one would have a lower weight if he/she had access to adequate food.
4. The purchasing power of people is also related with weight.
5. Madhavaiah and his family earns monthly Rs. 6000 and with a rented house and medication to parents, he can only afford less amount on food apart from educating his children.
6. Thus, all his family members do not consume sufficient calories food, which resulted in underweight.
7. They are even prone to diseases.

Question 5.
Analyse a week’s food habit of your family. Create a table to explain nutrition elements included in it.
Answer:

Question 6.
Describe the relationship between increase in food production and food security.
Answer:

1. Producing a sufficient amount of foodgrains is an important requirement of food security.
2. The government creates conditions so that farmers are able to produce an increasing amount of foodgrains.
3. The necessary inputs to agriculture are to be provided in a judicious manner.
4. To expand the irrigation and water is to be made available to all.
5. It is not sufficient to produce food grains and other items.
6. Everyone should be able to buy them for consumption.

Question 7.
Give reasons to argue for the following statement “Public Distribution system can ensure better food security for people”.
(OR)
“Central and State Governments purchase one-third of food grains from farmers. Through different programmes, these food grains are distributed to people.”
Do you think that the public distribution system managed by the government is providing proper food security? Express your opinion in an elaborate manner.
Answer:

1. The Indian government came out with a new law in 2013 called the National Food Security Act to legalise peoples’ Right to Food.
2. This food security bill covers nearly 70% of people of the country.
3. They will be given rice, wheat and millets at subsidised prices of Rs. 3. Rs. 2 and Rs. 1 respectively.
4. Every person of low income families is entitled to 5 kg of foodgrains at subsidised price.
5. Among poor families, the poorest ones are entitled to 35 kilograms of foodgrains.
6. 75% of rural population and 50% of urban population will be covered under this scheme.
7. It will provide cooked meals for pregnant women, lactating mothers, children between 1-6 years and mid-day meals to children of 6-14 years.
8. If the government is not able to arrange foodgrains, it will give cash for the people to buy food grains. Thus, public food distribution can ensure better food security for people.

Question 8.
Below poster what indicates about food security.
Answer:
The above poster indicates :

1. Every night one in seven of us goes to bed with hungry.
2. We know that it doesn’t have to be happend in this way.
3. We wake up with this situation.
4. So food security is very important in our life.

Question 9.
Make similar posters about food security.
Answer:

10th Class Social Studies 11th Lesson Food Security InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 146

Question 1.
Examine the given graph and fill in the blanks.
The food grains production has grown over the period 1970-71 to ——–. Paddy production increased from about 40 million tonnes in 1970-71 to about ——– million tonnes in 2010-11. Another important food crop that witnessed rapid increase in production during this 40 years period was ——–. Compared to paddy and wheat the production of ——– did not increase during 1970-2011. This could be due to ——–.
Answer:
The food grains production has grown over the period of 1970-71 to 2010-11. Paddy production increased from about 40 million tonnes in 1970-71 to about 96 million tonnes in 2010-11. Another important food crop that witnessed rapid increase in production during this 40 years period was wheat. Compared to paddy and wheat the production of jowar did not increase during 1976-2011. This could be due to dry land agriculture.

Question 2.
Read again the section on “Land and other natural resources” In chapter 9, What are the possible ways of increasing production of crops from land?
Answer:

1. After going through “Land and other natural resources” in chapter 9, there are a few possible ways of increasing production of crops from land.
2. One way is to grow more than one crop on the same piece of land.
3. It is the most common way of increasing production from land.
4. The other way is to grow three different crops in a year due to the well-developed irrigation system.
5. Electric tubewells could irrigate much larger area of land easily.
6. Increasing the production with intensive use of natural resources like land and water.

(OR)
The possible ways of increasing production of crops from land.

1. Mechanization
2. High yield varieties, which were the basis of the green revolution.
3. Fertilizers
4. HW of seeds
5. Increased plant density.
6. Growing three different crops in a year due to the well-developed irrigation system.
7. Electric tube wells could irrigate a much larger area of land easily.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 147

Question 3.
Describe the per hectare yield of paddy and wheat by filling the following passage.
Two crops ——– and ——– always had low yields when compared with paddy and wheat. Yet both these crops have shown a slow increase in yield in recent years.
Answer:
Two crops jowar and oil seeds always had a low yields when compared with paddy and wheat. Yet both these crops have shown a slow increase in yield in recent years.

Question 4.
Why should attention be given to increase the yield of jowar? Discuss.
Answer:

1. Jowar is the poor man’s food.
2. It is the third most important food crop ranking next to rice and wheat in both area and production.
3. It is a rainfed crop mostly grown in moist areas which hardly need irrigation.
4. Maharashtra is the largest producer of jowar, followed by Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Madhya Pradesh.
5. Only half of the jowar crop area is being cultivated with High Yielding Varieties seeds.
6. As it does not need irrigation, use of HYVs can be increased, thus we should give attention to increase the yield of jowar.

(OR)

1. Jowar is a highly nutritious food.
2. To increase the availability of food grains, and food security.
3. Not necessary to use of pesticides, fertilizers and insecticides.
4. Even though where the water availability is very low this crop is also suitable.
5. Jowar has more demand in the market.

Question 5.
What factors have contributed to the high growth of paddy and wheat yields over a long period?
Answer:

1. Many factors have contributed to the growth of paddy and wheat yields over the long period.
2. The rice and wheat are cultivated in India by intensive and unscientific application of chemical fertilizers and insecticides have led to the continuous increase in the yield levels.
3. Development of a dense network of canal irrigation and tubewells helped the growth in yieds of rice and wheat.
4. The use of High Yielding Varieties of seeds under Green Revolution helped the growth in yields of rice and wheat.
5. They provide for larger amounts of grains as the stalks are short and a short period of maturity of the crop in most cases.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 148

Question 6.
Complete the following table.
Answer:

Question 7.
Based on your calculations, fill in the blanks:
The per person availability of food grains _____ (increased/decreased) between 1971 and 1991 but was _____ lower/higher) in 2011. This happened despite shown in population growth in recent decades. In the future, the government must ensure higher availability through _____.
Answer:
The per person availability of food grains increased between 1971 and 1991 but was lower in 2011. This happened despite slowdown in population growth in the recent decades. In future, the government must ensure higher availability through selling from its existing stocks.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 150

Question 8.
Underline words and sentences that deal with agricultural diversification and explain why are these essential for Indian farmers.
Answer:
Water development – technology – cash crops – vegetables – dairying – best pulse seeds – second crop – yields – a plan and government effort.

• The bank gave credit to them for water development.
• The technology is fairly good.
• They take more money from cash crops and it is vegetables all the way.
• A great thing that happened on the way was dairying.
• Farmers know the best pulse seeds come from Maharashtra.
• The second crop, if any, depending on the rains.
• Yields are low.
• Without a plan and government effort it would be a cruel joke to talk about diversification to them.

Question 9.
Write a description about agricultural diversification for your own village or any village that you know about.
Answer:
Velpur has most of the lands with black cotton soils. There are a few rainfed streams for irrigation water. Rice is cultivated as the primary crop. Cotton is cultivated as the second crop. The seeds for these crops are collected from corporate seed companies. Most of the villagers own few buffaloes. They are much interested in dairying. Some part of the land is used to keep grass which is to be used as the fodder to the cattle.
When there was a shortage of rainfall, the crops are damaged and they do not yield good crop. Along with cotton, chillies are also grown in large scale. People are taking up the works of agriculture with much of the usage of technology. A proper plan from the government and its efforts are enabling this village to experience the agricultural diversification.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 151

Question 10.
Recall the discussion on Public Distribution System in Class VIII. How is PDS related to food security of the people in the country ?
Answer:

1. PDS has played a crucial role in reaching food to everyone both in the rural and urban areas.
2. Around 1997, government decided that ration shops should cater mainly to the poor.
3. Governments buy foodgrains from farmers and supply these to the ration shops.
4. Ration shops keep stocks of foodgrains and these items are then sold to people.
5. Prices at the ration shops are meant to be lower than the prices in the market.
6. The government is trying to provide food to all.
7. The government stakes a lot of amount in purchasing food from farmers and wholesalers and selling them at subsidised prices.
8. Thus, PDS is thriving for food security of the people in the country.

Question 11.
Observe the following graph and fill in the blanks.
Percentage Share of Purchases from PDS, rice and wheat, 2009-10.

(a) Fill in the blanks.
For all India, —— percent of peoples’ total consumption of rice and —— percent of peoples total consumption of wheat are purchased from the ration shops. This shows that people have to buy most of their foodgrain requirements from ——. However, there are several well-performing states like —— and ——. And some states like ——, ——, —— where PDS hardly seems to be fulfilling peoples’ needs for food grains.
Answer:
For all India, 39 percent of peoples’ total consumption of rice and 28 percent of people’s consumption of wheat are purchased from the ration shops. This shows that people have to buy most of their food grain requirements from market. However, there are several well-performing states like Tamil Nadu and combined Andhra Pradesh. And some states like Bihar, Rajasthan and Punjab where PDS hardly seems to be fulfilling peoples’ needs for food- grains.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 155

Question 12.
How can an effective Anganwadi center deal with such a situation for a locality? Discuss.
Answer:

1. Out of 7000 children, in the age group of 1 – 5 years, examined in the survey of NIN (National Institute of Nutrition) from many states in the country, 45% of children are underweight.
2. Their weight was less than what is expected by normal standards.
3. These children are in fact hungry and not getting adequate food.
4. Unless they are severely underweight it may not be easily visible or identifiable.
5. In such circumstances an effective anganwadi center in such locality would provide the children nutritious food.
6. Its teachers are supposed to go to every household where children are present and supply them this food.
7. Make their parents to know about the losses of sustained underweight of children and educate them to provide their children with nutritious food.

Question 13.
What overall conclusions can you draw from these statistics? Write a paragraph.

Answer:
When weight is plotted against age nearly 45% of children in the country are under weight. It means that they cannot study, work or perform physical activities. They do not grow as quickly as healthy children. Their immune system is weakened. When height is plotted against age 41% of children not up to the height they have to be. It seems their growth is affected and short for their age. They are difficult to cover this. When weight is plotted against height 21% children are not with weight they are supposed to be. With sufficient food they can cover this up.

Project work

Read the following poem, Aai. Can you write a poem relating to any aspect of food security?

Answer:
Some Quotes on Food Security:

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 10th Lesson Globalisation Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 10th Lesson Globalisation

10th Class Social Studies 10th Lesson Globalisation Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
What were the reasons for putting barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment by the Indian government? Why did it wish to remove these barriers?
Answer:

1. After Independence, it had put barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment.
2. Because to protect the producers within the country from foreign competition.
3. Industries were just coming up, with foreign competition, they may not survive.
4. Indian government levies tax on foreign goods.
5. And because of tax, prices of those goods become high.
6. Our goods will prosper.
7. Tax on imports is thus a barrier.
8. Around 1991, Indian government decided that the time had come for foreign competition.
9. It believed competition would improve our goods’ quality.
10. So it wished to remove these barriers.

Question 2.
How would flexibility in labour laws help companies?
Answer:

1. Flexibility in labour laws help companies to reduce the cost of labour for the company by negotiating the wages and other conditions.
2. Governments allowed flexibility in the labour laws to attract foreign investment.
3. Instead of hiring workers on a regular basis, companies hire workers flexibly.
4. That is for short periods when there is intense pressure of work.
5. This is done to reduce the cost of labour for the company.
6. Foreign companies are demanding further flexibility in labour laws.

Question 3.
What are the various ways in which MNCs set up or control the production in other countries?
Answer:

1. At times, MNCs set up production jointly with the local companies of other countries.
2. The local companies benefit with additional investments and technology of MNCs.
3. MNCs buy local companies and then to expand production.
4. MNCs with huge wealth can quite easily do so.
5. Large MNCs place orders with small producers.
6. They sell them under their brand.

Question 4.
Why do developed countries want developing countries to liberalise their trade and investment? What do you think should the developing countries demand in return?
Answer:

1. Developed countries want developing countries to liberalise their foreign trade and foreign investment.
2. As most of the MNCs are owned by these developed countries they can expand into developing countries.
3. With huge wealths greater than the budgets of many developing countries, they can influence the power.
4. They will see the decision of polity were made in their favour.
5. Companies from developing countries may not be competing with MNCs in technology and marketing.
6. MNCs can capture the entire marketing potential of developing countries.
7. This will result in decay of the economy of indigenous developing countries.
8. They should demand proper share for their indigenous industries in marketing in their countries and in developed countries.

Question 5.
“The impact of globalisation has not been uniform.” Explain this statement.
Answer:

1. The impact of globalisation has not been uniform in India.
2. It is advantageous to well-off section in the urban areas.
3. They enjoy improved quality and lower prices of several products.
4. Industries like cellphones, automobiles, electronics, soft drinks, fast food or banking in urban areas are developed.
5. Several top Indian companies benefit from increased competition.
6. Some large Indian companies emerged as MNCs.
7. Wide opportunities for IT, data entry, accounting etc. fields.
8. Thousands of small producers closed their units and met losses.
9. Many employees lost their employment and workers saw their rights erode.

Question 6.
How has the liberalisation of trade and investment policies helped the globalisation process?
Answer:

1. Liberalisation of trade and investment policies has helped the globalisation process.
2. It opened the gates for MNCs to set up and produce and market goods at cheap production costs.
3. It resulted in greater integration of production and markets across the country.
4. MNCs are playing a major role in the globalisation process.
5. More and more goods, services, investments and technology are moving between countries.
6. Most regions of the world are in closer contact with each other than a few decades back.

Question 7.
How does foreign trade lead to the integration of markets across countries? Explain with an example other than those given here.
Answer:

1. Foreign trade creates an opportunity for the producer to reach beyond the domestic markets.
2. For the buyers, trade expands the choice of goods beyond what is domestically produced.
3. Foreign trade thus results in connecting the markets or integration of markets in different countries.
4. Walmart is an American retail market giant.
5. The UPA government at the centre accepted for foreign investment in the retail sector.
6. So, Walmart in collaboration with Bharati set up many retail outlets across the country.
7. There is a wide choice for Indian retail consumers.

Question 8.
Globalisation will continue in the future. Can you imagine what the world would be like twenty years from now? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:

1. Globalisation has started, thus, it will continue in the future.
2. From 20 years now, the world would be a better one.
3. The developed countries continue to expand their MNCs.
4. They will try to capture the market of developing countries.
5. The developing countries in turn, fight for a better deal.
6. Over a period of time, they develop their economy and demand better place along with developed countries.

(OR)

1. Globalisation has started, thus it will continue in the future:
2. After 20 years, the native companies have no capacity to compete with MNCs and they will close.
3. People also will attract to foreign goods.
4. In health and education also MNCs will enter. Even though in Indian Railways also MNCs will enter.
5. Totally, the Indian people lost their culture and tradition.

Question 9.
Supposing you find two people arguing: One is saying globalisation has hurt our country’s development. The other is telling, globalisation is helping India develop. How would you respond to these arguments?
Answer:

1. I would support the second person.
2. Globalisation is helping India develop.
3. It brought many opportunities in IT, call centres, data entry, insurance and banking etc.
4. Many Indian companies became MNCs and are earning huge profits.
5. Many other Indian companies benefited with additional investment and technology from MNCs worldwide.
6. MNCs developed land and infrastructural facilities here.
7. Thus, India is developing due to globalisation.

(OR)
The benefits of globalisation have been unevenly distributed. It has benefited well-off consumers and also producers with skill, education and huge wealth. Certain services, enabled with technology have expanded.
On the other hand, thousands of small producers and workers have seen their employment and worker’s rights erode. It explains to understand the two-sided nature of globalisation.

Question 10.
Fill in the blanks.
Indian buyers have a greater choice of goods than they did two decades back. This is closely associated with the process of —(i)—. Markets in India are selling goods produced in many other countries. This means there is increasing —(ii)— with other countries. Moreover, the rising number of brands that we see in the markets might be produced by MNCs in India.
MNCs are investing in India because —(iii)—. While consumers have more choices in the market, the effect of rising —(iv)— and —(v)— has meant greater —(vi)— among the producers.
Answer:
(i) globalisation;
(ii) foreign trade;
(iii) they have access to cheaper labour;
(iv) prices;
(v) standards;
(vi) competition

Question 11.
Match the following.

Answer:
(i) – b
(ii) – e
(iii) – d
(iv) – c
(v) – a

10th Class Social Studies 10th Lesson Globalisation InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 131

Question 1.
Choose any one single item like Mobile phones or vehicles; identify the number of Brands available in the market. Are they owned and manufactured in India or abroad? Discuss with your parents or other adults and find out how many such brands were available 30 years ago.
Answer:

1. There are many mobile phone brands available now in our country.
2. Few of them are owned by and manufactured in our country.
3. Whereas most of them are owned by other nations and manufactured either here or abroad.
4. Brands are like Samsung, Nokia, LG, Karbon, Zen, Apple, i Phone, Sony, Panasonic, Infinix are a few of them.
5. Apple and i Phone are American brands; Nokia from the Philippines; LG and Samsung are of South Korea; Panasonic from Japan; Karbon and Zen, etc. are from China and Infinix and such mobiles are from India.
6. 30 years ago no cellular or mobile phone was available in India.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 133

Question 2.
Would you say Ford Motors is an MNC? Why?
Answer:

1. I would say Ford Motors is an MNC.
2. It is one of the world’s largest automobile manufacturers with production spread over 26 countries.
3. It was selling 27,000 cars in Indian Market by 2004.
4. By the year 2004, 24,000 cars were exported from India to South Africa, Brazil and Mexico.

Question 3.
What is foreign investment? How much did Ford Motors invest in India?
Answer:

1. The money that MNCs spent to buy assets such as land, building, machines and other equipment is called foreign investment.
2. Ford motors came to India in 1995.
3. It spent Rs. 1700 crore to set up a large plant near Chennai.
4. This was done in collaboration with Mahindra and Mahindra, a major Indian manufacturer of jeeps and trucks.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 134

Question 4.
By setting up their production plants in India, MNCs such as Ford Motors tap the advantage not only of the large markets that countries such as India provide but also the lower costs of production. Explain the statement.
Answer:

1. MNCs such as Ford Motors tap the large markets in India by setting up their plants here.
2. They also lower their cost of production. i
3. It is estimated that 50%-60% money they have saved on production by producing in India.
4. As labour is cheap here, other resources are also cheap. So they are producing goods at lower cost.
5. Apart from this, they are provided with educated youth in employment for lesser wages compared to other countries.
6. As the population in India and China alone accounts to 30% of the world population and Forbes surveys show that numbers of millionaires are increasing in these countries.
7. So MNCs have concentrated on tapping the markets here.

Question 5.
Why do you think the company wants to develop India as a base for manufacturing car components for its global operations? Discuss the following factors :
(a) cost of labour and other resources in India
(b) the presence of several local manufacturers who supply auto parts to Ford Motors
(c) closeness to a large number of buyers in India and China
Answer:

1. The company Ford Motors wants to develop India a base for manufacturing car components for its global operations.
2. In India the cost of labour is cheap.
3. The costs of other resources is also cheap in India.
4. India thus provides the advantage of being a cheap manufacturing location.
5. Another reason is that in India the presence of several local manufacturers who supply auto parts to Ford Motors.
6. It is another reason that in India and China there is presence of buyers in large numbers.

Question 6.
In what ways will the production of cars by Ford Motors in India lead to interlinking of production?
Answer:
The company is making engines and body at its plant. It is processing other components from various suppliers which operate in India. Even designing some of the new models has been done in India. So India is providing a perfect base for all the operations related to productions of cars for the Ford Motor. Hence it can be said that proper interlinking of production is happening in India for this company.

Question 7.
In what ways is an MNC different from other companies?
Answer:

1. An MNC is a company that owns or controls production in more than one nation.
2. Other company owns and controls production in only one country.
3. MNCs set up offices and factories where they get cheap labour.
4. They try to earn more profits.
5. The production process of MNCs is divided into small parts and spread across the globe.
6. Other companies tend to produce at a single place.
7. MNCs are rich and sound in technology.
8. Other companies may not be rich that much and may not possess such sound technology.

Question 8.
Nearly all major multinationals are American, Japanese or European, such as Nike, Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Honda, Nokia. Can you guess why?
Answer:

1. Nearly all major multinationals are American, Japanese, or European.
2. Because they are developed countries and MNCs have wealth exceeding the entire budgets of developing countries.
3. Those countries force developing countries to liberalize their foreign trade.
4. They place orders with small producers and sell these under their brand.
5. They have tremendous power to determine price, quality, delivery and labour conditions for those distant producers.

Question 9.
What was the main channel connecting countries in the past? How is it different now?
Answer:

1. For a long time trade has been the main channel of connecting countries.
2. India had trade routes to both East and West.
3. It is different now, as the channel of connecting countries is now foreign trade.
4. Foreign trade creates an opportunity for the producers to reach beyond the domestic markets.
5. For buyers, foreign trade expands the choice of goods beyond what is domestically produced.

Question 10.
Distinguish between foreign trade and foreign investment.
Answer:

Foreign Investment	Foreign Trade
1) The money that MNCs spent to buy assets such as land, building, machines and other equipment is ‘foreign investment’.	1) The foreign trade of a country consists of both exports and imports of goods and services.
2) It is made with the hope that it will earn profits.	2) Foreign trade creates an opportunity for the producers to reach beyond the domestic markets.
3) Local companies are joined by MNCs get investment and technology.	3) For buyers, foreign trade expands the choice of goods beyond what is domestically produced.
4) These have enormous wealth and exercise power.	4) It results in connecting the markets or integration of markets in different countries.

Question 11.
In recent years China has been importing steel from India. Explain how the import of steel by China will affect:
(a) steel companies in China.
(b) steel companies in India.
(c) industries buying steel for production of other industrial goods in China.
Answer:

1. In recent years China has been importing steel from India.
2. Steel companies in India strive to supply the best quality steel at possible cheaper rates.
3. They are able to expand their market.
4. They will compete with the steel companies in China and want to continue with exports.
5. On the other hand, Chinese steel companies try to compete with Indian steel companies.
6. They try to better the quality of steel and sell at cheaper prices.
7. There may be technological interchange.
8. The companies which produce other goods, but purchase steel from India, located in China try to make use of imported steel.
9. Thus, we could see varying impacts of this activity.

Question 12.
How will the import of steel from India into the Chinese markets lead to the integration of markets for steel in the two countries?
Answer:

1. In recent years China has been importing steel from India.
2. Indian cement producers found market outside our country.
3. Chinese have now got a choice of opting for cement produced beyond their state.
4. Thus it results in connecting the markets or integration of markets in these two countries.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 136

Question 13.
What is the role of MNCs in the globalisation process?
(OR)
How are multi-national companies promoting Globalisation? Explain.
Answer:

1. Multi-National Companies (MNCs) are looking for cheap locations for their production.
2. Foreign investment in developing countries has been raising.
3. A large part of the foreign trade is controlled by MNCs.
4. More and more goods and services, investments and technology are moving between countries.
5. MNCs, bring not only their products to a country but also the new business policies and cultures.
6. Most regions of the world are in closer contact with each other than a few decades back by MNCs. Thus, MNCs are playings major role in the globalisation process.
7. MNCs are helping in increasing competitiveness among native companies.
8. Latest models of vehicles in different countries are introduced by the MNCs in the globalisation process.

Question 14.
What are the various ways in which countries can be linked?
Answer:

1. There are various ways in which countries can be linked.
2. One is the flow of trade in goods as well as services.
3. The second is the flow of labour, i.e., the migration of people in search of employment.
4. The third is the movement of capital for short-term or long-term investments over long distances.
5. The fourth is ideas are also being shared and expanded.

Question 15.
Choose the correct option: Globalisation, by connecting countries, results in
(a) lesser competition among producers.
(b) greater competition among producers.
(c) no change in competition among producers.
Answer:
The correct option is (b). Globalisation, by connecting countries, results in greater competition among producers.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 137

Question 16.
In the following example, underline the words describing the use of technology in production.
Answer:
A news magazine published for London readers is to be designed and printed in Delhi. The text of the magazine is sent through Internet to the Delhi office. The designers in the Delhi office get instructions on how to design the magazine from the office in London using telecommunication facilities. The designing is done on a computer. After printing, the magazines are sent by air to London. Even the payment of money for designing and printing from a bank in London to a bank in Delhi is done instantly through the internet (e-banking).

Question 17.
How is information technology connected with globalisation? Would globalisation have‘been possible without the expansion of IT ?
Answer:

1. Rapid improvement in technology has been one major factor that has stimulated the globalisation process.
2. The developments in information technology are even more remarkable.
3. To contact one another around the world and to access information instantly telegraph, telephone including mobile phones, fax, etc. are used.
4. Computers have now entered almost every field of activity.
5. To share information and to know almost anything you want, Internet is useful.
6. So, globalisation would not have been possible without the expansion of Information Technology.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 138

Question 18.
What do you understand by the liberalisation of foreign trade?
Answer:

1. The Indian government, after independence, had put barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment.
2. This was necessary to protect from foreign competition.
3. Around 1991, the government decided that the time had come for foreign competition.
4. So, barriers on foreign trade were removed to a large extent.
5. Goods can be exported and imported easily.
6. Foreign companies could set up factories and offices here.
7. This removing of barriers set by the government is liberalisation.

(OR)
Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government on foreign trade and foreign investment is known as liberalisation of foreign trade.

Question 19.
Tax on imports is one type of trade barrier. The government could also place a limit on the number of goods that can be imported. This is known as quotas. Can you explain, using the example of Chinese toys, how quotas can be used as trade barriers? Do you think this should be used? Discuss.
Answer:

1. Quotas can be used as trade barriers.
2. They can restrict the influx of foreign goods which is helpful for the prosperity of same goods of our make.
3. I think this should be used, but to a considerable extent.
4. That allows our producers to compete with foreign producers.
5. The quality of goods can be improved and prices also to be brought down with competition.
6. If quotas were adopted with regard to Chinese toys, so many Indian toy-makers would not have perished.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 139

Question 20.
Fill in the blanks.
WTO was started at the initiative of —(i)— countries. The aim of the WTO is to —(ii)—. WTO establishes rules regarding —(iii)— for all countries, and sees that —(iv)— . In practice, trade between countries is not —(v)—. Developing countries like India have —(vi)—, whereas developed countries, in many cases, have continued to provide protection to their producers.
Answer:
(i) developed;
(ii) liberalise international trade;
(iii) international trade;
(iv) these rules are properly obeyed;
(v) fair;
(vi) removed trade barriers.

Question 21.
What do you think can be done so that trade between countries is fairer?
Answer:

1. Many decisions that affect large parts of the world are taken by institutions of global governance.
2. They believe that the same set of rules and regulations are followed by all countries.
3. But, in practice, developed countries are not abided by them and still forcing the developing countries to follow those rules.
4. To avoid this, the institutions of global governance shall see that all countries are in same plane.
5. The developing countries should come together to resist the inequality meted out to them by other countries.
6. Then only the trade between countries will be fairer.

Question 22.
In the given example on the left (For example, refer to textbook on P. 139 – The agriculture sector ——– and fair trade ?) we saw that the US government gives massive sums of money to farmers for production. At times, governments also give support to promote the production of certain types of goods, such as those which are environmentally friendly. Discuss whether these are fair or not.
Answer:

1. Governments give support to promote certain goods, if they are environmentally friendly.
2. It is fair on the part of government.
3. It encourages many people to purchase them which does not cause any harm to environment.
4. The producers of those goods, as they get support from the government, can withstand the initial troubles.
5. It inspires others to invent many more goods which are environmentally friendly.
6. It emulates other producers towards eco-friendly products.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 140

Question 23.
How has competition benefited people in India?
Answer:

1. The competition in globalisation has benefited people in India.
2. It has been of advantage to consumers.
3. The well-off sections in the urban areas have a greater choice.
4. They now enjoy the improved quality and lower prices for several products.
5. These people today enjoy much higher standards of living than was possible earlier.

Question 24.
Should more Indian companies emerge as MNCs? How would it benefit the people in the country?
Answer:

1. Globalisation has enabled some large Indian companies to emerge as multinationals.
2. They are spreading their operations worldwide.
3. More Indian companies should emerge as MNCs.
4. A host of services like IT, data entry, accounting, administrative tasks, engineering are done cheaply and exported.
5. The people of the country would benefit from it.
6. They get quality goods and services at lower prices.

Question 25.
Why do governments try to attract more foreign investment?
Answer:

1. The central and state governments are trying to attract more foreign investment.
2. Because this investment boosts the infrastructural facilities in our country.
3. MNCs share with our companies the latest technology.
4. So governments are providing world-class facilities, tax exemptions, flexibility in labour laws etc. to attract more foreign investment.

Question 26.
Elsewhere we read what may be development for one may be destructive for others. The setting of SEZs has been opposed by some people in India. Find out who are these people and why are they opposing it.
Answer:

1. What may be development for one may be destructive for others.
2. The setting of Special Economic Zones has been opposed by some people.
3. SEZs need not pay taxes for first five years.
4. SEZs have labour laws flexible.
5. SEZs have world-class facilities.
6. People are against SEZs as many companies which set up SEZs are not functioning well.
7. They were provided exemptions at the expense of other companies.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 141

Question 27.
What are the ways in which Ravi’s small production unit was affected by rising competition?
Answer:

1. Ravi’s small production unit produced capacitors.
2. In 2001 government allowed imports of capacitors.
3. MNCs forced his clients to buy capacitors from them at half of the price of capacitors of Ravi.
4. Ravi now produces less than half the capacitors he produced previously.

Question 28.
Should producers such as Ravi stop production because their cost of production is higher compared to producers in other countries? What do you think?
Answer:

1. Producers like Ravi should not stop production because the cost of production is higher compared to producers in other countries.
2. The government should arrange Ravi, the technology with which he could compete the MNCs.
3. At the same time some restrictions must be put on MNCs without affecting norms of WTO.
4. People should be encouraged to purchase the capacitors produced by Ravi.

Question 29.
Recent studies point out that small producers in India need three things to compete better in the market:
(a) better roads, power, water, raw materials, marketing and information network,
(b) improvements and modernisation of technology, and
(c) timely availability of credit at reasonable interest rates.
Explain how these three things would help Indian producers?
Answer:

1. Small Indian producers are now unable to compete with MNCs.
2. If they are provided with good roads, water, power, raw materials, marketing and information network, they would better compete with the MNCs.
3. The technology that which they are using should be improved and modernised in order to compete with MNCs.
4. They should be provided with credit with less rate of interest, which help them to compete I with the MNCs.

Question 30.
Do you think MNCs will be interested in investing in these? Why?
Answer:

1. The MNCs definitely are not interested in investing in these.
2. Always MNCs invest with the aim of getting more profits, they won’t think of providing infrastructure.
3. If they try to provide these things, it would be useful to small Indian producers.
4. So, they do not show any interest in investing in these.

Question 31.
Do you think the government has a role in making these facilities available? Why?
Answer:

1. The government has a role in making these facilities available.
2. If the government makes these facilities available, then many small Indian producers develop themselves.
3. They would be able to compete with foreign MNCs.
4. As governments are nowadays welfare states, they have a role in making these facilities available.

Question 32.
Think of any other steps that the government could take. Discuss.
Answer:

1. The government could impose sanctions or restrictions on MNCs.
2. Make that MNCs should behave with corporate social responsibility.
3. Government should protect the interests of the people and see that MNCs prosper.
4. It should adopt the policy which provides for mutual consent.

 

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 9th Lesson Rampur: A Village Economy Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 9th Lesson Rampur: A Village Economy

10th Class Social Studies 9th Lesson Rampur: A Village Economy Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
Every village in India is surveyed once in ten years during the Census and the details are presented in the following format. Fill up the following based on information on Rampur.
a. Location :
b. Total Area of the Village:
c. Land Use (in hectares):

Answer:
a. Location: RAMPUR
b. Total Area of the Village: 290 hectares
c. Land Use (in hectares):

Question 2.
Why are the wages for farm labourers in Rampur less than minimum wages?
Answer:

1. Farming requires a great deal of hard work.
2. Many landless farm labourers work on daily wages in Rampur.
3. They must regularly look for work.
4. Their wages are less than what the Uttar Pradesh government has set as minimum wages for labourers.
5. There is heavy competition for work among form labourers in Rampur.
6. So they agree to work for lower wages.

Question 3.
Talk to two labourers from your region. Choose either farm labourers or labourers working at construction sites. What wages do they get? Are they paid in cash or kind? Do they get work regularly? Are they in debt?
Answer:

1. Raju is a farm labourer.
2. He gets wages ₹ 200 per day.
3. He is paid in cash.
4. He does not get work regularly,
5. He is in debt.
6. Mohan is labourer at the construction site.
7. He is paid ₹ 350 per day.
8. He gets work regularly.
9. He is paid in cash.
10. He is not in debts.

Question 4.
What are the different ways of increasing production on the same piece of land? Use examples to explain.
Answer:

1. There are different ways of increasing production in the same piece of land.
2. Multiple cropping i.e., growing more than one crop on the same piece of land is one such thing.
3. Modern farming method i.e., use of High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds, assured irrigation, fertilizers and pesticides is another such technique.

Question 5.
How do the medium and large farmers obtain capital for farming? How is it different from the small farmers?
Answer:

1. The medium and large farmers generally have their own savings from farming for the capital of farming.
2. They are able to arrange for seeds, fertiliser, pesticide, payments to labour etc.
3. They have tractors, threshers and harvesters as well as tubewells.
4. In contrast to this, small farmers have to borrow money to arrange for working capital.
5. They borrow money for inputs for cultivation.
6. The rate of interest is very high on such loans.
7. They are put great distress to repay the loan.

Question 6.
On what terms did Savita get a loan from Tejpal? Would Savita’s condition be different if she could get a loan from the bank at a low rate of interest?
Answer:

1. Savita got a loan from Tejpal.
2. He imposed many conditions to give her loan.
3. He agreed to give loan at 36% per annum interest rate.
4. He also sought a promise from Savita that she should work on his field as a farm labourer during the harvest season at ₹ 100 a day.

Question 7.
Talk to some elderly persons in your region and write a small report on the changes in irrigation and changes in production methods during the last 30 years.
Answer:
I met Koya Sunil Kumar of Krishna district and Yeluri Rajakumar of Guntur district to conduct the survey.
Changes in irrigation:

1. Thirty years back, there were no proper irrigation facilities.
2. Canals were not dug completely.
3. Not only that there were very few tubewells, that too were owned by the government.
4. The system of production was customary and the yield was also not great. All the villages were not completely electrified.
5. Last thirty years saw a great improvement.
6. Now there were canals dug. Many tubewells were dug by medium and large farmers.
7. The system of production also saw few changes.
   Changes in production method :
8. Modern farm methods like the usage of High Yield Varieties, use of pesticides, fertilizers and water management and machinery for all activities of farming like harvesters, threshers, sowing and weeding machines came into existence.

Question 8.
What are the main non-farm production activities taking place in your region? Write a brief report on any one such activity.
Answer:

1. Many non-farm activities are taking place in this region.
2. Shopkeeping, small scale manufacturing, transport and handlooms etc. are famous among them.
3. Handloom working involves entire families in looming.
4. They work under contractors, who provide them with raw material and collect the finished handlooms.
5. He pays them less wages.
6. Workers cannot weave for themselves and market their handlooms.

Question 9.
Imagine a situation where labour is the scarce factor of production instead of land. Would the story of Rampur be different? How? Discuss in class.
Answer:

1. Usually land is a scarce factor of production.
2. If we imagine labour to be the scarce factor, the story of Rampur would be different.
3. The wages for the labourers will be high.
4. Not only farm labourers other labourers also get a benefit.
5. Government also fixes higher minimum wages.

Question 10.
Gosaipur and Majauli are two villages in North Bihar. Out of a total of 850 households in the two villages, there are more than 250 men who are employed in rural Punjab and Haryana or in Delhi, Mumbai, Surat, Hyderabad or Nagpur. Such migration is common in most villages across India. Why do people migrate? Can you describe (based on your imagination and previous chapter) the work that the migrants of Gosaipur and Majauli might do at the place of destination?
Answer:

1. Migration is common in most villages in India.
2. Usually the distress of rural unemployment drives men to migrate.
3. They migrate in search of employment.
4. Many urban migrants get employment in the unorganised sector.
5. They work as rickshaw pullers, hawkers, daily labour, casual labour in many unorganised sectors

Question 11.
Land is also required for produc&>n of goods in an urban area. In what ways is the use of land different from a rural area?
Answer:

1. Land is required for production of goods in an urban area.
2. But the use of land in urban area is different from that of a rural area.
3. In urban area land is mostly used for non-farm production activities.
4. They are like industrial complexes, commercial complexes, dairies, small, medium and large scale manufacturing units, market yards, shops etc.
5. Whereas in the village most land is under land farming activity.
6. Thus we can say that land is also required for production of goods in an urban area.

Question 12.
Read again the meaning of “land” in the production process. Give three examples, other than agriculture, where this requirement is most significant in the process of production.
Answer:

1. Land is the most crucial factor necessary for farm production.
2. Land is required most significantly in the process of production other than agriculture also.
3. Non-farm activities also require land.
4. To establish any small scale manufacturing unit, land is required.
5. To set up and operate a dairy, land is required.
6. To set up any shop or market yard, land is required.

Question 13.
Water, a natural resource for production, particularly agricultural production, now requires greater capital for its use. Can you explain the statement?
Answer:

1. Water is the natural resource required for agricultural production.
2. But now it requires greater capital for its use.
3. People now use electricity-run tubewells for irrigation.
4. The electricity charges are more. ‘
5. Farmers are setting up their own tubewells.
6. In situations of power cut, they use diesel to run motors to draw water from the tubewell.
   So, now it requires greater capital for its use.

10th Class Social Studies 9th Lesson Rampur: A Village Economy InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 115

Question 1.
What do you know about agriculture? How do crops change in various seasons? Do most people depending on agriculture belong to land owning groups or are laborers?
Answer:

1. Land is the most crucial factor necessary for agriculture.
2. Well developed irrigation facilities help us in changing of the crops in various seasons.
3. Villages like Rampur has the land where even three crops can be grown during a year’s three seasons.
4. Most people that depend on agriculture are landless labourers.
5. Majority of the working people are dependent on farming for their livelihood.
6. The well-being of these people is closely related to the production on the farms.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 117

Question 2.
Looking at your state or district physical map and identify areas that are well irrigated. Does your region fall under this category?
Answer:

1. Well irrigated areas in India are Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.
2. Moderate to high irrigated areas are Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Jammu & Kashmir, Manipur, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.
3. In our state most of the region is tank irrigated.
4. Quite a considerable region is under canal irrigation.
5. Our region falls under this category.

Question 3.
The following table shows the land under cultivation in India in units of million hectares. Plot this on the graph provided. What does the graph show? Discuss in class.

Answer:

1. The graph shows that the cultivated area from 1970 to 2010 remained the same.
2. New area was not brought under cultivation.
3. Even some area was brought, the same amount of area from cultivated land was used as non¬farm area.
4. The area of the country is not extending.
5. The demand for non-farm land is also increasing.
6. So there was no growth recorded in cultivated area for the last 40 years or so.
   

Question 4.
You have read about the crops gr^nin Rampur. Fill the following table based on information? on the crops grown in your region.
Answer:

Question 5.
What are the reasons for multiple cropping in cultivation?
Answer:

1. The cultivation which is under multiple cropping has many reasons for it.
2. It has a well-developed irrigation system.
3. Different crops are grown in three crop seasons.
4. It increases the production from the land.
5. They may have two main crops and a third crop.
6. There is no land that is left idle.
7. There is no possibility of expansion in land area under cultivation.
8. The plants grown also used as cattle feed.

(OR)

The factors that contribute to the multiple cropping in village areas.

1. Availability of more labour.
2. Availability of irrigation facilities.
3. Availability of fertile soil.
4. Experienced farmers.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 118 & 119

Question 6.
In the map given below, shade the small plots of land.
Answer:
Students’ Activity

Question 7.
Why do so many families of farmers cultivate such small plots of land?
Answer:

1. Not all the people engaged in agriculture have sufficient land for cultivation.
2. The upper caste families own a majority of the land in the village.
3. They have land extending over 10 hectares or more.
4. Many families cultivate small plots of land less than 2 hectares.
5. Cultivation of such plots doesn’t bring adequate income to the farmer’s family.
6. Even these small plots were divided among sons when their father was dead.
7. Thus so many families of farmers cultivate such small plots.

Question 8.
The distribution of farmers in lndj£ and the amount of land they cultivate are in the following table and pie-charts.
What do the arrows indicate? Would you agree that the distribution of cultivated land is unequal in India? Explain. (OR)
a) Who are called small farmers?
b) Would you agree that the distribution of culivated land is unequal in India? Explain.
Answer:

1. The arrows indicate that 87% of the total farmers are cultivating only 48% of the total cultivated land.
2. The remaining 13% of the farmers are cultivating the remaining 52% of the land.
3. This indicates that there is no equal distribution of land among farmers.
4. I would agree that the distribution of cultivated land is unequal in India.

(OR)
a) The farmers who possess less than 2 hectares of land.
b) Yes. I agree because 87% of farmers are cultivating only 48% of land. On the other hand only 13% of farmers are cultivating 52% of land.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 120

Question 9.
Small farmer, Big farmer. After reading next section (Labour for the Farm’ on Text P. 121) write a caption that would describe their relation with the factors of production.
Answer:
Small farmer should carry the field while the field carries big farmer.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 121

Question 10.
Why are farm labourers like Dala poor?
Answer:

1. Dala is a landless farm labourer who works on daily wages in Rampur.
2. He must regularly look for work.
3. His wages are less that government fixed minimum wages.
4. There is heavy competition for work among the farm labourers in Rampur.
5. So they agree to work for low wages.
6. As machines are increasing, the number of days of work available to a worker is very low.
7. Thus farm labourers like Dala are poor.

Question 11.
What do the large and medium farmers in Rampur do to get labour for their farms? Compare with your region.
Answer:

1. Medium and large farmers generally have their own savings from farming.
2. They make that money as the working capital needed for farming.
3. They agree to give small farmers the loan at 36% per annum interest rate for four months, which is very high.
4. They also take promise from the small farmers to work on their lands as farm labourers during the harvest season for ₹ 100/- a day, which is quite low.
5. Thus they have the required labour.
6. In our region also that is one practice.
7. They get landless labourers for less wages.

(OR)
The large and medium farmers offer lower wages to get labour for their farms.
In our region most of the villagers are job holders in the nearest town. So there is no such competition. The farm labourers are less in number. So they get better wages.

Question 12.
Fill in the following table :
Answer:

Question 13.
What are the ways of providing labour, in the production of goods or services that you observe in your region?
Answer:

1. In our area farm activities are more prominent.
2. Different crops are grown here in different seasons.
3. Crops like rice, turmeric, banana, maize, cauliflower, cabbage, jasmine, etc. are grown here.
4. Labour is provided to the farmers here.
5. Other non-farm activities also are here like Coca-Cola factory where cool drinks are manufactured.
6. Many shopkeepers, small manufacturing units, dairies, transport facilities are present which are provided with labour.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 122

Question 14.
Read the following table.
Answer:

1. For every activity mentioned above in the farms, daily wages decided by government are less, they seem to be. However, there is a lot of variation across regions.
2. For ploughing men get more than the amount mentioned above.
3. For sowing and weeding also more earnings will be here.
4. Here all activities are charged per acre and distributed among those who worked there.
5. So, comparatively they earn more compared to those mentioned wages of government.

Question 15.
Find out the minimum wage and compare with this.
Answer:

1. Minimum wage mentioned above is ₹ 118 for women for threshing.
2. Whereas women here is get more than that nearly ₹ 300/- per day when they are doing threshing work.
3. So the amount they get here is more than that was listed by government.

Question 16.
Why do you think men receive a higher wage than women for the same job? Discuss.
Answer:

1. There are works in farming like ploughing fixed for men.
2. There are several others like transplanting and picking cotton are fixed for women.
3. But the remaining farm works can be done by both men and women.
4. Among them also more wages were set up by the government for men compared to women.
5. Because men are physically strong.
6. With that energy they got, they complete the works neatly and quickly.
7. Thus men receive higher wage than women.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 124

Question 17.
Surplus and Capital for Production
Consider three farmers. Each has grown wheat on his field though the production is different as in Column 2. To analyse the situation faced by different farmers we need to assume that some conditions are the same for all. To keep things simple, let us suppose the following conditions:

1. The consumption of wheat by each farmer family is the same (Column 3).
2. The whole of surplus wheat this year is used as seeds for working capital for the next year’s production by all the farmers. They also have land to do so.
3. Also suppose, production output is twice the working capital used in production in all the farms. There is no sudden loss in production.

Complete the table.
Answer:

a) Compare the production of wheat by the three farmers over the years.
Answer:

1. Farmer 1 will have more surplus over the years.
2. Farmer will have surplus which is enough for next year’s capital.
3. Farmer 3 will have to borrow the capital from second year onwards.

b) What happens to the Farmer 3 in Year 3? Can he continue production? What will he have to do to continue production?
Answer:

1. The farmer 3 in year 3 will not have any capital.
2. He cannot continue production like that.
3. He will have to borrow capital for third year.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 126

Question 18.
What physical capital did Mishrilal need to set up this process?
Answer:

1. Mishrilal set up the process wherein he can prepare jaggery.
2. Earlier sugarcane was crushed by using bullocks.
3. But these days people prefer to do it by machines.
4. Mishrilal has purchased mechanical sugarcane crushing machine run on electricity.
5. That is the physical capital he needed to set up this process.

Question 19.
Who provides the labour in this case?
Answer:

1. The labour in this case is provided by Mishrilal himself.
2. At times, he may be supported by his family members.

Question 20.
Why is Mishrilal unable to increase his profit? Think of reasons when he could face a loss.
Answer:

1. Mishrilal prepares jaggery from sugarcane with a machine.
2. He sells it to traders at Jahangirabad.
3. He uses the sugarcane he has cultivated and also buys sugarcane from others.
4. Thus he is making a small profit.
5. His production is in small scale, he also buys from others, the sugarcane and there is mechanism to provide him with minimum support price.
6. He sells to traders at Jahangirabad which results in transportation expenses.
7. So he is unable to increase his profit.
8. He could face loss when the prices of jaggery in the marked are decreased sharply.

Question 21.
Why does Mishrilal sell jaggery to traders in Jahangirabad and not in his village?
Answer:

1. Mishrilal sells jaggery to traders in Jahangirabad.
2. He cannot sell all the jaggery he has made in Rampur itself.
3. So he would sell it to the traders of Jahangirabad.

Question 22.
On whose land is the shop located?
Answer:
The shop is located on the land of the shopkeeper.

Question 23.
Who supplies labour to these small shops selling eatables?
Answer:
1) These small shops selling eatables are run by the shopkeepers.
2) They are assisted by the woman and the children in the family.

Question 24.
Guess what working capital would such shops require.
Answer:

1. Shopkeepers buy goods that villagers produce.
2. They supply it to shops/markets in bigger villages/towns.
3. They sell wide range of small items like rice, wheat, sugar, tea, oil, biscuits, soap, toothpaste, batteries, candles, notebooks, pen, pencil and even some cloth.
4. Shopkeepers need working capital to buy and stock all these to sell off.

Question 25.
List the physical capital items.!?
Answer:

1. They need shop set up that is prepared.
2. Different almirahs, boxes, weights and measures like balance, stones etc.

Question 26.
From a hawker in your area find out the daily sales. How will you find out if there is some savings? Discuss with your teacher.
Answer:

1. Srinivas is a hawker from our area.
2. He has a fruit vending career,
3. He invests nearly a thousand rupees to buy fruits like guava, apple or orange etc.
4. He sells and makes a profit of nearly ₹ 400 per day.
5. It is learnt that he has some savings around ₹ 50,000 after meeting all his family expenditures.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 127

Question 27.
What is Kishore’s fixed capital?
Answer:

1. Kishore bought a buffalo.
2. He attached a wooden cart to his buffalo.
3. Buffalo and cart are the only fixed capital of Kishore.

Question 28.
What do you think would be his working capital?
Answer:

1. He gets the fodder for the buffalo.
2. He takes care of the minor repairs of the wooden cart.
3. These would be his working capital.

Question 29.
In how many production activities is Kishore involved?
Answer:

1. Kishore is involved in four different production activities.
2. With his buffalo and wooden cart he transports various items.
3. Once in a week, he goes to Ganges to bring clay for the potter to prepare pots.
4. Sometimes he goes to Jahangirabad with a load of jaggery or other commodities.
5. Every month he gets some work in transport.

Question 30.
Would you say that Kishore has benefited from better roads in Rampur?
Answer:

1. Kishore has definitely benefited from the better roads in Rampur.
2. Because of them he is able to transport various items and people.
3. He is able to earn more than what he used to do some years back.

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 8th Lesson People and Migration Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 8th Lesson People and Migration

10th Class Social Studies 8th Lesson People and Migration Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Draw a table with the following items and summarise various examples in the context of migrant labourers.

1. Migrant labour
2. Reasons for the migration
3. Living standards of the migrants
4. Economic impact on their lives
5. Economic impact on the lives of people from where they migrated.

Answer:

Question 2.
Compare and contrast the migration from rural to urban areas and rural to rural areas.
Answer:

Migration from Rural to Urban Area	Migration from Rural to Rural Area
People migrate due to insufficient employment.	People migrate seasonally when there is a lot of work.
Hope for higher incomes, better services, more opportunities for family members.	Most tribal and low caste people migrate.
Work as labourers and in unorga­nised sectors.	They are not skilled.
Work in industries and service activities.	They work for meagre wages.
Greater freedom and less discri­mination based on caste and gender.	They live in poor conditions of living.
Remittance supplement family income.	They find employment in sugarcane cutting, rice production activities, mining, tea plantations, fish processing etc.

Question 3.
Which of the following could be considered as seasonal migration? Why?

1. Women moving from their parents’ house to husband’s house due to marriage
2. Turmeric harvesters moving from one district to another district in Tamil Nadu for three months in a year
3. Cycle rickshaw pullers in Delhi coming from rural parts of Bihar for six months a year
4. Women from Nalgonda district come to work as domestic maids in Hyderabad

Answer:

1. This could not be considered as a seasonal migration. In accordance with our social norms wife is supposed to live permanently in the house of her husband.
2. This could be considered as a seasonal migration. Because duration of the season is three months, which is below the 6 months norm.
3. This could be considered as a seasonal migration as it is not more than 6 months and the migration is done every year.
4. This could not be considered as seasonal migration as the domestic maids need to serve
   throughout the year.

Question 4.
Do you think migrants are trouble makers/trouble shooters in their destinations? Justify your answer.
Answer:

1. I think migrants are trouble shooters.
2. In almost all examples from our lesson, migrants served the purpose.
3. They were nowhere trouble makers.
4. But for them, most works cannot be easily completed.
5. Though they lived in inhumane conditions, they worked hard.
6. Apart from these, they eke out a living.

Question 5.
The following are migrants of different types. Classify th into internal and international migrants.
a) People going from India to Saudi Arabia to work as technicians
b) Agricultural labourers going from Bihar to Punjab
c) Brick workers going from Odisha to Andhra Pradesh
d) Teachers going from China to India to teach Chinese to Indian children
Answer:

Question 6.
‘Most children of migrant families become dropouts.’ Do you agree with this statement? Justify your answer.

Answer:

1. Most children of migrant families become dropouts.
2. I do agree with this statement.
3. Children accompanying their parents do not have creche facilities.
4. Grown-up children are not able to continue their studies at their parents’ new work places.
5. Schools in their native place refuse to take them again when they come back.
6. They finally become dropouts.
7. Young girls in such families are required to take care of siblings and many of them become dropouts.

Question 7.
How does rural to urban migration increase the purchasing power of people in rural areas?
(OR)
How does migration affect the purchasing power of people?
Answer:

1. Rural to urban migration increases the purchasing power of people in rural areas.
2. Remittances are an important means of supplementing or generating additional income for the rural families.
3. Migration allows households to meet debt and other obligations without having to sell assets.
4. The majority of migrants either remit or bring back savings.
5. Migrant families buy house, land, agricultural machinery and consumer durables.
6. Thus, their purchasing power increases.

Question 8.
Why are only professionals able to go to developed countries? Why cannot unskilled workers migrate to these countries?
Answer:

1. Professionals are able to go to developed countries.
2. Unskilled workers cannot migrate to these countries.
3. Developed countries depend a lot on industries and service sector.
4. They require people with technical skills and professionals.
5. So, the unskilled workers cannot serve the purpose.
6. Thus, there is no scope for unskilled workers to migrate to developed countries.

Question 9.
Why are only unskilled workers from India wanted in West Asian countries?
Answer:

1. Only unskilled workers from India are wanted in West Asian countries.
2. Semi-skilled workers also migrate to these countries.
3. They are oil-exporting countries.
4. They employ workers on contract basis.
5. They empldy workers on large scale with lower wages.
6. They do not nekL^technically skilled or professionals for these jobs.
7. Besides, the need to pay handsome perks and emoluments.
8. Thus, only unskilled workers are wanted in West Asian countries.

Question 10.
Why are workers from three states able to go to a considerable extent to work in West Asia?
Answer:

1. Unskilled and semi-skilled workers migrate to West Asian countries.
2. Nearly three fifths of workers going to West Asia are from Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.
3. A considerable section of these are engaged in construction projects, maintenance services, transport and telecommunications.
4. Most work in oil exporting work.
5. Nearly 30-40 years back many people from these three states went there.
6. They are using the contacts and network in West Asia and making to migrate others from their birth places.

Question 11.
Describe the similarities and differences between the impacts of internal and international migration.
Answer:
People generally migrate to improve their standard of living. Sometimes it is internal and sometimes internationals. The differences are:

Internal Migration	International Migration
1) Due to insufficient employment, inadequate income, with hope of higher incomes, better services people migrate.	1) People with technical skills and professional expertise have migrated to developed countries.
2) Work as hawkers, painters, mechanics, rickshaw pullers, const­ruction labour etc.	2) Unskilled and semi-skilled workers migrate to oil exporting countries of the West Asia.
3) Engage in industry and service activities.	3) These are engaged in construction projects, maintenance services, transport and telecommunications.
4) Remittances are important to families.	4) Families are able to pay back loans, buy assets and standard of life improves.
5) They supplement and generate additional incomes.	5) Kerala has recorded a stupendous growth in remittances from other countries.
6) These people retain economic ties in rural areas.
7) Family decides member to migrate or not.

10th Class Social Studies 8th Lesson People and Migration InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 102

Question 1.
Draw a sketch map showing Kurnool district along with Nandyala town. Mark arrow lines linking the names listed in the case study.
Answer:

Question 2.
Here is a list of a few people. Categorise them as migrant or non-migrant. Indicate the pattern and guess the probable reasons for migration.
Answer:

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 103

Question 3.
Read the following table and complete the required information.
Answer:

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 105

Question 4.
In the following map, what are the states from which migrant come to Delhi ?
Answer:
From Bihar, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, migrants come to Delhi

Question 5.
In the following map, form which states do the people migrate to Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka?
Answer:

1. From Karnataka migrants come to Andhra Pradesh.
2. There is no migration from other states to Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh..

Question 6.
In the following map, look at Tamil Nadu, what could be reasons out-migration and in migration?
Answer:

1. People migrate to Tamil Nadu to acquire new skills, to find new jobs, to find job in the film industry and to earn a better salary.
2. People migrate from Tamil Nadu to Kerala in the tourism industry.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 106

Question 7.
Interview a person who has come to a town to work in the unorganized sector as a labourer or domestic servant and write her story (see the case study of Ramaiah).
Answer:
Seethamma – a domestic helper in Bengaluru.
I hail from Pedavadlapudi village, Mangalagiri Mandal, Guntur District. I am 56 years old. We have two male children. Both of them are married off. My husband used to pull rickshaw. But his untimely death, a few years ago made my life miserable. We have some debts to be repaid.
A woman of acquaintance introduced me to Mr. and Mrs. Rao. Both of them are software professionals. They hail from our village and are working in Bengaluru. They were married two years back. Recently Mrs. Rao gave birth to a male child. As they couldn’t afford to foster him in time, I was asked to take care of the child and work as a domestic helper.
They cleared our debts in advance and deduct them from my wage. I go to my place for some festivals.

Question 8.
If you live in a rural area, interview a person who has come on a vacation from working in a town in the unorganized sector, write his story (see the case study of Ramaiah).
Answer:
Suresh – a salesman in a readymade shop.
I was a resident of Pedakonduru village of Duggirala Mandal in Guntur District. I studied up to 5th class in Pedakonduru elementary school and later up to 10th class in Pedapalem, a 2 km journey upwards. Later I could not continue my studies.
Later I went to Vijayawada, a 17 km distant city in nearby district Krishna. I joined ‘Step-n- Style’ a readymade garment shop at Patamata in Vijayawada. Except salary they do not provide me with any other facility. It is the work under unorganized sector. Our shop works 7 days a week. Each one is allowed to take a weekly off on a different day of the week.
I have been working there for the last 17 years. I had pleasure working there for that much time. At times, we aren’t even given off on festival days. Most of the customers are of friendly nature and we don’t usually have any tensions.

Question 9.
Compare and contrast these two situations.
Answer:

• Both of them do not work in any organised sector.
• Both of them are paid low.
• Both of them are denied of good health and family care programmes.
• Domestic helper’s life took different turn after facing many difficulties.
• Salesman was unable to get well educated.
• He was contented and did not attempt to improve his education.
• Both of them work in different working conditions.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 107

Question 10.
Why are contacts and networks essential for getting jobs in urban areas?
Answer:

1. Contacts and networks are crucial for getting jobs in urban areas.
2. Migration is the survival strategy for many families.
3. Villagers pre-arrange their jobs from rural areas.
4. They come to urban areas through their contacts or networks.
5. Migrants also pass on the urban opportunities to the rural masses.
6. So that potential migrants can engage in rural-based job research.

Question 11.
Calculate the total number of persons added to urban population for each period and percentage of each group. Write sentences for each bullet point.
Answer:

1. During 1961-71, there were 31 million (20 + 5 + 6) people added in the urban population. In terms of percentage, 65% increase was due to natural increase, 16% was due to expansion of urban areas and 19% was due to migration.
2. During 1971-81, there were 50 million people added in the urban population. In terms of percentage, 52% increase was due to natural increase, 28 was due to expansion of urban areas and 20 was due to migration.
3. During 1981-1991 there were 56 million people added in the urban population. In terms of percentage, 63% increase was due to natural increase, 14% was due to expansion of urban areas and 23% was due to migration.
4. During 1991-2001, there were 67 million people added in the urban population. In terms of percentage, 60% increase was due to natural increase, 19% was due to expansion of urban areas and 21% was due to migration.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 108

Question 12.
Observe the graph given on page 107 in Textbook and answer the following questions.
a) How would you construct a table to show the effect of migration for the entire period 1961 – 2011?
Answer:

b) When people move out of rural areas which sector of the economy in the rural area loses the most number of people? Why?
Answer:

1. When people move out of rural areas primary sector of economy in the rural area loses the most number of people.
2. Had they not been moved out of rural areas, they would have taken part in agriculture and allied activities.
3. So, primary sector is losing the most number of people.

c) In urban areas, what are the common sector(s) of the economy in which migrants from the rural areas find employment? What are the reasons for this?
Answer:

1. Most urban migrants find employment in the unorganised sector.
2. They work as hawkers, painters, mechanics, rickshaw pullers, construction labour etc.
3. They come to work in industries and other service activities.
4. They have opportunities for education and acquiring skills.
5. Urban areas also appear to offer greater freedom and somewhat less discrimination based on caste and gender.
6. They want to increase their income and they desire better family prospects.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 109

Question 13.
Why is there a shortage of sugarcane cutters in western Maharashtra ?
Answer:

1. There is a shortage of sugarcane cutters in western Maharashtra.
2. Maharashtra produces about 70 % of sugar in the country.
3. It has about 186 cooperative sugar factories.
4. Large scale sugarcane cultivation began here in the early 1970s after the Koina dam was built.
5. Sugarcane cutting requires a lot of workers.
6. It needed to be transported to mills at the earliest.
7. As many of the western Maharashtra farmers are growing sugarcane, there is a shortage of sugarcane cutters.
8. On the contrary, central Maharashtra, i.e., Vidharbha region is less cultivated, so there is scope of migration.

Question 14.
What would happen to children who come with their parents? Is it possible to bring these children to schools? Are there any provisions in the government laws for educating these children?
Answer:

1. The children who come with their parents are engaged in piling the canes that are cut and removed the leaves if they are of working age.
2. As their parents are living in bamboo huts, it is difficult for children to go to school.
3. It is a seasonal migration.
4. There is no provision of schools.
5. It is possible to bring these children to schools.
6. It requires a lot of care and interest on the part of the government.
7. There are provisions like setting up of Bridge schools and seasonal hostels for children of migrated parents.

Question 15.
Why are sugarcane cutters employed only for six months? What work might they do during the other six months of the year?
Answer:

1. Sugarcane cutters are employed only for six months.
2. Because the season ends with it.
3. Sugarcane cutters come there due to distress caused in rural areas.
4. They might do agricultural works or MNREGA works during the other six months of the year.

Question 16.
How could the living conditions of these workers be improved?
Answer:

1. They live in small conical huts.
2. They live together with animals in congested conditions.
3. They have to fight exhaustion all the time.
4. The living conditions of these workers have to be improved.
5. The owners of sugarcane cultivating lands, the government at the state and even local self governments should take initiative to develop their living conditions.
6. They should set up health clinics, make shift houses and schools, fix proper wages and work hours.
7. See that children are not engaged in work, but sent to schools.

Question 17.
The seven districts in western Maharashtra- Nasik, Ahmadnagar, Pune, Satara, Sangli, Kolhapur and Sholapur – comprise the “sugar belt” which extends into Surat (Gujarat) in the north and Belgaum (Karnataka) in the south. Five districts of the arid Marathwada region – Beed, Jalgaon, Ahmadnagar, Nasik and Jalna – send out labour to this sugar belt for six months every year for sugarcane harvesting.
Draw arrow lines on a map showing districts of origin and destination of migrants.
Answer:

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 110

Question 18.
Describe an example of seasonal migration of your region.
Answer:

1. People from our region migrate to Guntur and other towns to work in tobacco barons.
2. With the gap in agricultural activities, many of the landless poor and even marginal farmers migrate there in search of employment.
3. Leaving the children with grandparents, they migrate to work in barons.
4. They bring back their savings.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 111

Question 19.
What can be done so that migrants are able to get food, health and family care programmes?
Answer:

1. Migrants should get good food, health and family care programmes.
2. It should be made possible for them to get food from fair price shops at their work places.
3. Make-shift hospitals with doctors and nurses are to be established at or near the work places.
4. Necessary care must be taken to prevent accidents in work places.
5. Unorganised sector workers are also to be provided with access to various health and family care programmes.

Question 20.
There are some initiatives taken by government and voluntary agencies. Find out if there is any such initiative in your area. Invite some persons from such agencies for a talk in the school.
Answer:
Self Activity.

Question 21.
National boundaries are protected against migrants. Here are examples of
a) USA on Mexican border
b) South Korea on North Korean border
c) India on Bangladesh border.
What do you think of migrants across the border?
Answer:
In the above figures the national boundaries of Mexico – the USA, South Korea – North Korea and India – Bangladesh are shown. It is common to arrange a fence between two countries along the border. The soldiers belonging to both the countries always safeguard the borders. But, due to many reasons different people try to cross the borders and enter the neighbouring countries. Some among them are terrorists who resort to violence and destruction in their enemy countries. They are induced and inspired by respective countries. They are called state sponsored terrorists.

In terms of employment and infrastructure, America is more attractive than Mexico. That is the reason why some people enter that country in illegal ways. Both South Korean and North Korean governments have different doctrines. One is communist whereas the other is capitalist. Those who differ with other countries’ doctrines try to cross the borders and go from one country to other for the sake of spying.

In Bangladesh, the rule has been dictatorial and the life of people there has been pathetic for ages. So some people of that country cross the border and enter the democratic country India. The states such as Paschim Banga and Assam are facing a grave problem with these people.

It’s a crime to cross the borders in an illegal way. And these people become a problem to the country they enter.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 112

Question 22.
Draw arrow lines on a World Map depicting people from India going to different countries mentioned in the above passages.

1. USA
2. Canada
3. United Kingdom
4. Australia
5. Germany
6. Norway
7. Japan
8. Malaysia
9. Saudi Arabia
10. UAE

Answer:

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 7th Lesson People and Settlement Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 7th Lesson People and Settlement

10th Class Social Studies 7th Lesson People and Settlement Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
What is a settlement?
Answer:

1. The way we organize ourselves and our living spaces in a place is called a settlement.
2. The geographic space where we live and work is a settlement.
3. In a settlement, we have different kinds of activities – educational, religious, commercial etc.
4. There may be various settlements of humans, right from a small hamlet to a megacity.
5. Settlements usually undergo changes.
6. Many basic concepts like site, situation, and the history of the place attract settlements in various places.
7. As settlements become more and more diversified in their characteristics, they also become more and more complex.

Question 2.
How did human lifestyles change with the settlement?
Answer:

1. Settlements change for many reasons.
2. Over the decades, cities have attracted people from all parts surrounding them as people migrated in search of livelihood, jobs etc.
3. This resulted in different types of slum areas or areas of the poor in the city.
4. Some are regularized and the rest are unauthorized colonies.
5. These places at a later time demarcated for other purposes.
6. People face constant threats of eviction.
7. Planning authorities ignore the existence of these and these colonies do not receive many public amenities.
8. Increasing urbanization is providing greater opportunities for people and causes more economic productivities.
9. Apart from that, people face many problems.

(OR)

1. Agriculture brought about many changes in human lifestyles.
2. People do not have to travel over large areas to obtain food.
3. They could now increasingly stay in one place. As agriculturalists, they were increasingly sedentary.
4. As agriculture progressed, people organized their life around patterns observed in nature.
   For example, the seasonal cycles, how to predict climatic conditions, how to plan the timing at cropping practices and so on.
5. They also had time to speculate on other things – The movements of heavenly bodies.
6. Population size also increased.

Question 3.
Define site features and situation features. Give one example for each from the place you live in.
Answer:

1. To understand what kinds of places attracted settlement we need to look at these basic concepts
   (I) site (ii) situation (iii) history of the place.
2. Site refers to the characteristics of the place its topography, altitude, water characteristics (the place with lakes, rivers, underground water, etc.) types of soils, security, shelter from natural forces, and so on.
3. The place we live in mostly consists of alluvial soil as it is on the banks of the river Krishna.
4. The situation describes the connections with other places.
5. The place we live in is equidistant from towns Mangalagiri and Tenali and the city of Vijayawada.

Question 4.
How does the Census of India define various kinds of places? How does it organize them in order of size and other characteristics?
Answer:

1. The Census of India, organizes settlements in India in a hierarchy based on the population.
2. The lowermost in hierarchy was a hamlet which is defined as a group of houses within the revenue village.
3. The next above is a revenue or census village, which is defined as a village with defined borders.
4. All the urban areas having a population between 5000 to 1 lakh are called towns.
5. Urban areas having a population between 1 lakh to 1 million are called cities or class I cities.
6. Cities having a population between one million to 10 million are called metropolitan cities or million plus cities.
7. Cities having more than 10 million people are called Mega cities.
8. The Census of India organizes the above on the basis or in order of size, population and a few other characteristics.

Question 5.
What is an aerotropolis? How is it structured?
Answer:

1. Aerotropolises are the settlements that are centered around large airports.
2. In an aerotropolis the port functions as a city in its own right.
3. Many facilities like hotels, shopping, entertainment, food, business conferencing etc. are provided right there.
4. People can fly in, conduct their business with their counter parts right there, and fly out with all the comfort of a city, without the traffic and other problems.
5. Some of aerotropolises are emerging in these places in India. Bengaluru International Airport, Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (Hyderabad), Indira Gandhi International Airport (Delhi).

10th Class Social Studies 7th Lesson People and Settlement InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 88

Question 1.
Field Work:
Look at your own city, town, or village. Draw a sketch map of a selected area using the methods you had learned earlier. Your map should show the following:
Roads; Houses; Shops and markets; Streams and drains;
Some pubic places – hospitals, schools, bus stand, railway station etc.
(a) Are the public places at points that would be convenient to most people?
(b) Do you find any pattern in the location of markets?
(c) Are the houses in clusters? Are they linked to the main road?
Talk to people in the selected area and find out the changes in the settlement during the past twenty years and the reasons for this.
What amenities should have been provided for, but has not been done?
Answer:

(a) Yes, the public places at points are more convenient to most people.
(b) Yes, the markets are located in definite distances for the use of people.
(c) Many houses are planned and built-in colonies. Most of the colonies are connected to the nearest main roads.
I have interviewed the people of Satyanarayanapuram in Vijayawada. The railway track in that area was removed. BRTS project was sanctioned in that area. Now the BRTS Road is in use to some extent. The nearest Railway Colony is redesigned. Many shopping complexes, educational institutions are established.
Many shops are shifted from I town to Mahatma Gandhi Road. The Vijayawada Bus Stand is the best in the state/country. The Railway Station building is designed as a palace. The roads are widened.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 89

Question 2.
Compare and contrast : Using the information above, compare and contrast nomadic and sedentary lifestyles. See how many points you can identify. (Make another table if the space is not enough here.)
Answer:

Nomadic lifestyle	Sedentary lifestyle
1) Nomadic lifestyle means, they kept moving from place to place.	1) Sedentary lifestyle means, they are staying in one place.
2) Nomadics gathered food from plants and trees.	2) Sedentary people take up deliberate production of food.
3) They hunt animals for their meat, hide etc.	3) They did not travel for long distances for food.
4) Those people are known as hunter- gatherers.	4) 10,000 years ago they practised agriculture.
5) They started making and using tools initially made of stone.	5) Their practice of agriculture brought many changes in human lifestyles.
6) With tools they hunt more effectively.	6) As agriculturists they were increasingly sedentary.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 92

Question 3.
Find out what factors have influenced the settlement of your place in the past ten years.
Answer:

1. The settlement where we live has been influenced by many factors in the past ten years.
2. The situation feature of it has been taken care of as all the villages and nearly towns are being connected with all-weather roads.
3. The soils are of a black cotton type and they were completely made use of with various crops are grown like cotton, rice, turmeric, banana etc.
4. The water facility has been provided by the river an 8 km distant and fresh water made available for usage.
5. The market was made an uplift with almost all facilities for vendors as well as the customers.
6. The visiting places were made aesthetic and tourist attractive.
7. A national disaster rescue force was in operation, providing shelter from natural forces.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 93

Question 4.
Observe the following table.

1. In the population data given in the above table, are the numbers reported for every decade? If not, which decade’s data is not reported here?
   Answer:
   Yes, the percentages are reported for every decade except in 1901.
2. From which decade to which decade has the population increase been the highest (in percentage)?
   Answer:
   The population increase has been the highest from 1951 to 1961.
3. From which decade to which decade has the population increase been the least (in percentage)?
   Answer:
   The decade 1911 to 1921 showed the lowest population increase.
4. Plot the absolute population of Visakhapatnam on a line graph covering 1901-2011. What observations can you make about the changes in the absolute population size?
   Answer:
   Observations :
   1. The population growth was stable till 1951.
   2. The population growth rate was above 50% after independence.
   3. The decade of 1951 to 1961 experienced the highest growth.
   4. The absolute population has crossed 10 lakhs between 1991 to 2001.
   5. It took 9 decades to cross 10 lakhs whereas it took only one decade to cross 20 lakhs.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 94

Question 5.
Review site and situation ….
Column A contains features of a place. In column B, write site, if it is a site feature or situation if it is a situation feature. In column C, write the ways in which this feature could impact.
Answer:

Question 6.
Field work … Understanding the settlement of your place.

1. Go to some of the production locations you have noted (farms, factories, offices, shops, quarries, etc.) in the sketch map you drew and find out where they get raw materials/inputs from and where they send their goods.
   Answer:
   VIJAYA MILK FACTORY (VIJAYAWADA)
   They get milk from the neighbouring villages and from our city. They send their production throughout the state and our neighbouring states also like Tamil Nadu.
2. Which raw materials come from within your settlement?
   Answer:
   Milk
3. Similarly, find out whether the finished goods are sold only in your own settlement or sent to other places (if other places, find out where).
   Answer:
   They supply their milk and milk products throughout the state and nearby states also.
4. Why did production begin here?
   Answer:
   Reasons for starting the production :
   1. Favourable location
   2. Animal wealth in the surrounding villages and in the city.
   3. Transport facilities
   4. Storage facilities
   5. Availability of skilled and unskilled labour.
   6. Power supply
   7. Investors
   8. Other facilities like water etc.
5. Give some example of site features that has influenced production in the area.
   Answer:
   1. It is near to the railway station and bus stand.
   2. Krishna river water and underground water is available.
6. Give examples of situation features that influenced production in your area.
   Answer:
   It has train routes and road routes to all the areas in the state and to nearby states.
7. How was production influenced by the history of the place?
   Answer:
   Vijayawada is a city on the banks of the river Krishna. Many kingdoms ruled this region. It is famous for its temples of Durgamata and Mary mata. From the historical periods it is con¬nected with the nearest villages. So the production is influenced.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 95

Question 7.
Consider your own place …
The bigger a place is, the more variety of services you can find there. Take educational facilities as an example. This exercise can help illustrate how more specialized services are found in bigger places (i.e., places that are higher in the hierarchy).

1. What are the levels of schooling you can get in your place? E.g.: primary,high school, higher secondary (“+2”), college (undergraduate, postgraduate).
   Answer:
   Postgraduate college.
2. If you want to study beyond the highest level offered in your place, where would you have to go?
   Answer:
   I would have to go to any capital city, like Delhi, Hyderabad, Madras etc.
3. What kind of professional courses can you join in your place? e.g.: engineering, medicine, commerce, technical diploma, etc.
   Answer:
   All the courses mentioned in the question.
4. If you want some other professional course, where will you have to go?
   Answer:
   I would have to go to capital city, like Delhi, Hyderabad, Madras etc.

Question 8.
Atlas work…
In your atlas and look at a map of Indict. Notice how different places are shown using differ¬ent sizes of symbols: national capital, state capital, other cities, etc. How many levels are shown using different symbols? Are tiny villages shown? Create your own table and arrange the places in decreasing order (i. e., most prominent place at the top, less prominent places as you go down).
Here is an example table for you. Two examples are shown, fill in details for other places.
Answer:
Repeat this kind of study for any other country of your choice.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 96 & 97

Question 9.
Indian settlements in the hierarchy.
The Census of India, organises settlements ¡n India using certain criteria. In the table 3 the Census departments definitions of various settlement types are given. Read them carefully and complete the exercise.
Given on text page 97 Is a pyramid. The bottom-most part of the pyramid shows the lowest level of the settlement hierarchy according to the Indian census. The top-most shows highest level. Fill in the details that are left blank.

1. The name given to the particular level of settlement (Two examples are shown).
2. Give one example of a settlement from Andhra Pradesh (except in Mega cities. Why?)
3. Try to place the town where you live (if you live in a village show the town in which your school is located) at the correct level, in the space below, give 1 or 2 reasons for your choice.
4. Do you think settlements should be classified only on the basis of the population? Can you think of any other way? Discuss with your teacher and identify the criteria for such classification.

Answer:

1. 
2. Vijayawada is a settlement from Andhra Pradesh.
   Reason: Andhra Pradesh has no megacity.
3. I live in Kalisipudi and I am studying in Akividu ZPH School. Kalisipudi is my native place. Akividu ZPH School is the best school we know.
4. Settlement can be classified on the basis of population.
   It can also be classified on the facilities and historical issues.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 98

Question 10.
What is at the centre of an aerotropolis ?
Answer:

1. A new kind of settlement is occurring in many countries, including India.
   These settlements are centered around large airports.
   Hence the name ‘Aerotropolis’ (or airport city).

Question 11.
Name any two facilities located at or near the centre of an aerotropolis.
Answer:

1. In an aerotropolis the airport functions as a city in its own right.
2. Many facilities like hotels, shopping, entertainment, food, business conferencing, etc. are provided right there.
3. People can fly in, conduct their business with their counterparts right there and fly out with all the comfort of any, without the traffic and other problems.

Question 12.
On an outline map of the world, locate and label the cities given in the examples. Name the country and the airport also on the map. Remember to use different types of text to identify the name of the country and the names of the cities and airports. Thus, it will be very easy to see which words are names of countries, and which are for cities and their airports.
Answer:

1. Kempegowda International Airport (Bengaluru)
2. Indira Gandhi International Airport (Delhi)
3. Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (Hyderabad)
4. 5uvarnabhoomi International Airport (Bangkok, Thailand)
5. Dubai International Airport (Dubai, UAE)
6. Cairo International Airport (Cairo, Egypt)
7. London Heathrow Airport (London)
   

Question 13.
Suppose the place you have studied for this chapter gets an aerotropolis near it. Mention 3 ways in which the site features of your place may change. Similarly, mention 3 ways in which the situation features of your place may change.
Answer:

1. Suppose the place we have studied for this chapter gets an aerotropolis near It.
2. The security facilities for the region are beefed up.
3. Much of the underground waters are drawn to facilitate those constructions.
4. Many lakes underlying might be covered with soil to facilitate the required land.
5. Aerotropolis is within 15 minutes walking distance from the University gate.
6. It is 20 km away from the central bus station.
7. It has all weather connecting roads to all colonies of the city.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 100

Question 14.
Using your atlas locate Berhampur.
Answer:

Question 15.
What is the issue about which the people of Mohuda village are upset ?
Answer:

1. Mohuda village was on the outskirts of Berhampur Municipal Corporation, Odisha.
2. As per a survey made in 2009, Berhampur was producing over 150 tons of solid waste everyday.
3. The nature of solid waste also changes everyday as per change in life style of inhabitants.
4. So Berhampur Municipal Corporation chose Mohuda village to set up solid waste treatment plant in 30 acres of government land.
5. But from the very beginning, the proposal has received opposition from peasants and villagers of the area.
6. Villagers of Mohuda have started to protest against the establishment of the solid waste treatment plant near their village.

(OR)

The establishment of waste treatment plant near Mohuda upset them.

Question 16.
How many people and animals are expected to be adversely affected by the facility?
Answer:

1. Villagers of Mohuda area have started to protest against the establishment of the solid waste treatment plant near their village.
2. According to them, if this solid waste treatment plant was established near Mohuda, pollution caused by it may affect a population of around 30,000 people as well as around 10,000 domestic animals of the area.

Question 17.
What was the alternative location for the facility and why was it not used?
Answer:

1. The alternative location for this facility was Chandania hill on the outskirts of the city.
2. Twenty acres of land had also been ear marked for the purpose.
3. A boundary wall had been built up around the land patch at a cost of over 50 lakh rupees.
4. But it was found that the land at Chandania hill was forest land.
5. It was to be transferred to revenue department and consequently to Berhampur Municipal Corporation.
6. Then only the waste treatment plant can be established in that land.

Question 18.
What data does the report give about the quantity of solid waste produced by Berhampur ?
Answer:

1. As per a survey made in 2009, Berhampur was producing over 150 tons of solid waste every day.
2. In three years it must have increased say Berhampur Municipal Corporation Authorities.
3. The nature of solid waste also changes every day as per change in lifestyle of inhabitants.
4. This is the data that the report gives about the quantity of solid waste produced in Berhampur.

Question 19.
Berhampur Municipal Corporation authorities say that the amount of solid waste, produced by the city”must have increased in three years.”Do you agree or disagree with their statement? Why or why not ?
Answer:

1. Berhampur Municipal Corporation authorities say that the amount of solid waste produced by the city must have increased in three years.
2. I do agree with this statement.
3. In 2009, itself Berhampur was producing over 150 tons of solid waste every day.
4. Not only that, the nature of solid waste also changes every day as per change in the lifestyle of inhabitants.
5. Usually city population increases at a rapid rate due to urbanization.
6. Thus, the solid waste in Berhampur must have increased in 3 years.

 

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 6th Lesson The People Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 6th Lesson The People

10th Class Social Studies 6th Lesson The People Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Identify the false statements and correct them :
a) Census data is collected every 10 years.
b) Sex ratio refers to the number of female in adult population.
c) Age structure shows us the distribution of people according to their age.
d) Population density is higher in mountains as people like the climate there.
Answer:
a) The statement is correct.
b) Sex ratio refers to the number of female per 1000 male.
c) The statement is correct.
d) Population density is lower in mountains due to hilly, dissected and rocky nature of the terrain, moderate to low rainfall, shallow and less fertile soils.

Question 2.
Based on the following table answer the questions below.
(a) Identify roughly how many centuries it took for the world population to double for the first time.
Answer:
300 years.

(b) In earlier classes you had studied about colonisation. Look at the table and identify in which of the continents the population decreased by 1800.
Answer: Oceania.

(c) Which continent has been most populous for most period of time?
Answer:
Asia.

(d) Is there any continent that is projected to show a significant decrease in population in future?
Answer:
Europe.

Question 3.
List out the impacts on society if sex ratio is too low or too high.
Answer:

1. The unbalanced sex ratios should be reflected in various social settings, including the modern college campus.
2. This ratio impacts the distribution of wealth, alter who sits in boardrooms and at the executive levels of the corporation and what governments do overtime.
3. A high sex ratio can have many implications, including on crime.
4. When there is a shortage of women in the marriage market the women can “marry up”, inevitably leaving the least desirable men with a marriage prospectus.
5. Gender imbalance will lead to a reduction in birth rate.

(OR)

The variations of sex ratio shows serious impact on society.
If the sex ratio is high: (i.e., more women than men)

1. Increase in women literacy – Better family management.
2. Better financial management.
3. Increases rural economy.
4. Controls rural-urban migration.
5. Increase in self-employment through self-help groups.

If sex ratio is low: (i.e., less women than men)

1. Scarcity of women.
2. It leads to illegal trafficking of women Ex: From Southern States to UP, Bihar etc.
3. Unequal distribution of resources like health, nutrition, education etc.

Question 4.
Compare the Indian literacy rates with other countries:

What similarities and differences do you note?
Answer:

Similarities and differences:

1. Almost all Asian countries have similar literacy rate except one or two i.e., low.
   All the European countries have same literacy rate i.e., high.
2. The male literacy rate is high in all the countries except Brazil and Norway.
3. The difference between male and female literacy rate is too high in India and Nepal.
4. Only Norway has achieved 100% literacy rate.

Question 5.
Which areas of Andhra Pradesh have high density of population and what may be some of the
reasons behind it ?
Answer:
Some of the coastal districts especially in delta area and the districts around the capital city Amaravathi have high density of population.
The reasons behind it are :

1. The regions in and around the delta areas have fertile soils.
2. They have plenty of water facilities and favourable living conditions.
3. The region around the capital city are developing industrially, and in all sectors.

Question 6.
Distinguish between population growth and population change.

Population Growth	Population Change
1) Population growth is the difference between birth rate and death rate plus migration.	1) Population change is the number of people added to the total population in a year.
2) It is expressed in percentage.	2) It is expressed in the addition of number of people.
3) Growth rate was 2.14% per year as per census 1991. It has declined to 1.93% per year in 2001.	3) Population was 84.64 crore in 1991. It increased to 102.87 crore in 2001, and addition of 18.23 crore in a decade.

Question 7.
Compare the population pyramid of India with the data of three other countries given here.
(a) Which country’s population is likely to grow ?
(b) Which country’s population is likely to reduce ?
(c) Compare the gender balance: What can you tell about each country’s family and welfare policies?
Answer:
(a) India’s population is likely to grow.
(b) Sweden’s population is likely to reduce.
(c) Among the four countries Mexico has high sex ratio of 1041, Sweden follows with 1020 and Kenya with 1000, but India has a negative sex ratio – 940 females per 1000 males. As for family and welfare policies, they are well organized in Kenya.

Question 8.
Map work:
a. On a blank map of India showing state boundaries, plot the state-wise population density based on the 2011 census by taking five ranges.
Answer:

b. On a blank map of Andhra Pradesh showing district boundaries, plot the popula¬tion distribution using the dot method (one dot is equivalent to 10,000 population).
Answer:

Note: Students are advised to do the map work using the dot method. The number of dots is mentioned in the brackets.

10th Class Social Studies 6th Lesson The People InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 71

Question 1.
1. Talk to a few people in your neighborhood who have different occupations and incomes. Find out about their views on the ideal family size.
Answer:
I have opted for the following persons in our neighborhood.

Question 2.
Have you ever wondered how information about the people living in your locality or village, and the country as a whole is collected and recorded? Ask your teacher to explain their experiences of collecting census data.
Answer:
To collect census information, areas of the country are divided into enumeration districts. A census interviewer is assigned to each individual district. The interviewer is trained to fully understand each and every aspect of the census information needed. During the month before the census, the interviewer begins preliminary enumerations. The interviewer will visit each building in his or her assigned district and quickly and accurately complete the census questionnaires. Once the questionnaires have been completed, they are taken to a main census office to be checked and coded. The census information is then ready to be input into computers that can generate the required statistics.

Question 3.
What is the difference in collecting information using a census or a sample method? Discuss with few examples.
Answer:
Census and sampling both serve the purpose of providing data and information about a population.
Sample method: Under this technique, some representative units or informants are selected from the universe. These selected units are called samples. Based on the data collected from these samples, conclusions are drawn upon the whole universe.
It is to be noted that if the size of the sample is considerably large and the samples have been properly selected, various results obtained from the study of the sample units, also hold good for the entire universe.
Census method: Under this technique, each and every item or unit constituting the universe is selected for data collection.
In the Indian Census, which is conducted once in ten years, this technique is invariably followed.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 72 & 73

Question 4.
Conducting a Survey

• Each group of two to three students will collect data from 10 families of their locality. The survey form is given below.
• Each group will fill in the details and construct the tables indicated.
• Based on the tables presented by each group, the class will discuss the questions.

Answer:
Self Activity

Before the survey:

The class needs to discuss and arrive at a common meaning for all the terms used in the survey form. Otherwise, there will be confusion in the actual survey and we would not be able to com¬pare the result of one group with another. With the help of your teacher discuss the following:

1. How would a “household” be defined? Whom all would you include?
   Answer:
   A household consists of one or more people who live in the same dwelling and also share meals or living accommodation and may consist of a single-family or some other grouping of people. I would not include any others.
2. For “Education” what are the categories that you would use?
   Examples: child below six; studying in school/college, class….; should be in school but not enrolled; studied up to class ..; did not attend school.
   Answer:
   1. School education – 6 to 15 years of age
   2. College education – 15+ to 20 years of age
   3. University education – 20+ to 25 years of age
   4. Other education – 15+ to 25 years of age
3. What categories would you use for occupation?
   Examples: Homemaker, student, self-employed as …, unemployed, retired, non-employed, senior citizen.
   1. Home maker
   2. Student
   3. Employed
   4. Non-employed
   5. Retired
   6. Senior citizen etc.

After the Survey:

1. Each group would construct a table to show a number of people in the surveyed families:
   
   Answer:
   
2. What is the female/ male ratio for your group? Are the ratios very different among the groups? Discuss.
   
   Answer:
   
3. What is the percentage of dropouts & never enrolled children as a whole-for all groups? What are the reasons for this?
   Answer:
   The percentage of dropouts never enrolled children as a whole = 8%
   Reasons:
   1. Parents’ economical background,
   2. Their superstitions,
   3. Teaching styles and
   4. Subjects like English, Mathematics etc.
4. For those above 20 years, what is the average time they have spent at school? Find this for your group. Is this data useful?
   Answer:
   They spent 5\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) hours per day at school.
   This data is useful for the assessment of their school education.
5. For all people in the age group 15-59
   
   How do you classify those who are “working” and those who are “dependent” in your sample?
   Answer:
   

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 74

Question 5.
Observe the following.
(a) From the age pyramid given above, identify a rough estimate of the percentage of children in the population.
Answer:
It is 31%.
Male : 190, 075, 426;
Female : 172, 799, 553

(b) Based on your survey present the following items in a table: Population, Children, Working, Aged.
Answer:
Self Activity.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 76

Question 6.
Do girls get similar opportunities for further studies as boys?
Answer:
Yes, at present girls also get similar opportunities for further studies as boys.

Question 7.
Do married women have opportunities for travel and work outside the home?
Answer:
Yes, many of the married women have opportunities for travel and work outside the home.

Question 8.
Are women expected to maintain a separation from their natal family and not ask for security or property rights?
Answer:
Yes, women are expected to maintain a separation from their natal family. But they are expected to ask for security or property rights.

Question 9.
Is there a strong preference for boys in your region?
Answer:
Yes, there is a preference for boys in our region, but it is not strong.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 77

Question 10.
Find out if there are illiterate people in your village or town. What does your survey reveal?
Answer:
There are 10 to 15 illiterates in our village. They are all over 70 years.
Our survey reveals that they remained illiterate due to their family background and lack of knowledge.

Question 11.
Discuss: How does literacy impact development?
Answer:
Conclusion:
Low literacy rates reduce development in a country because people who are educated are more able to become doctors and lawyers and set up businesses.
e.g.: If a country has a lower literacy rate then it will have a negative impact on the country’s economy due to less people having well-paid jobs, reducing its overall development for that period of time.

Question 12.
How is an agriculture laborer different from a cultivator?
Answer:

1. Cultivators are farmers who form or supervise the land that they own or take on rent.
2. Agricultural laborers are those who work on another’s form for wages in cash or kind.
3. Cultivator invests some capital and Agricultural laborer does not invest any capital.
4. Cultivator bears the profit or loss but Agricultural laborer is not responsible for profit or loss.
5. Cultivator avails credit facilities but Agricultural laborer does not get any credit facility.

Question 13.
Compare the type of workers that you find in your survey with that of the Census?
Answer:
Total workers: 84
Cultivators – 4%
Agricultural laborers – 10%
Workers in household industries – 15%
Others – 71%
This shows development in economy.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 78

Question 14.
Observe the increment in the population of India and its growth 1901-2011.

1. In which year did the population decrease?
   Answer:
   In 1921.
2. From which year onwards is the population continuously increasing?
   Answer:
   1931
3. What could be the reasons for the speed with which increases took place after Indian independence?
   Answer:
   India has grown dramatically since achieving independence.
   Reasons:
   1. Contact with western nations, in particular Great Britain, brought with it western medicine.
   2. The infant mortality rate dropped.
   3. The life expectancy rose.
   4. As the largest democratic nation in the world, India has been unable to force population controls.
   5. High fertility rate due to early marriages.
   6. Some religious superstitions, etc.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 79

Question 15.
Here are two posters from other countries. Can you guess the message given in them? Have you seen similar posters in India? Discuss.
Answer:
Messages:

1. A small family is an ideal family (2 children).
2. It is difficult to maintain a big family i.e., with 6 or more children.

Conclusion:
Yes, I have seen similar posters in India also.
“We two, ours two”

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 80

Question 16.
The Magnitude and Rate of India’s Population Growth (calculate the missing figures and write them down)

Answer:

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 81

Question 17.
When the fertility rate is near 2, what does this imply? Discuss. (OR)
When the fertility rate is 2, what does it imply?
Answer:
It implies the change in the outlook of people.
Families decide the number of children they want to have based on many considerations such as the resources they own, their security in old age, etc.

Question 18.
Talk to some couples who are recently married but do not have children. How many children do they plan for? What are the reasons?
Answer:

1. Couple — I: Pavan and Nagalakshmi Planned for two children.
2. Couple — II: Bindu Madhavi and Ravi Kiran Planned for two children.
3. Couple — III: Syamala Gayathri and Sharma Planned for two children
4. Couple — IV: Achyuth and Sita Planned for one child.

Reasons:

1. Their economic status.
2. They want to provide best facilities to their children.
3. They want to provide best education, etc.

Question 19.
In your family trace the number of children for every woman in three generations. What changes do you observe ?
Answer:
I observe that family planning was planned in the second generation itself. So the growth rate is decreasing at present.

Question 20.
Use the survey you have done in groups and find out total number of women in the age group 45 and above and number of their children. What is the average number of children per woman in your sample?
Answer:
The average number of children per woman in our sample is only 2.

Question 21.
What are the factors that influenced the decisions about children for Umed Singh? Do you think his daughter is thinking in a similar manner?
Answer:
Umed Singh wanted to have more living children, unlike his father. He believed in the saying ‘Puthrudu lenide Punnama Narakam Tappadu.’ He has a regular income and assets to feed up his large family.
These are the factors that influenced the decisions about children for Umed Singh.
I think his daughter is also thinking in a similar manner. So she planned for 3 children.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 82

Question 22.
By which year was all the land in the village cultivated?
Answer:
By 1970 all the land in the Rampur village was cultivated.

Question 23.
How do you think landed people responded to increasing family’s size ?
Answer:
1) The landed people can feed their children well.
2) They can share the property up to the needs of their children.
So I think landed people responded to increasing family size.

Question 24.
What was the response of small farmers, like Govind, when families expanded? How far was tubewell irrigation useful?
Answer:
Small farmers like Govind should minimize their families. Otherwise, their lands will be divided into small holdings.
The tubewell irrigation is useful up to some extent. The over usage of underground water leads to disaster.

Question 25.
Look at the following map. Find out if there is any relationship between re¬lief features of India and population density. Identify major urban centers across the country. How do you ex¬plain the high population density in the cities?
Answer:
Yes, there is a relationship between the relief features of India and population density. The population density is high in the coastal plains and the Ganga Sutlej plain. And it is also high on the river banks also. It is less in mountain¬ous regions and in desert areas.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 83

Question 26.
Observe the following map.
Here are the data for the population density of Andhra Pradesh – 2011. On the above blank district map of AP plot them in ranges.
Compare a high-density district and a low-density district on the following.

1. Terrain and potential for agriculture development
2. History of agriculture in that region- use of land, water and other natural resources
3. Migration to or from that region and reasons for this

Answer:

1. Highest – Krishna
   Lowest – YSR Kadapa
2. 
3. 1) Migration to YSR Kadapa is almost NIL.
   2) Migration from YSR Kadapa is due to education and employment.
   3) Migration to and from Krishna district is mainly due to education and employment.

Project work

Look at the following two maps of density and the graphs on growth of population. Use various aspects of the population you studied in this chapter and describe them.

Answer:

1. The population density is high in India when compared to Bangladesh.
2. The population distribution is more or less equal in all the regions in India. But in Algeria population is concentrated along the Mediterranean Sea coastline as the country is over 80% desert.
3. As the forests decrease population increases.

 

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 5th Lesson Indian Rivers and Water Resources Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 5th Lesson Indian Rivers and Water Resources

10th Class Social Studies 5th Lesson Indian Rivers and Water Resources Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Create a table to describe major river systems in India with the following items: direction of flow, countries or regions through which they pass through, and relief features of the areas.
Answer:

River	Direction of flow	Countries through which it flows	Relief features of the areas
Indus	north-westerly	Tibet, India and Pakistan	Kailash range, Lake Manasarovar, the Himalayas, Thar desert
Ganga	southward and the eastward	India, Bangladesh	Glacier, Hills of Haridwar, Himalayan ranges.
Brahmaputra	eastward	Tibet, India, Bangladesh	Kailash range, Manasarovar Lake, Himalayan ranges, Assam valley
Godavari	eastward	India	Triambak Plateau, Western Ghats, Deccan Plateau
Krishna	eastward	India	Mahabaleswar, Western Ghats, Deccan Plateau.
Narmada	westward	India	Amarkantak, Vindhya and Satpura ranges, rift valley.
Tapati	westward	India	Satpura range, Deccan Plateau, Muttai.

Question 2.
Identify and list arguments that would support or oppose use of groundwater in various contexts such as agriculture, industry etc.
Answer:

1. Groundwater is the major source of drinking water in both urban and rural India.
2. It is also an important source of water for the agricultural, industrial and other sectors.

The arguments that would support the usage of underground water are:

1. The underground water is both an important input for manufacturing and industrial sectors and used as cool for machines.
2. These include higher productivity and its more equitable distribution among various classes of farmers, insurance against drought and stabilisation of agricultural production and enhanced employment generation.

The arguments that would oppose the usage of underground water:

1. India is the world’s largest groundwater user in terms of both absolute volumes pumped and the total number of users.
2. It led to decline groundwater levels and sea water intrusion in coastal areas.
3. Industrial waste is largely responsible for high level of pollutants found in groundwater.

Question 3.
What are the different inflow and outflow processes in the context of water resource?
Answer:
Inflow:

1. For any area inflow = precipitation + surface flow + groundwater flow.
2. Surface flow includes rivers, streams, canals and other flows on the surface of water.
3. Groundwater inflow is decided by the percolation and aquifer presence.
4. It is difficult to estimate this, but can be done.
5. Precipitation includes rainfall, snow, dew, hail etc.

Outflow:

1. The total amount of water added to the atmosphere from both evaporation and transpiration.
2. Water used for agriculture, domestic purpose and for animals, and for industrial use.
3. Water flowing out via surface flows and the flowing out of groundwaters through wells, pumps and tubewells, etc.

Question 4.
Which of the inflow or outflow processes has the most impact in the context of groundwater resources?
Answer:

1. In the context of groundwater resources the inflows like recharging, rainfall, aquifers etc.
2. In the context of groundwater resources the outflows are like borewells, tube wells, pumps etc.
3. Out of all these processes outflow which shows most impact is the tube-wells.
4. Use of the tubewells draws water from storages and lowers the water available to them.
5. When we dig into deeper aquifers – this is mining water that has collected over thousands of years.
6. With this we face today is the depletion of groundwater storages and a tendency not to care about the availability of water for future generations.

(OR)

1. Groundwater recharge may be explained as the process whereby the amount of water present in or flowing through the interstices of the sub-soil increases by natural or artificial means.
2. Rainfall is the principal source for recharge of groundwater.

Question 5.
Make a list of challenges faced in the water resources in the Tungabhadra basin. Identify the solutions that have been discussed in the context of these problems either in this chapter or elsewhere in different classes.
Answer:
Challenges:

1. Tungabhadra dam has gradually lost its water storage capacity over the decades.
2. The mining of iron and manganese ore has seriously affected the stability of the catchment.
3. Siltation of several small reservoirs, traditional tanks and Tungabhadra reservoir is one challenge.
4. Cultivation of crops which demands a lot of water throughout the basin altered the water sharing balance.
5. Increased small towns and industrial areas made the competing demands for water more complex.

Solutions:

1. To restore the storage capacity, the silt, dust, debris etc. needed to be removed.
2. To maintain water balance people need to own the crops which use less water.
3. To improve sanitation and drinking water supply to match the pace of developmental activities.
4. Afforestation must be encouraged.
5. We should make provision to recharge the underground system through ‘Water harvesting Pits’.
6. Felling of trees and mining activities should be controlled.
7. We must adopt a different plants for water conservation and system of sharing water.
8. Soil erosion should be controlled.

Question 6.
There has been various ways in which changes occurred in the context of water resources. Describe the positive as well as negative social changes that got reflected in this chapter.
Answer:
Positive Social Changes :

1. Making arrangements that a portion of rainfall percolates into the soil and travels to the underground strata and recharge the aquifers.
2. Continuous contour trenches were dug on the hill slopes to arrest the erosion of soil, harvest water and encourage growth of grass.
3. A number of water harvesting structures like check dams, percolation tanks and loose boulder structures were built.
4. Banning the use of borewells for irrigation and not allowing to cultivate crops which demand more water.
5. Advanced technology in agriculture.
6. Recycling procedures of industrial wastes.
7. Increase in agricultural land.
8. Construction of Hydroelectric projects.

Negative Social Changes:

1. The depletion of groundwater storage and a tendency not to care about the availability for future generations.
2. Digging into deeper aquifers -this is mining water that has collected over thousands of years.
3. Loss of water storage capacity of dams, etc. due to the accumulation of silt, dust, debris and soil erosion.
4. Increase in the number of towns and industrial areas demanding more water.
5. Water pollution.
6. Population growth
7. Water conflicts.

Question 7.
Which aspects of farming practices were regulated in the context of Hiware Bazar to improve the water conservation?
Answer:

1. Hiware Bazar is situated on the eastern side of Sahyadri ranges in Ahmednagar district in Maharashtra.
2. Continuous contour trenches were dug on the hill slopes to arrest the erosion of soil, water harvesting and encourage growth of grass.
3. There was ban on borewells for irrigation, growing sugarcane, banana and selling one’s land to any outsider.
4. The range of crops is diversified and potatoes, onions, fruits, flowers, wheat, etc. are practised.
5. The land was made much more productive as the water availability is increased and resulted in second crop during the year.
6. The cultivation of water-intensive crops like sugar was stopped.
7. Water for irrigation should be taken only through dug wells.
8. Water use prioritisation was taken up along with crop planning.

Question 8.
How significant are the laws and people’s actions, in the context of water resources? Write a short note based on the ideas discussed in the last two sections of the chapter.
Answer:

1. People’s actions are significant in the context of water resources.
2. People imposed themselves ban felling trees, free grazing to protect soil fertility.
3. They even imposed ban on practice of water taking from bore/tubewells for irrigation and extensive water usage crops.
4. They put up practices for water harvesting and diversification of crops.
5. The current laws about groundwater in many states are both outdated and inappropriate.
6. These are based oh the basic link between access to groundwater and land ownership, which is flowed.
7. Landowners were not restricted in the amount of water they can take out.
8. State governments have often chosen tolncrease power subsidies to make extraction of even deeper layers of groundwater possible.
9. Drinking water is the first priority as well as a human right and that Panchayat Raj institutions must have control over the use of groundwater.

Question 9.
If you have access to internet, visit www.aponline.gov.in and learn more about Andhra Pradesh WALTA Act.
Answer:

1. AP WALTA Act means Andhra Pradesh Water Land and Trees Act-2002.
2. Its objectives are to promote water conservation.
3. For protection and conservation of forests.
4. It promotes the construction of check-dams.
5. It encourages the setting up of watershed programs.
6. s a part of agriculture it advises the less water usage crops and methods to save water like sprinklers to water the crops.
7. It advises for the participation of common people in promoting social forestry in the state of Andhra Pradesh.
8. It brought many changes in the implementation of this act from 2009 onwards.

Question 10.
In what ways is water bought and sold in your area and for what purposes? Do you think there should be some checks and balances for this? Discuss.
Answer:
1. The water in our area is mainly supplied by our corporation. They supply through pumps/ nallas. This water is used for drinking and household purpose.
2. Drinking water is also supplied by local companies after purification. They charge Rs. 15 to 30 for on refill.
Yes, I think that there should be some checks and balances for both these supplies. The corporation water tanks should be cleansed at regular intervals. The water should be purified through different possible methods. We should check the refills of the private companies also. And we should observe the cleaning/filtering procedure at the point regularly.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 58

Question 1.
On a map of India identify and mark the Himalayas and the Western Ghats.
Answer:

Question 2.
Using the colour code, identify the height range in which some of the rivers originate. Using the atlas and the raised relief map, follow the course of these rivers and locate the direction in which they are flowing.
Answer:
Some of the rivers : Indus, Brahmaputra, Ganga, Krishna, Godavari, Narmada and Tapati.

Sl.No.	River	Height range of origin	Direction
1	Indus	1001 to 3000 mts	Westward
2	Brahmaputra	1001 to 3000 mts	Eastward
3	Ganga	Above 3000 mts	Southward and then eastward
4	Krishna	1001 to 3000 mts (Mahabaleswar)	Eastward
5	Godavari	1001 to 3000 mts	Eastward
6	Narmada	301 to 1000 mts	Westward
7	Tapati	301 to 1000 mts	Westward

Question 3.
Discuss: About 5% of water is used for domestic purposes and yet a large section of the population does not have access to the water.
Answer:

1. Out of the total water available, most is saline and only less than 3% is non-saline.
2. Most of it is in the form of ice and only less is accessible.
3. Out of this available water also only 5% is used for domestic purpose and the remaining is used for other purposes.
4. In spite of all this, a large section of the population does not have access to water.
5. There are many reasons for this like the depletion in groundwater tables.
6. Non-domestic usage is geared up with bore/tubewells and pumps and extracting a large amount.
7. The poor and destitute do not have access to water.
8. Water supply is a state responsibility under the Indian constitution.
9. In some coastal areas, sea water desalination is becoming an important source of drinking water supply.
10. There is a need to river linking in India.

Question 4.
40 million hectares of land in India is flood-prone and an equally large part of the country is also drought prone. What are the causes of this ?
Answer:

1. In India only 40% of the cultivated land has irrigation facility.
2. For the remaining cultivated land, agriculture is the gambling with monsoon.
3. If monsoons give good rains, the year is good otherwise most part is drought-prone.
4. In India there are 72 drought – prone districts spread over 13 states.
5. Floods mostly occur in the low-lying plain areas and river valleys almost every year in the country.
6. 40 million hectares of land in India is flood prone.
7. We have no interlinking of rivers in India, which can arrange for the transfer of floodwaters to drought-prone areas.
8. Thus we are equally affected with both floods and droughts.
9. Floods are associated with excessive rainfall while droughts are the result of deficit rainfall.
10. Hydrology, deforestation, soil nature and erosion also play an important role in these
    calamities.

Question 5.
70% of our surface water resources are polluted. Why?
Answer:

1. The contamination of water with unwanted and harmful substances is called water polution.
2. The biodegradable waste enters a water supply and thus pollutes water.
3. Chemical fertilisers from agriculture runoff due to rain and industrial waste pollute water.
4. Heat can be a source of pollution in water by decreasing the amount of dissolved oxygen.
5. Sediment consists of mineral or organic solid matter that is washed from land into water sources.
6. The industrial waste contains a large number of harmful chemicals like acids, alkali and metals such as arsenic, lead, mercury and cadmium leading to toxicity.
7. Hazardous substances like fluorine mixed in groundwater are causing pollution.
8. Thus nearly 70% of the surface water sources are polluted.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 59

Question 6.
With the help of an atlas trace the course of Indus both in India and Pakistan.
Answer:

Out of the total length of 2880 kms Indus flows 709 kms in India and 2171 kms in Pakistan.

Question 7.
Look at the map of river Ganga and name the states which are drained by it.

Answer:
The states which are drained by the river Ganga are Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana and Rajasthan.

Question 8.
From the above map list out the north-flowing and south-flowing tributaries of the Ganga. North-flowing tributaries of the Ganga :
Answer:

1. The Yamuna
2. The Gomti
3. The Ghaghara
4. The Gandak
5. The Kosi
6. The Teesta

South-flowing tributaries of the Ganga :

1. The Chambal
2. The Sind
3. The Betwa
4. The Ken
5. The Son.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 60

Question 9.
From the Map and using your atlas, describe the following.

1. The Godavari originates in ——– and ——–.
2. The Krishna is the second largest east flowing peninsular river which rises near ——–.
3. The Mahanadi rises near Sihawa in Chattisgarh and runs through ——–.
4. The Narmada originates near ——– in Madhya Pradesh.
5. The Tapati originates from ——– and flows ——– (fill in the direction of flow).

Answer:

1. Triambak plateau drains into Bay of Bengal
2. Mahabaleswar
3. Odisha
4. Amar Kantak
5. Multai; westward

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 61

Question 10.
Discuss the term “watershed”.

Answer:

1. Watershed is a line of high land where streams on one side flow into one river and streams on the other side flow into a different river.
2. If the flow of water (rain water) were to be checked by vegetation or bunds, then there would be a greater possibility of the water percolating into the soil to join the groundwater.
3. Over the last few years great efforts have been undertaken to harvest rainwater by these means.
4. These measures are usually taken for a stream or a river.
5. Such efforts are called ‘Watershed development projects’.
6. Under these projects trees and grasses are planted on the hill slopes from where a stream starts and small bunds are built across streams to stop the flow of water.

Question 11.
From the nearest Mandal office find out the total annual rainfall for your area over the past 5 years.
Answer:
The total annual rainfall for the area of Mangalagiri over the past 5 years is as such.

Year	(in cm.)
2015 -16	130
2014 -15	140
2013-14	136
2012 -13	128
2011 -12	132

Question 12.
Recall from your science lessons what happens to the water that plants draw through their roots.
Answer:

1. Plant absorbs water from the soil.
2. The plant combines water and carbon dioxide with the help of sunlight to produce carbohydrates.
3. Starch, sugars, cellulose are also carbohydrates.
4. The plant does not use all the water it absorbs through its roots to produce carbohydrates, most of it evaporates into the air.
5. The water that plants release into the atmosphere is called transpiration,
6. Most of the water released by plants evaporate from the leaves, which have microscopic holes called ‘stomata’.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 63

Question 13.
On a map of India trace the course of the Tungabhadra river.
Answer:

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 65

Question 14.
How would it help if there was a government river basin authority for overall planning of water use?
Answer:

1. Encroachment of public lands, by rampant felling of tree cover, brought under cultivation.
2. It resulted in water run-off and flash floods.
3. Storage capacity of dam was lost with accumulation of silt, dust, debris etc.
4. Water is flow resource and its storage or use upstream affects what is available to people downstream.
5. Growth of towns and industrial areas increased the demand for water.
6. Conflicts within communities in a region and across sectors like agriculture, industry or drinking water are common.
7. If there was a government river basin authority for overall planning of water use, all the problems above could be solved.
8. If the government river basin is there it will solve the problems by following way.
   a) It would do justice to all users of river basins water.
   b) It would involve the community organisations in the authority.
   c) It would reduce the growing conflicts and the possibility of social unrest in the country in future due to water scarcity.
   d) It would rejuvenate the traditional techniques in conservation and management recognition of water as a common property resource.

Question 15.
What are the different conflicts in the use of water for Tungabhadra river basin ?
Answer:

1. The basin of Tungabhadra, the tributary of Krishna, has two parts
   a) the upper and middle catchment in Karnataka,
   b) the lower portion of the catchment in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.
2. There is a lot of difference in water availability between these two types of regions.
3. Conflicts between Karnataka, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh are generally related to water
   that is available to use.
4. Water is a flow resource and its storage or use upstream affects what is available to people downstream.
5. Water is shared based on agreements between state governments.
6. Although the area is ideal for semi-arid crops, the major crops grown demand a lot of water.
7. Cultivation of such crops throughout the basin has dramatically altered the water sharing balance.
8. When all areas desire water for these crops, conflicts become inevitable.

(OR)

1. Tunga bhadra is the major tributary of the river Krishna.
2. Tungabhadra project was constructed and it was the joint venture of Karnataka, Telangana State and A.P.
3. The upper catchment area is used for storage by water harvesting. The lower portion of the basin is characterised by lower rainfall and drought conditions.
4. Later Karnataka constructed another dam known as Almatti dam.
5. The height and the water storage capacity of the river is the apple of discard among Karnataka, Telangana and A.P.
6. Tribunals have given judgements on the water sharing proportions among Telangana state, A.P and Karnataka.
7. But still it is a burning water dispute among these states.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 67

Question 16.
Underline sentences that reflect the efforts taken for water conservation in Hiware Bazar.
Answer:

1. Most significant was the ban on borewells for irrigation, growing sugarcane and banana and selling one’s land to any outsider.
2. The most significant development is that increased water availability has made a second crop possible due to normal rainfall.
3. Social control over groundwater extraction and use no borewells for irrigation (only for drinking water) no water-intense crops like sugarcane.
4. Water for irrigation should be taken only through due wells.
5. They keep rainfall data meticulously and use it for crop planning and water use prioritisation.
6. As they plan according to water available there was no shortage of water to drink even in years of continuous drought.

Question 17.
What was the effort for planning agriculture according to the available water ?
Answer:

1. Farmers of Hiware Bazar worked out certain thumb rule type of think like if they get good rainfall, then they can take full Rabi crop.
2. If the rainfall is less then they bring down the area under rabi etc.
3. They keep rainfall data meticulously and use it for crop planning and water use prioritisation.
4. Because of this even in years of continuous drought there was no drinking water shortage.
5. This is mainly because they plan according to the water available.

Question 18.
If you have access to internet, watch a documentary about Hiware Bazar at http:// bit.ly/kothLl.
Answer:
Students’ Activity

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 69

Question 19.
Should groundwater regulation be primarily community-led, as in the case of Hiware Bazar ?
Answer:

1. Groundwater regulation in Hiware Bazar was taken up by community and saw good results.
2. But it definitely may not be the same if it were primarily led by community throughout the country.
3. Instead of that, governments should bring new laws and rules in place of the existing ones and serve the purpose.
4. They should make the water as common pool resource and identify the human right for water.
5. Drinking water shall be given the first priority.
6. Panchayat Raj institutions must be given control over the use of groundwater.
7. Governments shall not encourage over use or over extraction of underground resources of water.
8. So the governments must take up the responsibility instead of community.

Question 20.
“The groundwater laws are both outdated and inappropriate.” Explain.
Answer:

1. The current laws about groundwater in many states are both outdated and inappropriate.
2. They were developed at a time when groundwater was a marginal source of water.
3. Today shallow and deep tubewells have the potential to draw a lot of water.
4. Now the basic link between access to groundwater and land ownership on which the rules are based are flowed.
5. Land owners were not restricted in the amount of water they can take out.
6. Over extraction from one tubewell often dries up other tubewells around.
7. Moreover, there are no laws and regulations that can determine on how many wells, hand pumps and other tubewells can be sunk in a given area.
8. Some support that groundwater is a public resource and some others support the primacy of land owners control over ground water.
9. Hence laws are outdated and have to be modified.

Question 21.
Should groundwater be considered a common pool resource ? Explain your view.
Answer:

1. For resource like water, the consumption by one person or a sector affects what is available to others.
2. In a number of states, the answer to falling water tables has been not to address the issue itself.
3. Apart from this each person wants their share of water before someone else.
4. This is the real contemporary challenge.
5. So groundwater should be considered a common pool resource.
6. Based on this the laws and rules to water usage should be framed.
7. It should be made that drinking water is the first priority as well as a human right.
8. Panchayat Raj institutions must have control over the use of groundwater.

(OR)

1. Over the past few decades ground water has been the main source, especially for domestic use and agriculture.
2. This tremendous increase in the use of ground water has a significant impact on water availability and on access to water.
3. Water is a flowing resource. Extraction from one tube well often dries up other tube wells around.
4. If each one competes to go deeper than the neighbour, the ground water structure would be disturbed.
5. Hence ground water should be considered as common pool resource and we should delink the connection between the ownership of land and water drawn from the underground.

Project work

Think of plans for your village or locality, which if implemented would help everyone.
Answer:
Students’ Activity.

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 4th Lesson Climate of India Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 4th Lesson Climate of India

10th Class Social Studies 4th Lesson Climate of India Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Read the following statements and mark if It is an example of weather or climate.
(a) During the last few years many glaciers have melted in the Himalayas.
Answer:
It is an example of weather.

(b) During the last few decades drought in Vidarbha region has increased.
Answer:
It is an example of climate.

Question 2.
Match the following. Use maps if you cannot locate the places.
(There could be multiple correct answers.)

Answer:
(a) Trivandrum — is closer to sea and the climate has big impact of the seas
(b) Gangtok — is farther from the equator and temperature would be lower in winter
(c) Anantapur — is closer to the equator but not close to the seas and has low rainfall

Question 3.
Describe India’s climate controls.
(OR)
Explain any two factors that influence the climate in India.
Answer:
The factors that affect climate are called climatic controls. These include:

1. Latitude
2. Land – Water relationship
3. Relief
4. Upper air circulation.

1. Latitude:

• The intensity of temperature depends on the latitude. It is more intense in lower latitudes than at higher latitudes.
• In India, the Southern part lies ¡n the tropical zone, closer to the equator; it has higher average temperature than the northern part.

2. Land – Water relationship:

• The water bodies absorb and losses heat more slowly than land.
• Due to this the formation of land and sea breezes influence the climate of coastal region.

3. Relief:

• Relief or altitude of a region influences the climate of the area.
• Several hill stations have cool climate even during summer months.
  Eg: Simia, Nainital, Mussone, Kodaikanal.

4. Upper air circulation:

• The high velocity of Upper air movements is known as “Jet Streams’.
• This jet stream causes the neighboring atmosphere to cool.

Question 4.
Write a short note on factors influencing climatic variations in hilly areas and deserts.
Answer:

1. The factors influencing climatic conditions are called climatic controls.
2. These include (i) Latitude (ii) Land-water relationship (iii) Upper air circulation.
3. In hilly areas important factors influencing climatic conditions are latitudes, relief and land- water relationship, and upper air circulation only as a whole.
4. If the hills are in southern India, they receive more temperature and rainfall. If they are near the coast, the effects would be different.
5. In the hilly area altitude also plays a crucial role in deciding the temperature in accordance with the normal lapse rate.
6. Relief of desert plays a crucial role in its temperature being decided and the inland nature shuns any influence of land-water relationship.
7. The rainfalls in these regions are scanty and during temperature range is very high.

Question 5.
How are human activities contributing to global warming?
Answer:

1. Human activities contribute to climate change by causing changes in Earth’s atmosphere in the amounts of greenhouse gases, aerosols and cloudiness.
2. The largest known contribution comes from the burning of fossil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide gas to the atmosphere.
3. Greenhouse gases and aerosols affect climate by altering incoming solar radiation and outgoing infrared radiation that are part of the earth’s energy balance.
4. Changing their atmospheric abundance or properties of these gases and particles can lead to a warming or cooling of the climate system.
5. Since the start of the industrial era (about 1750) the overall effect of human activities on climate has been a warming influence.,
6. The human impact on climate during this era greatly exceeds that due to known changes in natural processes such as solar changes and volcanic eruptions.

Question 6.
What are the disagreements between ‘developed’ and ‘developing’ countries about AGW ?
Answer:

1. An international organization called the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases.
2. The latest attempt made at the IPCC conference in Warsaw (Poland) in 2013, failed to achieve any agreement.
3. Disagreements are between developed countries and developing countries.
4. Developed countries want developing countries to cut down on burning coal and other activities that add greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.
5. Developing countries argue that developed countries developed precisely by burning fossil fuels in their development and their economic development will be seriously (developing countries) damaged if (developing countries) they do not burn fossil fuels.
6. Developing countries also argue that developed countries should do their fair share of work to find alternatives that can help the developing countries to progress.

Question 7.
How is climate change causing global warming? Suggest measures to minimise the influence of the global warming.
Answer:

1. Now heating of earth is much more rapid and could lead to catastrophic changes.
2. Much of the warming has been occurring since the Industrial Revolution.
3. Volumes of methane under the frozen tundras of northern latitudes is discovered.
4. As global temperature increases, the ice in the tundra melts more.
5. The methane trapped in, the ice escapes into the atmosphere increasing global temperatures.
6. In turn, this causes even more ice to melt, releasing more methane, and so on.
7. To minimize the influence of global warming, we should plan to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases like CO₂, Methane, etc.
8. We should take up afforestation.
9. We should encourage public transport.
10. We should minimize the use of refrigerators and air conditioners, etc.

Question 8.
On an outline map of India, show the following:
(i) Areas recorded with more than 40°C annual mean temperature.
(ii) Areas recorded with annual mean temperature less than 10°C.
(iii) The direction of the south-west monsoon over India.
Answer:

Question 9.
Observe the following climograph and answer the following questions.

(A) Which month received the highest rainfall?
Answer:
‘August’ month received the highest rainfall.

(B) Which months experience the highest and the lowest temperature?
Answer:
The highest temperature is experienced in the month of May.
The lowest temperature is experienced in the month of December.

(C) Why is the maximum amount of rainfall between June and October?
Answer:
The maximum amount of rainfall is received in Hyderabad between the months of June and October. The reason for this is the presence of south-west monsoons.

(D) Why is the temperature high between March and May?
Answer:
The temperature is high between March and May because it is the summer season.

(E) Identify relief conditions causing variation in temperature and rainfall.
Answer:
Hyderabad is present in the Deccan Plateau. It is situated at an elevation of 600 m from the mean sea level.

10th Class Social Studies 4th Lesson Climate of India InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 45 & 46

Question 1.
Fill the table after reading climographs.

Range of Temperature: From highest value to lowest value
Answer:

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 46

Question 2.
What are the warmest and coldest months in Leh?
Answer:
The warmest month in Leh is June The coldest month in Leh is January.

Question 3.
From the range of temperatures in the above table, say whether Jaipur is, in general, hotter than Leh. Explain your answer.
Answer:

1. Jaipur is, in general, hotter than Leh.
2. In the hottest month, Leh got 26°C the highest temperature whereas Jaipur got 40-C during the same month.
3. Thus, we can say Jaipur is hotter in general.

Question 4.
Compare the climate of Delhi and Chennai. How are they different? 4S June 20171
Answer:

1. Delhi has an extreme climate with 6°C as the lowest temperature and 40°C as the highest temperature.
2. Every month the difference between the highest and lowest temperatures is also more around 16°C.
3. But whereas Chennai has a moderate climate with 38°C as highest and 20°C as the lowest temperature.
4. Even the difference between the highest and the lowest every month is also less, around 10°C.
5. Delhi The climate of Delhi is a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical with high variation between summer and winter temperatures and precipitation. Its climate is greatly influenced by its proximity to the Himalayas and the Thar Desert, causing it to experience both weather extremes.
6. Chennai: The geographical location determines the weather and climate in Chennai. The close proximity of the ocean and equator makes the climate and weather in Chennai relatively consistent with less variation in the seasonal temperature. The weather in Chennai is mostly hot and humid.

Question 5.
Read carefully the rainfall pattern for Leh. In what ways is this different from the others? From your atlas, can you find out some other places in the world that have similar rainfall patterns?
Answer:

1. Leh is situated nearly 6 km above the mean sea level.
2. So the atmosphere there is not conducible for rain.
3. It receives less than 10 mm as the maximum monthly rainfall.
4. The remaining three places receive 200 mm or more rainfall as the maximum monthly rainfall.
5. It is surrounded by greater Himalayan mountains which are always covered with snow.
6. Thus, it is different from the other 3 places which are unlike this.
7. There are some other places in the world like this like Zurich in Switzerland, Oslo in Norway, Thimpu in Bhutan and Khatmandu in Nepal etc.

Question 6.
Identify the wet months for Chennai. How is this different from Jaipur?
Answer:

1. The wettest months for Chennai are October and November.
2. It is because it receives rainfall during the retreat of southwest monsoon or during the north-east monsoon.
3. Whereas the wettest months for Jaipur are July and August.
4. It receives rainfall during the southwest monsoon.
5. In this way Chennai and Jaipur are different.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 47

Question 7.
Using a globe recall and discuss what you may have read earlier. How does the angle of the sun vary at different latitudes? What impact does this have?
Answer:
Sun angles and their impact.

1. Tilt of the earth is the axis of rotation.
2. Axis of rotation tilted 23.5° away from perpendicular to the plane of earth’s orbit.
3. Due to this, it creates seasonal variations in which hemisphere is oriented towards the sun.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 48

Question 8.
In your atlas, compare the temperatures of Mumbai and Nagpur for the winter and summer months. How are they similar or different? How does it explain the distance from the sea?
Answer:

1. Mumbai is located on the west coast at 18°55′ N latitude and 77°54′ E longitude.
2. Nagpur is located as an inland at 21°9′ N latitude and 79°9′ E longitude.
3. For January, the winter month Mumbai has an average temperature of 24.4°C whereas Nagpur has 20.6°C.
4. For May, the summer month Mumbai has an average temperature of 30°C whereas Nagpur has 37°C.
5. As Mumbai is on the west coast it is experiencing a moderate climate with less changes of temperatures.
6. Being an island region, the variations in temperatures during summer and winter are more for Nagpur.
7. Thus, It shows the influence of distance from the sea.

Question 9.
With the help of the climographs, can you explain how differences in temperature can be explained for Jaipur and Chennai ?
Answer:

1. Jaipur has an extreme climate whereas Chennai is with moderate climate.
2. Though the highest average temperature for both regions are at near 40*C, the lowest average temperatures for Jaipur is at 6°C whereas that is for Chennai is 18°C.
3. The monthly differences in highest and lowest temperatures also vary.
4. For Jaipur they are around 16°C whereas for Chennai they are around 10°C.
5. The atmosphere of Chennai will be pleasant with these temperatures whereas that is not the case with Jaipur.

Question 10.
Are Shimla and Delhi located on very different latitudes? Check with your atlas. Is Shimla cooler than Delhi during summer ?
Answer:

1. Delhi is located at 28°38’N latitude and 77°17’E longitude.
2. Shimla Is located at 31°6’N latitude and 77°13′ E longitude.
3. Thus Delhi and Shimla are located in different latitudes.
4. During summer Shimla is cooler than Delhi.
5. Being in the northern plain and experiencing the hot winds named ‘Loo’ Delhi experiences high temperatures, during summer.
6. Being in the Himalayan ranges and above the altitude of more than 3 km Shimla experiences less temperatures compared to Delhi, during summer.

Question 11.
Why does Darjeeling have pleasant weather as compared to Kolkata during summer season ?
Answer:

1. Darjeeling is located in West Bengal at the latitude of 27°3′ N and a longitude of 88°18′ E.
2. Kolkata is also located in West Bengal at the latitude of 22°34′ N and a longitude of 88°24′ E.
3. Kolkata is located near the coast and experiences the advantage of the nearness to water during summer.
4. But Darjeeling, being situated in the Himalayan Ranges at an altitude of more than 3 km, experiences less temperatures during summer.
5. Thus, Darjeeling will have pleasant weather compared to Kolkata during the summer season.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 49

Question 12.
What would be the range for the average temperature in A.P. for January?
Answer:

1. January is the month during which winter is severe.
2. It usually will be cold during this month throughout Andhra Pradesh.
3. For the month of January, the average maximum temperature is around 28°C.
4. The average minimum temperature is around 16°C for January in Andhra Pradesh.
5. Thus range of average temperature for January in Andhra Pradesh is around 28°C to 16°C.

Question 13.
Using your atlas, find some places located on 15°C temperature.
Answer:
The places that are located on 15°C are Jaipur, Mathura, Itanagar etc.

Question 14.
Close to the line showing places where average temperature is 25°C, there’s a small circle of places on 20°C. How is this possible?
Answer:

1. Close to the line showing places where average temperature is 25°C, there is a small circle of places on 20°C.
2. That is the region where the Western Ghats rise above 2000 m peaks.
3. There are the Nilgiri Hills which has peaks more than 2000 m height.
4. So the temperatures there are less as the elevation is more.
5. That is why there was 20°C circle close to 25°C line.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 50

Question 15.
From the climographs (Graph 1-4), note the approximate average temperature for May for the four places and mark them on the map given.
Answer:

1. Jaipur 24°C to 40°C
2. Leh 12°C to 29°C
3. New Delhi 34°C to 40°C

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 54

Question 16.
What is deforestation ?
Answer:

1. Cutting down of the trees indiscriminately in the areas of forest or where there a presence of sizable number of trees like plantations is called deforestation.
2. It results in the lowering of the green cover.
3. It affects the ecological balance.
4. It reduces the probability of raining.
5. It affects the soil erosion, it increases soil erosion.
6. It also affects the sustainability of green cover.

Question 17.
Does deforestation happen only in forest areas? How about in your local area, even if there are no forests?
Answer:

1. Deforestation not only happens in forest areas.
2. In our local areas the felling of trees comes under deforestation.
3. Even if there are no forests, the cutting down of trees is considered as deforestation.

Question 18.
How does deforestation affect global warming?
Answer:

1. Deforestation is the cutting down of trees for commercial purposes (other than domestic purposes of tribals) in the forests and vegetations of a large scale.
2. Trees make use of the most of the greenhouse gas of carbon dioxide into their food which is called photosynthesis using sunlight.
3. If trees were cut down indiscriminately, it would result in the accumulation of C0₂, the green house gas.
4. It will result in the increase of temperatures throughout the earth i.e., global warming.
5. Thus, deforestation affects global warming.

Question 19.
What are some other ways in which human action contributes to global warming?
Answer:

1. Usage of refrigerators and air conditioners, etc. by humans leads to global warming.
2. Usage of motor vehicles which run on fuel emits greenhouse gases.
3. Usage of inorganic fertilizers, chemicals and pesticides.
4. Releasing of effluences and wastes of industries.
5. Excessive usage of natural resources.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 55

Question 20.
Imagine how one would cope with the situation if millions of people were affected. Where would you find land for resettlement? What jobs would they do?

Answer:

1. If millions of people were affected with any natural calamity, it certainly would be difficult to cope with.
2. The government has to make arrangements to resettlement of all those affected.
3. It may seek help from international organisations or non-governmental organisations in our country as well as the donors.
4. It will be a Herculean task to provide them shelter and alternate employment, but government must take initiative to get it done.
5. It must employ the eligible to work within Rural Works Programme, Food for Work, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Labour Employment Guarantee schemes etc.

Project work

Collect proverbs/sayings that are related to climate and weather in your region.

1. A Rainbow in the morning is the Sailor’s Warming.
2. A Rainbow at night is the Sailor’s delight.
3. When the dew is on the grass rain will never come to pass.

Answer:
“Red sky at night, sailor’s delight. Red sky in the morning, sailor take warning.”
“Mare’s tails and mackerel scales make tall ships take in their sails.”
“Clear moon, frost soon.”
“Halo around the sun or moon, rain or snow soon.”
“Rainbow in the morning gives you fair warning.”
“When the stars begin to huddle, the earth will soon become a puddle.”

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 3rd Lesson Production and Employment Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 3rd Lesson Production and Employment

10th Class Social Studies 3rd Lesson Production and Employment Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks using the correct option given in the bracket:
(i) Employment in the service sector ——– increased to the same extent as production. (has/ has not)
(ii) Workers in the ——– sector do not produce goods. (service / agricultural)
(iii) Most of the workers in the ——– sector enjoy job security. (organized/unorganized)
(iv) A ——– proportion of laborers in India are working in the unorganized sector. (large/small)
(v) Cotton is a ——– product and cloth is a ——– product. (natural / manufactured)
Answer:
(i) has not
(ii) service
(iii) organized
(iv) large
(v) natural, manufactured

Question 2.
Choose the most appropriate answer.
(a) Production of a commodity, mostly through the natural process, is an activity in ——– sector.
(i) primary
(ii) secondary
(iii) tertiary
(iv) information technology
Answer:
(i) primary

(b) GDP is the total value of ——– produced during a particular year.
(i) all goods and services
(ii) all final goods and services
(iii) all intermediate goods and services
(iv) all intermediate and final goods and services
Answer:
(ii) all final goods and services

(c) In terms of GDP the share of service sector in 2009-10 was ——– .
(i) between 20 and 30 per cent
(ii) between 30 and 40 per cent
(iii) between 50 and 60 per cent
(iv) 70 per cent
Answer:
(i) between 50 and 60 percent

Question 3.
Find the odd one out and say why.
(i) Teacher, doctor, vegetable vendor, lawyer
Answer:
Vegetable vendor.

1. The remaining three are the occupations of educated skilled labour.
2. Vegetable vendor need not have education.

(ii) Postman, cobbler, soldier, police constable
Answer:
Cobbler.

1. The remaining three are government servants.
2. Cobbler is self-employed person.

Question 4.
Do you think the classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and services sectors is useful? Explain how.
Answer:
Classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary is useful.

1. If all the economic activities are remained in only one sector, it would be difficult for the calculation of National Income, Per capita Income, etc. parameters.
2. Concentration on various economic activities for their growth will not be possible.
3. Allocation of funds, administration of sectors all becomes a tough task.
4. Classification of activities paves way for smooth functioning of the various calculations concerned.

Question 5.
For each of the sectors that we came across in this chapter, why should one focus on employ¬ment and GDP? Could there be other issues which should be examined? Discuss.
Answer:
We are studying about the production in our country and the employment in the country. So for each of the sectors we come across one focussed on employment and GDP.
Yes other issues which should be examined are:

1. We should know the life expectancy of the people.
2. Should prepare a developmental plan and should discuss to which sector will give importance.
3. To know the poverty and unemployment range and try to abolish.
4.  Balanced regional development.
5. Modernization of technology.
6. Self-reliance of the country.
7. How to achieve surplus food production in the country.

Question 6.
How is the service sector different from other sectors? Illustrate with a few examples.
Answer:

1. Service sector is different from the other two sectors, agricuture and industry.
2. Agriculture and industry sectors produce goods whereas service sector does not produce any good.
3. In agriculture and in industrial sector they need the help of service sector in the production of their goods.
4. But service sector does not need the help of agriculture or industry in its service.
5. Without service sector the needs of people for their physical and mental growth are not fulfilled.
6. Service sector is the lifeline of people.
7. Growth in service sector indicates modernisation.

Question 7.
What do you understand by underemployment? Explain with an example each from the urban and rural areas.
Answer:

1. The situation of underemployment could be understand as each one is doing some work, but no one is fully employed.
2. Here people are apparently working but all of them are made to work less than their potential.
3. This underemployment has different areas facets in rural and urban areas.
4. In rural areas this could be clearly understood from the example of disguised unemployment.
5. Though there is need of 2 persons for the land they have, the entire family of village formers depend on agriculture, which will not sufficiently provide work.
6. In urban areas also people work as casual labour in many factories. If there is demand, the factories give them opportunities and if there is no demand, the people are asked to go back without work.

Question 8.
The workers in the unorganised sector need protection on the following issues:
Wages, safety and health. Explain with examples.
Answer:

1. Unorganised sector workers need protection on issues of wages, safety and health.
2. There is low paid and irregular working days nature of their work.
3. They are not given paid leave, holidays with payment and payment for overtime work.
4. So they need protection for their wages on par with any organised sector employment.
5. There is no security of job for them.
6. So they must be provided with safety of the job.
7. They do not have leave due to sickness and if they are absent, they lose their wages.
8. There must be the protection for their health with paid holidays and medical insurance.
9. They are not even provided with safe working environment.
10. There must be protection for their safe working environment.

Question 9.
A study in Ahmedabad found that out of 15,00,000 workers in the city, 11,00,000 worked are in the unorganised sector. The total income of the city in this year (1997-1998) was Rs. 6000 crores. Out of this Rs. 3200 crores was generated in the organised sector. Present this data as a table. What are the ways for generating more employment in the city?
Answer:
Contribution of organised and unorganised sectors in Ahmedabad in 1997-98:

1. Government must provide more incentives to people who are engaged in unorganised sector.
2. Government should give waiver of certain taxes, exemptions of certain taxes and encourage many others to take up the establishments.

Question 10.
Complete the given table with employment opportunities in organised sector and unorganised sector in various regions of our state.

Answer:

10th Class Social Studies 3rd Lesson Production and Employment InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 28

Question 1.
Classify the following list of occupations under agriculture, industry and service sectors. Give reasons for your classification :

Answer:

Occupation	Classification
Tailor	Basket weaver
Flower cultivator	Milk vendor
Fishermen	Primary sector
Priest	Service sector
Courier	Service sector
Workers in match factory	Secondary sector
Moneylender	Tertiary sector
Gardener	Primary sector
Potter	Secondary sector
Bee-keeper	Tertiary sector
Astronaut	Tertiary sector
Call centre employee	Tertiary sector

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 29

Question 2.
The following table shows the percentage of workers employed in different sectors in India in 1972-73 and in 2009-2010, i.e., after 37 years.
(i) What are the major changes that you observe from the above table?
Answer:

1. The percentage of workers employed in agricultural sector was decreased by 21%.
2. The percentage of workers employed in industrial sector was increased by 11%.
3. The percentage of workers employed in service sector was increased by 10%.
4. These changes suggest that India is a developing country in its economy,

(ii) From what you have read before, discuss what could be some of the reasons for these changes.
Answer:

1. After the planning was started in India, factories came up and started expanding.
2. People began to use many more goods.
3. Industrial sector became the dominant sector and the importance of agriculture declined.
4. In the past 50 years, there has been a further shift from industry to service sector.
5. The service sector has become the most important in terms of total production.

Question 3.
Observe the pictures and mention the sector which they belong to :

1. ——–
2. ——–
3. ——–
4. ——–

Answer:

1. Agricultural sector
2. Primary sector (Mining)
3. Service sector
4. Industrial sector

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 30

Question 4.
Observe the following graph and answer the given questions.
Graph : GDP by Agriculture, Industry and Service Sectors (Rs. in Crores)
(a) Which was the largest producing sector in 1972 – 73 ?
Answer:

1. Agriculture was the largest producing sector in 1972 – 73.
2. Out of the aggregate GDP of 5,86,346 the contribution of agriculture was 2,43,082 and the remaining industry was 1,33,912 and services was 2,09,352.

(b) Which was the largest producing sector in 2009 -10 ?
Answer:

1. Services vyas the largest producing sector in 2009 -10 .
2. Out of the aggregate GDP of 45,16,071 the contribution of service was 25,78,165 and the remaining industry was 11,73,089 and agriculture was 7,64,817.

(c) Fill in the blank :
The total value of production of goods and services in India increased approximately ——– times between 1972 – 73 and 2009 – 10.
Answer:
8

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 31

Question 5.
Discuss : To find out the total value of goods produced should we add them up?
Answer:
1) No. We should not add them all.
2) The value of final good (Idli, Dosa) includes the value of all the intermediate goods that are used in making final good.
3) Goods such as paddy, rice and husk are at the intermediary stages.
4) They are not being used by the final consumer.
5) They are used as inputs to make final good. If we add them to final good, we are double counting.

Question 6.
In the above example, paddy or rice is the intermediate good and idli is the final good. The following are a few goods we consume in our daily lives. List some of the intermediate goods against each one.
Answer:

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 32

Question 7.

Discuss : Why do both methods give the same result ?
Answer:
Value added at all stages = Rs. 2500 + Rs. 1100 + Rs. 1400 = Rs. 5000. Stage 3 (sale of Idli and Dosa) = Rs. 5000

1. Whatever may be the method the value of final goods/services does not change.
2. In the first method, we do not add up the intermediate goods as the result in double counting.
3. But we calculated the value of the final goods (Idli, Dosa) that were produced.
4. In the second method, at every stage we counted the value added.
5. Finally we added up all the values added and got the final good value.
6. Thus both the methods give the same result.

Question 8.
The value of GDP is given the following table. Compute the growth rate of GDP as shown for 2010 – 11?
Answer:
10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 34

Question 9.
Can you find out some examples of trade, hotels, transport and communication ?
Answer:

1. Different types of shops, showrooms, supermarkets, groceries, hardware merchants, steel merchants, rice traders, fancy and general stores, malls and shopping complex are included in this.
2. Different types of tiffin centers, hotels are included in this.
3. Various types of vehicles like auto, rickshaw, jeep, van, truck, lorry, bus, passenger train, express train, goods train, double decker train, boat, ship, steamer, helicopter, aeroplane etc. are included in this.
4. Newspaper, journals, magazines, e-books, televisions, news channels, sport channels, devotional channels, land lines, cell phones, fax, email, internet and satellite services are included in this.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 35

Question 10.
Read the above table and fill in the blanks.

1. Majority of workers in agriculture are living in ——– areas.
2. Most ——– workers are employed in agriculture sector. Only a small section of ——– is in industrial sector.
3. More than 90% of urban workers are getting employment in ——– and ——– sectors.
4. Compared to males, female workers are getting employment in ——– and ——– sectors only to a small extent.

Answer:

1. rural
2. female, 16%
3. industrial, service
4. industrial, service

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 36 & 37

Question 11.
Observe the following pie charts.

Look at the above pie charts and fill in the following table.

Answer:

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 2nd Lesson Ideas of Development Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 2nd Lesson Ideas of Development

10th Class Social Studies 2nd Lesson Ideas of Development Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
What main criterion is used by the World Bank in classifying different counties? What are the limitations of the above criterion, if any?
Answer:

1. The main criterion that is used by the World Bank in classifying different countries is per capita income.
2. It is otherwise called the average income.
3. It is calculated as the total income of the country divided by the total population.
4. It Is a better Indicator of development than the total income of the country.
5. There are limitations in this criterion also.
6. Average Income may be useful for comparison, it hides disparities.
7. It does not tell us how the total income is distributed among people.
8. It does not necessarily convey more equitable distribution.

Question 2.
Usually, behind each social phenomenon, there would be several contributing factors, and not one. What, in your opinion, are the factors that came together for the development of schooling in Himachal Pradesh?
Answer:
There are so many factors that came together for the development of schooling in Himachal Pradesh. They are:

1. The development of schooling in Himachal Pradesh is called ‘the schooling revolution in Himachal Pradesh.
2. The government started schools and made education largely free or cost very little for parents.
3. It tried to ensure that these schools with minimum facilities like teachers, classrooms, toilets, drinking water etc.
4. It has the distinction of one of the highest spending states from the government budget on the education of each child.
5. A welcome trend in Himachal Pradesh is the lower gender bias.
6. Himachali parents have ambitious educational goals for their girls, just as for boys.
7. Himachali mothers expect their daughters to work outside the home after marriage.
8. Schooling, therefore, comes naturally and became a social norm.

Question 3.
In what respect is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?
Answer:

1. The criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development has three factors.
2. They are:
   • a) to compare countries based on the educational levels of people.
   • b) their health status
   • c) per capita income.
3. It included health and educational indicators to income.
4. It termed its report to be Human Development Report.
5. Whereas the criterion used by the World Bank is per capita income only.
6. It did not include educational and health indicators.
7. It termed its report to be World Development Report.
8. In this way the criteria used by the UNDP and the World Bank for measuring development are different.

Question 4.
Do you think there are certain other aspects, other than those discussed in the chapter that should be considered in measuring human development?
Answer:

1. The aspects that are considered in measuring human development are per capita income by World Bank.
2. Along with per capita income, the education levels of people and health status are considered by the UNDP.
3. There are other aspects to be considered.
4. Standard of life is one aspect to be considered.
5. Another aspect to be considered is the availability of electricity.
6. Transportation is also one among them.
7. Sanitation facilities is one such aspect.
8. Availability of irrigation facilities and housing etc. are few other aspects to be considered in measuring human development.

Question 5.
Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to development.
Answer:

1. We use averages for comparison.
2. Averages are better indicators than total.
3. There are limitations to their use.
4. They also hide disparities.
5. They do not tell us how the total is distributed among people.
6. They do not necessarily convey more equitable distribution.
7. Example:
   
8. Both the countries have the same average income of ₹ 25,000
9. Country X-has more equitably distributed income.
10. Country Y has one rich and more poor persons.

Question 6.
What lessons can you draw about the importance of income from the fact that Himachal Pradesh with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Punjab?
Answer:

1. Both the government and the people of Himachal Pradesh are keen on education.
2. The government started schools and filled them with minimum facilities like teachers, classrooms, toilets and drinking water, etc.
3. The government spent the highest on the education of each child.
4. The people of Himachal Pradesh showed less gender bias.
5. Himachali women worked outside and had greater say in children’s education, health, birth and upkeep, etc.
6. Himachali women have high involvement in social life and village politics.
7. The above were not the same with Punjab.
8. Thus, even with low per capita income Himachal Pradesh has a better human development ranking than Punjab.

Question 7.
Based on the figures in Table 6, fill the following :

Out of every 100 girls above 6 years of age, ——– girls had studied beyond the primary level in Himachal Pradesh in the year 1993. By the year 2006, this proportion reached ———- out of 100. For India as a whole, the proportion of boys who had studied beyond the primary level was only ——— out of 100 in the year 2006.
Answer:
Out of every 100 girls above 6 years of age, 39 girls had studied beyond the primary level in Himachal Pradesh in the year 1993. By the year 2006, this proportion reached 60 out of 100. For India as a whole, the proportion of boys who had studied beyond the primary level was only 57 out of 100 in the year 2006.

Question 8.
What is the per capita income of Himachal Pradesh? Do you think higher incomes can make it easier for parents to send children to school? Discuss. Why was it necessary for the government to run schools in Himachal Pradesh?
Answer:

1. The per capita income of Himachal Pradesh in 2012 is Rs. 74,000.
2. Higher-income can make it easier for parents to send their children to school.
3. If the incomes are meagre, then parents cannot spend money on the education of their children.
4. Then children ought to supplement with their labour to run the family.
5. If higher incomes are there for family, these can be avoided.
6. Himachal Pradesh had very low levels of education at the time of independence.
7. Being a hilly region, with low density of population in many villages, the spread of schools is a big challenge.
8. So, it was necessary for the government to run schools in Himachal Pradesh.

Question 9.
Why do you think parents accord less priority to girls education as compared to boys?
Answer:

1. Parents give less priority to girls education compared to boys.
2. The main reason behind this is gender bias.
3. Parents believe that boy is their heir and spreads their clan.
4. This very notion imbibes into children as father is the decision maker in the family.
5. As marriage institution provides for the girl to live with husband’s family, her parents take less care about her education.
6. Well educated girl needed to be married off to still better educated suitor, an expensive affair.
7. Girls are engaged in taking care of their smaller siblings, which obstructs their educational chances.
8. In rural areas girls are married off at early ages, which prevents their education.

Question 10.
What is the relationship between women’s work outside their homes and gender bias?
Answer:

1. Our families are patriarchial, so men work outside and women manage the house.
2. For their household chores women are not paid.
3. But nowadays women are employed outside.
4. They are economically independent and self-confident.
5. They have greater say in household decisions including children’s education, health, birth, upkeep etc.
6. Whereas this is not the case with housewives.
7. Educated mothers expect their daughters to work outside after marriage.
8. Thus, women working outside need not bear the dent of gender bias.

(OR)

1. There is a clear visibility of gender bias at the work places outside homes.
2. Though men and women do the same kind of work, women are paid less than men.
3. Especially in the farm activities in rural areas, women wages are very low compared to men.
4. For some activities we find only men or women attending.
   Eg: Ploughing – men.
   Cotton balls plucking – women.

Question 11.
Right to Education Act, 2009 (RTE) declares that all children of the age of 6 to 14 years have the right to free education. And the government has to ensure the building of sufficient schools in the neighbourhood, appoint properly qualified teachers and make all necessary provisions. In the light of what you have read in this chapter and already know, discuss and debate the importance of this Act for
(i) children, and (ii) human development.
Answer:
Importance of RTE Act for children :

1. It makes all children have a chance to study.
2. Children from hilly areas, rural areas and areas with low density of population are not deprived of schools.
3. Schools are provided with minimum facilities of teachers, classrooms, toilets, drinking water, etc.
4. Schooling becomes a social norm.
   Importance of RTE Act for human development:
5. As the UNDP is using the educational levels of people as the measure of development, it promotes human development.
6. Expected years of schooling will increase in turn promotes human development.
7. Promotes human development by increasing the average years of schooling.
8. Education imparts the ideals of human development.

10th Class Social Studies 2nd Lesson Ideas of Development InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No.14

Question 1.
Complete the table with developmental goals of different categories of persons.

Answer:

Category of Person	Developmental Goals/ Aspirations
1. Landless rural labourers	1. More days of work and better wages; local school is able to provide quality education for their children; there is no social discrimination and they too can become leaders in the village.
2. Prosperous farmers	2. Assured high family income through higher support prices for their crops and through hard- working and cheap labourers; they should be able to settle their children abroad.
3. Farmers who depend only on rain for growing crops	3. Monsoon shall bring good rains and make the year good one; crops shall give good yield; Government announce higher minimum support price. (OR) Want more facility of water so that they can grow more crops in different seasons.
4. A rural woman from a land owning family	4. Government shall provide good irrigation facilities, banks provide crop loans to meet the needs like seeds, fertilisers, pesticides etc., good yield of crop. (OR) Women aspire to own land, to inherit land allocation and to build a permanent structure on the land.
5. Urban unemployed youth	5. A gainful employment throughout the year; Government’s support to self employment; own vehicle to travel to work place.
6. A boy from a rich urban family	6. A hassle-free environment for entreprenuership; a suitable employment inside India or abroad; wholesome entertainment facilities.
7. A girl from a rich urban family	7. She gets as much freedom as her brother and is able to decide what she wants to do in life. She would like to be able to pursue her studies abroad.
8. An Adivasi from mining fields	8. Accident-free work environment; maintaining good health support; satisfactory remuneration and bonus, schooling for children.
9. Person from fishing community in the coastal area	9. Ensured daily catch with good prices; no hindrance from the machine boats; detailed daily weather forecast; protection from natural calamities.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No.17

Question 2.
Read the newspaper report given on Text Page 16 and answer the following questions.
(i) Who are the people benefited and who did not ?
Answer:

1. The local company owners and multinational company were the people who benefited.
2. They dumped their waste without much difficulty.
3. The innocent people of Abidjan in Ivory Coast suffered from this act.
4. The fumes from the highly toxic waste caused nausea, skin rashes, fainting and diarrhoea etc.

(ii) What should be the developmental goals for this country ?
Answer:
The developmental goals for this country are
a) The government should Impose strict rules and regulations regarding “the disposal of waste”
b) The government should safeguard the environment and check air and environment pollution.
c) The companies who violate rules, should be punished severely.

(iii) What can be some of the developmental goals for your village or town or locality ?
Answer:
Some of the developmental goals for our village can be

1. to be provided with safe drinking water and sanitation facilities.
2. to start a primary health centre with minimum facilities.
3. to recruit sufficient teachers and provide other facilities to schools.
4. to provide employment to eligible youth.

(iv) What are the issues of conflict between the government and the people living in regions of nuclear power plant ?
Answer:

1. The Issues of conflict between the government and the people living in the regions of Nuclear Power Plant are
   (a) Safety
   (b) Security and
   (c) Livelihood.
2. People also suggested the government to look to renewable energy as an alternative.

(v) Do you know of any such controversy around development projects/policies? Find out the debates on either side.
Answer:

1. One such controversy around development project is Narmada River Project in Gujarat.
2. Government aimed at large electricity to be produced with this project would serve the power needs of the state.
3. It also provides many small dams for irrigation water.
4. On the other hand, people under the leadership of Medha Patkar set up Narmada Bachao Andolan and fought with the government.
5. They are fighting for the people displaced, their lands evacuated and villages that are going to be submerged.
6. They have also concern over ecological imbalances and loss to the tribal culture.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No.18

Question 3.
Why do different persons have different notions of development? Which of the following explanations is more important and why ?
a. Because people are different.
b. Because life situations of persons are different.
Answer:

1. Different persons have different notions of development or progress.
2. Each one of them seeks different things.
3. They seek things which can fulfil their aspirations or goals.
4. The explanation ‘because life situations of persons are different1 is more important.
5. Because each one has developmental goal based on life situation.

Question 4.
Do these two statements mean the same thing? Justify your answer.
a) People have different developmental goals.
b) People have conflicting developmental goals.
Answer:

1. Both statements do not mean the same thing.
2. People seek different things which can fulfil their aspirations or desires, thus different developmental goals.
3. In fact, at times, two persons or group of persons may seek things which are conflicting.
4. So the developmental goals are always not conflicting.
5. So, it is wrong to say both are correct at the same time.

Question 5. Give some examples where factors other than income are important aspects of our lives.
Answer:

1. Work at a place where discrimination is prevalent.
2. A job at a far off place when family needs him.
3. A job offers high pay, but no job security and no time for family.
   Income alone is not sufficient for development.

Reasons:

1. There are many other non-materialistic values like equality, freedom etc. without these values development is impossible.
2. Without basic health facilities people cannot contribute much to the National Income and thus no development takes place.
3. Without education there will be less human resources and hence no development takes place.

Question 6.
Explain some of the important ideas of the above section (Income and Other Goals) in your own words.
Answer:

1. People always want more income and get material things.
2. But they also need non-material things to lead a quality life.
3. Things like freedom, security, equal treatment, respect from others and no discrimination are a few of them.
4. They want good working atmosphere and an opportunity to learn.
5. Women who are working outside the home earns great respect in family and society.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 20

Question 7.
Give three examples where an average is used for comparing situations other than what is given here.
Answer:

1. Average marks in each subject in the class.
2. Average persons living in a square kilometre area to find out the population density of a state.
3. Average speed of a vehicle in its journey.

Question 8.
Why do you think average income is an important criterion for development? Explain.
Answer:

1. For comparison in the development of two countries total income is not a useful measure.
2. Countries have different populations.
3. So, comparing total income, will not tell us what an average person is likely to earn.
4. Hence, we compare the average incomes.

Question 9.
Suppose the records show that the average income in a country has been increasing over a period. From this, can we conclude that all sections of the economy have become better? Illustrate your answer with an example.
Answer:

1. Records show that the average income in a country has been increasing over a period.
2. From that, we cannot conclude that all sections of the economy have become better.
3. Example : Average income of country A.
4. Above example proves that only one section’s exponential growth has led to constant increase in average income.
5. All the sections of economy have not become better.

Question 10.
From the text, find out the per capita income level of middle-income countries as per World Development Report, 2012.
Answer:
The per capita income level of middle income countries as per World Development Report, 2012 is above US $ 1,035 per annum and below US $ 12,600 per annum.

Question 11.
Write a paragraph on your notion of what India should do, or achieve, to become a developed country.
Answer:
To become a developed country India should be 100% literate. We are a resource rich country. We shall make optimum use of them. The governance should be transparent. We shall provide our youth with a gainful employment. We shall encourage students to pursue the careers of scientists to serve our country. We should adopt technology in agriculture. We shall promote industrial and service sectors.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 22

Question 12.
Look at the data in Tables 3 and 4 (given on Page No. 20 & 21 in Textbook). Is Punjab as ahead of Bihar in literacy rate, etc. as it is in terms of per capita income?

Answer:

1. Punjab is ahead of Bihar in terms of per capita income.
2. It is Rs. 78,000 for Punjab, whereas it is Rs. 25,000 only for Bihar.
3. Punjab is ahead of Bihar in both literacy rate and net attendance rate.
4. They are for Punjab 77 and 76 respectively, whereas for Bihar are 64 and 56 only.
5. Punjab is ahead of Bihar even in Infant Mortality Rate.
6. Punjab has less (42) IMR, whereas Bihar has 62IMR.

Question 13.
Think of other examples where collective provision of goods and services is cheaper than individual provision.
Answer:

1. Park facility for the people of a colony.
2. Electricity facility for the people of a village.
3. Over head water tanks for the people of a village.
4. Lift facility for the residents of an apartment.

Question 14.
Does availability of good health and educational facilities depend only on amount of money spent by the government on these facilities? What other factors could be relevant?
Answer:

1. Much of the population of our country fall under below poverty line.
2. So the availability of good health and educational facilities mostly depend on the money spent by the government.
3. The other factors could be like health insurance schemes which are of the paid premiums of the individuals.
4. The rich sections of people who could meet the expenses on their own.

Question 15.
For a family in rural area in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh in 2009-2010, rice purchased from ration shops account for 53 and 33 per cent respectively. The rest they buy from markets. In West Bengal and Assom, only 11 and 6 per cent of rice is purchased from ration shops. Where would people be better off and why ?
Answer:

1. The people are better off in West Bengal and Assom.
2. The people who are buying rice from market in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh are 47 and 67 per cent respectively.
3. Whereas the people who are buying rice from market are 89 and 94 per cent respectively for West Bengal and Assom.
4. That means more people are purchasing rice from market in West Bengal and Assom.
5. So, we can say the people of West Bengal and Assom are better off.

Project work

Here is an illustration showing different sources of livelihoods. Create a similar illustration and write caption that would describe their notion of development.

Answer:
Self Activity