Class 10

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions Chapter 1 Nutrition – Food Supplying System Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Biology Solutions 1st Lesson Nutrition – Food Supplying System

10th Class Biology 1st Lesson Nutrition – Food Supplying System Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
Write differences between
(a) Autotrophic nutrition – Heterotrophic nutrition:
Answer:

Autotrophic nutrition	Heterotrophic nutrition
1. Organism makes its own food.	1. Organism can not makes its own food.
2. Food is prepared from C02, water and sunlight.	2) Food is prepared from other organism.
3. Chlorophyll is required.	3. Chlorophyll is not required.
4. It takes place during day time.	4. It takes place throughout the day.
5. Examples are all green plants and photosynthetic bacteria.	5. All animals, Fungi and some bacteria.

(b) Ingestion – Digestion :
Answer:

Ingestion	Digestion
1. Taking in of food into the body through mouth is called ingestion.	1. Breaking up of complex molecules of food into simple and small molecules is called digestion.
2. Ingestion does not change the chemical and mechanical structure of food.	2. Digestion changes the chemical and mechanical structure of food.

(c) Light reaction – Dark reaction :
(OR)
Differentiate the reactions that take place in presence of light and the reactions which do not require light in photosynthesis.
Answer:

Light reaction	Dark reaction
1. It occurs in the grana of the chloroplast.	1. It occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast.
2. It occurs only in the presence of light.	2. It occurs in the presence or absence of light.
3. It occurs in the grana of the chloroplast.	3. It occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast.
4. Light reaction absorbs oxygen and light energy.	4. Dark reaction absorbs only CO2
5. End products are O2, ATP and NADPH.	5. End product is Glucose.
6. Photolysis of water occurs.	6. Carbon fixation occurs.
7. First stage of photosynthesis.	7. Second stage o: photosynthesis.

(d) Chlorophyll – Chloroplast:
Answer:

Chlorophyll	Chloroplast
1. Chlorophyll is the green coloured pigment present in the chloroplast.	1. It is the green coloured plastid enclosed by membranes.
2. It contains one atom of magnesium.	2. It consists of 3 membranes.
3. It harvests solar energy and convert into chemical energy.	3. It is responsible for enzymatic reactions leading to the synthesis of glucose.

Question 2.
Give reasons.
a) Why photosynthesis is considered as the basic energy source for most of living world?
(OR)
Why can we say that photosynthesis is the basic energy source for the living world?
Answer:

1. All living organisms constantly need energy to be alive.
2. They get energy from the food they eat.
3. The food directly or indirectly comes from the green plants through photosynthesis.
4. Hence photosynthesis can be considered as the basic energy source for most of living world.

b) Why is it better to call the dark phase of photosynthesis as a light independent phase?
Answer:

1. The term dark reaction or light independent does not mean that they occur when it is dark at night.
2. It only means that the reactions are not depend on light.
3. Hence we call the dark phase of photosynthesis as a light independent phase.

c) Why is it necessary to destarch a plant before performing any experiment on photosynthesis?
Answer:
1) To get better results, it is necessary to destarch a plant before performing any experiment on photosynthesis.
2) Because if starch is present it may interfere with the result of the experiment.

d) Why is it not possible to demonstrate respiration in green plants kept in sunlight?
Answer:

1. We cannot demonstrate an experiment of respiration in green plants kept in sunlight.
2. Because if sunlight is present, the C02 produced in respiration will be used in photosynthesis.
3. So we must conduct an experiment on respiration in green plants in a dark room.

Question 3.
Give examples.
a) Digestive enzymes
Answer:
The digestive enzymes are:

1. Salivary Amylase (Ptyalin),
2. Pepsin,
3. Trypsin,
4. Lipase,
5. Peptidases,
6. Sucrase,
7. Amylase (Pancreatic juice)

b) Organisms having heterotrophic nutrition is seen in organisms like:
Answer:
Heterotrophic nutrition is seen in organisms like:

1. All animals and human beings.
2. Some protozoans Ex: Amoeba.
3. Some parasitic plants Ex: Cuscuta
4. Saprophytes Ex: Bread moulds, yeast, mushrooms, etc.

c) Vitamins
Answer:
Water soluble vitamins:
B complex (B₁) Thiamine, (B₂) Riboflavin, (B₃) Niacin, (B₆) Pyridoxine,
(B₁₂) Cyanocobalamine, Folic acid, Pantothenic acid, Biotin, (C) Ascorbic Acid.
Fat soluble: (A) Retinol, (D) Calciferol, (E) Tocoferol, (K) Phylloquinine.

d) Nutritional deficiency diseases
Answer:
Eg: Kwashiorkor, Marasmus etc.

Question 4.
Where do plants get each of the raw materials required for photosynthesis?
Answer:

Raw materials	Sources
External factors: 1. Carbondioxide	Atmosphere
2. Sunlight	Sun
Internal factors: 3. Water	Ground water
4. Chlorophyll and enzymes	Present in leaf.

Question 5.
Explain the necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition and what are its by products.
Answer:
A. Necessary conditions:

1. Autotrophic nutrition takes place through the process of photosynthesis.
2. Carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll pigment and sunlight are the necessary conditions required for autotrophic nutrition.
3. The rate of photosynthesis depends on availability of sunlight.

B. By products:

1. Photosynthesis is the main process for autotrophic nutrition.
2. Carbohydrates and oxygen are the by products of photosynthesis.

Question 6.
With the help of chemical equation explain the process of photosynthesis In detail with the help of a flow chart.
Answer:
Process of photosynthesis:

1. The chemical equation representing the process of photosynthesis is
   
2. Definition: Photosynthesis is a photochemical reaction during carbohydrates are formed using carbon dioxide and water in the chloroplasts of the green plants in the presence of sunlight.
3. CO₂ water, sunlight and chlorophyll are the requirements of photosynthesis.
4. Glucose, O and water are the end products of the reaction.
5. Photosynthesis have two phases.
   1) Light reaction 2) Dark reaction
6. Light reaction have three steps, i) Oxidation of chlorophyll ii) Photolysis iii) Formation of ATP, NADPH and O₂
7. In dark reaction CO₂ is utilized and finally glucose is formed which is converted and stored as starch.

FLOW CHART:

Question 7.
Name the three end products of photosynthesis.
Answer:
Glucose, oxygen and water are the three end products of photosynthesis.

Question 8.
What is the connecting substance between light reaction and dark reaction?
Answer:
The hydrogen of NADPH present in the stroma is the connecting substance between light reaction and dark reaction.

Question 9.
Most leaves have the upper surface is more green and shiny than the lower ones. Why?
(OR)
In most of leaves the upper surface will be more green and shiny than the lower surface. Why?
Answer:

1. The upper surface comprising of the palisade parenchyma.
2. The lower surface comprising of the spongy parenchyma.
3. Palisade parenchyma contains more number of chloroplasts than the spongy parenchyma.
4. Thus the upper surface is more green and shiny than the lower ones.

Question 10.
Explain the structure of chloroplast with a neatly labelled sketch.
(OR)
Explain the structure of a chloroplast with the help of a rough diagram.
Answer:

1. Chloroplast is a membranous structure consisting of 3 membranes.
2. The third layer forms stacked sac like structures called granum.
3. The intermediatery fluid filled colourless portion is called stroma.
4. It is responsible for enzymatic reaction leading to the synthesis of glucose in plants.
5. Substances found in chloroplast, capture sunlight are called photosynthetic pigments.
6. Chlorophyll pigment contain one atom of magnesium.
7. Two major kinds of chlorophylls are associated with thyakoid membranes.
8. Chlorophyll-a is blue-green in colour and chlorophyll-b is yellow-green colour.
9.  Around 250-400 pigments molecules are grouped as light harvesting complex units in granum.
10. Some of the events occur in chloroplast are :
    a) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy.
    b) Splitting of water molecule.
    c) Reduction of carbondioxide to carbohydrates.

Question 11.
What is the role of acid in stomach?
Answer:

1. The internal walls of stomach has number of gastric glands. They secret gastric juice.
2. It contains HCl and enzymes.
3. HCl kills the bacteria present in the food and protects us from their harmful effects.
4. And also denatures the proteins so that enzymes can act easily on them.

Question 12.
What is the function of digestive enzyme?
Answer:

1. The function of digestive enzyme is to increase the process of breaking up of complex molecules into simpler and absorb molecules.
2. This makes easy for the body to absorb food.

Question 13.
How is the small intestine designed to absorb digested food? Explain.
(OR)
How is food absorbed by villi in small intestine?
Answer:

1. Small intestine is the largest part in digestive system.
2. Absorption is its main function including last stage of digestion.
3. The inner surface of small intestine has millions of tiny finger-like projections called villi.
4. Due to the presence of villi, the absorbing surface area of small intestine increases.
5. And the large surface area of small intestine helps in the rapid absorption of digested food.
6. The digested food which is absorbed through the walls of the small intestine goes into our blood.
7. Long and folding structure increase the ability of small intestine.

Question 14.
How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does this process take place?
What is emulsification? How it helps in digestion of fats? (OR)
How are fats digested? Where do they get digested?
Answer:

1. Bile juice and lipase enzymes helps in fat digestion.
2. Bile juice is secreted by liver.
3. Fats are digested by converting them into small globules like forms by the help of the bile juice.
4. This process is called emulsification.
5. Lipase enzyme is secreted by pancreas.
6. It converts emulsified fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
7. 
8. This process takes place in duodenum and small intestine.

Question 15.
What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food ?
(OR)
How does saliva digest food ?
Answer:

1. Saliva is secreted by three pairs of salivary glands present in the mouth.
2. Human saliva contains an enzyme called amylase (ptyalin).
3. It converts starch into maltose (a sugar).
4. The food is mixed thoroughly with saliva and becomes wet and slippery.
5. Saliva helps in the smooth passage of food in the food pipe.

Question 16.
What will happen to protein digestion as the medium of intestine is gradually rendered alkaline ?
Answer:

1. The food coming from the stomach to intestine is acidic in nature.
2. Bile and pancreatic juices render the internal condition of the intestine gradually to a basic or alkaline one.
3. Protein digestion continues even if the medium of intestine is gradually changed to alkaline.
4. In the alkaline medium pancreatic enzyme trypsin can act on the food and digests the proteins.
   
5. The enzymes present in the intestinal juice like peptidases complete the digestion of proteins into amino acids.
   

Question 17.
What is the role of roughages in the alimentary tract?
Answer:

1. Roughages are the fibres of either carbohydrates or proteins.
2. Plenty of roughages in the diet avoid constipation.
3. Roughages help in the easy movement of faeces in the large intestine.
4. They help in the easy digestion of food and keep the alimentary canal clean and healthy.

Question 18.
What is malnutrition? Explain some nutrition deficiency diseases.
Answer:
Malnutrition: Eating of food that does not have one or more than one nutrients in required amount is known as malnutrition.
Malnutrition is of three types:

1. Calorie malnutrition,
2. Protein malnutrition,
3. Protein calorie malnutrition.

Nutrition deficiency diseases:

1. Kwashiorkor disease: This is due to protein deficiency in diet.
   Symptoms:
   i) Body parts becomes swollen due to accumulation of water in the intercellular spaces,
   ii) Very poor muscle development,
   iii) Swollen legs,
   iv) Fluffy face,
   v) difficult to eat,
   vi) diarrhoea,
   vii) Dry skin.
2. Marasmus: This is due to deficiency of both protein and calories. Generally this disease occurs when there is an immediate pregnancy or repeated child births.
   Symptoms:
   i) Lean and weak,
   ii) Swelling in joints of limbs,
   iii) Less developed muscles,
   iv) Dry skin,
   v) diarrhoea.

Question 19.
How do non-green plants such as fungi and bacteria obtain their nourishment?
Answer:

1. Bacteria and fungi are non-green plants. So they cannot prepare their own food materials.
2. They are saprophytes which feed on dead and decaying plant and animal bodies.
3. The fungi and bacteria breakdown the complex organic molecules present in dead and decaying matter by releasing chemical substances into simple substances out¬side the body.
4. These simpler substances are then absorbed by fungi and bacteria as their food.

Question 20.
If we keep on increasing CO₂ concentration in the air, what will be the rate of photosynthesis?
Answer:

1. If the CO₂ concentration in the air increases, the rate of photosynthesis also increases.
2. If the CO₂ concentration raises above 5% then the rate of photosynthesis reduces.
3. At certain CO₂ concentration the rate of photosynthesis is constant.
4. Here a rise in CO₂ levels has no affect on the rate of photosynthesis as the other factors such as light intensity become limited.

Question 21.
What happens to plant if the rate of respiration becomes more than the rate of photosynthesis ?
Answer:

1. Respiration is a catabolic (destructive) process and photosynthesis is an anabolic (constructive) process.
2. If the rate of respiration becomes more than the rate of photosynthesis, the amount of food oxidised will be more than the food produced.
3. This affects the growth and development of plants and may even results in the death of the plant.

Question 22.
Why do you think that carbohydrates are not digested in the stomach?
(OR)
Where are carbohydrates digested in alimentary canal?
Answer:

1. For the digestion of carbohydrates enzyme ptyalin or amylase are required.
2. The gastric juice produced by stomach do not contain the enzyme ptyalin or amylase, it contains only pepsin which digests proteins.
3. Hence carbohydrates are not digested in the stomach.
4. Carbohydrates are partially digested in the mouth and completely in small intestine.

Question 23.
What process do you follow in your laboratory to study the presence of starch in leaves?
(OR)
(Activity – 1)
How do you test the presence of starch in leaves ? (OR)
Mention the materials required and explain the experiment to prove the presence of starch in leaves. What inference do you draw from this experiment?
Answer:
Aim: To study the presence of starch in leaves.
Apparatus: Beaker, test tube, bunsen burner, tripod stand, asbestos gauze, ethanol, leaf, petridish, iodine solution.
Procedure:

1. Select a leaf of a potted plant with soft thin leaves.
2. Boil the leaf in methylated spirit over a water bath till it becomes pale white due to the removal of chlorophyll.
3. Observe the leaf.
   
4. Spread the leaf in a dish and add a few drops of tincture iodine / betadine solution on it. Again observe the leaf.

Observation: The presence of starch will be indicated by a blue-black colour in leaf. Result: The experiment proves that starch is present in leaves. It is formed by Photo-synthesis.
Precautions:

1. Do not boil the methylated spirit test tube directly on flame.
2. Boil the water bath with low flame.

Question 24.
How would you demonstrate that green plants release oxygen when exposed to light? (OR) (Lab Activity)
Write the experimental procedure to prove that oxygen is produced during photosynthesis in the presence of light. (OR)
What materials are required to prove that oxygen is produced during photosynthesis in the presence of light? What procedure we need to follow to perform the above experiment?
We have conducted experiment that prove the release of oxygen when photosynthesis happens?
i) What are the plants used for this experiment? Where do they grow?
ii) How did you conduct the above experiment? In which context large number of air bubbles released? Do you noticed?
Answer:
i) Hydrilla plants are used for this experiment they grow in water.
ii) Experiment to demonstrate the release of oxygen during photosynthesis.
Aim: To prove that oxygen is produced during photosynthesis by hydrilla funnel experiment.
Apparatus: Beaker with water, test tube, funnel, hydrilla twigs, glowing splinter.
Procedure:

1. Arrange the apparatus as shown in the figure.
2. Place some water plant hydrilla in a beaker containing pond water, and cover these by a short stemmed funnel.
3. Invert a test – tube full of water over the stem of the funnel.
4. Ensure that the level of water in the beaker is above the level of stem of the inverted funnel.
5. Place the apparatus in the sun for at least 2 or 3 hours.
6. After sometime it is observed that gas bubbles come from the hydrilla plant. These bubbles are collected at the end of the test tube pushing the water into the beaker.
7. After sufficient gas is collected test – tube is taken out of the beaker carefully by closing it with thumb.

Observation: Test the gas in the test – tube by inserting a glowing incense stick which would burst into flames. This shows the presence of oxygen.
Result: This shows that oxygen is produced during photosynthesis.
Precautions:

1. Funnel should be smaller than the beaker.
2. Necessary care is to be taken while removing the test tube from the stem of the funnel.

Question 25.
Collect information from your primary health centre of malnutrition child at various ages and make a table your own and display in the classroom.
Answer:

Question 26.
If there were no green plants, all life on the earth would come to an end ! Comment.
(OR)
The survival of organisms would become difficult, if there are no green plants on the earth. How do you support?
Answer:

1. Plants play the most important part in the cycle of nature.
2. Without plants there could be no life on earth.
3. Plants are the only organisms that can make their own food and all other living beings directly or indirectly depend on plants for their food.
4. Moreover plants release oxygen into the atmosphere through photosynthesis.
5. Oxygen is essential for the organisms to respire.
6. Hence without green plants, all life on the earth would come to an end.

Question 27.
Draw a neat labelled diagram of chloroplast found in leaf, and its role in photosynthesis.
Answer:
Role of Chloroplast in photosynthesis:

1. Chloroplasts trap solar energy.
2. They convert that solar energy into chemical energy.
3. They help in the formation of glucose.

Question 28.
Draw the label diagram of human digestive system. List out the parts where peristalsis takes place.
Answer:
Parts where peristalsis takes place: Oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine.

Question 29.
Raheem prepared a model showing the passage of the food through different parts of the alimentary canal. Observe this and label its parts.
Answer:

Question 30.
Observe the following diagram and write a note on light dependent, light independent reactions.
Answer:
Note on light dependent reactions:

1. Light dependent reactions are also called as photochemical phase.
2. The light dependent reaction takes place in chlorophyll containing thylakoids called grana of chloroplasts.
3. Several steps occur in the light dependent reaction.
4. Step – 1: The chlorophyll on exposure to light energy becomes activated by absorbing photons.
5. Step – II: The energy is used in splitting the water molecule into two component ions named hydrogen (H⁺), hydroxyl ion (OH^–). This reaction is known as photolysis.
6. Step – III: OH^– ions through a series of steps produce water (H₂O) and O₂.
7. The end products of light reaction are ATP, NADPH and O₂.

Note on dark reaction or light independent reaction:

1. In light independent phase the hydrogen of the NADPH is used to combine it with CO₂, by utilizing ATP energy and to produce glucose.
2. This synthesis occurs in a number of steps using certain special intermediate compounds (mainly RUBP – Ribulose hi phosphate) and enzymes. Finally glucose is converted to starch.
3. All these reactions occur in the stroma region of the chloroplast.

Question 31.
Almost all the living world depends on plants for food material. How do you appreciate the process of making food by the green plants?
(OR)
What facts about the green plants do you appreciate?
Answer:
Leaf is a wonderful machine to synthesize food:

1. The leaf is the important site of photosynthesis and is called as food factory of the plant.
2. This plant organ can be treated as a wonderful natural machine which converts solar energy into useful chemical energy.
3. With all his scientific knowledge and technical skills, man has not produced anything similar leaf for utilization of solar energy without polluting the atmosphere.
4. This machine provides food and supports the life by providing oxygen for all the organisms including man on this planet.
5. Nature has given us such a wonderful machine free !!

Question 32.
Even a hard solid food also becomes smooth slurry in the digestive system by the enzymes released at a particular time. This mechanism is an amazing fact. Prepare a cartoon on it.
Answer:

Question 33.
What are good food habits?
Answer:
The food habits I am going to follow after reading this chapter are:

1. I take balanced diet which contains proper amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals.
2. I avoid taking food containing high proportion of fat.
3. I eat food as much required by my body. I do not over eat.
4. I will not eat rich meals over several days.
5. I eat simple balanced meals, eat it leisurely and thoroughly masticating the food.
6. I avoid doing violent exercise soon after eating food.
7. I empty the bowels regularly avoiding constipation.
8. I will see to have plenty of roughages in the diet.

(OR)
After reading the chapter nutrition, I would like to follow the following food habits.

1. Having simple, well balanced meals.
2. Eating them in a leisurely manner.
3. Thoroughly masticating the food.
4. Avoiding strenuous exercise soon after eating food.
5. Drinking plenty of water and having regular bowel movement.
6. Decreasing consumption of coffee or tea per day.
7. Taking leafy vegetables at least 3 times a week and taking of fruits and vegetables plenty.
8. Maintaining regular timings for daily food consumption.

Fill in the blanks.

1. The food synthesized by the plant is stored as ———–.
2. ———– are the sites of photosynthesis.
3. Pancreatic juice contains enzymes for carrying the process of digestion of ———– and ———–.
4. The finger-like projections which increases the surface area in small intestine are called ———–.
5. The gastric juice contains ———– acid.
6. ———– vitamin is synthesized by bacteria present in intestine.

Answer:

1. carbohydrates
2. Chloroplasts
3. proteins, fats
4. Villi
5. HCl
6. Cyanocobalamin

Choose the correct answer.

1. Which of the following plant take the food by parasitic nutrition? [ ]
   A) Yeast
   B) Mushrooms
   C) Cuscuta
   D) Leeches
   Answer: C & D
2. The rate of photosynthesis is not affected by [ ]
   A) Light intensity
   B) Humidity
   C) Temperature
   D) Carbon dioxide concentration
   Answer: B
3. A plant is kept in dark cupboard for about forty eight hours before conducting any experiment on photosynthesis in order to [ ]
   A) Remove chlorophyll from leaves
   B) Remove starch from leaves
   C) Ensure that no photosynthesis occurred
   D) Ensure that leaves are free from the starch
   Answer: B
4. The digestive juice without enzyme is [ ]
   A) Bile
   B) Gastric juice
   C) Pancreatic juice
   D) Saliva
   Answer: A
5. In single-celled animals, the food is taken by [ ]
   A) the entire body surface
   B) mouth
   C) teeth
   D) vacuoles
   Answer: A
6. Which part of the plant takes in carbon dioxide from the air for photosynthesis? [ ]
   A) Root hair
   B) Stomata
   C) Leaf veins
   D) Sepals
   Answer: B

10th Class Biology 1st Lesson Nutrition – Food Supplying System Activities

Activity – 1

How do you prove experimentally that carbon dioxide is necessary for photosynthesis by Mohl’s half leaf experiment?
(OR)
List out the materials required and the procedure to be followed to prove that ‘carbon dioxide’ is essential for photosynthesis.
(OR)
You know that the factors like CO₂, Light and Chlorophyll are essential for photosynthesis. Write any one of experiment related to the factors essential for photosynthesis.
Answer:
Aim:
To prove-that carbon dioxide is essential for photosynthesis by Mohl’s half leaf experiment.
Apparatus:
Wide mouthed transparent bottle, KOH solution, potted plant, vertically split cork, Iodine solution.
Procedure:
Arrange the apparatus as shown in the figure.

1. Take a healthy potted plant and keep it in the dark for nearly a week for the removal of starch from the leaves.
2. A wide mouthed transparent bottle is taken.
3. Put potassium hydroxide pellets or potassium hydroxide solution (KOH) in the bottle.
4. This KOH absorbs CO₂ present in the bottle.
5. Insert splitted cork in the mouth of the bottle.
6. Insert one of the leaves of destarched plant through a split cork into transparent bottle.
7. Arrange half of the leaf is inside bottle and the remaining half outside.
8. Leave the plant in the sunlight for 2-3 hours.
9. After a few hours, test this leaf and other leaf of this plant for starch.

Observation :

1. The part of the leaf outside the bottle turns blue-black because starch is formed in this part due to photosynthesis.
2. The part of the leaf inside the bottle does not turn blue-black because the carbon dioxide present inside the bottle is absorbed by potassium hydroxide solution.
3. All the other factors water, sunlight and chlorophyll are available but not CO₂. Hence starch is not formed in the leaf part which is inside the bottle.

Result: This experiment proves that CO₂ is necessary for photosynthesis. Precautions:

1. The part of the leaf kept inside the bottle should not touch potassium hydroxide solution.
2. The apparatus should be kept air tight by applying grease or vaseline.

Activity – 2

Sunlight is necessary to form starch in green leaves.
(OR)
Write the materials required and the procedure to prove that light is essential for Photosynthesis.
(OR)
Write the procedure, precautions and observations in the lab activity, “Sunlight is necessary for photosynthesis”.
Answer:
Aim:
To prove that light is necessary for photosynthesis to form starch.
Apparatus:
Potted plant, light screen, iodine solution.

1. Keep potted plant in dark for one week to remove starch.
2. Take one black paper and cut it with your own design.
3. Keep design paper properly on the both sides with the help of clips.
4. Ensure that light does not pass through the covered area with black paper.
5. Keep the arranged apparatus at sunlight available area.
6. After few hours of exposure to bright sunlight detach the leaf.
7. Boil the leaf in methylated spirit over water bath. It becomes pale white due to the removal of chlorophyll. Take the leaf from test tube and spread the leaf in a petridish.
8. Add few drops of Iodine on leaf. The parts of the leaf, which could get light through the cut out design, turns blue-black colour.
9. The parts of the leaf which could not get light are not turned into blue – black colour.
   

Observation:
It is observed that only the parts of the leaf, which could get light through the cut out design, turn blue black, showing the presence of starch.

Result:
This experiment proves that light is necessary to form starch in the process of photosynthesis.

Activity – 3

Demonstrate litmus paper test on salivary amylase in the mouth.
Answer:

1. Before taking food into the mouth, take a litmus indicator paper and touch it to the tongue.
2. We observe no colour change in litmus paper.
3. Perform the litmus test again after chewing the food and swallowing it.
4. The red litmus paper turns to blue colour.
5. The blue litmus paper do not turns to red colour.
6. This demonstrates that amylase converts complex carbohydrates to simple sugar.
7. Amylase is alkaline in nature. This turns litmus paper blue when touches glucose at the second time.
   

Activity – 4

Observe different digestive enzymes and their role in digesting food in a tabular form.
Answer:

10th Class Biology 1st Lesson Nutrition – Food Supplying System InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 2

Question 1.
Can you think of some raw materials needed for photosynthesis?
Answer:
Yes. Photosynthesis needs the following raw materials.

1. Sunlight, CO₂ water are external factors.
2. Chlorophyll and enzymes are internal factors.

Question 2.
What could be the end products of the process of photosynthesis?
Answer:
Glucose, water and oxygen are the end products of photosynthesis.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 4

Question 3.
Do you think solar energy transforms into chemical energy by the process of photosynthesis?
Answer:
Yes, solar energy transforms into chemical energy by the process of photosynthesis.

Question 4.
What are the materials that you think would be essential for the synthesis of carbohydrates in the process of photosynthesis?
Answer:
The materials essential for the synthesis of carbohydrates in the process of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide, water, sunlight and chlorophyll.

Question 5.
Do you think the equation tells us about all the materials involved?
Answer:
Yes, the materials which are essential for photosynthesis and the products formed are involved in the equation.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 5

Question 6.
What had Priestly done to introduce the mint plant without disturbing the experimental setup?
Answer:
Priestly should have tilted the bell jar to one side and introduced the mint plant without disturbing the experimental set up.

Question 7.
How did Priestly light the candle from outside?
Answer:
Priestly might have used convex lens through which beam of sun rays can light the candle from outside or he might have used long burning stick, to light the candle by lifting the jar partially.

Question 8.
Do you find any relationship between candle, rat, mint plant? Discuss.
Answer:
Priestly’s experiment confirmed that gaseous exchange was going on and plants were giving out a gas that supported burning and was essential for the survival of animals.
By combustion process candle releases carbondioxide. By respiration process rat also releases carbondioxide. During photosynthesis process mint plant uses this carbondioxide and releases oxygen. This oxygen will be used by rat to stay alive and for the candle to burn.
So there is a relationship between respiration and photosynthesis by candle, rat and mint plant.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 6

Question 9.
Why was the plant kept in dark and then in sunlight?
Answer:

1. The plant is kept in the dark for nearly a week to remove the starch from the leaves.
2. Then only we can understand that the starch is formed in the leaves or not after the experiment when the plant is kept in the sunlight.

Question 10.
Why did we study two leaves in the Mohl’s half leaf experiment?
Answer:

1. To test CO₂ is essential or not for photosynthesis, two leaves are used in the experiment.
2. One leaf with the plant and another one used in the experiment.
3. The leaf which is exposed to the atmospheric air becomes bluish-black. It proves that starch is prepared in the leaf by using CO₂ from atmosphere.
4. The leaf inside the flask containing potassium hydroxide, which absorbs CO₂ present in the bottle does not become bluish black. It shows that CO₂ is necessary for photosynthesis.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 7

Question 11.
What precautions do you need while removing test tube from the beaker? Discuss with your teacher.
Answer:

1. When sufficient gas is collected lift the test tube carefully from the beaker by closing its mouth with the thumb.
2. Because of that the gas present in the test tube cannot escape into the atmosphere.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 8

Question 12.
Which part of leaf turns blue black? What about the remaining part?
Answer:

1. The part of the leaf, which could get light through the cut design turns to blue black showing the presence of starch.
2. The remaining part of the leaf which did not get light, do not turn blue, indicating that starch is not prepared.

Question 13.
Observe the colour of the leaf stained with iodine. Can you tell why it is stained differently?
Answer:

1. Some parts of the leaf prepared starch.
2. Some parts of the leaf does not prepared starch.
3. So it is stained differently.

Question 14.
What about plants having coloured leaves?
Answer:
Plants having coloured leaves also carry out photosynthesis. The coloured leaves containing pigments pass on the energy of sunlight trapped by them to chlorophyll.

Question 15.
How is that new leaves which look dark red in colour in several plants turn green?
Answer:

1. The new leaves which look dark red in colour contain coloured chromoplasts.
2. As the leaf grows the chromoplasts turns to chloroplasts and the leaf appears green in colour.

Question 16.
Do plants having reddish or yellowish leaves also carry out photosynthesis?
Answer:

1. Yes. Plants having reddish or yellowish leaves also carry out photosynthesis.
2. The pigments present in reddish or yellowish leaves pass on the energy of sunlight trapped by them to chlorophyll.

Question 17.
What made plants carry out photosynthesis while even green coloured animals (like some birds) could not?
Answer:

1. Chlorophyll and other pigment molecules trap (harvest) solar energy, convert it into chemical energy in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast.
2. But animals having green colour on their body cannot trap solar energy and cannot perform photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is possible only in plants but not in animals.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 9

Question 18.
Where is chlorophyll and other pigments present in the plant?
Answer:
Chlorophyll and other pigments are present in the grana thylakoids of chloroplast in leaf.

Question 19.
Do you think the new reddish leaves of plants also carry out photosynthesis? What could be the role of their colour?
Answer:

1. Yes. New reddish leaves of plants also carry out photosynthesis.
2. Chromoplasts are responsible for the reddish colour of leaves.
3. They also pass on the energy of sunlight which they trap to the photosystems.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 10

Question 20.
What makes chloroplast appear completely different from other cell organelles?
Answer:

1. Substances found in chloroplast, which capture sunlight are called photosynthetic pigments.
2. Two major kinds of chlorophyll are associated with thylakoid membranes.
3. Chlorophyll – a (blue – green in colour) and chlorophyll – b (yellow – green); around 250 to 400 pigment molecules are grouped as light harvesting units in each granum.
4. Such innumerable units in chloroplasts make them appear completely different from other organelles.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 13

Question 21.
What happens to the food once it enters our body?
Answer:

1. The food once enters our body it gets digested by various enzymes in different parts of alimentary canal.
2. Digestion starts in the mouth and it completes in the small intestine.
3. Finally it absorbed in the small intestine into the circulatory system.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 15

Question 22.
Name the enzymes which act on carbohydrates.
Answer:
Ptyalin (salivary amylase), amylase and sucrose are the enzymes that act on carbohydrates.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 16

Question 23.
What are the end products of fats?
Answer:
The end products of fats are fatty acids and glycerol.

Question 24.
What are the enzymes that act on proteins?
Answer:
Pepsin, Trypsin and Peptidases are the enzymes that act on proteins.

Question 25.
Which digestive juice contains no enzymes?
Answer:
Bile juice produced by liver contains no enzymes.

Question 26.
What do you think about the process of digestion?
Answer:

1. The process of digestion occurs in the alimentary canal or digestive system.
2. During the process of digestion large complex macro molecules present in the food are converted to simple and small molecules.
3. Digestion provides the food material properly absorbed by the body.

Question 27.
What are the major steps of digestion?
Answer:
The major steps of digestion are

1. Ingestion
2. Digestion
3. Absorption and
4. Defecation.

10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 18

Question 28.
Collect information about pellagra and discuss with your teacher.
Answer:

1. Pellagra is a vitamin-deficient disease.
2. Niacin (Vitamin – B₃) is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
3. The resources for vitamin – B₃ are kidney, liver, meat, egg, fish, oil seeds and legumes.
4. Deficiency of niacin results in a disease called PELLAGRA.

Symptoms: Pellagra is described by 3 Ds – Diarrhoea, Dermatitis, Dementia.
A more comprehensive list of symptoms include

1. Sensitivity to sunlight
2. Aggression
3. Dermatitis
4. Alopecia (hair loss)
5. Edema (swelling)

Smooth, beefy red, glossitis, red skin lesions, insomnia (sleepless), weakness, mental confusion, nerve damage are the symptoms of this pellagra.

Prevention: By taking of yeast, meat, fish, milk, eggs, green vegetables, beans and cereal grains, we can prevent this disease.

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Physics Solutions Chapter 1 Heat Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Physics Solutions 1st Lesson Heat

10th Class Physics 1st Lesson Heat Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
What would be the final temperature of a mixture of 50 g of water at 20° C temperature and 50 g of water at 40° C temperature? (AS1)
Answer:
In CGS system :
Mass m₁ = 50 g
Higher temperature = T₁ = 40° C
Mass m₂ = 50 g
Lower temperature = T₂ = 20° C

Question 2.
Explain, why dogs pant during hot summer days using the concept of evaporation. (AS1)
(OR)
How do dogs cool their body? Explain by using the process of evaporation.
Answer:

• Dogs pant during hot summer days and get their body cooled. This cooling effect is due to evaporation.
• Evaporation is a surface phenomenon. Temperature of a system falls during evaporation.
• During summer the temperature in the human body increases.
• The temperature of the skin becomes higher and the water in the sweat glands starts evaporating. Since evaporation is a cooling process human body becomes cool.
• Dogs don’t have sweat glands. Their body is covered with hair. They have sweat glands only in their feet.
• So by panting the water on the tongue undergoes evaporation resulting in the cooling of the dog’s body.

Question 3.
Why do we get dew on the surface of a cold soft drink bottle kept in open air? (AS1)
(OR)
Raju observed small droplets of water outside a cold soft drink bottle kept in open air. What is the reason for the formation of droplets?
Answer:

• When cold soft drink bottle is kept in open air, the temperature of surrounding air is higher than the temperature of cold drink bottle.
• Air contains molecules in the form of vapour.
• During the motion of water molecules in air strike the surface of cold drink bottle.
• Then the molecules of air lose their kinetic energy which leads to lower the temperature and they convert into droplets.
• So dew is formed on the surface of cold soft drink bottle.

Question 4.
Write the differences between evaporation and boiling. (AS1)
(OR)
Sita observed decrease in quantity of spirit kept in a vessel placed in open air. Whereas Ramu observed formation of bubbles on a water surface when it is heated. What are those two processes? Distinguish between those two processes.
Answer:

Evaporation	Boiling
1. The process of escaping of molecules from the surface of a liquid at any temperature is called evaporation.	1. The process in which the liquid phase changes to gaseous phase at constant temperature. This temperature is called boiling point of liquid.
2. Evaporation takes place at any temperature.	2. Boiling takes place at a definite temperature.
3. The temperature of liquid gets down.	3. The temperature of liquids increases up to a constant temperature.
4. The kinetic energy does not change.	4. The kinetic energy of the molecules increases with the increase of temperature.
5. The evaporation depends on surface area, wind, speed, humidity.	5. The boiling depends on atmospheric pressure.
6. It is surface phenomenon.	6. It is bulk phenomenon.
7. Eg : 1) Wet clothes dries. 2) Sea water evaporates to form clouds.	7. Eg : 1) Water boils at 100° C.

Question 5.
Does the surrounding air become warm or cool when vapour phase of H₂O condenses? Explain. (AS1)
Answer:

• Gases have more higher energy than liquids and solids.
• When vapour condenses, it changes from gas to liquid.
• Therefore there is a drop in energy.
• This energy has to go (somewhere) to the surroundings.
• So surrounding air becomes warm when vapour phase of H20 condenses.

Question 6.
Answer these. (AS1)
a) How much energy is transferred when 1 gm of boiling water at 100°C condenses to water at 100°C?
Answer:
CGS system :
Mass of water = m = 1 gm
Latent heat of vapourisation = 540 cal/gm.
The amount of heat energy released when 1 gm of boiling water at 100°C condenses to water at 100°C
Q = mL_vapour = 1 × 540 = 540 cal.

(OR)

In SI system :
Mass of water = m = 1 gm = 1 × 10^-3 kg
Latent heat of vapourisation = 540 cal/gm.
The amount of heat energy released when 1 gm of boiling water at 100°C condenses to water at 100°C
Q = mL_vapour – 1 × 540 = 540 cal.
In SI, Q = 540 × 4.18 = 2257 J.

b) How much energy is transferred when 1 gm of boiling water at 100° C cools to water 0° C?
Answer:
CGS system :
Latent heat of vapourisation = 540 cal/gm
The amount of heat energy released when 1 gm of boiling water at 100°C condenses to water at 100 °C. m = 1 gm.
Q₁ = mL_vapour = 1 × 540 = 540 cal.
The specific heat of water = 1 cal/gm-°C
Difference in temperature = 100-0 = 100°C.
The heat released to cool water to 0°C is
Q₂ = mS∆T = 1 × 1 × 100 = 100 cal.
∴ Total energy released = 540 + 100 = 640 cal.

c) How much energy is released or absorbed when 1 gm of water at 0° C freezes to ice at 0° C?
Answer:
In CGS system :
Mass of water = m = 1 gm
Latent heat of fusion of ice (L) = 80 cal/gm
The energy transferred or released when 1 gm of water at 0° C freezes to ice at 0° C.
Q = mL_freeze = 1 × 80 = 80 Cal.

(OR)

In SI system :
Mass of water = m = 1 gm = \(\frac{1}{1000} \mathrm{~kg}\)
Latent heat of fusion = L = 3.36 × 10⁵ J/kg.
Amount of heat released or transferred when lgm of water at 0°C freezes to ice at 0°C.
Q = mL_fusion = \(\frac{1}{1000} \mathrm{~kg}\) × 3.36 × 10⁵ = 3.36 × 10² = 336J.

(OR)

In CGS system :
Mass of water = m = 1 gm
Latent heat of fusion of ice (L) = 80 cal/gm
The energy transferred or released when 1 gm of water at 0° C freezes to ice at 0°C.
Q = mL_freeze = 1 × 80 – 80 cal.
(Or)
In SI system : In SI, Q = 80 × 4.2 [1 cal = 4.2 J]
Q = 1 x 10^-3 × 3.36 × 10⁵ = 3 36 J.

d) How much energy is released or absorbed when 1 gm of steam at 100°C turns to ice at 0°C?
Answer:
In CGS system :
Mass of water = m = 1 gm
Latent heat of vapourisation = L_vapour = 540 cal/gm
Latent heat of fusion of ice = L_fusion = 80 cal
Specific heat of water = S = 1 cal/gm-0°C
Difference in temperature
∆T = 100 – 0 = 100°C.
The energy transferred when 1 gram of steam at 100°C turns to ice at 0°C
Q = mL_vapour + mS∆T + mL_fusion
= 1 × 540 + 1 × 1 × 100 + 1 × 80 = 540 + 100 + 80 = 720 cal.

(OR)

Mass of water = m = 1 gm = \(\frac{1}{1000} \mathrm{~kg}\)
Latent heat of vapourisation = L_vapour = 2.25 × 10⁶ J/kg
Latent heat of fusion = L_fusion = 3.36 × 10⁵ J/kg
Difference in temperature
∆T = 373 – 273 – 100 K.
Specific heat of water = 4180 J/kg-K
The energy transferred when 1 gram of steam at 100° C turns to ice at 0°C =

(OR)

In CGS system :
Conversion : Steam at 100°C → Water at 100°C → Water at 0°C → Ice at 0°C.
Mass of water = m = 1 gm
Latent heat of vapourisation = L_vapour = 540 cal/gm
Latent heat of fusion of ice = L_fusion = 80 cal
Specific heat of water = S = 1 cal/gm-0°C
Difference in temperature
∆T= 100-0 = 100°C.
The energy transferred when 1 gram of steam at 100°C turns to ice at 0°C
Q = mL_vapour + mS∆T + mL_fusion
= 1 × 540 + 1 × 1 × 100 + 1 × 80
= 540 + 100 + 80 = 720 cal. = 720 × 4.18 = 3009.6 J.

Question 7.
Explain the procedure of finding specific heat of solid experimentally. (AS1)
(OR)
Determination of specific heat of solid experimentally.
(OR)
Ravi wanted to prepare solid with high specific heat to use on cooking utensil. What fool does he need to find the specific heat of aluminium and copper? How should he conduct the experiment?
Answer:
Aim : To find the specific heat of given solid.
Apparatus : Calorimeter, thermometer, stirrer, water, steam heater, wooden box and lead shots.

Procedure:

• Measure the mass of the calorimeter with stirrer = m₁ gm
• Fill water one third volume of calorimeter and measure the mass = m₂ gm.
• At this time initial temperature = T₁.
• Mass of the water = m₂ – m₁ gm.
• Take a few lead shots and place them in steam heater and heat up to 100° C. Let this temperature be T₂.
• Transfer the lead shots into calorimeter and measure the final (or) resultant temperature T₃.
• Mass of calorimeter with contents = m₃ gm and mass of lead shots = m₃ – m₂ gm.
• If the specific heats of the calorimeter, lead shots and water are S_c, S_l and S_w respectively, by using method of mixtures we have
  Heat lost by the solid = Heat gained by the calorimeter + water
  
• Knowing the specific heats of calorimeter and water we can calculate specific heat of solid (lead shots).

Question 8.
Convert 20° C into Kelvin scale. (or) Change 20°C into absolute scale. (AS1)
Answer:
T = t°C + 273 = 20 + 273 = 293
⇒ T = 293 K.

Question 9.
Your friend is asked to differentiate between evaporation and boiling. What questions could you ask to make him to know the differences between evaporation and boiling? (AS2)
(OR)
Veena found that the water kept in a pot is cool and Siva observed when water is heated the temperature remains constant for some time until water turns into vapour. What are the processes involved in these two aspects? Ask some questions to understand these aspects.
Answer:
The questions asked by me are :

• How do wet clothes get dried without heating?
• Are boiling and evaporation one and same or different?
• Is there any difference in kinetic energy if it boils?
• Is the temperature the main cause for boiling and evaporation?
• What are the factors which influence evaporation?
• Is boiling temperature for water always 100° C?

Question 10.
What happens to the water when wet clothes dry? (AS3)
Answer:

1. When wet clothes dry, the water present in the clothes is evaporated.
2. So that the process of evaporation causes the wet clothes dry.

Question 11.
Equal amounts of water are kept in a cap and in a dish. Which will evaporate faster? Why? (AS3)
(OR)
Srinu kept. equal amounts of water in a cap and in a dish in open air. What is his observation? Explain the experiment.
Answer:
Aim : To show the evaporation of equal amounts of water in cap and dish.
Apparatus : Cap, dish, water.

Procedure :

• Take equal amounts of water in cap and dish. Keep them in open air for two hours. Now weigh the water in the cap and the dish.
• We can observe that the weight of water in dish is less than that of water in cap.
• This shows that the water in dish has more evaporation than the water in cap.
• It is due to more surface area of dish.
• As the surface area increases rate of evaporation also increases.

Question 12.
Suggest an experiment to prove that rate of evaporation of a liquid depends on its surface area and vapour already present in surrounding air. (AS3)
Answer:
Aim: The rate of evaporation of liquid depends on its surface area and vapour already present in surrounding air.
Apparatus : Two dishes of different surface areas and water.

Procedure :

• Take two dishes of different surface area.
• Pour equal amounts of water in the both dishes.
• Keep aside for two to three hours.
• Observe them after some time.
  Dish with more surface area has less quantity of water than the dish having less surface area. ,
• This shows evaporation increases with increasing of surface area.
• Take two dishes of equal surface area containing water.
• This experiment should be conducted on more humid day and less humid day.
• We will find that evaporation is less on more humid day due to more vapour in the air.
• So evaporation decreases with vapour in the air.

Question 13.
Place a Pyrex funnel with its mouth-down in a sauce pan full of water, in such a way that the stem tube of the funnel is above the water or pointing upward into air. Rest the edge of the bottom portion of the funnel on a nail or on a coin so that water can get under it. Place the pan on a stove and heat it till it begins to boil. Where do the bubbles form first? Why? Can you explain how a natural geyser works using this experience? (AS4)
Answer:

• When Pyrex funnel with its mouth down in a sauce pan then the bubbles formed by the heat energy come from the top of the funnel.
• That is from stem tube.
• This is because of pressure inside mouth of funnel increases rapidly due to increasing of heat energy.
• Pressure inside the funnel rs more than outside the funnel and very high at stem.
• Hence, bubbles come from stem of the funnel and escapes through stem tube with force, like a geyser.

Working of natural geyser by using this experience :

• Geysers are the fountains of hot water coming under the layers of the earth.
• It is a hole with narrow and deep from the bottom of the earth layers.
• It contains water.
• Water heats up due to high temperatures of the inner layers of the earth.
• As by the pressure of water at top layers of the hole, temperature rises, water boils.
• This hot water comes with narrow vent with high pressure, like Lava from the Volcano.

Question 14.
Collect the information about working of natural geyser and prepare a report. (AS4)
Answer:
Natural Geysers :

• Geysers are the fountains of hot water coming under the layers of the earth.
• It is a hole with narrow and deep from the bottom of the earth layers.
  
• It contains water.
• Water heats up due to high temperatures of the inner layers of the earth.
• As by the pressure of water at top layers of the hole, temperature rises, water boils.
• This hot water comes with narrow vent with high pressure, like Lava from the Volcano.
• This looks like a water fountain at the surface of the earth.
  

Question 15.
Assume that heat is being supplied continuously to 2 kg of ice at – 5°C. You know that ice melts at 0°C and boils at 100°C. Continue the heating till it starts boiling. Note the temperature for every minute. Draw a graph between temperature and time using the values you get. What do you understand from the graph ? Write the conclusions. (AS5)
Answer:
Graph between time and temperature from ice melting at 5° C to boils at 100° C.

Understanding from the graph :

• \(\overline{\mathrm{AB}}\) = Ice warms up from – 5°C to 0°C
• \(\overline{\mathrm{BC}}\) = Ice melts at 0°C for a certain time period. So \(\overline{\mathrm{BC}}\) indicates no rising in temperature.
• \(\overline{\mathrm{CD}}\) = Water warms up from 0°C to 100° C, \(\overline{\mathrm{CD}}\) indicates rising in temperature.
• \(\overline{\mathrm{DE}}\) = Water boils at 100° C for a certain time period. So \(\overline{\mathrm{DE}}\) indicates no rising in temperature.

Conclusion :

• The temperature remains same at 0° C until all the ice converted into water. So, 0° C is the melting point of water.
• The temperature remains constant at 100° C until all the water converted into water vapour. So, 100° C is the boiling point of the water.

Question 16.
How do you appreciate the role of the higher specific heat of water in stabilising atmospheric temperature during winter and summer seasons? (AS6)
Answer:

• Due to higher specific heat of water oceans absorb the solar energy for maintaining a relatively constant temperature.
• Oceans absorb large amounts of heat at the equator.
• The oceans moderate the surrounding temperature near the equator.
• Ocean water transports the heat away from the equator to areas closer to the north and south pole.
• This transported heat helps moderate the climate in parts of the Earth that are far from the equator.
• So higher specific heat of water is stabilising atmospheric temperature.
• So we have to extremely appreciate the role of higher specific heat of water to stabilise the atmospheric temperature.

Question 17.
Suppose that 1 / of water is heated for a certain time to rise and its temperature by 2°C. If 2 l of water is heated for the same time, by how much will its temperature. (AS7)
Answer:
Mass of 1 litre of water (m₁) = 1 kg ; ∆T₁ = 2°C
Mass of 2 litres of water (m₂) = 2 kg ; ∆ T₂ = ?
Time duration is same. So same heat is absorbed by water in both the cases
⇒ Q₁ = Q₂
m₁S(∆T₁) = m₂S (∆T₂)

So the rise in temperature for 2 kg of water = 1°C.

Question 18.
What role does specific heat play in keeping a watermelon cool for a long time after removing it from a fridge on a hot day? (AS7)
Answer:

• Generally, watermelon contains large percentage of water.
• Water has high specific heat value than other substances.
• High specific heat substances oppose the increase of temperature. Hence they continuous of the coolingness.
• So watermelon retains coolness after removing from fridge on a hot day due to the high specific cheat of water.

Question 19.
If you are chilly outside the shower stall, why do you feel warm after the bath if you stay in bathroom? (AS7)
Answer:

• In the bathroom, the number of vapour molecules per unit volume is greater than the number of vapour molecules per unit volume outside the room.
• When we try to dry ourselves with a towel, the vapour molecules surrounding you condense on your skin.
• Condensation is a warming process.
• Because of the condensation, you feel warm outside the shower stall when it is chilly.

Question 20.
Three objects A at 30°C, B at 303K and C at 420 K are in thermal contact. Then answer the follwing questions.
(i) Which are in “Thermal equibrium” among A, B and C?
(ii) From which object to another heat transferred? (2 Marks)
Answer:
i) 303K – 273K + 30K = 0°C + 30°C = 30°C.
∴ A and B objects are in ‘Thermal equibrium”.
ii) From object ‘C’ to objects ‘A’ and ‘B’ heat transferred.

Fill in the Blanks

1. The SI unit of specific heat is …………………. .
2. …………………. flows from a body at higher temperature to a body at lower temperature.
3. …………………. is a cooling process.
4. An object A at 10° C and another object B at 10 K are kept in contact, then heat will flow from …………………. to …………………. .
5. The latent heat of fusion of ice is …………………. .
6. Temperature of a body is directly proportional to …………………. .
7. According to the principle of method of mixtures, the net heat lost by the hot bodies is equal to …………………. by the cold bodies.
8. The sultryness in summer days is due to
9. …………………. is used as a coolant.
10. Ice floats on water because …………………. .
Answer:

1. J/kg – K
2. Heat
3. Evaporation
4. A, B
5. 80 cal/gm
6. Average kinetic energy of the molecules of the body.
7. net heat gained
8. high humidity
9. Water
10. the density of ice is less than that of water

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following is a warming process?
A) evaporation
B) condensation
C) boiling
D) all the above
Answer:
B) condensation

2. Melting is a process in which solid phase changes to ………………. .
A) liquid phase
B) liquid phase at constant temperature
C) gaseous phase
D) any phase
Answer:
B) liquid phase at constant temperature

3. Three bodies A, B and C are in thermal equilibrium. The temperature of B is 45° C. Then the temperature of C is ……………… .
A) 45° C
B) 50° C
C) 40° C
D) any temperature
Answer:
A) 45° C

4. The temperature of a steel rod is 330 K. Its temperature in ° C is ……………… .
A) 55° C
B) 57° C
C) 59° C
D) 53° C
Answer:
B) 57° C

5. Specific heat S =

Answer: C

6. Boiling point of water at normal atmospheric pressure is ……………… .
A) 0° C
B) 100° C
C) 110° C
D) -5° C
Answer:
B) 100° C

7. When ice melts, its temperature ……………… .
A) remains constant
B) increases
C) decreases
D) cannot say
Answer:
A) remains constant

10th Class Physics 1st Lesson Heat InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Physics Textbook Page No. 1

Question 1.
Take a piece of wood and a piece of metal and keep them in a fridge or ice box. After 15 minutes, take them out and ask your friend to touch them. Which is colder? Why?
Answer:
1) The metal piece is colder than the wooden piece.
2) Because more heat energy flows out of our body so metal piece gives coldness to our body, than wooden piece.

Question 2.
What could be the reason for difference in coldness of metal and wood?
Answer:

• Due to more heat energy loss by our body when touches the metal piece compared to the wooden piece.
• In other way we say degree of coldness of the metal piece is greater than that of. the wooden piece.

Question 3.
Does it have any relation to the transfer of heat energy from our body to the object?
Answer:

• Yes, the principle of calorimetry, means heat loss by hot body is equal to heat gained by cold body.
• This means that when heat energy flows out of our body we feel the coldness and when heat energy enters our body we feel hotness.

10th Class Physics Textbook Page No. 2

Question 4.
Why does transfer of heat energy take place between objects?
Answer:

• Due to the temperature difference between the two bodies which are in thermal contact.
• Now heat energy transfers from hot body to cold body until they attain same temperature.

Question 5.
Does transfer of heat take place in all situations?
Answer:
No, when the bodies are in thermal equilibrium there is no transfer of heat energy.

Question 6.
What are the conditions for transfer of heat energy?
Answer:

• Two bodies should have difference in temperature.
• They (two bodies) are in thermal contact with each other.
• When the bodies have equal temperature there is no transfer of heat energy.

Question 7.
What is temperature?
(OR)
Define temperature.
Answer:
Temperature : The measure of hotness or coldness of a body is called temperature.

Question 8.
How can you differentiate temperature from heat?
Answer:

• Heat is a thermal energy that flows from hot body to cold body. Temperature is measure of the hotness or coldness of a body.
• Temperature decides direction of heat (energy) flow, whereas heat is energy itself that flows.

10th Class Physics Textbook Page No. 2 & 3

Question 9.
Place a laboratory thermometer in a glass tumbler containing hot water. Observe the change in mercury level. Wffet change did you notice in mercury level? Did mercury level increase or decrease?
Answer:
The mercury level rises up that means temperature of the mercury level increases.

10th Class Physics Textbook Page No. 3

Question 10.
Place a laboratory thermometer in a glass tumbler containing cold water. Observe the change in mercury level. Did mercury level decrease or increase?
Answer:
The mercury level falls down that shows temperature of the mercury level decreases.

Question 11.
If two different systems A and B in thermal contact, are in thermal equilibrium individually with another system C (thermal contact with A and B), will the systems A and B be in thermal equilibrium with each other?
Answer:
Yes, A and B will be in thermal equilibrium with each other that means A and B will have equal temperatures.

Question 12.
How would you convert degree Celsius to Kelvin?
Answer:
Temperature in Kelvin = 273 + Temperature in degree Celsius. [K = t°C + 273]

10th Class Physics Textbook Page No. 4

Question 13.
Take two bowls one with hot water and second with cold water. Gently sprinkle food colour on the surface of the water in both bowls. How do food grains move? Why do they move randomly?
Answer:
We will notice that the grains of food colour move randomly (jiggle). This happens because of the molecules of water on both bowls are in random motion.

Question 14.
Why do the grains in hot water move more rapidly than the grains in cold water?
Answer:

• Temperature kinetic energy. So molecules in hot water have more KE than molecules in cold water.
• As water molecules in hot water move rapidly, grains in hot water move more rapidly than the grains in cold water.

10th Class Physics Textbook Page No. 4 & 5

Question 15.
a) Take a cylindrical jar and pour hot water and then coconut oil in the vessel (do not mix them). Keep thermometers in hot water and coconut oil as shown in figure. The reading of thermometer in hot water decreases, at the same time reading of the thermometer, kept in oil increases. Why does this happen?
Answer:

• Heat transfers from hot water to oil.
• So, water loses heat and shows downfall in temperature.
• Oil takes the heat and shows increasing in the temperature.

b) Can you say that water loses energy’?
Answer:

• Yes. Due to the temperature difference between the water and oil, water loses energy and oil gains energy.
• Thus some heat energy flows from water to oil.
• This means, the kinetic energy of the molecules of water decreases while the kinetic energy of molecules of oil increases.

c) Can you differentiate between heat and temperature based on the heat transmit activity?
Answer:
Heat is the energy that flows from a hotter body to a colder body. Temperature denotes which body is hotter and which is colder. So, temperature determines direction of heat (energy) flow, whereas heat is the energy that flows.

10th Class Physics Textbook Page No. 5 & 6

Question 16.
Place two test tubes containing 50 gm of water, 50 gm of oil in boiling water for same time.
a) In which material does the temperature rise quickly? Are the amounts of heat given to the water and oil same? How can you assume this?
Answer:

• Rise in temperature of oil is faster than the water.
• Yes, same amount of heat energy given to both the oil and water through boiling water.

b) Why does this happen in specific heat?
Answer:
This happens because rise in temperature depends on the nature of substance.

10th Class Physics Textbook Page No. 7

Question 17.
How much heat energy is required to rise the temperature of unit mass of substance (material) by 1°C?
Answer:
Energy equal to its specific heat.

Question 18.
Why is the specific heat different for different substances?
(OR)
Explain why specific heat values are different for different materials.
Answer:

• We know that the temperature of the body is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of particle of the body.
• The molecules of the system have different forms of energies such as linear, rotational kinetic energy, vibrational energy and potential energy.
• When we supply heat energy, it will be shared in different forms and increase the energy in the system.
• This sharing will vary from material to material.
• If the maximum share of heat energy is spent to rise linear kinetic energy, then the system gets increasing in temperature.
• Due to differences in sharing different materials have different specific heats.

10th Class Physics Textbook Page No. 8

Question 19.
Take 200 ml of water in two beakers and heat them to same temperature and pour the water of two beakers into a larger beaker.
What do you observe? What could be the reason for the fact you observed?
Answer:

• The temperature of mixture remains the same.
• The reason is that the masses rise in temperature and the materials are same.

Question 20.
Heat the water in one beaker to 90°C and the other to 60°C. Mix the water from these beakers in large beaker. What will be the temperature of the mixture? What did you notice? Can you give reason for the change in temperature?
Answer:

• The temperature of mixture is 75°C.
• The reason is for a given material the temperature of mixture,
  
• Hot water gives heat to the cold water until thermal equilibrium takes place.
• So, the thermal equilibrium attains at 75°C.

Question 21.
ake 100 ml of water at 90°C and 200 ml of water at 60°C and mix the two. What is the temperature of the mixture? What difference do you notice in change of temperature?
Answer:

• The temperature of mixture is 70°C.
• The reason is here m₁ = 100 gm ; m₂ = 200 gm
  
• Final temperature of the mixture is less than the above case.
• If the quantity increases, the quantity of heat to transfer is also rises to attain thermal equilibrium.
  Here hotter body quantity is less and colder body quantity is high. So, the temperature at thermal equilibrium decreases and stands at 70° C.

10th Class Physics Textbook Page No. 10

Question 22.
When floor of room is washed with water, the water on the floor disappears within minutes. Why does water on the floor disappear after some time?
Answer:
Due to evaporation water disappears from the floor.

Question 23.
Pour a few drops of spirit on your palm. Why does your skin become colder? (1 Mark)
Answer:
Spirit absorbs heat energy from our palm and evaporates. So our palm becomes colder.

10th Class Physics Textbook Page No. 10 & 11

Question 24.
Take a few drops of spirit in two petri dishes separately. Keep one of the dishes under a ceiling fan and switch on the fan. Keep another dish with its lid closed. What do you notice? What could be the reason for this change?
Answer:
1) The spirit in the dish which is kept under the ceiling fan disappears.
2) Whereas we will find some spirit left in the dish that is kept in the lidded dish.
3) The molecules which are escaping from the surface is high and they can’t reach back to liquid due to wind blow. So, evaporation is high under fan.
4) At the same time evaporation is less in the dish which is closed by lid.

10th Class Physics Textbook Page No. 12

Question 25.
Does the reverse process of evaporation take place? When and how does it take place?
Answer:
1) Yes, the reverse process of evaporation takes place.
2) When the vapour molecules lose their kinetic energy which leads to lower the temperature, they convert into droplets.
3) This process is called condensation.

10th Class Physics Textbook Page No. 13

Question 26.
In early morning, during winter, you might have noticed that water droplets form on window panes, flowers, grass, etc. How are these water droplets formed?
(OR)
Why do water drops (dew) form on flowers and grass during morning hours of winter season?
Answer:

• During winter season, in the night times, atmospheric temperature goes down.
• The surfaces of window panes, flowers, grass, etc. become colder.
• The water vapour molecules touch the surfaces, gets cooled and lost its energy.
• Then water vapour condenses on the surface and water drops formed.
• The water droplets condensed on such surfaces are known as dew.

10th Class Physics Textbook Page No. 14

Question 27.
Are the process of evaporation and boiling the same? Explain.
Answer:

• No, they are different.
• Evaporation takes place at any temperature.
• But boiling occurs at particular temperature called the boiling point.

10th Class Physics Textbook Page No. 16

Question 28.
You might have observed coconut oil and ghee getting converted from liquid state to solid state during winter season. What could be the reason for this change? What happens to water kept in a refrigerator? How does it get converted from liquid phase to solid phase?
Answer:
1) If temperature of a substance decreases kinetic energy also decreases.
2) Kinetic energy decreases from water to ice. That means solid state to liquid state.
3) In winter season coconut oil in the form of liquid get down its temperature, hence its kinetic energy also decreases. So, it-freezes.
4) Water, which is kept in refrigerator loses the kinetic energy along with decreasing temperature and freezes.
5) In this way water converted liquid phase to solid phase.

Question 29.
Are the volumes of water and ice formed with same amount of water equal? Why?
Answer:
1) No, the volume of ice is greater than volume of water.
2) Water expands on freezing.
3) That means density of ice is less than density of water.

10th Class Physics 1st Lesson Heat Activities

Activity – 1

1. Explain the term temperature with example.
(OR)
What is the name given to degree of hotness or coldness? Explain the quantity with an example.
Answer:
Procedure: Take a piece of wood and a piece of metal and keep them in fridge or ice box.
Observation : When we touch both of them we feel that metal piece is colder than the wooden piece.

Explanation :

• This is due to more energy flow out of our body when we touch the metal piece as compared with wooden piece.
• The degree of coldness of metal is greater than that of the wooden piece.
• The degree of hotness or coldness is called temperature.
• From this example, we say metal piece is at a lower temperature compared to wooden piece.

Activity – 2

2. What is the measure of thermal equilibrium? How do you prove?
(OR)
How do you prove temperature is the measure of thermal equilibrium?
(OR)
Explain thermal equilibrium with an activity.
Answer:
Procedure :
Take two glass tumblers and fill one of them with hot water and another with cold water.
Explanation & Observation :
1) When we place a thermometer inside the hot water the mercury level of thermometer rises from initial position due to heat transferred from hotter body (hot water) to colder body (mercury in thermometer).
2) When we place the thermometer inside the cold water the mercury level comes down from its initial position due to transfer of heat from mercury (hotter body) to water (colder body).

Conclusion :

• Heat is a form of energy that flows from a body at higher temperature to a body at lower temperature until the temperature remains same for two bodies that is called thermal equilibrium.
• In the above case, the steadiness of mercury column shows that thermal equilibrium is achieved. That reading of mercury column gives temperature.
• Thus temperature is a measure of thermal equilibrium.

Activity – 3

3. Establish the relationship between temperature and average kinetic energy.
(OR)
Suggest an activity to prove that the average kinetic energy of the molecules is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the substances.
(OR)
How do you prove that temperature of a body is an indicator of average kinetic energy?
Answer:
Procedure :

• Take two bowls one with hot water and second with cold water.
• Gently sprinkle food colour on the surface of the water in both bowls.

Observation :
We will observe the jiggling of grains of food colour in hot water is more when compared to jiggling in cold water.

Explanation :

• We know kinetic energy depends on speed motion of particles.
• So the kinetic energy of hotter body is greater than that of colder body.
• Thus the temperature of a body is an indicator of average kinetic energy of molecules of that body.

Conclusion :
Therefore average kinetic energy of molecules is directly proportional to absolute temperature.

Activity – 4

4. Write an activity which tells how heat transmits.
(OR)
In which direction does heat tend to flow? Prove it with an activity.
Answer:

Procedure :

• Take water in a container and heat it to 60° C.
• Take a cylindrical transparent glass jar and fill half of it with the hot water.
• Pour coconut oil over the surface of water.
• Put a lid with two holes on the top of the glass jar.
• Insert two thermometers through the lid in such a way that one inside coconut oil and other in water.

Observation & Explanation :

• Now we can observe that the reading of thermometer kept in water decreases while the reading of thermometer kept in oil increases.
• So temperature of water decreases whereas temperature of oil increases.

Conclusion :

• Heat transmits from hotter body to colder body.
• So temperature determines direction of heat flow.

Activity – 5 Specific Heat

5. Write an activity which gives the relation between rise in temperature and nature of material.
(OR)
“The rate of rise in temperature depends on the nature of substance.” Prove it with an activity.
(OR)
Draw a diagram and label the parts to prove that the rate of increase in temperature depends on the nature of substance.
(OR)
We can observe severe burns with hot oil when compared with hot water.
Which factor will decide this aspect? Explain this process with an example.
Answer:
Procedure :

• Take a large jar with water and heat it up to 80°C.
• Take two identical boiling test tubes with single-holed corks.
• Fill them, one of the boiling tubes with 50 gm of water and other with 50 gm of oil.
• Insert two thermometers in each of tubes and clamp them to retort stand and place them in a jar of hot water.

Observation :

• Observe the readings of thermometers every three minutes.
• We can observe that the rise in temperature of oil is higher than that of water.

Explanation :

• Since both the boiling tubes kept in hot water for the same interval of time, the heat supplied to oil and water is same but rise in temperature of oil is more.
• So we conclude that rise in temperature depends on the nature of substance (specific heat).

Activity – 6

6. Derive Q = mSAT.
(OR)
Establish relationship between heat energy, mass of the substance and rise in temperature.
(OR)
Derive an expression for heat energy.
(OR)
Derive an expression for factors affecting amount of heat energy absorbed.
Answer:
Procedure :

• Take two beakers of equal volume and take 250 grams of water in one beaker and 1 kg of water in another beaker.
• Note their initial temperatures.
• Now heat the two beakers up to 60° C.
• Note down the heating times.

Observation:

• We observe that-the water in large beaker takes more time.
• That means we need to supply more heat enepgy to water in larger beaker (greater quantity of water).

Conclusion :
From this we conclude that for some change in temperature the amount of heat (Q) absorbed by a substance is directly proportional to its mass (m).
Q ∝ m (when ∆T is constant) ………….. (1)

Procedure :
Now take 1 litre of water in a beaker and heat it and note the temperature changes (∆T) for every two minutes and observe the rise internals.

Conclusion:
We will notice that for the same mass (m) of water the change in temperature is proportional to amount of heat (Q) absorbed by it.
Q ∝ ∆T (when m is constant) ………….. (2)
From (1) and (2) Q m∆T (or) Q = mS∆T,
where ‘S’ is called specific heat of substance.

Activity – 7

7. a) How are you able to find the final temperature of the mixture of sample?
(OR)
What is the “Principle of method of mixtures”? Verify it with an activity.
Answer:
Situation – 1 :

• Take two beakers of the same size and pour 200 ml of water in each of them.
• Now heat the water in both beakers to same temperature.
• Now pour water from these beakers into a larger beaker and measure the temperature of the mixture.

Observation :
We can observe that there is no change in temperature.

Situation – 2 :

• Now heat the water in first beaker to 90° C and the other to 60° C.
• Mix the water from these beakers in a large beaker.

Observation :
We can find that the temperature of mixture is 75° C.

Situation – 3 :
Now take 100 ml of water at 90° C and 200 ml of water at 60° C and mix the two. Observation :
We can find that the temperature of mixture is 75° C.

7. b) Derive, a formula for final temperature of mixture of samples.
(OR)
Maveen added hotter water of mass m₁ kept at temperature T₁ to cold water of mass m₂ kept at temperature T₂. Find the expression to find temperature of mixture of samples.
Answer:
Procedure:
1) Let the initial temperatures of the hotter and colder samples of masses m₁ and m₂ be T₁ and T₂.
2) Let T be the final temperature of mixture.

Observation :
The temperature of the mixture is lower than hotter sample and higher than colder sample. Explanation :
So hot sample has lost heat, and the cold sample has gained heat.
The heat lost by the hot sample Q₁ = m₁S (T₁ – T)
The heat gained by the cold sample Q₂ = m₂S (T – T₂)
We know that heat lost = heat gained
Q₁ = Q₂
m₁ S(T₁ – T) = m₂ S(T – T₂)
\(\mathrm{T}=\frac{\mathrm{m}_{1} \mathrm{~T}_{1}+\mathrm{m}_{2} \mathrm{~T}_{2}}{\mathrm{~m}_{1}+\mathrm{m}_{2}}\)

Activity -8

8. Explain the process of evaporation phenomenon with an example.
(OR)
Srinu observed that spirit taken in a petri dish disappears after some time. Explain the process involved in it with an example.
Answer:
Procedure :

• Take a few drops of spirit in two petri dishes separately.
• Keep one of the dishes under a ceiling fan and keep another dish with its lid closed.
• Observe the quantity of spirit in both dishes after 5 minutes.

Observation :
We will notice that spirit in the dish kept under the ceiling fan disappears whereas we will find some spirit left in the dish that is kept in the lidded dish.

Explanation :

• The reason is that the molecules of spirit in dish continuously move with random speeds and collide with other molecules.
• During the collision they transfer energy to other molecules.
• Due to this collision the molecules at the surface acquire energy and fly off from the surface.
• Some molecules come back to liquid.
• If the number of escaping molecules is greater than returned number, then the number of molecules in the liquid decreases.

Conclusion :
When a liquid is exposed to air, the molecules at the surface keep on escaping from the surface till the entire liquid disappears into air. This process is called evaporation.

Activity – 9

9. Explain the process of condensation with example.
(OR)
Explain the process of condensation with an activity.
(OR)
Karan told his friend that he observed that there are some water droplets outside a cold soft drink bottle. Explain the phenomenon involved in the formation of these droplets.
Answer:
Procedure :
Place a glass tumbler on the table. Pour cold water up to half of its height.

Observation :
There are droplets formed outside of the glass.

Explanation :

• The reason is that the surrounding air contains water molecules in the form of water vapour. When the water molecules strike the surface of the glass tumbler which is cool, they lose their kinetic energy.
• This energy lowers the temperature of vapour and it turns into droplets.
• The energy lost by water molecules in air is gained by the molecules of the glass tumbler.
• Hence the average kinetic energy of glass molecules increases. In turn the energy is transferred to water molecules in die glass.

Conclusion :

• So the average kinetic energy and temperature of water in glass increases. This is called condensation.
• Condensation is the phase change from gas to liquid.

Activity – 10

10. Explain the process of boiling with an example.
(OR)
Why do we observe bubbles on the surface of water which has been heated ? What is the phenomenon involved in it? Explain.
Answer:
Procedure :
Take a beaker of water, keep it on the burner and note the readings of thermometer for every two minutes.

Observation :

• We will notice that the temperature of the water rises continuously till it reaches 100° C.
• Once it reaches 100° C the temperature remains same and a lot of bubbling on the surface takes place. This is called boiling of water.

Explanation :

• It happens due to when water is heated the solubility of gases it contains reduces.
• As a result, bubbles of gas are formed in the liquid.
• Evaporation of water molecules from the surrounding liquid occurs into these bubbles and they become filled with saturated vapour.
• At a certain temperature, the pressure of the saturated vapour inside the bubbles becomes equal to the pressure exerted on the bubbles from the outside.

Conclusion :

• As a result, these bubbles rise rapidly to the surface and collapse at the surface releasing vapour present in bubbles into air at the surface. This process is called “boiling”.
• This temperature is called ‘boiling temperature”.

Activity – 11

11. Explain the process of melting and latent heat of fusion.
(OR)
When ice is heated to 0°C it starts to turn into water. But temperature remains ‘ constant for some time. What is the process involved in this? Explain.
Answer:
Procedure :

• Take small ice cubes in a beaker. Insert the thermometer in the beaker.
• Now start heating the beaker and note down readings of thermometer every one minute till the ice completely melts and gets converted into water.
• Before heating the temperature of ice is 0°C or less than 0°C.

Observation :

• We will observe that the temperature of ice at the beginning is equal to or below 0°C.
• If the temperature of ice is below 0°C, it goes on changing till it reaches 0°C.
• When ice starts melting, we will observe no change in temperature though you are supplying heat continuously.

Explanation:

• Given heat energy uses to break the bonds (H₂O) in ice and melts.
• So, temperature is constant while melting.

Conclusion:

• This process is called melting. In this process, heat converts solid phase to liquid phase.
• The temperature of the substance does not change until all the ice melts and converts into water.
• The heat given to melting is called latent heat of fusion.
• The heat required to convert 1 gm of solid completely into liquid at constant temperature is called “latent heat of fusion”.

Activity – 12

12. Why does a glass bottle tilled with water break when it is placed in deep freezer for some time?
(OR)
Prove that density of ice is less than that of water.
(OR)
How do you prove that volume of ice is more than that of water?
Answer:
Procedure :

• Take a small glass bottle with a tight lid and fill it with water, without any gap and fix the lid tightly.
• Put the bottle into the deep freezer of a refrigerator for a few hours.

Observation :
When we take it out from the deep freezer, we can observe that the glass bottle breaks.

Explanation :

• These cracks on the bottle due to expansion of the substance in the bottle.
• This means water expands on freezing.

Conclusion :

• Water expands on freezing.
• Ice has less density than water.

 

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 22nd Lesson Citizens and the Governments Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 22nd Lesson Citizens and the Governments

10th Class Social Studies 22nd Lesson Citizens and the Governments Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Using the following case study, explain the role of different departments of the Government and citizens in the context of RTI. Also, write how can the RTI make the functioning of the governments more transparent.

The following incident occurred in Chinnashankarampet of Medak district. Members of the Self Help Groups joined in Abhaya Hastam, Aam Aadmi schemes of the Rural Welfare Ministry of the State Government. Under this scheme, their children who were students of classes 9 to 12 were eligible for scholarships of Rs. 1200. However, for 3 years, students have not been receiving the amount for the years during 2008-11. The students went to the IKP (Indira Kranthi Pathakam) office and enquired about it but the officers ignored their requests.

This came to the notice of the local newspapers. Now they applied to the officers concerned for the information with regard to the scholarships sanctioned. They asked about the number of beneficiaries and the amount sanctioned during 2008-09, 09-10 and 10-11. They got reply in one week. The amount was 7 lakh rupees. It became clear from the RTI records that even though the amount was sanctioned, it was not distributed. When it was published in the newspapers the amount was distributed to 1167 children within 15 days.

Answer:
Following the case study above we can assess the role of the departments handling different schemes like SHG, IKP, Abhaya Hastam and Aam Aadmi, etc.
Having learnt of the knowledge of RTI and applying for information of the scholarships sanctioned helped the beneficiaries.
The RTI can make the functioning of the Government more transparent. Students who did not receive scholarships for 3 long years were given the same within 15 days. Not only that not providing information asks for punishment on the part of PIOs.

Question 2.
How do you think RTI would help in improving and monitoring the work of the governments?
“RTI would help in improving and monitoring the work of the governments”- Do you agree with this? Support your answer.
Answer:

1. In any democratic system, governments are responsible and accountable to people.
2. Earlier accountability of government departments and its functionaries were mostly limited to the elected representatives of people.
3. Enactment of the RTI effectively means that individual government departments now have a responsibility to maintain records and make them available to any citizen who may ask for it.
4. So, if there are any discrepancies, they will be brought out and who are responsible will be given punishments.
5. So, in this way government functioning can be bettered and monitored well.

Question 3.
What is identified as information? How is this generated in Government Departments? Would it include oral communication between senior and junior officers?
Answer:

1. According to RTI Act, information is defined as material in any form, including records, documents, memos, e-mails, opinions, advices, press releases, circulars, orders, logbooks, contracts, reports, papers, samples, models, data material held in any electronic form, and information relating to any private body which can be assessed by a public authority under any other law for the time being in force.
2. Enactment of the RTI effectively means that individual government departments now have a responsibility to maintain records and make them available to any citizen who may ask for it.
3. The oral instructions or oral communication between senior and junior officers do not fall in this category.

Question 4.
Why are the State and Central Information Offices given autonomy?
Answer:

1. Every government offices have a Public Information Officer (PIO) and Assistant Public Information Officer (APIO) and appellate authority in department.
2. All PIOs and APIOs of all departments and departmental appellate authorities are under autonomous appellate State Public Information Office with a State Public Information Commissioner (SPIC).
3. If a government department fall under Central government, PIOs are accountable to autonomous Central Information Office with a Central Public Information Commissioner (CPIC).
4. They are given autonomy because they need to deal with the PIOs who rejected to provide information.
5. They should not yield under any pressure that is why they must be independent.

Question 5.
This (RTI 2005) Act resembles the true spirit of democracy. How do you justify?
Answer:

1. In a democracy, it is the people’s money that is used for their welfare and therefore people have every right to know how this is being used.
2. People can participate in government and ensure just development only if they have sufficient information in the form of official documents.
3. In situations where information has to be made public, arbitrary decisions by the elected representatives or the officials can be controlled.
4. Information is crucial to human development, and democratic rights.
5. Information will make governments more accountable in their functioning and check the possibility of corrupt practices.
6. Thus, this Act (RTI Act of 2005) resembles the true spirit of democracy.

Question 6.
What steps have been taken to ensure that any citizen can access information from the different government departments in the country?
Answer:
Under the provisions of 2005 Act of RTI, public authorities are obliged to
a) maintain all information in a computerised format
b) publish all detailed information pertaining to the information some of it fbitn the Act as follows:

1. Every public authority shall
   a) Maintain all its records duly catalogued and indexed.
   b) The authority shall publish the particulars of its organisation, functions and duties.
2. The powers and duties of its officers and employees to be published.
3. The procedure followed in the decision making process, including channels of supervision and accountability;
4. The rules, regulations, instructions, manuals and records, held by it or under its control or used by its employees for discharging its functions.

Question 7.
How do you think the Legal Services Authority would help the people in seeking legal aid?
Answer:

1. There is a system in our country to provide free legal service to the people.
2. Under the Legal Services Authority (amendment) Act, 2002, legal services authorities are constituted to provide free and legal services to the weaker sections of the society.
3. This is to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reasons of economic or other disabilities and to organize Lok Adalats to ensure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice on an equal opportunity basis.
4. In this way, Legal Services Authority would help the people in seeking legal aid.

Question 8.
What is the purpose of Lok Adalat?
Answer:

1. Lok Adalat meahs people’s court.
2. All are equal before law.
3. The Article 39A of the Constitution of India contains various provisions for settlement of disputes.
4. It is an act to constitute legal services, authorities to provide free and competent legal services to the weaker sections of the society.
5. It is to ensure that opportunities for securing justice or not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities.
6. To organise Lok Adalats to secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice on a basis of equal opportunity.
7. This is the purpose of Lok Adalat.

(OR)

1. The main aim of Lok Adalat is to provide free legal aid to poor and weaker sections and also faster settlement of long pending cases on mutual consent.
2. Lok Adalat facilitates the peaceful, amicable, compromise or settlement of cases.
3. It is meant to reduce the burden of the courts.

Question 9.
What do you think on the eligible criteria for free legal services and nature of cases under this Act?
Answer:
i) Persons entitled to get free legal support are

1. A member of scheduled caste or scheduled tribe.
2. A victim of trafficking in human being or beggars.
3. Women and children.
4. A mentally ill or otherwise disabled person.
5. Persons who are victims of mass disaster, ethnic violence, caste atrocity, flood, drought earthquake and industrial disaster.
6. Industrial workers.
7. Persons in custody.
8. Persons with annual income of not more than Rs. 1 lakh

ii) Nature of cases under this Act.
Matrimonial disputes, maintenance cases, harassment cases by husbands and in-laws, domestic violence cases, all types of civil cases, land disputes, compoundable criminal cases etc.

Question 10.
Compare and contrast the procedures of conflict/case resolution by the Village Community elders and by courts. Which do you prefer and why?
Answer:

1. In our country, it is common that conflicts in the villages and in the communities are addressed by the village/community elders.
2. They settle them in a peaceful and amicable way by discussing the various issues and concerns.
3. The nature of conflict and disputes and their origin are mostly known to the local people and village elders.
4. This facilitates to find out amicable solutions in a transparent way.
5. Now Lok Adalats are functioning to settle disputes/cases in an amicable atmosphere by mutual consent in the presence of legal experts, officials and non-officials, dignitaries.
6. People are now using it for expeditious and inexpensive justice.
7. It is an opportunity to settle long pending court cases through Lok Adalat in short time and without any expenses.
8. It is an old form of dispute/ conflict resolution system valid now also.

10th Class Social Studies 22nd Lesson Citizens and the Governments InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 316

Question 1.
Discuss what could be the reason information would not include oral (instruction of a headmaster to a teacher.
Answer:

1. RTI Act has defined information as the following:
2. Material in any form, including records, documents, memos, e-mails, opinions, advices, press releases, circulars, orders, logbooks, contracts, reports, papers, samples, models.
3. Data material held in any electronic form and information relating to any private body which can be assessed by a public authority under any other law for the time being in force.
4. In this, the oral instructions are not included as they were not in written form.
5. Thus, the oral instruction of a headmaster to a teacher would not be included in information.

Question 2.
Imagine how would government departments would become more accountable when rules and regulations are followed within prescribed manner.
Answer:

1. Government departments have the responsibility to use the people’s money for their welfare.
2. For every department there are rules and regulations that are to be followed within a prescribed manner.
3. If all the departments follow them, automatically they will be more accountable to people.
4. Not only that their functioning would become transparent and free from corruption.
5. Machinery to monitoring them is essential and they must be given applause if they are behaving accountable to people.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 318

Question 3.
According to this Act (RTI 2005), if any officer fails to give the specified information, she/he will have to pay the fine. Do you agree with this? Why?
Answer:

1. According to this Act, if any officer fails to give the specified information she/he will have to pay fine.
2. I do agree with it.
3. It prevents corruption.
4. It provides for accountability and transparency.
5. It prevents PIOs from shying away of information.
6. If a fine is imposed on one PIO then it acts as deterrent and most PIOs realise the impact of not giving information.
7. Apart from making the PIOs responsible in case of not providing information, they should be appreciated.

Question 4.
What type of information is not accessible to the citizens? What is the argument in favour of this?
Answer:

1. Information that could affect the sovereignty and integrity of India.
2. Matters that could be of strategic economic on scientific interest of the state in the context of foreign powers.
3. Most of our armed forces and security agencies are outside the purview of Information Commission.
4. It is correct on the part of government not to share the information that is vital and affect the country,. . . . ..
5. If information of strategic importance was disclosed and reached the hands of foreign powers, the damage that could be caused cannot be estimated.
6. Citizens should also have some self restraint and not to seek the information which causes the worry to National Government.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 320

Question 5.
What sort of opportunities are existing in our country for free legal services to the poor people who cannot afford to pay court fees and other related expenses?
Answer:

1. There is a system in our country to provide free legal service to the people.
2. Under Legal Services Authority (amendment) Act, 2002 Legal Services Authorities are constituted to provide free legal services to the weaker sections of the society.
3. This is to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities.
4. To organise Lok Adalats to ensure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice on equal opportunity basis.

Question 6.
What is the nature of cases and conflicts that can be addressed through free legal services?
Answer:

1. The legal services authority through Lok Adalats settles long pending court cases in short time without any expenses.
2. Matrimonial disputes, maintenance cases, harassment cases by husband and in-laws, domestic violence cases can be addressed through free legal service.
3. All types of civil cases, land disputes, compoundable criminal cases, etc. can be settled amicably and permanently by Lok Adalats without any fees or expenses through free legal services.

Question 7.
Is there any mechanism for alternate dispute resolution outside the courts?
Answer:

1. There is one mechanism for alternate dispute resolution outside the courts.
2. Conflicts in villages/ communities are addressed by village/ community elders.
3. They resolute conflicts in a peaceful and amicable way by discussing various issues/ concerns.
4. The nature of conflicts/disputes and their origin are mostly known to village elders.
5. This facilitates to find out an amicable solution in a transparent way.
6. Thus outside the courts the conflicts/disputes are addressed and resoluted by village elders.

Question 8.
Do you support the Lok Adalats? If so, why?
Answer:

1. I support Lok Adalats because there is no court fee, if paid it will be refunded if the dispute is settled.
2. It has procedural flexibility and speedy trial of the disputes.
3. The parties of the dispute can directly interact with the judge through their council.
4. The Award by Lok Adalat is binding on the parties with a status of decree of civil court.
5. Provides free legal advice form the advocates.
6. Provides photocopies of judgements on free of cost.

 

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 21st Lesson Social Movements in Our Times Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 21st Lesson Social Movements in Our Times

10th Class Social Studies 21st Lesson Social Movements in Our Times Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Here are the list of items that you can use for making a table on social movements. Draw a table based on them and find out similarities and differences amongst movements:
Main area of focus of the movement; location, main demands, modes of protest, important leaders; response from the state; possible impact on society.
Answer:

Question 2.
Kanayya, Ramya and Salma have a debate. They have different expectations. Whom would you agree with and give reasons, from the context of human rights? Ramya argues it is okay to restrict the freedom of the press, etc. but ensure people do not live in poverty. Salma argues it is food alone is not important but equally important to have freedom of press because there is no other way people would know if there is violation of dignity of people in different parts of the country. Kanayya says, how will it make a difference if press belongs to the rich and powerful people, why would they cover things that ordinary people expect.
Answer:

1. I agree with Ramya.
2. She argues that food alone is not important but also to have freedom of press.
3. If we do not have freedom of press, there is no other way people would know if there is violation of dignity of people in different parts of the country.
4. Now with globalization, world has become a tiny village.
5. People are coming to know and responding quickly in social media.
6. Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.
7. No one shall be subjected to inhuman or degrading treatment.
8. Protection of most human rights is important.

Question 3.
What are the basic features of social movements?
Answer:
The basic features of social movements :

1. They are based on values of justice, democracy and civil rights.
2. Protection of the cultural sphere.
3. The prevention of a change in societies structure and values.
4. Protection of livelihood and health.
5. Equal treatment in the society.
6. Protection from the consumption of alcohol and drugs.
7. Protection of the environment.
8. Protection of agricultural lands.

Question 4.
How is the role of the ordinary individuals described in the above case studies ?
Answer:

1. Without the participation of ordinary individuals any social movement cannot be a successful one.
2. They were the ones, who suffered and dejected.
3. They make their voices heard through their leaders.
4. They actively participate in marches, boycotts, processions planned by their leaders.
5. Nowadays they are making use of internet and social media to mobilise and fight for their cause.
6. They not only think of personal profits, hope for better future and sustainable environment.
7. They even oppose their own government and support the human rights of the sufferers.
8. Most movements involved them are peaceful in nature.

Question 5.
How are the rights of black people in the USA and Meira Paibi movements similar or different?
Answer:

1. The rights of black people in the USA are violated by law.
2. They are met with inhuman treatment.
3. They are discriminated in schools, transport facilities, job, housing and even in voting righ/s.
4. But they are given right to freedom of movement.
5. In Meira Paibi movements, the most suffered are women.
6. Their right to life, liberty and security of person are taken away by special protection law.
7. They are subjected to cruel and degrading treatment.
8. Their men and children are detained on no fair cause.
9. They are not even given the right to freedom of movement.
10. Government has yet to take a decision on Meira Paibi’s demands.

Question 6.
Democracies have been identified as most prominent political systems across the world.
Do you think it has been able to take care of all expectations of people. Based on the examples cited in these chapters, write a short note on ‘democracy and social movements’.
Answer:
Democracy and Social Movements :

1. Social movements are mostly the outcome of dissatisfactions in the society.
2. The ruling democracies are not able to fulfil the expectations of people.
3. Some section or the other in the society is suffering with denial of human rights or social justice.
4. Their ire is augmented and shapes into a movement.
5. When governments are after nuclear arms and not providing peace and security to people usually people resent it and movements come up.
6. When people are discriminated, they revolt against administration. Likewise, whenever there is lack of social justice and when there is a threat to environmental system also movements come out.

Question 7.
Discuss and find out how movements mobilise people from across the globe like in the above instance of campaign to protest in the context of Bhopal gas tragedy.
Answer:

1. Movements seek a vision that is different.
2. Movements mobilise people from across the globe to protest various issues.
3. Black Americans organised themselves against the segregation and discrimination they faced.
4. People of Russia fought for human rights there, when free multiparty elections were not allowed, Press freedom was not allowed.
5. Massive protests took place against the policies of the govemments, which are war mongering.
6. Greenpeace movement in the USA protested the conduct of nuclear tests under water in the USA.
7. Many such movements related to environment were taken up and people supported them.
8. There are various platforms for them like, Facebook, twitter, e-mails, Internet newspaper, etc.

10th Class Social Studies 21st Lesson Social Movements in Our Times InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 299

Question 1.
Try to read the famous speech of Dr King and write an essay on the ideals he set for American society and how he planned to achieve it.
Answer:
Martin Luther king set many ideals for the American society. Some of them are,
а) Justice
b) Liberty
c) Equality
d) Unalienable rights of life
e) Pursuit of happiness
f) freedom
g) Democracy etc.

He plans to achieve the ideals in the following ways:

1. Negroes should not relax until their demands are met.
2. Shaking the foundations of the government with revolt until the bright day of justice emerges.
3. The struggle should be filled with dignity and discipline.
4. By avoiding physical violence.
5. Trusting some white people who sympathize with the blacks.
6. He says that with faith all will be able to work together, pray together, struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that there will be freedom one day.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 300

Question 2.
Make a table and list the demands of civil rights movement and possible solutions in your opinion.
Answer:

Demands of Civil Rights movements	Possible solutions
1. Passage of Civil Rights Act	1. All forms of segregation has to be repealed.
2. Programme for generation of employment	2. Government should look for promoting industries.
3. Full and fair employment.	3. Along with whites, Black Americans are also to be considered for employment.
4. Decent Housing	4. Government shall help the Blacks with construction of houses.
5. Right to vote	5. All the adults must be given right to vote.

Question 3.
The USA claims to be a democracy, yet it kept certain groups of people segregated, till middle of last century. Discuss how the idea of democracy need to be more inclusive in our context.
Answer:

1. The USA claims to be a democracy.
2. It practised segregation, till the middle of last century.
3. Democracies cannot afford to alienate their subjects.
4. They cannot judge a person by the colour of the skin.
5. They cannot shy away the protection of equal rights to all subjects.
6. Democracy in this context needed to be more inclusive.
7. All the black people are to be treated on same footing with others.

Question 4.
Why do we hear different voices within a movement? Can you identify differences in them?
Answer:

1. People have differences of opinions, hence we hear different voices within a movement.
2. In American Civil Rights Movement two voices arose. They were –
   a) Many people agreed with Dr King that it was possible to achieve equality for all people through peaceful means.
   b) Many others like “Malcom X” thought that Blocks should fight for independence from white rule and for that they have to use all means including armed conflict.

Question 5.
Can you think of similarity or differences in the nature of political system in the USA and the USSR and how was their response to people’s rights?
Answer:

Political System in the USA	Political System in the USSR
1. Democratic Government.	1. Socialist system of Government.
2. Freedom of press / media present.	2. Freedom of press/media is not present
3. Movement of ordinary people is allowed.	3. Movement of ordinary people is not allowed.
4. No control over people activities.	4. Kept close control of people activities.
5. Segregation laws are followed.	5. No such laws in force.
6. Civil Rights Act was passed and successfully implemented.	6. Glasnost brought greater freedom for the people.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 301

Question 6.
“We Won’t Go”
America has a law which requires all able bodied citizens to enroll in the army for a short period. During the Vietnam War, thousands of citizens refused to get drafted into the army to fight in Vietnam. Let us read about one such protest refusal. This is a statement that appeared in a newspaper, Harvard Crimson:

“We, the undersigned, as American men of draftage, may be asked by our government to participate in the war in Vietnam. We have examined the history and the nature of this war, and have reached the conclusion that our participation in it would be contrary to the dictates of our consciences. We therefore declare our determination to refuse military service (all citizens are required to do so by law) while the United States is fighting in Vietnam. Our intention in signing this statement is to unite with other draftage men who share our convictions, in order to turn our personal moral rejection of this war into effective political opposition to it.”

Some thought that these people were being un-patriotic while others thought that they were justified in refusing to participate in an unjust war. Discuss the two points of view in the class and write a short note of arguments of both sides and your own viewpoint.
Answer:

1. Vietnam conflict was the outcome of the Cold War between the USA and the USSR.
2. Citizens refused to get drafted into the army to fight in Vietnam.
3. The US war with Vietnam was inhuman, hence the majority of the people opposed it.
4. People who hate “Socialistic Society” and “Communism” supported the decision of the US to continue the war with Vietnam.
5. In my opinion, I oppose the war with Vietnam as it was against democratic principles and human rights.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 303

Question 7.
What were the different types of responses to the weaponisation?
Answer:

1. Nuclear arms race intensified after the end of Vietnam war in 1975.
2. More and more countries competed with each other to stock pile nuclear arms.
3. Arms producing companies and governments created a war panic among the people.
4. They created war like situation.
5. People believed that war mongering and arms race made the world more unsafe.
6. It also increased the possibility of a disastrous war for all countries.
7. Massive protests took place against these policies of governments.

Question 8.
If people from different countries meet each other, there would be less chances of war, than the governments alone deciding the policy with each other. Would you agree with this statement? Give reasons for the answer.,
Answer:

1. Usually countries formulate their policies.
2. People of countries meet together and avoiding war is distant from reality.
3. Most countries in the world are democracies.
4. People vest their powers through vote to their representatives who could administer them.
5. It may be looking simple but, it definitely may not be feasible.
6. So, I cannot agree with this statement.

Question 9.
Explain how environmental issues can affect people of nations who may have no role in deciding the location of nucelar plants, polluting factories, etc. How do you deal with such situation?
Answer:

1. Usually people of the nation are suffering lot, whenever there is a nuclear tragedy.
2. They really do not have any role in deciding the nuclear plant’s location or pollution factory.
3. That will be decided by their representatives and their secretaries.
4. They decide the locations taking into consideration, a lot of things like infrastructure, raw material, technology, etc.
5. To deal with these situations the governments should take all the protective measures.
6. In case of any adversity, they should respond well in time to support the people.
7. They should see that proper care is taken about the affected and fair compensations were distributed among the suffered people.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 304

Question 10.
Look up the website of Greenpeace movement (http : //www.greenpeace.org/international) to find out about the issues they have been fighting for and how the methods they have used for fighting. Find out about the debates and controversies about this movement too.
Answer:
Students’ Activity.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 307

Question 11.
Is it impossible to build factories or mines or power plants without throwing out farmers or tribal people? What can be the alternatives? Discuss in your family and school on these issues.
Answer:

1. Most of the times it is impossible to build factories, mines or power plants without throwing out the farmers or the tribal people.
2. Because they need infrastructural facilities and raw material availability, they are to be set up like this.
3. Governments should think of alternatives.
4. Protection of the farmers and tribals is also lied with the government.
5. They should plan of no damage to these sectors of people or the minimum.
6. In case of a compulsion, they must be given compensations like land, lump sums and employment.
7. More importantly, government should concentrate on viable alternatives to protect the environment also.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 308

Question 12.
What were the various strategies used by the social movement?
Answer:

1. Social Movements throughout the world used various strategies.
2. Civil Rights Movement in the USA used civil disobedience (Violating discriminatory laws peacefully) and boycott of discriminatory services (like buses which segregate whites and blacks)
3. Thousands of scientists and intellectuals from across the world campaigned for abolishing all nuclear weapons.
4. Volunteers in the USA setout in a smallship “Green Peace’ in protest to underwater nuclear test of the USA.
5. People used international laws to fight against the problems that factory workers and women affected in Bhopal gas disaster.
6. Women led movements for social justice and human rights.
7. People organised movements in protest to pollution, global warming and environmental degradation.

Question 13.
How do the people in movement see the process of resettlement promises?
Answer:

1. People who stood to be displaced from the project, demanded a fair compensation not just to those who own land, but all those who lived there.
2. People realised that there was actually no adequate land available to compensate for the loss.
3. They alsobelieved that it was really not possible to rehabilitate the displaced people properly.
4. People began to realise that the problem was not compensation or rehabilitation but one of faulty notion of development.
5. A development which was based on unsustainable use of natural resources, only paved way for setting up industries and commercial farms at the cost of farming and tribal communities.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 310

Question 14.
Find out about more recent such struggles in West Bengal (Nandigram), Odisha (Niyamagiri) and Andhra Pradesh (Polavaram, Sompeta etc). Prepare a poster explaining the main features of the struggle in each of these cases.
Answer:
Nandigram (West Bengal):

1. Nandigram is a place on the bank of Haldia and quite far from Kolkata.
2. In 2007, March the state government of West Bengal sanctioned the land there to set up Special Economic Zone by Salim Group.
3. People of Nandigram resented it and led mass processions and struggle and 14 people died.

Niyamgiri (Odisha):

1. Niyamagiri hills in Odisha state are famous for their bauxite reserves. Odisha government gave permission to British mining company Vedanta to mine bauxite from there in July 2013.
2. People resented this, especially the tribals and organised many processions and later courts involved in this matter and by January 2014 the mining was disallowed.

Sompeta, Polavaram in combined (Andhra Pradesh):

1. Sompeta was a mandal in Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh and government at the state permitted Nagarjuna Company Limited to set up a thermal plant there in 2010.
2. People supported by many opposition party leaders protested the decision of government and for three years there were long drawn struggles.
3. Polavaram project is to be constructed on Godavari river spreading in East, West Godavari’s and Khammam. Government obtained permissions and started it in 2004.
4. It has submerging areas and affecting, zones in Chattisgarh and Odisha also. Many conflicts were there to complete it.

Question 15.
Fill in the para and line in the section below which you think is related to the violation or are in conflict with provisions of Human rights.
Article 3: Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. Para ——– line ——–.
Article 5: No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Para ——– line ——–.
Article 7: All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination. Para ——– line ——–.
Article 9: No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile. Para ——– line ——–.
Article 10: Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his [or her]rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him [or her]. Para ——– line ——–.
Article 12: No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his [or her] privacy,family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his [or her] honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks. Para ——– line ——–.
Articl e 13: (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state [state here means country], Para ——– line ——–.
(2) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his[or her country. Para ——– line ——–.
Answer:
Violations
Article 3: Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. Para 3 line 13.
Article 5: No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Para 3 line 6 and 7.
Article 9: No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile. Para 3 line 4.
Article 12: No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his [or her] privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his [or her]honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks. Para 3 line 10

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 20th Lesson Post – War World and India Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 20th Lesson Post – War World and India

10th Class Social Studies 20th Lesson Post – War World and India Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
Choose the correct answer: Which among the following statements about the Cold War is wrong?
a) Rivalry between the US and the USSR,
b) The USA and the USSR engaged in direct war,
c) Triggering off an arms race,
d) An ideological war between the two super powers.
Answer:
b) The USA and the USSR engaged in direct war.

Question 2.
Who amongst the following is not involved in The West Asian crisis?
a) Egypt
b) Indonesia
c) Britain
d) Israel
Answer:
b) Indonesia.

Question 3.
What was the nature of shift in power in the world after the Second World War?
Answer:

1. The Second World War had been fought on the principles of peace, democracy and freedom of nations in contrast to the Nazi ideas of dictatorship and imperialism.
2. After the war colonial powers like Britain and France could no longer justify their old colonial powers exclusive access to the colonies.
3. In fact, Second World War helped the USA grow out of its economic misery caused by the great depression.
4. Far from War theatres, the industries and agriculture of the USA prospered.
5. The USSR coming out of its destruction was emerging as a Champion of anticolonial struggle.
6. In the post-war period the USA and the USSR have emerged as super powers.
7. The USA is the leader of the capitalist nations and the USSR is the leader of the communist nations.

(OR)
After the Second World War, the major shift in power is observed between two power blocs of USA and USSR.

1. The USA led an Anti – communist bloc based on capitalistic principles. It tried to prevent other countries from adopting communism.
2. The USSR led a communist bloc. It tried to bring other countries into its communist influence.
3. Both USA and USSR tried to expand their ideologies and check each other, resulted in the situation of cold war.
4. Newly independent countries formed an alliance called NAM that stood independently in international aspects away from both military blocs.

Question 4.
What are the different roles done by United Nations in order to build peace in the world?
Answer:

1. The UN started with a twin objectives of ensuring peace ever lasting and human development.
2. Charter emphasised on the need to preserve peace and prevent wars.
3. It recognised the autonomy of states and promised not to interfere in any internal affairs of country.
4. In cases of serious human rights violation or threat to world peace, the UN interferes.
5. Decisions relating to war and peace are taken in Security Council.
6. UN has forced great powers to exercise moderation and self-control.
7. The special powers to great powers is a special role and responsibility in preserving world peace.
8. UN has been less successful in preventing wars.

Question 5.
Given the idea of democracy do you think a few countries should have special powers in making the decisions?
Answer:

1. Given the idea of democracy, also, I think a few countries should have special powers in making decisions.
2. The very existence of forums like UN has forced great powers to exercise moderation and self-control.
3. The special powers also have given the great powers a special role and responsibility in preserving world peace.
4. At times, these powers may be used to block any action against them.
5. Sometimes these powers save many countries and territories of theirs. As all four permanent members intended to annex Kashmir to Pakistan. Russia used veto power to stop it and did the favour to India.

(OR)
Given the idea of democracy, I think a few countries should have special powers in making the decisions is not correct. This is opposite to concept of democracy.

Question 6.
How were the super powers benefited by military alliances?
Answer:

1. Super powers strengthened themselves by creating military alliances.
2. They maintained a constrained relationship acting as a deterrent on each other.
3. With alliances they expanded their influence.
4. They gained the access to the vital resources like oil and minerals.
5. They have markets for their products and places to invest safely their capital.
6. They got military bases to launch their troops and weapons.
7. They could spread their ideology.
8. They gain economic support to pay huge military expenses.

Question 7.
How did Cold War produce arms race as well as arms control?
Answer:

1. Both the USSR and the USA spent huge amounts of money to conduct research into weapons.
2. They build arsenals of devastating nuclear arms and missiles.
3. They could strike across the continents.
4. They had enough nuclear arms to destroy the entire earth many times over.
5. Gradually their allies like Britain, France and China too built nuclear arsenals.
6. People of all countries lived in constant fear of war.
7. Many times war looked imminent but got defused somehow through diplomacy.
8. There were many flash points which made everyone believe of the triggering off another world war.
9. But when both ultimately realised the implication of a nuclear war both started working for arms control and many arms control treaties were signed like CTBT, NPT, etc.
10. Both decided to follow the logic of deterrence which meant that both have the capacity to attack and cause so much destruction to threaten the existence of the other. But neither is willing to start the war due to the amount of destruction.

Question 8.
Why did West Asia become a center of tensions in the world?
Answer:

1. West Asia became a center of tensions in the world.
2. The conflicts that developed between Arabs and Jews are the main cause for it.
3. In Palestine is situated Jerusalem which is a holy city for Jews, Christians and Muslims alike.
4. Jews and Arabs want it at any cost.
5. Matters were also complicated by the discovery of massive oil reserves.
6. Both the US and the USSR wanted to bring it under their sphere of influence.
7. In 1947, UN created Jerusalem for Jews from Palestine.
8. Arabs refused to recognize it as a legitimate state.
9. Israel took policies that insulted Arabs.
10. Arabs formed suicide squads for causing explosions in public places.
11. The region has been constantly in a state of war and terrorist attacks.

Question 9.
By the end of the 20th century there is only one single power that dominates the world. In this context what do you think would be the role of NAM?
Answer:

1. In the current scenario the USA remains a major super-power and China is in the process of becoming the biggest threat to the US supremacy of world affairs. Russia is also slowly climbing back, for its joint policy of respecting anti-US policy in the security council, by the use of the veto along with China.
2. The Nam has in recent years often criticised the USA while backing self-determination of Puerto Rico and Western Sahara. It can play a strong role in devising methods to foster co-operation among these nations.
3. The Nam can also act as a guide and over seen of the condition of Human Rights in some of the member states who have rather poor human rights records.
4. NAM is a great way to ensure that issues like Palestine and crises in Somalia and Sudan get a fair and long-lasting solution and that the super-powers don’t unduly interfere in these issues to meet their vested interest. Thus NAM exists and will continue to exist as a strong organisation to reckon with.

Question 10.
“Formation of NAM was not merely in the context of military alliances but also in the context of economic policies” Justify the statement.
Answer:

1. Non Alignment was established as an international organisation with an aim to promote cultural and economic cooperation among the newly independent countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America.
2. NAM helped the newly independent nations assert their autonomy in international affairs in a world torn between the two super powers.
3. NAM summit at Algiers in 1973 resolved to constitute 5 different trusts to strengthen the economic development of non aligned countries and assist in their reconstruction activities.
4. In the Hawana summit conference in 1979 it also appealed to take measures to minimise the economic differences between the developed and under developed countries.
5. Thus, it also worked for economical development of NAM countries.
6. During 1970s and early 1980s, the NAM also sponsored campaigns for restructuring commercial relations between developed and developing nations, namely the NIEO.
7. The Djakarta Summit 1992 allowed the movement to shift its focus in a direction that also enabled it to work a cross to grouping such as the G-7 and the EU.

Question 11.
Make a table to show relation between India and neighbouring countires with following items :
Answer:

Neighbouring Country	Issues of Conflicts	Events of War	Events of Help and Cooperation
China	Tibet to be a buffer zone but China annexed India gave an asy­lum to Dalai Lama Aksai-Chin area and much of Arunachal Pradesh – China claims it is its.	1962 October China invaded unilaterally Even declared unila­teral ceasefire.	Strategic as well as economic advantages. Two are rising powers of Asia. Ambitious major world economic power. Peace and tranquility at borders.
Pakistan	Kashmir is the main bone of contention.	1947-48 regarding Kashmir. 1965 regarding Kashmir. Dec. 1971 Liberation of East Pakistan 1999 Kargil War.	Build bridges of friendship through trade, sports, films, tourism and cultural exchanges. Secularism, demo­cracy and freedom will enable a greater understanding and cooperation between the people of two countries.
Bangladesh	Sharing of river waters of Ganga and Brahmaputra.Large scale illegal migration from Bangladesh to India. Bangladesh opposed fencing of border	No war	Cooperation in economic front. Indian look East policy makes Bangladesh integral part. Cooperation on disaster manage­ment. Bangladesh rewar­ded many Indians helped in war.
Sri Lanka	Treatment of Tamil speaking minorities by Sri Lanka. Influx of Sri Lanka Tamils to India.	No war	Cultural, ethnic and economic relations. Peace maintenance agreement between India & Sri Lanka.

Question 12.
“The ethnic conflicts affected India’s relations with Sri Lanka.” Justify.
Answer:

1. Since times immemorial, India and Sri Lanka have cultural, ethnic and economic relations.
2. A major irritant in the relation between the two countries has been the treatment of Tamil speaking minorities by the Sri Lankan government.
3. The large scale influx of Sri Lankan Tamil refugees into India posed a special problem.
4. India made an agreement with Sri Lanka and Tamil militants to maintain peace on the land.
5. India sent its armies to keep peace in Sri Lanka and it caused the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi.
6. Thus, ethnic conflicts affected India’s relations with Sri Lanka.

10th Class Social Studies 20th Lesson Post – War World and India InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 283

Question 1.
What do you understand by the term ‘decolonisation’?
Answer:

1. During 18th and 19th centuries, some European countries set up colonies in Asia, Africa and Latin America.
2. They used those colonies as cheap raw material suppliers and market for their finished goods.
3. They waged World War keeping control over their colonies.
4. After the Second World War, colonial powers like Britain and France could no longer justify their old colonial policies.
5. Under these conditions old powers like Britain had no choice but to grant freedom to their old colonies.
6. This granting of freedom to old colonies is called ‘decolonisation1.

Question 2.
How do you think the newly free countries would have been influenced by the competition between the two power blocs?
Answer:

1. After the Second World War, colonial states granted freedom to their colonies.
2. As these countries became free they faced a world greatly torn between Capitalism and Communism.
3. They were continuously under the pressure to choose between the two rather than follow their own paths of development.
4. They also got an opportunity to negotiate by playing one power against the other.
5. Thus, the newly free countries would have been influenced by the competition between the two power blocs.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 284

Question 3.
Do you think wars are related to poverty, lack of equitable development, and cultural exchanges between countries?
Answer:
Yes, I think that wars are related to poverty, lack of equitable development, and cultural exchange between countries.
(OR)

1. I don’t think wars are related to poverty, lack of equitable development, and cultural exchanges between countries.
2. Most of the wars are fought for ideological differences, colonial advantages, and occupation of other territories as an achievement.
3. Every country fought or allied with it has its own calculations and agenda.
4. Though with the central groups, Italy fought against Germany in the 1st World War.
5. Though made a peace treaty with Russia, Hitler invaded it during the Second World War.
6. Wars may to some extent help for the cultural exchanges between the countries.

Question 4.
According to some the special powers given to the five powers is undemocratic and should be abolished while some others feel that if these powers do not have special powers the UNO cannot function smoothly. Discuss.
Answer:

1. Decisions relating to war and peace are taken in Security Council and five nations have special status within it.
2. Any decision taken by council can be vetoed by the intervention of even anyone of these countries.
3. However, the very existence of UN, has forced great powers to exercise moderation and self control.
4. The special powers also have given the great powers a special role and responsibility in preserving world peace.
5. So, I support the view that if these powers do not have special powers the UNO cannot function smoothly.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 289

Question 5.
What was the main purpose of 1955 Bandung conference?
Answer:

1. The leaders of newly independent states felt the need for a change from the insecure and tense situation caused by power blocs.
2. So in 1955 at Bandung in Indonesia a conference was held.
3. It was the first Afro-Asian conference represented by 29 nations.
4. Its aim was to promote cultural and economic cooperation among the newly independent countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America.

Question 6.
How did super powers react for the principles of Non-alignment?
Answer:

1. NAM helped the newly emerging countries to bargain for space and assistance from the super powers by playing one against the other.
2. To some extent it also ease tensions amongst the NAM countries.
3. Both the blocs looked at NAM with suspicion.
4. The US regarded the NAM as being closer to the USSR on wider international issues.
5. When Soviet invaded Afghanistan NAM could not stop it.
6. Thus, the super powers reacted for the principles of Non Alignment Movement.

Question 7.
Why were Non-Aligned Nations called third world countries?
Answer:

1. After the Second World War the world divided into 2 power blocs under the USA and the USSR.
2. So these two are considered two different worlds.
3. Many countries were newly emerged as countries, which were before the colonies of colonial states.
4. All of these countries joined Non-Alignment Movement.
5. So these Non Aligned Nations were called ‘third world’.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 291

Question 8.
What were the reasons for the conflict between Arabs and Israelites?
Answer:

1. The conflict between Arabs and Jews is mainly related to the occupation of Palestine.
2. In it is situated Jerusalem which is a holy city for Jews, Christians and Muslims alike.
3. The Jews considered Palestine as their Promised Land.
4. In Europe they were the persecuted community as Christians considered them responsible for the crucifixion of Jesus.
5. The Jews through ‘Zionist Movement’ trying to unite Jews over the world.
6. The discovery of massive oil reserves made the US and the USSR to enter the dispute.

Question 9.
Why did Egypt support the Palestinians during the conflict?
Answer:

1. In 1947 UN divided Palestine and created Israel for Jews.
2. The Arabs did not agree to giving up their homeland.
3. The Arabs were forced to leave their homes and properties in Israel and refugees to Arab states.
4. Egypt formed suicide squads to cause explosion in Israel.
5. Egyptians are also Arabs, that’s why they are vengeful.

Question 10.
Why do you think some Palestinians adopted the path of terrorism? What was its outcome?
Answer:

1. Israelites forced Arabs out of their homes and properties.
2. Egyptians caused explosions in public places in Israel to support Arabs.
3. These were attacks and counter attacks between Israel and Egypt.
4. Israel occupied the territories of Gaza, Golan Heights and the West Bank.
5. Palestinian Liberation Organisation led by Yasser Arafat started in Jordan carried out plane hijacking holding hostage of Israeli Olympic squad and killing many of the sportspersons.
6. The result is Israel used such attacks to mount further attacks on them and refused to implement the promises it had made.

Question 11.
Find out about the condition of Palestinians who are living in refugee camps and constantly facing warfare and poverty.
Answer:

1. The condition of Palestinians who are living in refuge camps are very pitiable.
2. They are constantly facing warfare and poverty.
3. Refugee camps are not providing them sufficient facilities to lead a happy life.
4. Palestinians became the victims of world politics, especially of the super powers.
5. The Palestinian are still fighting for their homeland and peace under very difficult conditions of exile and warfare.
6. Though with the intervention of UN, the problems are not yet solved.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 292

Question 12.
What are the similarities and difference between Arab Socialist Nationalism and Religious Nationalism?
Answer:

Arab Socialist Nationalism	Religious Nationalism
1. In 1968 a coup took place in Iraq in which Saddam Hussein came to power.	1. In many cases the opposition to the US and the US backed regimes took religious colours.
2. They meant by socialism, the nationa­lization of oil resources and the use of revenues by the state to fund welfare measures for the citizens.	2. Nationalist forces fostered the idea of establishing religious orthodaxy in those countries.
3. These combined welfare measures with autocratic and dictatorial rule of a ruler or a smail group.	3. In 1979 in Iran a new joint government of Shia Islamic clerics and elected leaders started.
4. These regimes did not allow opposi­tion or democratic protest against themselves.	4. Beginning of the 21st century witnessed growing discontent among the Arabs resulted in the growth of religious terrorism.

Question 13.
Find out more about the developments in Iran and Afghanistan under the Taliban to understand how religious states work.
Answer:
Afghanistan:

1. The Taliban which took over Afghanistan after the withdrawal of Soviet troops established an extremist Islamic state.
2. These states tried to force all people to strictly follow the rules laid down in religious texts.
3. In many cases they meant the denial of basic freedom and equality of opportunity to women and to religious minorities.
4. The beginning of the 21st century witnessed growing discontent among the Arabs which resulted in the growth of religious terrorism.
5. Some Arab terrorists hijacked 2 aircrafts in the US and crashed into the World Trade Centre in New York killing thousands of people.

Iran:
The offical religion of the Islamic Republic of Iran is “Shiaism”. Iran explicitly aims to support and lead the entire Muslim world. The Shariah provides all the laws needed for the Islamic state from Allah.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 293

Question 14.
Explain the terms bipolarity and unipolarity.
Answer:

1. The term polarity refers to the world that was divided between two power blocs.
2. It was the period between 1945 and 1991.
3. The two power blocs are Communist power block under USSR and democratic Capitalist power bloc under USA. This, situation is called as bipolarity.
4. But in the year 1991 USSR was disintegrated and Russia was no more a super power.
5. From 1991 the world became unipolar i.e., one super power, America.
6. These are the different terms of bipolarity and unipolarity.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 294

15. Read the passage on Page 293 (During the colonial resolved till today.) and answer the following questions.
a. Do you think it was correct for India to give refuge to the Dalai Lama and his Tibetan followers?
Answer:

1. I think it is correct for India to give refuge to Dalai Lama and his Tibetan followers.
2. China overpowered the Tibet and eschewed its sovereignty.
3. Dalai Lama and his Tibetan followers are fighting for their autonomy.
4. According to Panchsheel, China agreed to not interfere into the sovereignty of other countries.
5. It violated the agreement and annexed Tibet.

b. Do you think China was justified in wanting to control Tibet?
Answer:

1. I don’t think China was justified in wanting to control Tibet.
2. It may believe that a small sovereign country in the neighborhood may be a threat.
3. Opponents may bring it in their control or under their sphere of influence.
4. So it might have overpowered it and annexed.
5. Its action, anyway, was not justified.

Question 16.
To what extent do you think both the countries can forget about their past conflicts over the boundaries and develop meaningful cooperation and friendship?
Answer:

1. After the 1962 Indo-Chinese war, it took more than a decade to restore diplomatic normalcy.
2. Being rising powers of Asia, both have strategic as well as economic advantages.
3. Both are ambitious to be major world economic and political powers.
4. They also see each other as economic and political competitors.
5. Both have taken measure to maintain peace and tranquility at the borders.
6. So they have to forget about their post conflicts over borders and develop meaningful friendship and cooperation.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 296

Question 17.
What steps do you think both India and Pakistan should take to build lasting peace between the two countries?
Answer:

1. First India and Pakistan should leave the conflicts behind which were perpetual right from the partition.
2. They should seek the help of UN over the issue of Kashmir and agree for mutual amicable settlement.
3. Pakistan should stop her religious terrorism and trained militant infiltration into India.
4. Pakistan should keep herself away from theocratic rule and military coups and belief should be kept in elections and democracy.
5. Both countries should continue with all present trade, economic, cultural, sports, film, etc. relations. In addition to, help each other in combating terrorism, eradication of poverty, assistance in technology, medicine, etc.

Question 18.
Why is peace between India and Pakistan necessary for the development of both the countries?
(Or)
Why the peace between India and Pakistan is necessary for the development of both the countries? Explain, keeping in view the recent developments.
Answer:

1. Peace between India and Pakistan is necessary for the development of both the countries.
2. Both of them are spending huge amounts on defence and strategic nuclear arsenal.
3. The division of the country itself created mistrust among the countries and it is mounted now.
4. For social, political and economical development of the both the countries, peace should be established between them.

Question 19.
Many small countries feel that their larger neighbours act like ‘big brothers’. What do you think is meant by this?
Answer:

1. Many small countries feel that their neighbours act like ‘big brothers’.
2. They meant that larger neighbours are trying to control them.
3. They feel that neighbours are doing this to pretend that they are doing it for the benefit of small country.
4. They meant that ‘Big brother’ is watching them i.e., Big brother knew what small countries did.
5. Thus, small countries treat their larger neighbours as’Big brothers’.

(OR)

This means the larger neighbouring countries will work for the good of the small countries as a family members.

Question 20.
Look at the map of India and Bangladesh and see why cooperation between the two countries is of vital importance to both.
Answer:

1. Bangladesh is surrounded by Indian states.
2. In between many Indian states there is Bangladesh.
3. So there should be cooperation between the two countries.
4. It is of vital importance for both the countries.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 297

Question 21.
Compare the support of India to Bangladesh and its role in Sri Lanka – Do you think the situation was similar or different?
Answer:

1. Bangladesh, erstwhile East Pakistan is physically distant from parent West Pakistan.
2. The people led a liberation movement nearly for 8 months and then India supported her cause.
3. Thus, Bangladesh was formed as new nation.
4. Whereas the situation in Sri Lanka is different.
5. Indian Tamils, an integral part of Sri Lanka but were meted out injustice based on their language and race.
6. The interference of India was not appreciated by both Sri Lanka government and the Tamils fighting for their rights.
7. So, the situation in Sri Lanka is different from that of Bangladesh.

 

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 19th Lesson Emerging Political Trends 1977 to 2000 Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 19th Lesson Emerging Political Trends 1977 to 2000

10th Class Social Studies 19th Lesson Emerging Political Trends 1977 to 2000 Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
i) Economic liberalisation        A) restriction in foreign import tax
ii) Arbitrary dismissal               B) of state governments by central government
iii) Ethnic cleansing                  C) towards people who are different from themselves
iv) Federal principle                 D) greater autonomy for state governments
Answer:
i) A
ii) B
iii) C
iv) D

Question 2.
Identify the major changes in party system during the second phase of Independence.
Answer:

1. The second phase of Independence is from 1977 to 2000.
2. There were many major changes in party system during the second phase of independence.
3. It prevented India from sliding into a single party democracy.
4. A new system of coalition governments are introduced at the central level.
5. Coalition succumbed to fractional struggles.
6. Parties acted in a manner which weakened federal principles.
7. From a time when the term regional party was considered not a very respectable one, now they are much sought after. The state parties also entered into national politics.
8. They form common front to resist the misuse of powers of Governor and arbitrary imposition of President’s rule.
9. They also demanded greater say in national-level decision making, greater financial autonomy and low interference in state matters.

Question 3.
What are the major economic policies discussed in this (chapter) and the previous chapters of various governments at the centre and the state? How are they similar or different?
Answer:
Similarities :

1. Green Revolution was implemented with the co-operation of state governments to increase food grain production.
2. Reservations which are announced by V.P. Singh government to OBC’s are already Implemented in South Indian States.

Differences:

Central Level Economic Policies	State Level Economic Policies
Nehru’s governmnet policies:	Jyothi Basu:
1. Implementation of Five Year Plans.	1. In West Bengal Jyothi Basu government launched operation Barga.
2. Land reforms, agricultural co-operatives and localself government etc.	2. As a result of operation Barga, the landlords were largely prevented from forcibly throwing the bargadars off the land.
3. Abolition of Zamindari system, tenancy reform and land ceilings etc.	3. The Bargadar rights were made hereditary and thus perpetual.
4. Green Revolution for increasings of Food-grain production.	In Andhra Pradesh N.T.R. Governments policies
Indira Gandhi’s policies:	1. Sale of rice at Rs. 2 per kg to poor.
1. Nationalisation of Private Banks and abolishing princely pensions.	2. Liquor prohibition.
V.P. Singh’s policies: OBC reservations.	3. Mid-day meal scheme in government schools.
P.V. Narasimha Rao policies: Liberalisation of Economic policies.	4. Provide the loans to the poor farmers through the banks.

Question 4.
How did regional aspirations lead to the formation of regional parties? Compare the similarities and differences between the two different phases.
Answer:
Regional aspirations have a major role in the formation of regional parties. We can show the following reasons to prove this.
The history of so many states like Andhra Pradesh, Assom shows that the emergence of new regional parties was mainly due to regional aspirations.

Andhra Pradesh:

1. The frequent change of Chief Ministers by the central congress leadership and imposition of leaders from above created a bad taste.
2. There was a feeling that the Andhra Pradesh leadership was not getting respect from the national congress leadership.
3. This was perceived as an insult to the pride of the Telugu people.

Assom:

1. From the British time, Bengalis occupied the lower and middle rungs of the administration in the state.
2. The Assamese speaking people felt that Bengali officialdom did not treat them as equals but as second class citizens.
3. Not only this, Bangladesh people also migrated to Assom.
4. The local people felt that they would lose their cultural roots and soon be out numbered by the ‘outsiders’.

Punjab:

1. In Punjab the difference in language and religion of the dominant population became a point of mobilisation.
2. They also believed that the state had received an unfair bargain when it was created.
3. It laid claims to the new capital city of Chandigarh which remained a union territory directly administered by the centre.
4. Punjab also claimed more water from Bhakra Nangal dam and greater recruitment of Sikhs in the Army.

Question 5.
In order to form governments, it becomes necessary for political parties to attract people from different sections of society. How did different political parties raise these objectives in the
second phase after Independence?
Answer:

1. At the end of emergency Indira Gandhi removed censorship on freedom of movement, campaigns and meetings.
2. Janata Party promised freedom from authoritarian rule and restoration of democracy.
3. Telugu Desam Party promised sale of rice at ₹ 2 per kg to the poor, mid-day meals in government schools and liquor prohibition.
4. Assam Gana Parishad promised to remove the outsiders i.e., Bengalis and migrants from Bangladesh.

Question 6.
What were the developments that weakened the inclusive nature of Indian polity? How is the ability to accommodate different communities and regional aspirations changing?
Answer:

1. There were a few developments that weakened the inclusive nature of Indian polity.
2. After emergency the victorious Janata Party dismissed nine Congress governments in the states.
3. In 1980, when Congress came to power, it dismissed nine Janata governments in the states.
4. The actions of both these, weakened the inclusive nature of Indian polity.
5. The people of many states felt alienated and wanted either greater autonomy or decision making.
6. They demanded centre’s lower interfence in state matters, stopping the misuse of the powers of governor and imposition of President Rule arbitrarily.

Question 7.
How do different types of regional aspirations draw from cultural, and economic dimensions?
Answer:

1. In combined Andhra Pradesh, N.T.Ramarao set up Telugu Desam party and stood for the honour and self-respect of the Telugu speaking people.
2. State could not be treated as a lower office of the Congress party.
3. The Assamese speaking people felt that Bengali officialdom did not treat them as equal but as second class citizens.
4. The local people felt that they would loose their cultural roots and soon be out numbered by the outsiders.
5. Trade and other establishments were in the hands of non-Assamese communities.
6. The major resources of state, including tea and oil were not benefitting the locals but people from Calcutta.
7. In Punjab, people asked for greater recruitment of Sikhs in the army.
8. They belive that the contribution of the state was ignored.
9. They laid claim to the new capital city of Chandigarh, which remained a union territory.

Question 8.
In the early half of India after independence there was importance given to planned development. In the later part emphasis was given to liberalisation. Discuss and find out how does it reflect political ideals.
Answer:

1. In the early half of India after independence Prime Minister was Nehru.
2. For Nehru planning was not only good economics but good politics as well.
3. He hoped that planning development would dissolve the divisions of caste and religion, community and help India to emerge as a strong and modern nation.
4. After that, Indira Gandhi gave the slogan ‘Garibi Hatao’ and decimated the opposition.
5. She tried to achieve the goal of social and economic transformation.
6. In 1992, when P.V. Narasimha Rao formed Government faced a dearth of reserves of foreign currency due to political instability.
7. So he was forced to accept the policy of Economic liberalism.
8. It demanded cuts in subsidies, reduction in restrictions and taxes on import and this period faced still competition to India from global foreign industries.
9. Thus the above economic implications reflected the various political ideas discussed above.

Question 9.
Study newspapers and magazines to identify at least one example each of moderation in policies due to the coalition and how does different political parties in coalition emphasise their regional demands?
Answer:

1. United Progressive Alliance government, led by Congress brought Women Reservation Bill.
2. It was unable to make it pass, as it got stern opposition from partners of a coalition like Samajwadi Party and Rashtriya Janata Dal.
3. So under policy paralysis, though many times it was introduced, it had to be repeated.
4. Another such bill was Lok Pal, which was primarily aimed to bring all the rulers of state and centre to be brought under it.
5. But later due to the opposition from its coalition partners UPA let a number of dignatories outside its purview. The bill was passed.
6. It is an example of moderation in principles.

10th Class Social Studies 19th Lesson Emerging Political Trends 1977 to 2000 InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 264

Question 1.
Write a brief summary of political events discussed about in the previous chapter on independent India.
Answer:

1. Congress party’s dominance in politics in first three general elections.
2. Planning Commission introduced five year plans to bring socio-ecohomic change in the country.
3. Land reforms, agriculture cooperatives and local self governments served the purpose.
4. First challenge was demand for reorganisation of states on the basis of language.
5. Have to face few wars with Pakistan and China.
6. Green Revolution marked substantial growth in food production.
7. There was a tendency of regional movements and regional parties.
8. This phase ended with the imposition of emergency.
9. Panchsheel Treaty was held between India and China.
10. India followed Non-alignment policy.
11. Meghalaya state was formed in 1969.
12. Indo-Pak war was held in 1971 on the issue of liberation of Bangladesh.
13. In 1973 Arab-lsraeli was raised oil prices, and increased inflation in India.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 265

Question 2.
Do you think ‘single-party democracy’ would have been a better alternative to multi-party democracy?
Answer:

1. I don’t think single-party democracy would have been a better alternative to multi-party democracy.
2. Single Party keeps on winning takes decisions which are arbitrary and not in compliance with Constitution.
3. They may become authoritarian and overpower the democratic system, itself.
4. There was a greater threat to civil liberties and freedoms in single-party democracies.

Question 3.
In what ways does a multi-party democracy create favourable conditions for social movements of protest and change?
Answer:

1. A multi-party democracy creates favourable conditions for social movements of protest and change.
2. JP movement supported the restoration of democracy and freedom from authoritarian rule got support from Janata Party.
3. Anti-outsiders movement for change got support from Assam Gana Parishad.
4. Movement for autonomy in Punjab was supported by Shiromani Akali Dal.
5. Political viewpoints of Socialists, Hindu nationalists, Communists, as well as sectional interests like those of farmers, Dalits, backward castes, and regions among others now came to the fore ‘ and asserted their claims.
6. A number of non-political movements like environmental movements, the feminist movements, civil liberties movements, literacy movements and so on also emerged and became powerful motors of social change.
7. Protects against the construction of dams, nuclear power projects, etc.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 267

Question 4.
There have been many instances in which governments at centre removed governments at the state, if they are from different political parties. Discuss how does it violate democratic principles.
Answer:

1. There have been many instances in which government at the centre removed governments at state, if they are from different political parties.
2. It completely violates the democratic principles.
3. When there is a majority government functioning in the state it is not fair to dismiss it.
4. Government at the centre misuses the powers of governors and Article 356.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 268

Question 5.
Discuss the importance of the following factors in the politics of NTR:
i. Background of being a filgi hero.
ii. Fight for self-respect of the state.
iii. Popular welfare schemes for the poor.
iv. Alliance with other regional parties.
Answer:

1. NTR was a popular film actor with nearly 300 movies to his credit.
2. He had vast following and fan base.
3. Congress leadership at the centre frequently changing Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh, people believed not getting respect.
4. He stood for the honour and self rgspect of Telugu speaking people and started Telugu Desam Party.
5. He promised mid-day meal scheme in government schools, sale of rice at ₹ 2 per kg to the poor and liquor prohibition.
6. In his struggle against arbitrary dismissal he was supported by CPI(M), DMK, SAD and National Conference.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 270

Question 6.
In what ways do you think the Assom movement is similar or different from the movement of NTR in Andhra Pradesh ?
Answer:

1. Both the movements are of regional nature.
2. Both the movements set up political parties.
3. Both of them secured political power.
4. Movement of NTR stood for the honour and self respect of Telugu speaking people.
5. Whereas movement in Assom is against Bengalis officialdom and outsiders influx.
6. NTR promised welfare measures such as midday meal scheme in schools, sale of rice ₹ 2 per kg to the poor and liquor prohibition.
7. In Assom,- the movement paved the way for many such movements and even to ethnic cleansing.

Question 7.
Organise a debate in your class on the following themes:
Only one community should live in a region and all posts and trade-business should be in the hands of the people of that specific community only. (OR) All people of India should be free to move from one part to another and settle and work in places of their choice.
Answer:

1. All people of India should be free to move from one part to another and settle and work in place of their choice.
2. Constitution guarantees us the above right.
3. There were nearly 6,748 castes in India.
4. Organise only one community in a region is almost impossible.
5. All posts and trade business cannot be taken up by same community.
6. India fs a country which has unity in diversity and diversity in unity.

Question 8.
Will an open policy of free movement of people cause rich and powerful outsiders to buy up all land and resources and leave the original people of a locality poor and impoverished ?
Answer:

1. Open policy of free movement may cause some rich and powerful outsiders to buy land and own resources.
2. Original people of a locality may also have some native people who are rich and powerful.
3. So it does never happen that outsiders leave original people of a locality poor and impoverished.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 272

Question 9.
What was the role of anti-Sikh riots of Delhi in 1984 in fuelling Sikh separatism and extremism?
Answer:

1. 4 thousand Sikhs were killed and state government seemed to do little to stop the violence.
2. To apprehend and punish the guilt also took many years.
3. This created anguish and anger among the Sikhs.
4. Militant Sikhs killed Longoyyal, who made agreement with centre.
5. Akal Takht made declaration of Khalistan.
6. Several groups engaged in terrorist activities for separate state.
7. This anti-Sikh riots of Delhi in 1984 fuelled Sikh separation and extremism.

Question 10.
Compare the similarities and differences between Assam and Punjab movements. What kind of challenge did they pose to our political system ?
Answer:

1. Assam movement was first anti-outsiders movement then transformed into anti-Bengali, anti¬left and anti-non-Assamese movement and even anti-India stand.
2. It did not subside, even led to ethnic cleansing.
3. Punjab movement went into the hands of militant Sikhs.
4. Anti-Sikh riots and after effected culminated the movement into extremist way.
5. These two movements needed army to restore peace.
6. Military powers were used and civil liberties and freedoms were suspended.
7. They posed a great threat to our unity and integrity.

Question 11.
The way the government handled the two problems, did it strengthen our democratic polity or weaken it ?
Answer:

1. The way the government handled the two problems, it did not strengthen our democratic polity, it weakens it.
2. Government used very harsh methods for the suppression of militancy in Punjab.
3. There were thousands of suspected militants executed.
4. Many were disappeared in police custody.
5. In Assam also army was deployed to reduce tension and bring peace.
6. Civil liberties and freedoms were suspended.
7. Government resorted to undemocratic methods to survive democracy.
8. It would strengthen undemocratic tendencies in the polity.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 273

Question 12.
Looking back from the present, what do you think were the lasting contributions of Rajiv Gandhi to the country ?
Answer:

1. There were many lasting contributions of Rajiv Gandhi to the country.
2. He was instrumental in initiating peace process in Assam, Punjab and even in Sri Lanka.
3. He was the best supporter of Panchayat Raj institutions.
4. His government’s first budget moved towards more liberalised system.
5. He invited telecom revolution in India.
6. He believed poor are not successful in getting access to the fruits of development.

Question 13.
Discuss in your class why the poorest people often do not get to benefit from schemes intended for them. What long-term steps should be taken to ensure that such benefits really reach the poor ?
Answer:

1. The poorest people often do not get to benefit from schemes intended for them.
2. Despite huge increases in development expenditure, the story of the poor remained the same.
3. They have no access to the schemes or knowledge of them.
4. There exists inbuilt corruption at higher level.
5. Participation of mass in governance is very low.
6. So Panchayat Raj Institutions were introduced.
7. Right Information Act was made available.
8. Whistle blowers were given complete protection.

Question 14.
Find out and list all the benefits students of your school are entitled to. Do they manage to get them properly? Discuss in both the class and outside the school in your homes or playground.
Answer:
Benefits of our school:

1. Free textbooks
2. Free uniform
3. Library facility
4. Play ground facility
5. Lab facilities
6. Mid-day meals.

They do manage to get them properly.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 274

Question 15.
Read the following and answer the given questions.

The Prime Ministers Apology

Dr. Manmohan Singh’s statement in the Rajya Sabha
… Four thousand people were killed in this great national tragedy that took place in 1984. This should be an occasion for introspection, how working together as a united nation, we can find new pathways to ensure that such ghastly tragedies never again take place in our country. … / have no hesitation in apologising not only to the Sikh community but the whole Indian nation because what took place in 1984 is the negation of the concept of nationhood and what is enshrined in our Constitution. So, I am not standing on any false prestige. On behalf of our Government, on behalf of the entire people of this country, I bow my head in shame that such a thing took place. But, Sir, there are ebbs, there are tides in the affairs of nations. The past is with us. We cannot rewrite the past. But as human beings, we have the willpower and we have the ability to write better future for all of us….

a) What is the most important message in this speech?
Answer:
Prime Minister apologises for what happened to Sikhs in 1984.
b) What signals does this speech send out?
Answer:
The speech sends out the signals such tragedies could never repeat, we can make our future better by letting this behind us.
c) Why is it important that the Prime Minister made this speech?
Answer:
What took place in 1984 is the negation of the concept of nationhood and what is enshrined in our constitution. So it is important that Prime Minister made this speech.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 276

Question 16.
While some people feel that coalition politics has weakened the government others feel that it has prevented any party from steamrolling its agenda on the country. Discuss this with examples.
Answer:

1. It became mere impossible for any single party to win a majority of the seats to form government on its own.
2. No party could pursue its extreme agendas and tone down their approaches.
3. Early coalitions were instable.
4. Now coalitions are getting re-elected.
5. So keeping ail in the view coalitions are must.
6. They are preventing any party from steamrolling its agenda on the country.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 277

Question 17.
Compare the land reforms in West Bengal and the land reforms in Vietnam or China. In what ways were they similar or different ?
Answer:
Land Reforms in China: The major steps in land reforms were a class identification of all village inhabitants, followed by the confiscation and redistribution of landlord land and other properties. Land Reforms in Vietnam : A reduction of 25% in land rents, the cancellation of all secondary rents and the cancellation of all areas in rent owed by tenants before August, 1945.

Land Reforms in West Bengal: Operation Barga was introduced. West Bengal Government recorded the names of the sharecroppers and secured their rights. All the legal documents were issued and distributed on the spot immediately. As a result the sharecroppers felt secured.
In all the three issues the governments created a security feeling in the winds of the tenants. They controlled the inhumane acts of the landlords.

Question 18.
Why do you think the protection of sharecroppers led to an increase in production?
Answer:
As a result of Operation Barga, the landlords were largely prevented from forcibly throwing the bargadars off the land. In fact, the bargadar rights were made hereditary and thus perpetual. Secondly, the State guaranteed that the bargadars would receive a fair share of the crop (75 per cent if the bargadar provided the non-labour inputs and 50 per cent if the landlord provides those inputs). In all, approximately half of rural households in West Bengal have received land reform benefits.
As a result of these measures, agricultural production in West Bengal had increased.

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 18th Lesson Independent India (The First 30 years – 1947-77) Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 18th Lesson Independent India (The First 30 years – 1947-77)

10th Class Social Studies 18th Lesson Independent India (The First 30 years – 1947-77) Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Identify statements or statements in the bracket that are relevant to statements in italics on left.
(a) Political equality can be identified with (right to get admission in any school, principle of one person one vote, right to enter any religious worship place)
Answer:
Political equality can be identified with the principle of one person one vote.

(b) Universal Adult Franchise in the Indian context meant (allowing all people to vote for any political party, allowing all people to vote in elections, allowing all people to vote for Congress party)
Answer:
Universal Adult Franchise in the Indian context meant both allowing all people to vote for any political party and allowing all people to vote in elections.

(c) Congress dominance would include (being able to attract people from various ideologies; being able to win most states assembly seats after elections; being able to use police force during election)
Answer:
Congress dominance would include being able to win most states assembly seats after elections.

(d) Emergency imposed (restrictions on people’s rights; ensured eradication of poverty; accepted by all political parties)
Answer:
Emergency imposed restrictions on people’s rights.

Question 2.
What measures were taken to bring in socio-economic change during the initial years after independence?
Answer:

1. Many measures were taken to bring in socio-economic change during the initial years after independence.
2. The Planning Commission was set up.
3. The Fifst five Year Plan focussed on agriculture.
4. The components of socio-economic change were
   a) land reforms b) agriculture cooperatives c) local self-government.
5. Planners felt that it was essential to develop industries and increase employment in service sectors.
6. In Second Five Year Plan focus shifted to industries.
7. Three types of land reforms were contemplated.
   a) Abolition of Zamindari System,
   b) Tenancy reforms and land ceilings.
8. Co-operatives were to bring economies of scale and also provide valuable inputs.
9. Dams were constructed and were useful to both the agriculture and Industrial sectors.

Question 3.
What do you understand about one party dominance? Would you consider it as dominance only in elections ot also in terms of ideology? Discuss with reasons.
Answer:
One party dominance means the party not only win in elections either in state or in central, but also it has in term of ideology. Due to the following reason.
Internally, the Congress party has small groups. This is the benefit to the Congress party. Because the groups took different positions on various issues depending on the interests of the members. This made the Congress appear as it was a party representing diverse interests and positions. This also acts as an inbuilt corrective mechanism with in the ruling party.

Question 4.
Language became a central rallying point Hi Indian politics on many occasions, either as a unifying force or as a divisive element. Identify these instances and describe them.
Answer:
Language as a unifying force:

1. The northern states have accepted Hindi as the national language.
2. They have their own mother tongues but they have no problem jn accommodating Hindi.
3. There is a common uniformity upto some extent in the north which has been brought about , by Hindi.

Language as a divisive element:

1. The official Languages Act was passed in 1963.
2. It made Hindi as the national language.
3. The DMK party of Tamilnadu believed that it wps an attempt to foist Hindi on the rest of the country.
4. Strikes, dharnas and hartals started all over the state.
5. The Congress itself was divided between the pro-Hindi and anti-Hindi camps.
6. Some felt that the unity of the country was at stake.
7. Telugu, Kannada, Marathi and Gujarathi languages speaking people started a movement for separate states on the basis of their language.

Question 5.
What were the major changes in political system after 1967 elections?
Answer:

1. There were many major changes in political system after 1967 elections.
2. Elections had become to be taken seriously arid had life of their own.
3. Democracy had taken roots in India.and country was moving towards a competitive multi¬party system.
4. There were basically a coalition of legislators against the Congress in many states.
5. Intermediate caste, who had first benefited from land reforms gained political power.
6. Many of the coalition of legislators were marked by defection and corruption.
7. This period saw a renewal of a regional sentiment in different parts of the country.
8. This was also a period of communal tension.

Question 6.
Think of other ways in which states could have been created and how would they be better than language based reorganization?
Answer:

1. In India state reorganisation was done on the basis of linguistic principle.
2. Other ways in which we could form states may be culture, ethnicity and economy.
3. But history provides proof that even nations could not survive on cultural, ethnicity and economy bases.
4. Nationalist movement leaders accepted the principle of territorial organisation of the country on a linguistic basis.
5. The diverse elements of Indian culture are chiefly represented by the languages of India.
6. So no other basis of reorganisation would not have fared better than linguistic reorganisation.

Question 7.
What measures of Indira Gandhi are called ‘left turn’? How do you think this was different from policies of previous decades? Based on your economics chapters describe how it is different from the current policies.
Answer:

1. Immediately after the victory in 1971 Bangladesh War, using Indira Gandhi’s popular slogan ‘Garibi Hatao’ the Congress won with record majority in 1971 general elections.
2. In the legislative assembly elections held subsequently in 1972, Congress did well.
3. She then had control over both the party as well as the Parliament.
4. She nationalised banks, abolished princely pensions which were challenged in courts.
5. Constitution was being amended rapidly in the name of socio-economic change, feared the Supreme Court.
6. This was called ‘Left turn’.
7. In 1973, oil prices rose to an all time high, rise in prices, scarcity of food, and unemployment increased.
8. Current policies are different from them.
9. Government is encouraging private banking and non-banking finance corporations, reducing subsidies, etc.

Question 8.
In what ways was the Emergency period a set back to the Indian democracy?
Answer:
On 25th June 1975, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi imposed an Emergency in the country. Due to this Emergency –

1. General Elections were postponed.
2. Many of the fundamental rights were suspended.
3. The press was censored.
4. Most of political opponents were imprisoned.
5. Demolition of slums and forced sterilisation on the name of population control became very unpopular.
6. In the absence of civic freedom people could not express their discontent and the government therefore could not take corrective measures.
7. Thus, the Emergency period was a setback to the Indian democracy.

Question 9.
What were the institutional changes that came up after the Emergency?
Answer:

1. With this emergency, democracy was put on hold.
2. Many fundamental rights were suspended.
3. There were instances of detention and torture beyond mere violation of civil liberties.
4. 42nd Constitutional Amendment brought about a series of changes
   a) Excluding the courts from election disputes,
   b) Strengthening the central government vis-a-vis the state governments.
5. Other changes were c) Protection from judiciary challenges to socio-economic legislations, d) Made judiciary subservient to Parliament.
6. These weakened the democratic fabric of this country.

10th Class Social Studies 18th Lesson Independent India (The First 30 years – 1947-77) InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 248

Question 1.
In your opinion have we been able to achieve social equality: think of instances that you would identify as examples of social equality and inequality.
Answer:

1. We have not been able to achieve social equality.
2. Our social structure continues to deny us the principle of one man one value.
3. Caste system interrelated economic structure is never allowing us the achievement of social equality.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 249

Question 2.
How do you think illiteracy affects elections, especially when it comes to exercising the choice of voting? How do you think this problem can be solved? (OR)
How did the Election Commission overcome the problem of illiteracy in the conduct of the first General Election in India.
Answer:

1. Illiteracy causes difficulty in elections especially when it comes to exercising the choice of voting.
2. They cannot read the name in the Ballot paper, to whom he/she wishes to vote.
3. This problem was solved by the Election Commission initially by sticking the symbol outside the Ballot box separately.
4. Again it allotted symbols of daily life for every contestant for visual identification of the voter.
5. We can also print his photo against his name.

Question 3.
Could we have considered that our country was democratic if all people did not have voting rights?
Answer:

1. We could not have considered that our country was democratic if all the people did not have voting rights.
2. All eligible people shall be given franchise and elections at definite intervals are the tenets of democracy.
3. If Universal Adult Franchise was not accepted, then we cannot say ourselves as a democracy.

Question 4.
Given the literacy rate of tyomen being low, if women were not allowed to vote bow would it affect our policies?
Answer:

1. Literacy rate of women was low.
2. They were not given right to vote.
3. Then our policies will not do justice to them.
4. Their requirements and difficulties will not be known to us.
5. We cannot prepare the bills that suit their needs.

Question 5.
Being able to conduct regular elections can be considered a clear sign of being able to establish democracy. Do you agree with this statement? Give reasons.
Answer:

1. Being able to conduct regular elections can be considered a clear sign of being able to establish Democracy.
2. I do agree with this statement.

Reasons:

1. Indian democracy rests on the idea of representation.
2. Every adult citizen of above 18 years is given the right to vote regardless of education, property
   and gender.
3. Elections are held periodically to the various representative institutions of a democratic state at three different levels (The centre, the state and the local levels) to facilitate effective functioning.
4. Any registered voter who completed 25 years can contest for elections t6 the Lok Sabha or Vidhan Sabha.
5. Entire country or state is divided into territorial units called constituencies.
6. The work of conducting election to the Parliament and Legislature is entrusted to the Election Commission.
7. The procedure for elections is laid down in the Representation of People’s Act.
8. Elections are therefore held in a free and fair manner.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 251

Question 6.
Summarise the features that could explain the Congress was able to dominate the political system.
Answer:

1. In Independent India’s first three general elections in 1952,1957 and 1962 the Congress won, reducing other participants to almost nothing.
2. The Congress consistently won over 70% of seats by obtaining about 45% of the total votes cast.
3. The Congress formed the government in many states as well.
4. The opposition parties only posed a latent and not a real threat.
5. The above features could explain the Congress was able to dominate the political system.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 253

Question 7.
Do you think unity nf India wou|d have been better served if linguistic states were not formed?
Answer:

1. I don’t think that the unity of India would have been better without linguistic states.
2. Language unites people and it represents the diverse elements of our culture.
3. There was popular will for linguistic states.
4. Leaders of national movement also accepted linguistic states.
5. Moreover, now these states are of great help in consolidating India.

Question 8.
Why do you think the tribal languages were ignored at this time?
Answer:

1. When linguistic states were formed dominant languages were considered.
2. Tribal languages were not considered. Tribal language have no script.
3. Because the population of these tribal language users is very less and sparsely spread.
4. Apart from this there was popular will.
5. People of dominant languages demanded seperate states.

Question 9.
Do you know how many states and union territories are there in India today?
Answer:
Today, in India there are 29 states and 7 union territories.

Question 10.
Which are the newest states of India and when were they created?
Answer:

1. The newest states of India are
   1. Chhattisgarh
   2. Jharkhand
   3. Uttarakhand
   4. Telangana.
2. Chattisgarh, the 26th state of India was carved out of Madhya Pradesh on Nov. 1, 2000.
3. Uttaranchal, the 27th state of India was carved out of Uttar Pradesh on Nov. 9,2000.
4. Later it had changed;its name to be Uttarakhand.
5. Jharkhand, the 28th state of India was carved of Bihar on November 15, 2000.
6. Telangana, the 29th state of India was formed on 2nd June, 2014.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 255

Question 11.
If you live in a rural area, find out if institutions like cooperatives were established before 1970’s and who became members in it?
Answer:

1. In rural areas there were institutions like cooperatives.
2. Important among them were Primary Agricultural Credit Cooperative Societies.
3. Farmers who are practising agriculture were joined as members in it.

Question 12.
Compare the land reforms carried out in India with that of China or Vietnam.
Answer:

1. Land reforms were implemented in a half-hearted manner in India.
2. While Zamindari system was abolished, redistribution of land to the landless did not take place.
3. Whereas land reforms were implemented in China and Vietnam in a whole-hearted manner.
4. They were able to redistribute the land to the landless.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 256

Question 13.
How did the language policy help foster national unity and integrity?
Answer:

1. The language policy states the right of each state to have a language of its own (which could be the regional language or English).
2. Communications in states could be in regional languages with English translations.
3. English would continue to be the communication language between the centre and the states.
4. Civil Service Examinations would be conducted in English rather than in Hindi alone.
5. With these all provisions, no state has a problem with the centre, so promoted national unity and integrity.

Question 14.
Is there a need for a national language ?
Answer:
Yes, there is a need for national language to achieve national integrity.

1. We are such a vast country with many regional languages.
2. Language policy is of help in fostering national unity and integrity.

Question 15.
Should all languages in India have equal status ? Reflect.
Answer:

1. In India there are as many as 1,652 languages.
2. All languages in India don’t have equal status.
3. Indian Constitution recognises 22 languages as statutory.
4. Many languages have no script.
5. Some tribal languages were neglected. Ex : Oravan.
6. Many languages were spoken by few people.
7. Taking all things into consideration it will be difficult to accord equal status to all languages.
8. According to the Constitution, the citizens have right to protect their language and culture.
9. If they provide equal status to all languages, we should protect integrity and unity of our country.

(OR)

1. Yes, all languages should be accorded equal status.
2. No regional language should be ignored.

 

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 17th Lesson The Making of Independent India’s Constitution Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 17th Lesson The Making of Independent India’s Constitution

10th Class Social Studies 17th Lesson The Making of Independent India’s Constitution Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Find the odd one out.
a) Indian Constitution adopts from experiences of freedom struggle.
b) Indian Constitution adopts from already existing Constitutions.
c) Indian Constitution has remained the same since its drafting.
d) Indian Constitution provides principles and provisions for ruling the country.
Answer:
The odd one is ‘c’. It is: Indian Constitution has remained the same since its drafting.

Question 2.
Correct the false statements:
a) There was unanimity of opinion on all provisions during CA debates.
b) The makers of Constitution represented only certain regions of the country.
c) Constitution provides certain provisions to amend articles in it.
d) Supreme Court of India has said that basic features of Constitution may also be amended.
Answer:
a) There was no unanimity of opinion on all provisions during CA debates.
b) The makers of Constitution represented all the regions of the country.
c) Constitution provides certain provisions to amend articles in it.
d) The Supreme Court of India has said that basic features of Constitution cannot be amended.

Question 3.
Describe the unitary and federal principles of Indian government as discussed in the CA debates.
(OR)
Distinguish between federal and unitary systems. June 2017)
Answer:
Our Constitution reaffirms that India is a unitary and a federal state. The following principles represent the unitary and federal characters.
Unitary Principles :

1. Single citizenship,
2. The supremacy of the Constitution,
3. Residual powers to central governments,
4. Single Judiciary,
5. Uniformity of fundamental rights,
6. Provision for All India Services.

Federal Principles :

1. Dual Polity,
2. Sovereign Powers to States,
3. State Services.

Question 4.
How does the Constitution reflect the political events of the time? Draw from previous chapters on the freedom struggle.
Answer:

1. Indian Constitution adopts from the experience of the freedom struggle.
2. It reflects the political events of time.
3. It provides for equality, liberty, justice and fraternity.
4. It promises adult universal franchise, fundamental rights which were most sought after during freedom struggle.
5. It grants single citizenship and independent judiciary to protect the integrity of the country and the rights and liberties of people.
6. A reference to the history of British rule and Indian independence struggle provides basic idea of self-governance that emerged into a people’s participative democracy.
7. The representatives of princely states declared the First Round table conference that they would join an ‘All India Federation with a Self-Governing British India’. This prefered creation of All India Federation.

Question 5.
What differences would it have made to the making of our Constitution if the Assembly had been elected through universal adult franchise?
Answer:

1. It would not have made any difference to the making of our Constitution even if the assembly had been elected through Universal Adult Franchise.
2. At that time nearly 86% of the population is illiterate.
3. Most of the population was under the poverty line.
4. Nothing substantial benefit would have made.
5. The Draft Committee chairman himself was one of the greatest intellectuals of all the time in the world.
6. So, a better Constitution was already made.

(OR)

1. It would be more democratic if the constituent assembly had been elected through universal adult franchise.
2. If the assembly members had been elected through universal adult franchise intellectuals would not be elected and better constitution was also not prepared.

Question 6.
Write a short note on basic principles of Indian Constitution.
Answer:
The Indian Constitution has 8 basic principles.
Sovereignty:

1. India is a Sovereign Democratic Republic.
2. The Indian people has sovereign (or) supreme power.

Fundamental Rights:
Indian Constitution provide basic fundamental rights to all citizens without discrimination.

Directive Principles:
These are guidelines to frame laws. These are not enforceable by the courts.

Cabinet Government (or) Parliamentary Type of Government:
A Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister as the head to aid and advise the President who shall, in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice.

Secularism:
Secularism is the basic structure of Indian Constitution. The government respects all religions. It does not uplift or degrade any particular religion.

Socialism:
The world Socialism was added to the preamble by the 42nd amendment- It implies social and economic equality.

Fedaralism:
The Constitution provides a federal structure. The powers are specifically divided between central and state government.

Independent judiciary:
India has an independent and integrated judiciary.

Question 7.
How has the Constitution defined and changed political institutions in the country?
Answer:

1. The Constitution has defined and changed political institutions in the country.
2. It provided federal system with union and state government of sovereign power.
3. It made the Constitution as the supreme law of land.
4. It paves way for strong centre during an emergency.
5. It supports multiparty democracy with elections in definite intervals.
6. It provided universal Adult Franchise.
7. It set up Election Commission for smooth conduct of free and fair elections.
8. It adopts single citizenship.
9. It provides fundamental rights.
10. It adopts directive principles of state policy and fundamental duties.

Conclusion: It defines India as a sovereign, democratic, socialist and secular republic. It has provisions for bringing about social change and defining the relationship between Individual citizen and the state.

Question 8.
While Constitution provides basic principles it is the engagement of people with the system that brings in social change. Do you agree with this statement, give reasons.
Answer:

1. Constitution provides basic principles like fundamental rights, the supremacy of the Constitution, etc.
2. It is the engagement of people with the system that brings in social change.
3. People get good and transparent governance only if they elect good and corrupt free representatives.
4. All the schemes of government would be fruitful if they reach genuine beneficiaries.
5. Thus, people’s participation brings social change.

10th Class Social Studies 17th Lesson The Making of Independent India’s Constitution InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 232

Question 1.
Complete the following tasks regarding the Indian Constitution.
Task 1: Some significant contributors to the Indian Constitution were:
———-, ———-, ———-.
Answer:
Sri Babu Rajendra Prasad, Acharya Kripalani, Pandit Nehru, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

Task 2: What are the basic ideals of Indian Constitution as reflected in its Preamble?
Answer:
Basic ideals of Indian Constitution as reflected in the Preamble:

1. Justice : Every citizen will have social, economical and political justice.
2. Liberty : Every citizen will have the liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship.
3. Equality : Every citizen will be provided with the equality of status and of opportunity.
4. Fraternity : Citizens of India have been assured about the dignity of the individual and unity, integrity of the nation.

Task 3: Read the following two preambles along with the Indian Preamble and see how they are similar or different. Remember each Constitution also reflects political events around the making of their nations. Try to relate to the political events that may have influenced the thought that went into the Constitution. (You can re-read the background of Japan in chapter 13 and look at page 234 to understand the background of Nepal.)
Answer:

Preambles of
Indian Constitution	Nepal Constitution	Japan Constitution
Federal Republic	Federal Republic	Peaceful co-operation
Multiparty Democracy	Multiparty Democracy	Blessings of liberty
Sovereignty	Sovereignty	Sovereignty
Fundamental Rights	Fundamental Rights	Trusting in the justice
Adult Franchise	Adult Franchise	Faith of the peace-loving people
Periodic Elections	Periodic Elections	Banishment of Tyranny and Slavery
Independent Judiciary Integrity	Independent Judiciary Integrity

The political events that may have influenced the thought that went into the Constitution:
India: The differences in traditional India and disparities in colonial India and political movements shaped the Indian Constitution.
Nepal: The political movements against Monarchy formed the Nepal Constitution.
Japan: The results of World War – II shaped the Japanese Constitution so.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 233 & 234

Question 2.
Read the Preambles of Nepal and Japan given on Pages 232 and 233 in Textbook and answer the following questions.
a) What do you think is similar or different in the political context of these nations? What were the immediate prior events? Who were the previous rulers?
Answer:

1. These nations restrict the monarchy and other forms of governance.
2. They are committed to form the government by those who were given mandate in elections.
3. They believe their representatives make policies whose fruits are enjoyed by people.
4. There were mass movements for democracy in Nepal.
5. Japan started new lease of life after war torn image.
6. Nepal was ruled by the Monarch.
7. Japan was ruled by Pan Asianic rulers.

b) Which Preamble refers to the word gender?
Answer:

1. The Preamble of the Constitution of Nepal refers to the word gender.
2. It promises to solve the problems relating gender.

c) Which Preamble reflects the desire for peace?
Answer:

1. The Preamble of the Japanese Constitution reflects the desire for peace.
2. It promises to never visit the horrors of war.

d) How are people’s movements reflected in the Preamble?
Answer:
The Nepalese Constitution reflects the historic struggles and peoples’ movements launched by the people of Nepal at various times since 1951.

e) What is similar or different for Preambles in their reflection of the past?
Answer:

1. The Nepalese Constitution refers to abolition of monarchy.
2. It also refers to historical struggles and people’s movements.
3. The Japanese Constitution refers to the horrors of war.
4. It would never like to repeat them and promises to world peace.

f) What types of promises are made up about the future society in the three countries?
Answer:

1. In India social, economical, political justice is promised.
2. Liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship also promised.
3. Equality of status and opportunity also promised.
4. Japanese promised a peaceful world.
5. They desire to occupy an honoured place in an international society.
6. Nepal guaranteed basic rights of the people.
7. Nepal expressed full commitment to democratic values.

g) What promises are made about the nature of political system?
Answer:

1. Nepal will allow competitive multi-party democratic system, human rights, adult franchise, periodic elections, etc.
2. Japan referred Government as a sacred trust of the people who give power to representatives and enjoy benefits of power’
3. They try for the banishment of tyranny and slavery, oppression and intolerance for all time from the earth.
4. Every Indian get the right to vote at the age of 18 years without discrimination.

h) What promises are made to the citizen of these nations?
Answer:

1. Nepal pledges to accomplish the progressive restructuring of the state.
2. It also promises to solve the problems relating to class, ethnicity, region, and gender.
3. Japan desires peace for all time.
4. It desires to occupy an honoured place in international society.
5. India promised to provide equality, fraternity, justice, and fundamental rights to all the people.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 236

Question 3.
The Constitution of India begins with the statement, “We the people of India…”. Do you think this claim to represent all the people of India was justified?
Answer:

1. They claim to represent all the people of India was definitely justified.
2. The Constitution was made by the people for the people.
3. The draft was printed and made available to the 40 crore people of the country for 8 months.
4. There were more than 7,000 changes proposed by the people.
5. Out of the above 2000 changes were accepted.
6. Thus, the claim is justified.

Question 4.
Do you think all the people of India can participate in the formulation of the Constitution for the entire country? Was it important for all people to participate actively in this process or could it have been left to some wise people?
Answer:

1. As you can see the Constituent Assembly was not elected through universal adult franchise.
2. Only 10% of the population could vote in the provincial election.
3. All the people were not necessary to participate actively in the formulation of constitution.
4. Because majority of our people are illiterate and they have no knowledge about the constitution.
   So, in this situation elites participation is necessary to frame our constitution.

Question 5.
If a Constitution for the entire school had to be drafted, who all should be involved in it and how?
Answer:

1. If a Constitution for the entire school had to be drafted the head teacher and all the other teachers should be involved.
2. The representative of all classes of the school should also be involved.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 237

Question 6.
Fill in the blanks.
a) Drafting Committee was appointed roughly ———- days after the Independence.
b) The Assembly first appointed special committees on specific issues like, ———-, ———-, and ———-.
c) The reports of these committees were discussed by the ———- and key decisions were taken by it.
d) The ———- Committee headed by Dr. Ambedkar had to incorporate these decisions.
e) The Draft also drew upon provisions of the ———- passed by the British Government.
f) It was then made available to public for ———- months so that they could criticise and give their suggestions on it.
g) In the Draft Constitution there were ———- Articles and ———- Schedules.
Answer:
a) fifteen,
b) Fundamental rights, Minorities, Tribal Areas,
c) Constituent Assembly,
d) Drafting,
e) Government of India Act, 1935,
f) eight,
g) 395,8.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 238

Question 7.
Fill in the blanks.
a) The powers given to Indian President are more similar to ———-.
b) Constituent Assembly visualised that the Indian President follows the advice of ———-, than ———- of ———-.
Answer:
a) King; England; President; the USA
b) Ministers

Question 8.
What do you think was the difference between the position of the British King and the President of India?
Answer:

1. President occupies the same position as the king under the English Constitution.
2. His position is not hereditary like king but elected.
3. He represents the nation but not rule the nation.
4. He generally bound by the advice of Ministers.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 239

Question 9.
Under federal polity there are more than one government and in the Indian context we have  them at ———- and ———- levels. You belong to ———- state while you belong to ———- nation.
Answer:
Central; State; Andhra Pradesh; Indian.

Question 10.
Which type of Constitution gives more powers to the governments at the Centre?
Answer:

1. Unitary type of Constitution gives more powers to the governments at the centre.
2. Two essential characteristics of a unitary Constitution are the supremacy of the central polity and the absence of subsidiary sovereign polities.

Question 11.
Which type of Constitution gives definite powers to both Central and State governments?
Answer:

1. Federal type of Constitution gives definite powers to both Central and State governments.
2. A Federal Constitution is marked by the existence of a central polity and subsidiary polities side by side and by each being sovereign in the field assigned to it.

Question 12.
In what ways are Indian states not “administrative units or agencies of the Union Government”?
Answer:

1. Indian states are not administrative units or agencies of the union government.
2. Because states have sovereign power assigned to them by the Constitution.
3. They have elected representatives and they are not the agencies of the union, government.
4. They are peripheral entities in the federal system.

Question 13.
Why do you think the framers of the Indian Constitution rejected the idea of dual citizenship (of India and of the state)?
Answer:

1. The framers of the Indian Constitution rejected the idea of dual citizenship.
2. When there is dual citizen, one is for India and other for the state.
3. In such a federal system, rules and laws differ for union and each state.
4. It may not be possible to keep them united.
5. Our Constitution framers showed uniformity in all basic matters which are essential to maintain the unity of the country.
6. So they did not recommend dual citizenship.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 242

Question 14.
Can you point out the main differences between Indian federalism and American federalism?
Answer:

Indian Federalism	American Federalism
1. Single citizenship.	1. Dual citizenship
2. Single judiciary	2. Dual judiciary
3. Uniformity in fundamental, civil and criminal laws.	3. A duality of legal codes.
4. A common All India Civil Service to main important posts.	4. A duality of services.
5. No matter of difficulty for a citizen who moved from state to state.	5. Difficult for a citizen who moved from state to state.
6. India has a parliamentary form of government.	6. America has a presidential form of government.
7. In India the Loksabha (Lower house) is more powerful.	7. In America the House of Senate (Upper house) is more powerful.
8. Indian constitution is a rigid and flexible.	8. American constitution is a only rigid constitution.
9. In India president is nominal head.	9. In America president has supreme power.

Question 15.
Does the Indian Constitution allow the states to have their own civil servants (officers)?
Answer:

1. The Constitution provides that without depriving the states of their right to form their own civil services, there shall be All Indian Service recruited.
2. It is recruited on All India basis with common qualifications, with the uniform scale of pay and the members of which alone could be appointed to the strategic posts throughout the Union.

Question 16.
Are all officials of a state from the state’s civil services?
Answer:

1. No. All officials of a state are not from the state’s civil services.
2. Constitution provides for an All India Services for every state in strategic posts.
3. They are like Collectors, Superintendents of Police, Secretary, Principle Secretary and Chief Secretary, etc.

Question 17.
In America the judiciary of the Central Government and the judiciary of the states are distinct and separate. In India we have a judiciary in the centre and the states – Explain.
Answer:

1. In America the judiciary of the Central Government and that of states are distinct and separate.
2. Whereas we have a single judiciary in our country.
3. Our judiciary is integrated which is formed with the Supreme Court, all High Courts and other courts.
4. We have one jurisdiction and providing remedies in all cases under civil, criminal and constitutional laws.

Question 18.
How were the ideas of Seth and Draft Committee similar or different?
Answer:

1. The ideas of Seth and Draft Committee were different.
2. He argues that members of CA were not elected by Adult Franchise.
3. He says that our Constitution ignores the centrality of villages.
4. He opposes Centralization of power as it leads to totalitarian power.
5. He desires the decentralization of power to a large extent.
6. He believes centralization of power by law leads to Fascism.

Question 19.
Find out what form of autonomy is now being made available to villages after the 73rd amendment of the Constitution.
Answer:

1. Villages were provided with the autonomy of forming Grampanchayat.
2. Now they are self administered units.
3. State Governments shall ensure that direct elections to all seats of Panchayat are conducted.
4. The reservation of seats for SCs and STs in proportion to their population and for women reservation seats are not less 1/3 of the total seats.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 244

Question 20.
Observe the newspaper cutting and answer the following question. What Hems can you read on this page?
Answer:

1. This was the first page of ‘The Statesman’ newspaper of January 26th 1950.
2. Nehru stated that India emerged as a republic.
3. Nehru called for unity and tolerance.
4. Soekarno congratulated Indian MPsforthe birth of the republic.
5. The preamble of our Constitution is printed.
6. Photo of Nehru who was signing on the cabinet assembly was also printed.
7. “Today’s programme in Calcutta” was also printed.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 245

Question 21.
What are the differences of opinion that are being raised in the above debate (‘Debate on Fundamental Rights’ on Page 243 in Textbook)?
Answer:

1. The above discussion is about the abolition of untouchability to provide equality as fundamental rights
2. Some say untouchability is not a disease itself, but the symptom of disease of caste system.
3. So caste system is to abolished.
4. Untouchability means different things to different people. So it should be defined clearly.
5. Unable to come to a conclusion on definition, it was left for future law makers.

Question 22.
If you were given the choice to participate in the debate, what solution would you suggest?
Answer:
If I have a chance to participate in the debate about untouchability, I will suggest untouchability is a crime however it is in any form in the society. It creates harmess to right to equality. So we should uproot casteism from our society which is main responsible to the untouchability.

Question 23.
Do you think it was a good idea to leave the term undefined in the Constitution? Give reasons for your argument.
Answer:
It was good idea to leave the term “Untouchability” in undefined manner in the Constitution. Because, the word untouchability has different meanings in different places.
So when we are going to use the word ‘untouchability’, we should be in clear manner.
That’s why Article 17 (untouchability is a crime), what says it is correct.

Question 24.
Do you agree with the view that the Constitution should have put an end to all aspects of the caste system instead of just ending untouchability? How do you think it could have been done ?
Answer:

1. It would be better if the Constitution had put an end to all aspects of the caste system instead of just ending untouchability.
2. Caste system is so deep rooted that to end all the aspects of it may not be that easy.
3. But austere efforts and stern action against the practicers of caste system would end it.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 246

Question 25.
What are the examples and explanations you can identify with basic features of Indian Constitution?
Answer:

Basic features of our constitution	Examples and explanations
1. Form of Government	1. We have a democratic and parliamentary form of government.
2. Unitary but federal	2. Central governments are supreme but states are autonomous in their fields.
3. Supremacy of the constitution	3. Supremacy of the Constitution is the character of unitary form of government.
4. Sovereignty of the nations	4. We are free in our internal and external affairs.
5. Provision for justice and welfare state	5. We determine to establish welfare state and provide justice to all people without any discri­mination.

 

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 16th Lesson National Movement in India–Partition & Independence Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 16th Lesson National Movement in India–Partition & Independence

10th Class Social Studies 16th Lesson National Movement in India–Partition & Independence Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
Make a table and show how different groups, and individuals in India responded to World War II. What dilemmas were faced by these groups?
Answer:

Groups/Individuals	Response to World War-ll
Congress	1. Demanded a national government immediately. 2. Should they help the British? – dilemma 3. Opposed to Fascist conquering of sovereign nations.
Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad in 1940	1. As the president of INC decided to start Individual Satyagrahas.
Jawaharlal Nehru	1. Against Fascist countries – to join the British.
Subhash Chandra Bose	1. To defeat British to seek the help of Japan and Germany. 2. Formed INA to fight British. 3. Fought for 3 years.
Mahatma Gandhi	1. Gave a mantra ‘Do or Die’. 2. Mass struggle of ‘Quit India’ movement.

Question 2.
Given the brutal manner in which particular communities like Jews and others were treated in Germany, do you think it would have been morally right to support Germany or Japan?
Answer:

1. Hitler propagated Nazism in Germany.
2. They killed lakhs of Jews.
3. Even though Japan is a small country in Asia, has been competing with powerful European nations and started colonialism in the name of Pan Asianism.
4. So, morally it is not right to support Germany or Japan.

Question 3.
Make a list of various reasons for the Partition of the country.
(OR)
Write a short note on various consequences of partition of India.
Answer:

1. The Muslim League thought of reserved seats for Muslims, where they are the majority.
2. Congress accepted this logic, so, from 1909 separate electorates were implemented.
3. League pointed out many issues and blamed Congress of insensitivity to the needs of Muslims.
4. The fears of League were fueled by British ‘Divide and Rule Policy’.
5. League was able to convince Muslim masses of the benefits and need for a separation.
6. When Cabinet Mission recommended India was to be united, League opposed it.
7. They asked people to come out on the streets and riots and violence and thousands of people were dead.
8. So it was inevitable for the partition of India.

Question 4.
What were the different ways in which power sharing among different communities was organised before Partition?
Answer:

1. Before the Partition there were different ways in which power sharing among different communities was organised.
2. There were too many organizations like the Muslim League, Congress, Hindu Maha Jana Sabha, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, etc. in function in India.
3. There were separate electorates for Muslims both provincial assemblies and in central assembly.
4. In 1946, Muslim League won all 30 seats in the Centre and 442 out of 509 seats in the provinces.
5. It had got more than 86% of the Muslim votes.
6. In 1946 the Congress swept the general constituencies, capturing over 91% of the non-Muslim vote.

Question 5.
How did British colonialists practise their ‘divide and rule’ policy in India? How was it similar or different from what you have studied about Nigeria? (OR)
How did the British implement “Divide and rule” policy in India ?
Answer:

1. The British colonialists practised their Divide and Rule Policy in India.
2. They encouraged Muslims to set up a separate party Muslim League in 1906.
3. They set separate electorate for Muslims from 1909.
4. They gave communal electorate to Sikhs also in 1932.
5. They also extended separate electorate to Dalits.
6. Thus, all the time they wanted to weaken the hold of Congress on people, which is fighting hard against them for Independence.

Comparison :
In Nigeria, in 1939 the British separated the Yoruba and Igbo regions into Western and Eastern Nigeria and encouraged competition and conflict between the three major tribal groups so as to be able to “divide and rule” the country.
(OR)

1. In the Indian context, the basic truth is that the British did rule and, they did try to divide opposition.
2. Divide and rule was seen in the following actions :
   a) Partition of Bengal
   b) Encouraging formation of Muslim League,
   c) Separate electorates for Muslims and for SC.
3. The idea that ‘Divide and Rule’ was such a set and evil strategy that it actively, logically led on to partition of our country.
4. To solve the minority question, the British imperialists, implementing their policy of divide and rule, separated the continent into a Hindu and a Muslim state.

Question 6.
What were the different ways in which religion was used in politics before Partition? (Or)
Trace out role of religion before the Partition of India.
Answer:

1. Religion played a crucial role in politics before Partition.
2. To weaken Congress’s hold over the people, the British vigorously followed ‘Divide and Rule’ policy.
3. So with support and encouragement of British, Muslim League for Muslims was started.
4. Separate electorate and reserved seats for Muslims were there from 1909.
5. Hindu Maha Sabha and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh wished to unite all Hindus overcoming caste divisions.
6. As minorities, Muslims made a demand to carve out a new state from regions where they were majorities.
7. The League created an impression that Congress was basically a Hindu party.
8. There were riots broke out and several thousand people dead after Cabinet Mission plan was rejected.

Question 7.
How were workers and peasants mobilised during the last years of freedom struggle? (Or)
“Peasants were also restless during British rule.” Give your opinion.
Answer:

1. On Feb. 22,1946,3 lakh mill workers put down their tools in Bombay and fought violently for two days.
2. Small and poor peasants agitated in Bengal for 2/3 of the crop for them instead of 1/2 crop then.
3. This was called ‘Tebhaga’ movement and was led by Provincial Kisan Sabha.
4. In Telangana farmers opposed land owners and demanded their debts to be cancelled.
5. They also demanded that bonded labour should be stopped and land be distributed to those who worked on it.
6. Peasants took up arms to fight against the rulers and their armies.
7. Armed revolt of peasants took place in Travancore in Punnapra-Vayalar.

Question 8.
How did Partition affect the lives of ordinary people? What was the political response to mass migration following Partition?
(OR)
Read the following paragraph and answer the question given below.
Gandhiji moved amongst riot hit people, in camps and hospitals, spreading the message of peace and brotherhood. This was not the freedom and Swaraj he had worked so hard to achieve. The Father of the Nation fasted and did not celebrate on the first Independence Day.
Comment on the conditions that the people had to face on both sides of the newly drawn border with the creation of Pakistan.
Answer:

1. They felt anger and hatred against each other for being forced to move out of their homes, villages and cities.
2. Around 1-5 crore people both Hindus and Muslims were displaced.
3. They were killed, looted and burnt.
4. Between 2 to 5 lakh both Hindus and Muslims were killed.
5. They became refugees, lived in relief camps and hospitals, moved out in trains to find new homes.
6. Gandhiji moved amongst riot hit people, in camps and hospitals, spreading the message of peace and brotherhood.
7. The Congress now passed a resolution on the rights of minorities.
8. Thus, while the nation was celebrating its first independence day, the father of the nation was on fasting.

Question 9.
Integration of various Princely states into the new Indian nation was a challenging task. Discuss.
(OR)
How were the princely states integrated?
(OR)
“Integration of various princely state in newly independent India was a challenging task”.
Answer:

1. At the time of withdrawal of British from India, there were around 550 princely states in Indian territory.
2. They become independent after the British rule.
3. They were asked by the British to decide if they wanted to join India, Pakistan or remain independent.
4. In Hyderabad and Travancore peasants were revolting with arms against the ruling Zamindars.
5. Sardar Vallabhai Patel was given charge of this matter of merging Princely states into Indian Union in July 1947.
6. He began discussing with princes the necessity to join India.
7. All Princely States agreed to join Indian Union except Kashmir, Hyderabad and Junagadh.
8. In Hyderabad and Junagadh, the rulers were Muslims and majority of population were Hindus, rulers want to join Pakistan people want to Join India, a conflict.
9. In Kashmirthe ruler was a Hindu and majority population were Muslims, so a difficulty in consensus.
10. Thus it was difficult, but thr^e states were also made to join in the next two years.
11. Junagadh was merged after conducting referendum.
12. Kashmir was merged after receiving a letter from the ruler.
13. But Hyderabad was merged after a police action.
14. With great efforts of Patel, this challenging task was completed by merging these states.

(OR)

1. The 550 princely states were given freedom to decide their future. The ordinary people did not want princely states to continue.
2. They started movements and revolts.
3. Guided by the masterful diplomacy of Sardar Patel, the home minister, most of them acceded to India.
4. However, the Nawab of Junagadh, the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Maharaja of Jammu & Kashmir did not accept to unite with India.
5. Sardar Patel made it clear that if they do not join India, the army would have to be sent to complete the process of unification.
6. With the military action on these, the work of integration of princely states had been completed.

10th Class Social Studies 16th Lesson National Movement in India–Partition & Independence InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 218

Question 1.
Do you think Indians should have felt grateful to the British government for the powers given by the Act of 1935 ?
Answer:

1. The Government of India Act was passed in 1935 by the British parliament.
2. According to this right to vote was given to a small section of population.
3. Winning Prime Minister should work under the supervision of a British Governor.
4. Indians made a pledge to have complete swaraj in the Lahore session of INC in 1929.
5. So, they may not be greatful to British, but they grabbed the opportunity with eagerness.
6. It is our country, so we need to elect our representatives.

Question 2.
Do you think the rise of Hitler was such a big threat to the freedom of humanity that Indians should have set aside their fight for freedom from the British and concentrated on the fight for a free world ?
Answer:

1. The rise of Hitler was a big threat to the freedom of humanity.
2. He believes in his ‘Nordic’ racial supremacy.
3. He was the root cause of the deaths of lakhs of Jews.
4. He has the attitude of vengeance. He also hates Communism.
5. Indians should have set aside their fight for freedom from the British.
6. Indians should have concentrated on the fight for a free world.

Question 3.
According to you, what would be the reasons for and against supporting the British in the World War II ?
Answer:
Reason for supporting the British:

1. Most congress leaders were opposed to Hitler, Mussolini and the ideology of fascism.
2. They were determined to resist the Fascist drive to conquer other sovereign nations.
3. So India had no other choice it was better to support the British.

Reasons for against the British:

1. It is vindicative that they are showing double standards.
2. On one side they say they are protecting sovereign nations and on the other, they occupied India.
3. They did not even consult Indians before announcing that India would support them.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 219

Question 4.
Do you think Congress could have taken some other steps to protest against the attitude of the British?
Answer:

1. A difficult question arose before the Congress leaders.
2. Should they support the British in fighting a war against Germany?
3. The Congress was torn in its mind over this question.
4. The British were willing to give India Dominion Status.
5. Congress wanted a promise of full freedom.
6. The Congress was upset with the British and walked out of the provincial governments.
7. There was no other alternative.

Question 5.
Why did the British not make the promise and win the support of the Indians? After all, in 1939 only a promise was being asked for? Discuss together in class.
Answer:

1. During the Second World War, the British intended to have the support of Indians.
2. But Indians demanded full freedom after the War, at least a promise to that effect.
3. It was hard for the British to accept that they will really have to dismantle the empire they had built.
4. The British objected to this by saying that they have to also protect the interests of several other communities in India.
5. With this they implied that congress did not represent all Indians, like Muslims.
6. They also implied that congress may be Ignoring the interests of many Indians and the British were required to protect these interests.

Question 6.
When ministers resign, who continues to conduct the day to day affairs of governance ?
Answer:
When ministers resign, now, the government officials continue to conduct the day to day affairs of governance.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 220

Question 7.
Read the passage and answer the following question.
“Through 1940 and 1941, the Congress organised a series of individual satyagrahas to pressure ; the rulers to promise freedom once the war had ended. No major protest was launched.”
Imagine what would happen if Congress leaders stepped up protests against the British government at this point of time ? Would it make the fight for freedom stronger?
Answer:

1. If Congress leaders stepped up protests against the British government at this time, the British would severely punish our leaders and imprison them.
2. It would not make the fight form freedom stronger.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 221

Question 8.
Discuss the importance of addressing the concerns of minorities. Why is it felt that majority based elections are not enough to help minorities ?
Answer:

1. The traditional notion of democracy has always upheld the voice of the majority over the minority.
2. So it is the fundamental importance that the minority is protected against discrimination and exploitation.
3. Basically India is a democratic state. In any democracy there is always a danger that the interest of majority conflicts with the interest of minorities. It may not be also.
4. If there is such a conflict, it is the interest of majority which will override the interest of the minority even if it happens to an unjust interest.
5. So it is felt that majority based elections are not enough to help minorities.

Question 9.
Separate electorate was one method to protect minority interests. Can you think of some other methods that can be helpful for this purpose? For example, would it help if there was a rule that a non Muslim member of a council must consult the Muslim population of his/her constituency before voting on an issue that concerned them? When would such a method work and under what conditions would it fail to be effective ?
Answer:

1. The Indian Constitution paved a way – ‘reservations’ to the minorities. It is a wonderful solution for the problems of minorities.
2. It would not help.
3. Such a method would work in small village panchayats. In minorities also there may be difference of opinion.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 223

Question 10.
How would people assess the possible benefits from the politics of Muslim League? Would they have any doubts? What kind of questions will they have? Discuss.
Answer:

1. League was able to convince the Muslim masses of the benefits and need for a separate nation.
2. Peasants could think of a state where Hindu Zamindars and Moneylenders did not exploit them.
3. Traders, businessmen and job seekers could think of a state where competition from Hindu traders, businessmen and job seekers would not be there.
4. There would be greater religious freedom.
5. Muslims had the fears of Hindu domination.
6. Their doubt was that it is difficult to protect their interests in an Indian Government.
7. i) What about their future in Independent India ?
   ii) How would be their conditions as minorities ? etc.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 224

Question 11.
Why did the Japanese allow Bose to recruit soldiers whom they had imprisoned?
Answer:

1. Japan and Southeast Asia were major refuges for Indian nationalists living in exile before the start of World War-II.
2. Japan has sent an intelligence mission to gain support from the Indian movement.
3. These missions were successful in establishing contacts with indian nationalists in exile supporting the establishment and organisation of the indian Independence league.
4. At the outbreak of World War – II, in Southeast Asia, 70,000 Indian troups were stationed in Malaya and later imprisoned by Japan after the fall of Malasia and Singapore.
5. From these prisoners of war, the first Indian National Army was formed and received considerable Japanese aid and support.
6. In 1943 the Japanese invited Bose to lead the Indian Nationalist Movement in East Asia.
7. Bose accepted and reached Japan and took the lead.

Question 12.
Why did the Indian soldiers join INA?
Answer:

1. In the beginning, they were soldiers in the British Army.
2. They were captured by the Japanese when the British were defeated in Burma and Malaya.
3. They were prisoners of war.
4. Bose convinced Japan to allow them to form an Army.
5. This army would fight alongside of Japan and against the British.
6. The soldiers joined Indian National Army with patriotism and national consciousness.

Question 13.
Why were Indian soldiers not scared of losing the war and falling into the hands of the British? What would the British do to them ?
Answer:

1. The Indian soldiers felt very proud to fight for the country, so they didn’t scare of losing the war and felling into the hands of the British.
2. They hope, that if the Britishers were defeated in the war we would get independence.
3. But in the war Indian army was defeated and punishments were imposed by British.

Question 14.
Review the period 1942-45. How can you say that the resistance of Indian people to the British rule had become more powerful than ever before?
Answer:

1. Mahatma Gandhi decided to launch ‘Quit India’ campaign in 1942.
2. Although he was jailed at once, young activists organised strikes all over the country.
3. Students^eft their colleges to go to jail.
4. Socialist resistance was very active.
5. Independent Governments were formed in several districts.
6. Bose waged war for 3 years with his INA against mighty British Army.
7. All the masses of the country were active against the British.
8. So we can say during 1942-45 resistance to British rule had become more powerful than ever before.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 225

Question 15.
Imagine the tragic turn of events and how these must have affected the lives of these people.
Answer:
The soldiers of INA were imprisoned and the British decided to punish them. A trial of INA soldiers was began – to court martial them for being traitors to the army and hanging them to death in punishment.
Unrest and unhappiness and discontent kept erupting in different parts of India as the INA trails proceeded.
In this popular upsurge of nationalist consciousness, the issue of Hindu-Muslim identity and separatist politics often became unimportant.

People were restless with food shortages, rationing of food, high prices, black marketing and hoarding. Railway and postal employees and other government employees were planning to go on India wide strike against prices.

Question 16.
What horror would the other Indians have felt at the thought that the INA soldiers who were like heroes to them were being tried and hanged as traitors by the British ?
Answer:

1. The INA soldiers were like heroes to other Indians.
2. They weret^ing tried and hanged as traitors by the British.
3. Unrest and unhappiness and discontent kept erupting in different parts of India as the INA trials proceeded.
4. Nationalist consciousness was growing and separatist politics became unimportant.
5. The people’s anger and sympathy gave no thought to the religion of the soldiers.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 226

Question 17.
Review the actions of ordinary masses in the country. What were they demanding ?
Answer:

1. On 18th February 1946, Royal INDIAN NAVY in Bombay came out from harbour on hunger strike.
2. The strike committee demanded better food, equal pay for white and Indian sailors release of INA and other political prisoners, withdrawal of Indian troops from Indonesia.
3. In 1946 the workers of factories and mills stoppages their work and demand for better wages and solving their problems.
4. CPI and the Socialist parties were active in these movements.
5. In Bengal small and poor peasants who took land for rental purpose demanded that their share of harvest should be increased.
6. The Telangana farmers demanded that debts of farmers be written off, bonded labour be stopped and land be distributed to those who tilled it.

Question 18.
It was noted that religious divisions were not important in many of these mass movements mentioned above. What could be the reason for the unity of the people in these movements?
Answer:

1. Unrest, unhappiness and discontent kept erupting in different parts of India.
2. Popular upsurge of nationalist consciousness did not allow separatist religious politics.
3. The people’s anger and sympathy gave no thought to the religion of the soldiers.
4. All were taking part in movements unitedly.

Question 19.
What were the demands of the Muslim League that were not acceptable to the Congress? Do you agree with the reasons of the Congress ?
Answer:

1. League should have an absolute right to choose all the Muslim members of the Executive Council.
2. The separate nation of Pakistan to be carved out of Punjab, NWFP, Sindh, Baluchistan, Afghan and Kashmir.
3. These were the demands that were not acceptable to the Congress made by League.
4. Congress was correct as sizable Muslim representatives are there from Congress and other party like Unionist Party of Punjab.

Question 20.
According to you, what did the election results of 1946 indicate about public mood ?
Answer:

1. In 1946, elections were held for the Provincial Governments and Central Assembly.
2. Muslim League got more than 86% of Muslim votes.
3. Congress captured 91% of non-Muslim vote.
4. Public mood is vindicative that there is great hope in the Congress in non-Muslim people and, in Muslim League in Muslim people.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 228

Question 21.
Newspaper report on Indian Independance. What different items can you identify in it ? Discuss.
Answer:

1. This was the first page of “The Statesman” Newspaper dated Friday, August 15,1947.
2. There is political freedom for the fifth of Human race as Two Dominions are born.
3. Nehru’s reply to Mr. Attlee that there will be close friendship with the Britain.
4. The excellency MnC. Rajagopalachari Sworn as first Governer of West Bengal.
5. We can see joyful sceffnes in Calcutta celebrations by Hindus and muslims.
6. First Cabinet of India begins to function headed by Pandit Nehru.
7. The meeting of Mahatma was listened without interruption.
8. And some ad like OMEGA watch is seen here.

 

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 15th Lesson National Liberation Movements in the Colonies Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 15th Lesson National Liberation Movements in the Colonies

10th Class Social Studies 15th Lesson National Liberation Movements in the Colonies Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Match the following.

Answer:
1. C
2. A
3. D
4. B

Question 2.
Trace the changes in the role of women seen in China over the decades. Why is it similar or different from that of the USSR and Germany?
Answer:

1. Long back Chinese women were forced to follow the practice of footbinding, they were subordinated and sufferers, of polygamy.
2. They were not allowed the public life.
3. Till 1940s they were confined to household.
4. Mao supported the emergence of rural women’s associations, stopped purchase or sale of marriage contracts.
5. After New Democracy women got protective rights and polygamy was abolished.
6. It is similar to women of the USSR who were provided with rights after revolution.
7. In Germany no such provisions were there till the end of Second World War.

Question 3.
After the overthrow of monarchy, China had two different types of regimes. How were they similar or different? (Or) Trace out the political conditions in China after throwing over monarchy.
Answer:
After the overthrow of monarchy, China had two types of regimes. The Guomindang (The National People’s Party) under Chaiang Kai-shek and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) under Mao Zedong.
Similarities:

1. Both the parties wanted to unite the country and bring stability.
2. Both spread education by starting schools.

Differences:

Question 4.
Countries discussed in the above chapter were all mostly dependent on agriculture. What were the measures taken in these countries to change these practices?
Answer:

1. In China, the major steps were a class identification of all villagers, followed by the confiscation and redistribution of land lord and other productive property.
2. In Vietnam, French began building canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta to increase cultivation. The vast system of irrigation works, canals and earth works built with forced labour increased rice production.
3. In Nigeria, the British developed trade in agricultural produce i.e., palm oil and cocoa.

Question 5.
Who owned industries in countries discussed above and what policies were brought in to change the systems? Make a table to compare them.
Answer:

Question 6.
Compare the national movement in India and Nigeria – can you explain why it was stronger in india?
Answer:
Comparison:

Explanation:

1. Compared to National Movement in Nigeria, that in India was stronger.
2. Social reformers in India and educated youth brought in the changes.
3. The introduction of newspapers and political organizations were started nearly 100 years before Independence.
4. Most classes of society included in the National Movement, thus it was stronger.
5. Whereas in Nigeria political parties and youth movements were only 30 to 40 years old.
6. Their nationalism plagued by ethnic conflict between the Yoruba and Igbos.

Question 7.
What are the challenges faced by the independent Nigerian nation? In what ways is it similar or different from the challenges faced by independent India?
Answer:

1. Nigeria became Independent on October 1st, 1963.
2. Unfortunately a just and balance democracy could not be worked out there.
3. Soon it slipped into civil war and military rule resulted in domination of the North.
4. Corruption and suppression of human rights went hand in hand.
5. The multinational oil corporations funded the military rulers and still facing challenges of building a democratic nation.
6. On the other hand, India successfully functioning as the world’s biggest democracy.

Question 8.
Unlike Vietnam or India, Nigeria did not have to struggle so hard for freedom. Can you find some explanations for this?
Answer:

1. Vietnam had paid great loss in the freedom struggle.
2. Vietnam also faced a war with the USA in the struggle.
3. India also paid great loss in the freedom struggle.
4. Indians fought against the British to get freedom.
5. In Nigeria a section of western-educated intellectuals developed the idea of a common Nigerian nation and began to fight the British rule.
6. Nigerian nationalism grew in popularity.
7. By that time England has granted independence to many countries and unable to maintain colonies.
8. Considering the wave of nationalism, the British decided to hand over power to Nigerians.

Question 9.
What role did schooling play in national movement of the countries discussed above?
Answer:

1. Both the influencial personalities in China Sun and Mao were well educated.
2. Post New Democracy era Chinese universalised education.
3. In Vietnam students fought against the colonial government through newspapers and political parties.
4. Ho Chi Minh was also well educated.
5. The role of students and educated youth is invaluable in Nigerian liberation movement.

Question 10.
Freedom struggle in these countries involved wars against the rulers. Briefly describe its impact.
Answer:

1. China was attacked and occupied by Japan between 1937 and 1945.
2. Both Guomindang and CCP tried to join forces to fight Japan.
3. After Japan’s surrender to US, both CCP and Guomindang engaged in war with each other.
4. CCP became ruler in main land of China and Guomindang set up government in Taiwan.
5. Vietnam waged 8 year long war with France and got independence but was divided.
6. North Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh was again attacked by US and war lasted 7 long years.
7. Finally a peace agreement was made and Vietnam was united.
8. Nigerian organisations, Nigerian soldiers tried to fight with the British.
9. Considering the wave of nationalism, the British decided to handover power to Nigerians.

10th Class Social Studies 15th Lesson National Liberation Movements in the Colonies InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 202

Question 1.
Observe the following map and answer the given questions.

(a) Identify one Asian and one African colony of Britain.
Answer:
India is the Asian and Nigeria is the African colony of Britain.

(b) Identify one Asian and one African colony of Holland.
Answer:
Indonesia is the Asian and Western Sahara is the African colony of Holland.

(c) Identify one Asian and one African colony of France.
Answer:
Vietnam is the Asian, Algeria is the African colony of France.

(d) Identify two Asian and one African country that was not colony of any power.
Answer:
China and Russia are the Asian and Ithiopia is the African country which was not a colony of any power.

(e) Whose colony was Australia?
Answer:
Australia was the colony of the British.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 203

Question 2.
Recall/ Revisit Class IX textbook as to what constitutes the idea of Nationalism and how it emerged.
Answer:
The idea of nationalism constitutes to develop a sense of common identity and shared history and descent.
Nationalism emerged due to

1. Oppressive rule of the colonial rulers.
2. Liberal ideas spread by philosophers and leaders.
3. Culture, art, pointing, poetry etc. also helped to express nationalist feelings.

Question 3.
If the traditional rulers of these countries had fought for freedom, what kind of political systems would have been created?
Answer:
If the traditional rulers of these countries had fought for freedom, monarchial kind of political systems would have been created.

Question 4.
In colonies which social groups have fought for freedom? And why were the ideas of equality and democracy important to them?
Answer:

1. In colonies mostly educated and the youth fought for freedom.
2. Apart from them peasants and at times, women also fought for freedom.
3. There was support from soldiers for these liberation wars.
4. Most commonly, all the above fought under the leadership of powerful leaders who envisaged the independence of their colonies.
5. The idea of equality and democracy are important for them as their old emperors are military rulers who did not give them freedom and equality.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 204

Question 5.
Why do you think young” Chinese wanted to fight both against old traditional practices and against foreign powers?
Answer:

1. Young Chinese wanted to fight both against old traditional practices and against foreign powers.
2. The old traditional Chinese language and script are very complex, the practice of foot binding is against the dignity of women.
3. There is the subordination of women and no equality in marriage, and poverty is more prevalent.
4. Despite being an ally of victorious side led by England, China did not get back the territories seized from it by Japan.
5. So they tried to attack old tradition.
6. Revolutionaries called for driving out the foreigners, who were controlling the country’s resources.
7. So they wanted to be against the foreign powers.

Question 6.
Did something similar happen in India?
Answer:

1. Yes. Something similar happened in India.
2. Indians resented the old practices like Sati, Polygamy, Untouchabilities, Child Marriages, encouraged widow remarriages and girl child education, etc.
3. Many peasant movements, socio religious movements were conducted.
4. People resented the British rule.
5. They wanted to drive the British away.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 205

Question 7.
What were the major political parties that emerged during the period? (In China)
Answer:

1. After the republican revolution in 1911 the country entered a period of turmoil.
2. The Guomindang (the National People’s party also called KMT – Kuo Ming Tong) and the Chinese Communist Party are the two major political parties emerged during the period.

Question 8.
Who were the members of such mobilisation? (In China)
Answer:
Peasants, labourers, women and students.

Question 9.
What was the nature of their social and economic changes that were thought of?
Answer:

1. Mao Zedong was for the abolition of land-lordism and built army with peasants.
2. Through confiscation of land of the landlords, he distributed the land among peasants.
3. He supported the rural women’s associations, stopped purchase and sale of marriage contracts.
4. He fought foreign imperialism.
5. Achieved universalisation of elementary education was achieved in initial years.
6. Freedom and equality.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 207

Question 10.
In what ways did the land reform programmes help CCP win the war?
Answer:

1. It is generally agreed upon by the scholars that the successful carrying out of the land reforms and universalisation of education achieved in the initial years of the revolution formed a solid basis for the future development of China.
2. The CCP gradually established a single party rule in which the supreme leaders or Chairman was all powerful.
3. All opposition activities were disallowed.

Question 11.
Compare the land reforms carried out in China with that of India. What were the similarities and differences between them?
Answer:
Land Reforms carried out in India:

1. In India Zamindari and Mahalwari systems were abolished and the Ryotwari system was introduced.
2. Land Ceiling Act was implemented and the distribution of surplus land to the poor was taken.

Land Reforms carried out in China:

1. Identify the all village inhabitants.
2. Confiscation of all village lands and redistribution of land lord’s land and other productive property.

Similarities:

1. The land was distributed among the poor peasants in all the cases.

Differences:

1. Unlike India, in China it was done with force and incurred human loss but in India we see very rare occasions of deaths of land lords.

Question 12.
Do you agree with the view that equal participation of men and women and equal opportunity for them is necessary for freedom and development of the country?
Answer:

1. I agree with it. Equal participation of men and women is necessary for freedom and development of the country.
2. And availability of equal opportunity to both men and women is necessary for freedom and development of the country.
3. That is why our Constitution promised these equal rights and opportunities to men and women.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 209

Question 13.
Why were the railways and canals developed in Vietnam by the French?
Answer:

1. The French were keen to develop Vietnam as an exporter of rice.
2. For this purpose they made a three fold strategy.
3. That includes improving irrigation network, encouraging landlords and encouraging marketing of agricultural produce like rice and rubber.
4. Thus, French started building canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta.
5. It was followed by infrastructure projects to help transport like roads and railways.

Question 14.
What was the difference between a landless peasant and landless workers?
Answer:

1. There was difference between a landless peasant and landless workers.
2. Landless peasants practice only cultivation either taking land on rent or attending the agricultural works or both of them.
3. On the other hand landless workers do not practice cultivation.
4. They only attend to agricultural work or in absence of these they will search for another employment or settle in activities other than agriculture.

Question 15.
You read about the condition of peasants in the British rule in India, in what ways was it similar to that of Vietnam ?
Answer:

1. The condition of peasants in the British rule was miserable.
2. They were under the burden of heavy taxation and no exemption of taxes during crop failures and natural calamities etc.
3. In Vietnam also the peasants who rented the land of landlords had to pay rent in both share of produce and also by working on the fields of them.
4. They need to pay different taxes imposed at the will of landlords.
5. These forced them to debt bondage.

Question 16.
Try to remember the policies followed by the British in India. Compare the colonial policies followed by the British in India and the French in Vietnam. What similarities and differences do you find between them?
Answer:

1. The colonial policies of both the British and the French were the same.
2. Both of them provided irrigation water by digging canals and that provision of transport systems like roads and railways.
3. They administered the colonies.
4. All these expenses were charged from the revenue of the country.
5. These sums were taken to their native countries.
6. Vietnam was encouraged to cultivate rice by the French whereas the British forced for the cultivation of indigo, opium and jute.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 210

Question 17.
Why did the fall in price rice lead to the rise of rural indebtedness?
Answer:

1. Vietnam was the third largest exporter of rice in the world.
2. It is also one of the largest exporters of rubber.
3. The great depression of 1930s had a profound impact on Vietnam.
4. The prices of rice and rubber fell, leading to rising rural debts, unemployment.
5. As the rural peasants invest most on rice and rubber, the fall prices hurt their revenue.

Question 18.
The youth and students played an important role in the emergence of nationalism in both Vietnam and China. Discuss the similarities and differences between them.
Answer:
Differences:

Similarities:

1. Both fought against colonial government’s efforts.
2. Both were inspired by patriotic feelings and the conviction that it was the duty of the educated to fight for the benefit of society.
3. Both were forming various political parties.
4. Both published nationalist journals.

Question 19.
Why do you think land rent reduction was one of the first steps taken by the independent government in Vietnam ?
Answer:

1. The first step taken by the independent government in Vietnam was the reduction of land rents.
2. Earlier most of the lands were under the control of landlords.
3. They kept the land rents not only high but also imposed other taxes at will.
4. So, the new government reduced the land rents.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 211

Question 20.
What would have been the impact of such land reform on Vietnamese society? Discuss from the point of view of various social classes in the rural areas.
Answer:
From the point of view of landowners: It was a great damage to their earnings.
From the point of view of landless peasants: It was a great relief for them.
From the point of view of landless workers: It would create them some opportunity of work.

Question 21.
Compare the nature of land reforms in China, Vietnam and India.
Answer:

1. In India land reforms were conducted In a half-hearted manner.
2. Zamindars or landlords somehow managed to retain their lands.
3. In China land reforms were organised in a radical manner.
4. Most of the landless peasants were benefited.
5. In Vietnam they gave priority to reduction in land rents.
6. Land distribution among the landless was organised in a soft manner.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 213

Question 22.
Do you think America was justified in using chemical weapons like Napalm and Agent Orange on civilian population and jungles ?
Answer:

1. I don’t think America was justified In using chemical weapons like Napalm and Agent Orange.
2. Their Intention to clear the jungles was it would be easier to kill people If there was no jungle cover.
3. They destroyed many villages and decimated jungles and civilians died in large numbers.
4. That did not deter the courages of the peasants and people of Vietnam.

Question 23.
How was it possible for a small country like Vietnam to stand up the might of the USA?
Answer:

1. There was great power of nationalism in people of Vietnam that they moved to action.
2. They were Inspired and sacrificed their home and family.
3. The USA underestimated the commitment of the lakhs of poor peasants.
4. These lakhs of poor peasants, who received recently land were with commitment to fight.
5. The land reforms played a most crucial role in defeating the mightiest army of the world.

Question 24.
What was the role of peace movement in the USA in the decision of the US government to withdraw from Vietnam ?
Answer:

1. Many were critical of the US government for getting involved in a war that they saw as indefensible.
2. The prolongation of war created strong reactions even within the US.
3. The wide spread questioning of government policy strengthened moves to negotiate an end to the war.
4. A peace settlement was signed in Paris in January 1974.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 215

Question 25.
Discuss how do you think the idea of Pan-Africanism is different from nationalism. Do you think the idea of nationalism is limiting?
Answer:

1. Pan-Africanism is an idea that promotes the unity of all African peoples irrespective of country or tribe.
2. It used not only to fight colonialism and racial discrimination.
3. Building unity among all inhabitant tribes based on principles of equality, social justice and human dignity.
4. On the other hand, the idea of nationalism constitutes to develop a sense of common identity and shared history and descent in one nation.
5. Comparatively Nationalism was limiting.

Question 26.
Colonial rule led to uneven development of regions in a century. In India too under the British coastal regions like Bengal, Madras and Bombay developed faster. Why do you think such uneven, development takes place?
Answer:

1. The colonial rule aimed at taking away raw material cheaply from colonies and selling away their finished products in colonies.
2. All colonial countries conducted sea trade.
3. So they obviously connected different regions of raw material availability and markets to finished goods with these port cities.
4. So the development was mostly concentrated in the port cities only.
5. Apart from this, most of their factors lived there and their fortifications also present there only.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 217

Question 27.
Most of the oil resources of Nigeria are in the South Eastern region. The Igbos think that they should get the maximum share of oil profits. They object to oil wealth being used for the development of the North. What do you think will be the proper and just solution to this problem?

1. Most of the oil resources of Nigeria are in South Eastern region.
2. The Igbos think that they should get the maximum share of oil profits.
3. They object to oil wealth being used for the development of the North.
4. The claim of the Igbos was not correct.
5. The natural resources belong to the entire nation.
6. Government should use the wealth from natural resources to develop all the regions of the country.
7. In case, the region with resources was backward, care must be taken to develop it.

 

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 14th Lesson The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part 2 Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 14th Lesson The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part 2

10th Class Social Studies 14th Lesson The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part 2 Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve your learning

Question 1.
Russian revolution brought in many changes in their society. What were they? And what challenges did they face?
Answer:

1. Russian socialist revolution happened in two phases in March 1917 and in November 1917.
2. They planned rapid industrialization and collectivization of agriculture.
3. Thousands of large farmers resisted collective farms.
4. After initial period of decline agricultural production soon rose.
5. All industries were owned by state which sold products to the consumers directly.
6. The USSR achieved full employment for all its citizens and improved their standards of living.
7. It also managed to universalise literacy and primary education.

Challenges faced by them :

1. Rapid construction led to poor working conditions.
2. Low standard of living.
3. Unemployment.
4. Lack of educational facilities.
5. Lack of proper health care.

Question 2.
Compare different points of view about Great Depression, which one would you agree with? Why?
Answer:

1. The Great Depression lasted between 1929 to 1939.
2. It was triggered by decline in demand and fall of prices.
3. Maxist Economists argued that it was because of capitalism and can be got rid of only with socialism.
4. Economist JM Keynes argued state shall play a crucial role and intervene effectively.
5. During decline state shall invest and generate employment and help people to earn money and demand goods in market.
6. The countries like USA, England and Germany followed this way and stood successful in coming out of Great Depression.
7. I would agree with it as it is result oriented.

Question 3.
In what ways were Jews persecuted during the Nazi Germany? Do you think in every country some people are differentiated because of their identity?
Answer:

1. Jews were merely 0.75% of the population of Germany.
2. Nazi ideology depended on majoritarian principles.
3. To build the racial supremacy of Germans they committed mass extermination of minority communities.
4. They arbitrarily arrested Jews and put them in concentration camps.
5. Hitler blamed that Jews were the main cause of all problems.
6. He also said communism and capitalism were conspiracies of Jews.
7. In the holocaust the killed Jews were around 6 millions.
8. There may be instances in some countries where the people differentiated of their identities.

Question 4.
List the measures taken under idea of welfare state under Great Depression and explain how similar or different they are from that of the reforms that emerged under the USSR?
Answer:

1. Different measures were taken under the idea of welfare state.
2. These basically consisted of unemployment insurance and old age pension schemes.
3. Others are like sickness coverage, health schemes, child care, etc.
4. A certain basic minimum dignified life for all citizens was ensured by the state.
5. State took care of their most elementary needs like food, housing, health, child and old age care and education.
6. There are certain similarities between these and the USSR reforms like state providing employment to all and health care, education, etc.
7. More are different from that of the USSR like unemployment insurance, and old age pension schemes, etc.

Question 5.
What challenges were faced by Germany during Great Depression and how did Nazi rulers and Hitler make use of it?
Answer:

1. Before Great Depression the USA gave loans and rescheduled the payments of war damage till 1928.
2. But America deeply affected by Great Depression, So German economy was worst hit.
3. Workers lost jobs and were paid reduced wages.
4. Men hanged placards around their necks ‘saying’ willing to do anywork.
5. Youth took to criminal activities and there was total despair in society.
6. Salaried employees and pensioners saw their saving diminished when the currency lost its value. Middle class were alarmed as their savings were diminishing.
7. Peasantry was effected by fall in prices. Small businessmen, the self-employed and retailers suffered as their business got ruined. Women were unable to fill their children’s stomach.
8. All the above causes led to political instability.
9. In these situations Hitler promised employment for those looking work and a secure future for youth.
10. He promised to undo the injustice of the Versailles treaty and weedout all foreign influences.
11. Thus Nazi party’s vote share rose from 2.6% in 1928 to 37% in 1932, becoming the largest party.

Question 6.
What were the political changes brought under the Nazi rule? Often people argue that a single powerful leader can resolve the problems of a country. Based on the experiences narrated in the context of Nazi Germany how do you respond to this vision ?
(OR)
What were the policies implemented by the Nazis in Germany before the World War II?
Answer:

1. Hitler came to power and immediately tried to dismantle parliament and start autocratic rule.
2. Made arbitrary arrest of political opponents and put them in concentration camps.
3. On 3 March 1933, the famous Enabling Act was passed which empowered Hitler to sideline parliament and rule by decree.
4. All political parties and trade unions were banned except Nazi and its allies.
5. The state established complete control over the economy, media, army and judiciary.
6. Special security forces like Gestopo were created.

My response:

1. If power is given to a single leader it leads to dictatorship, undemocratic, autocratic rule.
2. If creates horror, fear and finally leads to destruction as it happened to Hitler and Germany. So it is not good. Everyone needs freedom.

10th Class Social Studies 14th Lesson The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part 2 InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 190

Question 1.
Read the two views on the revolution in the countryside(The October Revolution and the Russian Countryside: Two Views). Imagine yourself to be a witness to the events. Write a short account from the standpoint of:

1. an owner of an estate
2. a small peasant
3. a journalist.

Answer:
1) Standpoint of an owner of estate:

1. The days after revolution were unbearable, because peasants who used to work in my estate land now revolted against me.
2. They came inside my house and looted everything from me and distributed among them.
3. My family had worked many years together to earn such huge property which this men took over-night.

2) Standpoint of a small peasant:
‘Long live revolution’. The time has come for the landless to own some land. There would be no landowner to press for heavy rents. No Feudal lord, now able to force to work under him.

3) Standpoint of a journalist:
What once all believed to be a miracle, now came into reality.
Peasant with a smile on his lips, anticipating what is in stores for him.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 192

Question 2.
Make a brief assessment of the Soviet experiment. How far was it successful in building a world based on equality, freedom and prosperity?
Answer:

1. Soviet Russia under Stalin experimented a planned development.
2. It opted for both rapid industrialisation and collectivisation of agriculture.
3. It was able to achieve full employment for all its citizens.
4. It was able to improve their standard of living substantially.
5. It also managed to, universalise literacy and elementary education.
6. It did not give ordinary liberty to the citizens and done away with the opposition.
7. It forced large scale execution of opposition leaders.
8. It brought prosperity among the society, but the freedom was not bestowed on them and doing away with any opposition was not the sign of equality.

Question 3.
Do you think it is justified to execute thousands of people for the sake of such experiments?
Answer:

1. I don’t think it is justified to execute thousands of people for the sake of such an experiment.
2. The USSR regime under Stalin experimented collectivisation of farming.
3. Thousands of large farmers renserved it and were imprisoned, depored and even put to death.
4. Ordinary democratic liberties were denied to the citizens.
5. They have done away with any opposition through the use of force including large scale execution of opposition leaders.
6. Rapid construction of economy led to poor working conditions, workers lived hard lives.
7. Many intellectuals and others horrified by the violent elimination of opposition and denial of multiparty democracy and freedom in the USSR.

Question 4.
What were the criticisms raised against communist system?
Answer:

1. There were many criticisms raised against communist system in the USSR.
2. There was a dictatorship in Russia.
3. The citizens were denied ordinary democratic liberties.
4. This was done through the use of force including large scale executions of opposition leaders.
5. Life of individual was completely controlled by the state.
6. Some economic policies of the government brought terrible misery to the people.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 194

Question 5.
imagine yourself to be a worker who lost job suddenly and has no employment for the next few years. Write an account of a day in your life in first person.
Answer:

1. I am Narendra Srivastav.
2. I had lost my job last year when there was recession in software industry.
3. I have been making efforts ever since I lost the job.
4. Many interviews I have attended but nothing was materialised.
5. With this unemployment financial problems are looming large at me.
6. Being unable to shy away from the family responsibilities I was prepared to do any work.
7. Still acquiring any job is looking a herculean task.

Question 6.
Imagine yourself to be a farmer who finds that the price of his crop has fallen to less than half.
Write your reaction in three hundred words.
Answer:
As everyone made more profits in the crop of tomato last year, I decided to go ahead with it. But now I am repenting a lot. Before a month it was sold at Rs. 40 per kg and I believed that this rate may prevail. But due to the influx of tomato from the borders of Karnataka, now the rates were less than 10 Rs. per kg. This volatile change the price of a crop is a matter of discontentment. There were demands everseen for fair price for the crop. At times unable to get the amount of picking up of tomato and transporting to market we left them like that in the farm. Some times we have dumped alongside the road, when it was believed that if would not rise the transport charges to the Market.

We have been making number of requests to the government to set up a minimum support price for the crop of tomato for years. But it was unheeded by the government. The input expenditure is mounting like a steep cliff with increases in the prices of fertilizers and pesticides and even the rates of agricultural labourers. But the outcome of the crop and the price at which it was sold were the concerns of sorrow. We strongly recommend the government to take appropriate action at the earliest possible time to bail out us from these difficult situations. We, the farming community should learn from our mistakes. We should adopt a scientific approach in selecting the crops to be grown, instead of running behind the crops which gave higher returns the previous year. I request everyone to our mite in non-repetition of this difficulty once we faced and strive for prosperous crop raising.

(OR)

My name is Perayya. I am a farmer in East Godavari district. Due to sufficient rainfall our fields are with good yield. This morning I read in the newspaper that the prices of our crops are suddenly fallen due to some economic reason. I am shocked by reading the news. I am planning to market my yield to repay my loans. But the news made me mad. For the last three years there are no rains and no crops. The loan amount in the Bank is increasing day by day. Now the things are going on like this. I have no other source. How can I come out of all these problems?

I request the government to take appropriate action at the earliest possible time to bail out the farmers like me from these difficult situations.

Question 7.
What aspects of the Welfare State do you find functioning in India today? (OR)
India is functioning as a welfare state in certain aspects. What are those aspects?
Answer:

1. India is providing the people a number of social security schemes.
2. It is providing old age pensions.
3. It is providing women and child care facilities.
4. It is providing health care facilities to the poor and downtrodden.
5. It is providing food security to people.
6. It is running housing schemes for rural and urban poor independently.
7. It is providing free and compulsory education for the children of 6 to 14 years age group.
8. It is striving to provide employment to abled persons.

Question 8.
Read the message “From Hitler’s speech” on text page no. 194 and answer the following question. Is Hitler promoting the idea of World conquest here? Do you think world should belong to those who have power and strength alone?
Answer:

1. Hitler is promoting the idea of world conquest here.
2. With courage in hearts people can conquer the earth.
3. Nation must be vigorous to conquer the world.
4. I don’t think that the world should belong to those who have power and strength alone.
5. All are universal human beings. One should respect the sovereignty of other.
6. Power and strength alone are not eternal.
7. World should belong to all who respect the right of others.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 195

Question 9.
Do you agree with the view that women should confine themselves to pain and suffering of bringing up the children?
Answer:

1. It is not fair that women should confine themselves to the pain and suffering of bringing up the children.
2. As children below certain age cannot do their works independently. So there should be parents ” or elders to assist them.
3. To make them learn the dos and donots, they should spare the time.
4. As a social norm, men are ekeing out a living, women are entrusted the responsibility of upkeep.
5. Now the time has changed women are taking up careers.
6. So mutual adjustment and understanding helps in the bringing up of the children.

Question 10.
Do you think men and women can participate equally in all aspects of life including child rearing and work in factories, offices, and fields ?
Answer:

1. We are living in a society customized to beliefs that men are the bread earners and women manage the family.
2. Though now we are making attempts to come out of this, it takes much time for the transformation.
3. As of now, we cannot say that both are participating equally.
4. The system of marriage and living together with family may not allow the men and women equal participation in all aspects of life including child rearing and work in factories, offices and fields.

(OR)

Yes, I think men and women can participate equally in all aspects of life. But one thing, should be remembered that women are physically weak when compared to men. Men are mentally weak when compared to women. Men and women can participate.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 197

Question 11.
Nazi ideology depended on majoritarian principles. Jews were merely 0.75 percent of the population in Germany. Apart from Jews others who opposed Nazi’s were also punished. How does the pastor capture this?
Answer:

1. Nazi ideology depend on majoritarian principles.
2. Jews and others who opposed Nazis were also punished.
3. The paster captured this in a very,dramatic manner.
4. He observed an absence of protest, an uncanny silence amongst ordinary Germans.
5. That is because Nazi empire committed brutal and organised crimes against people.
6. He satired that Nazi regime done away with communists, social democrats, trade unionists and Jews and finally when they came for him there was no one who could stand up for him.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 199

Question 12.
In what ways was the Second World War a logical outcome of Hitler’s ideology and economic policies?
Answer:

1. In many ways the Second World War was a logical outcome of Hitler’s ideology and economic policies.
2. He aimed at full production and full employment through a state-funded work-creation programme.
3. It produced German superhighways and the people’s car, Volkswagen.
4. This period saw an improvement of living standards of Germans.
5. He sought to reverse the country’s economic crisis by waging war against other nations.
6. Resources were to be accumulated through expansion of territory.
7. By 1939, he attacked Poland, which triggered off the Second World War.

Question 13.
Why do you think Hitler wanted to target Jews as the enemy of German people?
Answer:

1. There was a conflict between Christianity and Judaism and they were social, economic and sometimes political conflicts.
2. Hitler hated Jews for their race.
3. He believed that the Jews were not just the followers of an abhorrent religious doctrine, or that the Jews had grabbed too much economic influence, or even that they were too intrensive in politics or culture.

Question 14.
Find out more about “Holocaust” and “Auschwitz camps” and prepare a project report based on it.
Answer:

1. Holocaust (Holocaust: Ha-Shaoh’ in Hebrew) is persecution of Jews by Nazis.
2. It was taken place between 30 Jan 1933 to 8 May, 1945 in particular in Germany and in general world wide.
3. An estimated 6 million Jews were killed among them were 1.5 million children.
4. Along with Jews Nazis killed around 6 million Christians through out the world.
5. Nazis made the propaganda that Jews were their misfortune.
6. Nazis made them isolated from the society.
7. Nazis confined Jews of poland to Ghettos.
8. They were sent to concentration camps.

Auschwitz Camp:

1. Auschwitz was the place where Nazis had concentration camps and conducted the genocide.
2. It had 3 main camps and 45 satellite camps.
3. Auschwitz I was the camp where the prisoners of war from Poland were kept.
4. Auschwitz II camp was also called ‘Biskenau’ was the camp of Jews world wide.
5. Auschwitz III was a labour camp to staff an JG Farben Factory.
6. These camps were In operation during May 1940 to January 1945.
7. It is estimated that nearly 101 million people from all who opposed Nazis and others were brought to and tried and persecuted in these camps.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 200

Question 15.
Compare the experiences of the USSR and Germany after the First World War. What similarities and differences do you find between them?
Answer:
Similarities:

1. Both of them suffered heavy losses in the World War – I.
2. Both the empires were replaced by powerful dictatorial rulers i.e., Stalin in the USSR and Hitler in Germany.
3. Both of them tasted a steady progress.

Differences:

The USSR	Germany
1) The USSR adopted Socialism.	1) Germany embraced Nazism.
2) Centralized political power and denied civil rights.	2) Nazism adopted aggressive policies and racial supremacy increased.
3) Violently eliminated opposition and multiparty democracy.	3) Germans exterminated minorities and inflicted mass murder on innocents.
4) The USSR did not follow aggressive foreign policy.	4) Hitler followed an aggressive foreign policy.
5) After 2nd World War the USSR rose to the status of world super power.	5) Whereas Germany was divided into two countries.

Question 16.
The experience of war and depression gave rise to many new alternative models of national development -what were these and what were their limitations?
Answer:

1. The experience of war and depression gave rise to many new alternative models of national development.
2. Devising planned economy with Five Year Plans etc. and state to maintain a balance between demand and supply.
3. Idea of welfare state coming into prominence by providing food, housing, health, child and old age care and education.
4. Government aimed at full production and full employment through a state funded work creation Programme.
5. These models of development definitely have limitations like death of funds, dedication of bureaucracy, support from the political opposition, cooperation from the people, etc.

Project work
Discuss the images given on Text Page 201. Try to collect more images regarding this period.

Answer:
Students’ Activity

SCERT AP Board 10th Class Social Solutions 13th Lesson The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part 1 Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Social Studies Solutions 13th Lesson The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part 1

10th Class Social Studies 13th Lesson The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part 1 Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
Correct the false statements,
(a) At the beginning of 20th century disparity across the world was marked by west and the rest.
Answer:
The statement is correct.

(b) 20th century saw the rise of democracy and instances of dictatorship as well as making of new kingdoms,
Answer:
20th century saw the rise of democracy and instances of dictatorship as well as making of new countries, the colonies rose to independence.

(c) Socialist societies wanted to build on the idea of equality and fraternity.
Answer:
The statement is correct.

(d) Army members of countries fighting belonged to many different countries and not Just those which directly participated in the war.
Answer:
The statement is correct.

(e) After or during the First World War many countries changed over from monarchy rule to democracies.
Answer:
The statement is correct.

Question 2.
Make a table to show allies, axis and central powers, participated with following countries on different sides of the world wars: Austria, USSR(Russia), Germany, Britain, Japan, France, Italy, USA.
Answer:

Question 3.
How did the idea of nation-states and nationalism influence desire for war during World Wars? (Or) How did Aggressive nationalism lead to World Wars?
(OR)
How did the idea of Nationalism lead to the World Wars?
Answer:

1. The ideology of nationalism was a positive impulse.
2. It was the foundation of modern nation-states.
3. But later it became aggressive nationalism.
4. It is used to create pride in oneself and hatred against neighbours.
5. Fascists in Italy tried to build images of victories with it.
6. Nazis of Germany mobilised Germans against other nations of Europe.
7. These incidents led to World War.
8. Thus, we can say the idea of nation-states and nationalism influenced the desire for war during World Wars.

Question 4.
Write a short note on various causes of two World Wars. Do you think any of these features are prevalent even today in countries around the world? How?
Answer:

1. Two World Wars have various causes for their outbreak.
2. They have some immediate provocation and some long-term causes.
3. Among long-term causes aggressive nationalism, imperialism, secret alliances, militarism, the Treaty of Versailles, failure of League of Nations, German challenge to vengeful domination and fear of communism are there to be named.
4. I don’t think any such features are prevalent in nations around the world now.
5. But few developed nations are after the natural resource reserves of various other nations and damaging their sovereignty.

Question 5.
What are the different impacts of wars during the first half of 20th century? (OR)
“Second World War ended imperialism” justify it. (OR)
Describe the consequences of the World Wars.
Answer:

1. There were different impacts of wars during the first half of 20th century.
2. They showed the dangers of undemocratic governments.
3. They strengthened the case for democratisation of power.
4. They put an end to several empires like Austro-Hungarian, Russian, Ottoman and German empires.
5. These empires were replaced by democracies.
6. Colonies demanded self-government from colonialists.
7. With the process of decolonization, hundreds of new countries were born.
8. The League of Nations and the United Nations Organization were formed after the World War I & II.
9. The map of eastern and central Europe was redrawn on the basis of nationality, economic viability and military security.
10. These were the impacts of wars during the first half of the 20th century.
11. After a long struggle for political right the right to vote – British women got these rights in 1918.

10th Class Social Studies 13th Lesson The World Between Wars 1900-1950 Part 1 InText Questions and Answers

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 176 & 177

Question 1.
Look at some of the pictures given below, connect them with one or the other point mentioned and write a short note on each of them.
(a) Observe the picture of 1934 rally of Hitlers Nazi party at Nurnberg. Compare it with the political party rallies you have seen.
Answer:

1. Political rallies conducted during the time of Hitler and that they are conducted now will definitely bear similarities.
2. But the political fervour with which Nazis worked could not be seen now.
3. Nazis under Hitler thought militarism and race superiority as their Agenda.
4. Now political parties work for harmony and equality of all.
5. Their approach may fit the period when they formed government.
6. Now political rallies are conducted in peaceful manner moving towards democracy.

(b) Famous photograph of Polish immigrant Florence Owens during Depression by Dorothea Lange.
It depicts destitute pea pickers in California, March 1936. What would she be thinking?
Answer:

1. Great Depression during 1929 – 30 ramshackle world economy.
2. Many industries were closed and many more were taken away of their employment.
3. Many were forced to take up the menial jobs like pea picking, etc.
4. This picture depicts one such woman with her children in deep grief.
5. She had migrated from Poland to California and was employed as pea picker.
6. The picture depicts her sorrow of what happened and worries about the future.

(c) Atom Bomb in Nagasaki, also look at the picture at end of the chapter which shows the effect of this bomb.
Answer:

1. Towards the end of the Second World War, America dropped two small atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki of Japan.
2. They killed immediately between 1,50,000 to 2,46,000 people.
3. The after-effects of these bombings, like leukaemia and cancer, lingered on for decades.
4. From then, there is always the fear hanging around the world of another atom bomb dropping or a Third World War.

(d) A painting by Kustodiev in 1920 on The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia. What is the artist trying to say? Who the giant leader could be?
Answer:

1. Bolshevik Revolution in Russia came in 1917.
2. People revolted against the Tsarist Regime.
3. Bolshevik party promised people; food to starving people; land to peasants; power to Soviets and withdraw from World War.
4. They confiscated all private factories, mills and industries and rationalised them.
5. The portrait could be of Lenin.

(e) A cartoon in German with caption “Buy from the Jews, betray your people” 1929. What bias does it show?
Answer:

1. The bias it shows is not to buy any product from Jews in Germany.
2. That act of purchasing could prove them to be traitors of Germany.
3. Germans under Hitler exhibited racial supremacy of Nordic.
4. They developed wanton hatred towards Jews.
5. In the later days, nearly 60 lakh Jews were killed by Nazis, followers of Hitler.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 179

Question 2.
Find out: How long did the India Pakistan war last in 1971? How many people were killed? (Or) “1971 a year of war and liberation.” Explain.
Answer:

1. Actually East Pakistan (later Bangladesh) people were fighting for liberation from Pakistan from March 1971.
2. India joined the war supporting East Pakistan on 3rd December 1971 and ended on 16the December 1971.
3. The war lasted for only 13 days. It is considered to be one of the shortest wars in the history.
4. 3,843 Indian soldiers lost their lives whereas 9000 Pakistani soldiers were killed.
5. 9,851 Indians and 4,350 Pakistani’s were wounded.
6. 97,368 Pakistani’s were taken as prisoners of war.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 181

Question 3.
In what ways do you think industrialisation has created the conditions for modern wars?
Answer:

1. Industrial capital developed in European countries like Britain, Germany and the USA.
2. They needed markets for their products and access to raw materials.
3. Accumulated capital in Banks was also to be put in safe investment opportunities in colonies. This led to imperialism.
4. Governments of these countries acted in interests of capitalists to increase their colonies.
5. New industrial powers like Germany, Italy and Japan competed with them.
6. This created much stress and often led to wars.

Question 4.
Do you think the love for one’s country among people of different countries leads to wars?
Answer:

1. Love for one’s country is a positive impulse.
2. If one lives among people of different countries also, love for his country will not harm.
3. But love for one’s country, at times is associated with hatred against neighbours.
4. Then it would not be a positive impulse.
5. It will make the living of one even in his own country miserable.
6. He cannot live comfortably with such kind of people.
7. This type of aggressive nationalism, at times disturbs the peaceful co-existence and leads to wars.

Question 5.
If one country takes an aggressive stance against another country, should the other country also respond aggressively? Can there be other ways of handling the problem?
Answer:

1. If one country takes an aggressive stance against another country, the other country should not respond aggressively.
2. There can be other ways of handling this problem.
3. If both the countries are members of any institution of world governance like UNO, then going there is the better option.
4. UNO tries to sort out the problem and comes up with just solution.
5. If any of the country does not happen to be a member of UNO, then arbitration is the best policy.
6. Both of them should have an agreeable third party country to mediate and both of them should abide by its solution.

Question 6.
Do you find the presence of aggressive nationalism, imperialism, power blocks and militarism around us today too? Give examples and discuss in the class.
Answer:

1. We may find traces of such things now.
2. In perfect sense, we may not find aggressive nationalism, imperialism, power blocks and militarism around us today.
3. We can see countries like China, which are denying countries like Tibet of their sovereignty.
4. We can see countries like the USA which are interfering in affairs of other countries like Iran, Afghanistan, Vietnam, Libya, etc.
5. We find some countries interfering in the affairs of other countries with a view to over power the natural resources present there.

Question 7.
Find out about some of the wars fought during the last ten years and see to what extent these four factors caused them.
Answer:

1. The four factors were aggressive nationalism, imperialism, power blocks and militarism.
2. The USA was involved in most of the wars that were fought during the last ten years.
3. Iraq War: The USA attacked Iraq blaming the regime of Saddam Hussein in 2003. From then till 2011 American forces were there in Iraq. They tried Saddam and executed him.
4. War in North West Pakistan: Taliban, a militant Islam Group formed for separate nation from Pakistan and fighting with it from 2004. The USA sent troops to quell the agitation. But it Is not decimated yet.
5. Somalia War (2006 – 2009): There were ethnic differences led to large scale fighting In Eastern Africa in countries like Somalia, Ethiopia and Eritria, etc.
6. An Islamic militant outfit Al-Queida (under Osama Bin Laden once) intruded Into Yemen in 2010.
7. In 2007 there occurred Transahara War in Northern African countries Morocco, Tunisia and Mauritania, etc.
8. Most of these wars are of militant nature.

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 183

Question 8.
Some organs of the League of Nations like the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and World Health Organisation (WHO) continue to function to this day. Find out about their activities and prepare a project report on one such organ.
Answer:
Some organs of the League of Nations are functioning till date. A few of them are ILO, WHO and IG, etc. World Health Organisation (WHO) played an Important role in providing good healthy conditions to most of the third world countries. Dreadful diseases like cholera, smallpox, polio, etc., were checked. In recent years WHO is fighting against AIDS and heart diseases. In Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, the WHO suggested measures and advised to start an international school for infant and child welfare at buenos. Aires, and a public health school at Rio-de-Janerio, the capital of Brazil.
(OR)
Some activities of U.N.O:

1. Skills development, job creation and elimination of work force inequalities.
2. Ensuring equal access of women to the labour market and social security.
3. Integration of youth through education, etc.

Question 9.
Do you think the Second World War could have been avoided if the victorious powers had been more considerate towards Germany in 1919?
Answer:

1. The peace treaty after 1st World War imposed inhumane and humiliating terms on Germany.
2. Germans thought that the Treaty of Versailles was a diktat imposed on them.
3. Germans were asked to return colonies like Alsace and Lorraine.
4. Germany was asked to pull down its army strength to 1 lakh from 9 lakhs.
5. It was asked not to have submarines and restrictions were imposed on its naval strength.
6. This humiliating terms of Treaty of Versailles led to the rise of Hitler.
7. He recovered all the territories lost due to Treaty of Versailles.
8. Hence we can conclude that the Second World War could have been avoided if the victorious powers had been more considerate towards Germany.

(OR)

It is right upto some extent. But the considerations might not be accepted by the dictator Hitler. Pacifying nature should be in both the sides.
I think the considerations could have postponed the World War – II.