Class 10

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Maths Textbook Solutions Chapter 1 Real Numbers Ex 1.3 Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Maths Solutions 1st Lesson Real Numbers Exercise 1.3

10th Class Maths 1st Lesson Real Numbers Ex 1.3 Textbook Questions

Question 1.
Write the following rational numbers in their decimal form and also state which are terminating and which have non-terminating repeating decimals.
i) \(\frac{3}{8}\)
ii) \(\frac{229}{400}\)
iii) 4\(\frac{1}{5}\)
iv) \(\frac{2}{11}\)
v) \(\frac{8}{125}\)
Answer:
i) \(\frac{3}{8}\)

[!! Denominator 8 = 2³, consists of only 2’s. Hence a terminating decimal.]
∴ \(\frac{3}{8}\) = 0.375 is a terminating decimal.

ii) \(\frac{229}{400}\)

[!! Denominator 400 = 2⁴ × 5² = 2ⁿ × 5^m. Hence a terminating decimal.]
∴ \(\frac{229}{400}\) = 0.5725 is a terminating decimal.

iii) 4\(\frac{1}{5}\)
4\(\frac{1}{5}\) = 4 + \(\frac{1}{5}\)

[!! Denominator is 5. Hence a terminating decimal.]
∴ 4\(\frac{1}{5}\) = 4.2 is a terminating decimal.

iv) \(\frac{2}{11}\)

[!! Denominator is not of the form 2^m × 5ⁿ. Hence a non-terminating repeating decimal.]
∴ \(\frac{2}{11}\) = \(0 . \overline{18}\) is a non terminating, repeating decimal.

v) \(\frac{8}{125}\)

[!! Denominator 125 = 5³. Hence a terminating decimal.]
∴ \(\frac{8}{125}\) = 0.064 is a terminating decimal.

Question 2.
Without performing division, state whether the following rational numbers will have a terminating decimal form or a non-terminating, repeating decimal form.
i) \(\frac{13}{3125}\)
ii) \(\frac{11}{12}\)
iii) \(\frac{64}{455}\)
iv) \(\frac{15}{1600}\)
v) \(\frac{29}{343}\)
vi) \(\frac{23}{2^{3} \cdot 5^{2}}\)
vii) \(\frac{129}{2^{2} \cdot 5^{7} \cdot 7^{5}}\)
viii) \(\frac{9}{15}\)
iX) \(\frac{36}{100}\)
X) \(\frac{77}{210}\)
Answer:
i) \(\frac{13}{3125}\)
Note: We check whether the denominator is of the form 2ⁿ . 5^m or not? If yes, the rational number can be expressed as a terminating decimal. If not, it can’t be expressed as a terminating decimal.

[!! Denominator is of the form 2^m × 5ⁿ. Hence a terminating decimal.]
3125 = 5⁵
∴ \(\frac{13}{3125}\) is a terminating decimal.

ii) \(\frac{11}{12}\)
The denominator 12 is not a factor of 11. Moreover 12 = 2² × 3.
[!! Denominator is not of the form 2^m × 5ⁿ.]
∴ \(\frac{11}{12}\) is a non terminating, repeating decimal.

iii) \(\frac{64}{455}\)

[!! Denominator is not of the form 2^m × 5ⁿ. Hence a non terminating decimal.]
∴ 455 = 5 × 7 × 13
Hence\(\frac{64}{455}\) is a non terminating, repeating decimal.

iv) \(\frac{15}{1600}\)

∴ 1600 = 2⁶ × 5² [∵ The denominator is of the form 2ⁿ . 5^m]
Hence \(\frac{15}{1600}\) is a terminating decimal.

v) \(\frac{29}{343}\)

343 = 7³ [Not of the form 2ⁿ . 5^m]
∴ \(\frac{29}{343}\) is a non terminating, repeating decimal.

vi) \(\frac{23}{2^{3} \cdot 5^{2}}\)
\(\frac{23}{2^{3} \cdot 5^{2}}\) is a terminating decimal.
[∵ The denominator is of the form 2ⁿ . 5^m]

vii) \(\frac{129}{2^{2} \cdot 5^{7} \cdot 7^{5}}\)
\(\frac{129}{2^{2} \cdot 5^{7} \cdot 7^{5}}\) is a non terminating, repeating decimal.

viii) \(\frac{9}{15}\)
\(\frac{9}{15}\) = \(\frac{3}{5}\)
Denominator is of the form 2ⁿ . 5^m.
∴ \(\frac{9}{15}\) = \(\frac{3}{5}\) is a terminating decimal.

ix) \(\frac{36}{100}\)
100 = 2² × 5² is of the form 2ⁿ . 5^m
Hence \(\frac{36}{100}\) is a terminating decimal.

x) \(\frac{77}{210}\)

210 = 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 is not of the form 2ⁿ . 5^m
Given fraction has a non-terminating, repeating decimal expansion.

Question 3.
Write the following rationals in decimal form using Theorem 1.4.
i) \(\frac{13}{25}\)
ii) \(\frac{15}{16}\)
iii) \(\frac{23}{2^{3} \cdot 5^{2}}\)
iv) \(\frac{7218}{3^{2} \cdot 5^{2}}\)
v) \(\frac{143}{110}\)
Answer:
i) \(\frac{13}{25}\)

ii) \(\frac{15}{16}\)
\(\frac{15}{16}\) = \(\frac{15}{2 \times 2 \times 2 \times 2}\)

iii) \(\frac{23}{2^{3} \cdot 5^{2}}\)

iv) \(\frac{7218}{3^{2} \cdot 5^{2}}\)

v) \(\frac{143}{110}\)

Question 4.
The decimal form of some real numbers are given below. In each case, decide whether the number is rational or not. If it is rational, and expressed in form p/q, what can you say about the prime factors of q?
i) 43.12345678?
ii) 0.120120012000120000 ……….
iii) \(43 . \overline{123456789}\)
Answer:
i) 43.123456789
The given decimal expansion is terminating. Hence it is a rational number and the denominator q is of the form 2ⁿ . 5^m.

ii) 0.120120012000120000 …………
The given decimal expansion is neither terminating nor repeating.
Hence it is not a rational number. It represents an irrational number.

iii) \(43 . \overline{123456789}\)
The given real number is a repeating decimal with period 123456789. Hence it is a rational number.

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class English Textbook Solutions Chapter 5A Environment Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class English Solutions Chapter 5A Environment

10th Class English Chapter 5A Environment Textbook Questions and Answers

Look at the pictures and answer the questions that follow.

Question 1.
What do you see in the first picture? Do you like it? If not, why?
Answer:
In the first picture we can see a polluted area which is a dumping yard of garbage near a water body. I don’t like it because garbage should not be dumped near a drinking water source. The garbage should be burnt in an open unused area. If we dump garbage near a water source, it will lead to water pollution which in turn spreads diseases.

Question 2.
How is the second picture different from the first? Do you feel good about it? Give reasons for your view.
Answer:
The first picture represents a polluted area whereas the second picture represents a clean and green village which is the best example of perfect, polluted-free environment. It is a beautiful village with full of lush green vegetation.
Yes, I feel good about it because we can see greenery everywhere which feasts our eyes and also we find cleanliness in this picture. As a responsible human being I wish such an environment might be in my surroundings which fills healthiness both in our body and mind.
These two pictures indicate a best example for biodiversity.

Question 3.
What is meant by Biodiversity? Can you explain it?
Answer:
Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life. This can refer to genetic variation, species variation or ecosystem variation.

Comprehension

Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
How are people’s basic needs connected with the environment?
Answer:
The forested mountains are the sources of water and the source of rain. So when we deforest we cause a shortage of water and a change of rainfall patterns and therefore people are not able to get food and water. In such a way people’s basic needs are connected with the environment.

Question 2.
Wangari Maathai has described the environment of her childhood in the interview. Is the environment of her childhood different from the environment you live in? If yes, in what ways?
Answer:
Yes, the childhood environment of Wangari Maathai is entirely different from the environment I live in at present. Her childhood environment was very pristine, very beautiful, and very green whereas my environment includes all the human made things, and the natural things like plants and trees are scarcely found. Her environment is pollution free one with fresh air whereas mine is damaged because of comfortable means of living and indiscriminate destruction of forests.

Question 3.
According to Maathai, how are women responsible for the protection of the environment?
Answer:
As per the view of Maathai, women are responsible for the protection of environment because women are in need of food, clean drinking water, and fodder for their animals. Women work on farms, they plant, they cultivate, they produce food and they manage the environment.

Question 4.
What is the specific message of Wangari Maathai?
Answer:
The specific message of Wangari Maathai is, “When we plant a tree, we plant hope.” Plant a tree that will last, long after we are gone to rehabilitate environment in order to save the environment and to obtain a good environment.

Question 5.
List the transformations that Wangari Maathai was able to bring about over the years. Which one of them is the biggest in your opinion?
Answer:
The transformations that Wangari Maathai was able to bring about over the years are

1. The ability of an ordinary illiterate woman to get to understand to be able to plant trees
2. Transformation of the landscape
3. Willingness of people to fight for their rights
   In my opinion all these three transformations are important.

Question 6.
Maathai said, “When we plant a tree we plant hope.” What does she mean by this?
Answer:
She meant that a tree is a wonderful symbol for the environment and when we plant a tree, we plant the future for ourselves, for our children, for the birds. We plant something that will last, long after we are gone.

Question 7.
Wangari Maathai in her interview with NHK Radio often repeats phrases/sentences probably to emphasize her point.
For example : referring to women-groups she says:
They’re the ones who plant.
They’re the ones who cultivate.
They’re the ones who produce food.
Pick out from the text (of her interview) such repetitions and write them down and find out what she is emphasizing in each context.
Answer:
‘What is happening in Somalia’
‘What is happening in the Sudan’
‘What is happening in West Africa’
The above repetitions emphasize Wangari Maathai’s hope in creating a peaceful environment.
‘We plant a tree, we plant a hope.’
‘We plant the future for ourselves, for our children, for the birds.’
’We plant something that will last, long after we are gone.’
The above repetitions emphasize Wangari Maathai’s message to people insisting the importance of rehabilitation of a peaceful environment.

II. Pick out the correct choice in each of the following :

1. We have allowed some people, especially those in power, to acquire a lot at the expense of the majority.
The underlined phrase means :
a) with a loss or damage to the majority
b) by spending money on the majority
Answer:
(a) with a loss or damage to the majority

2. What was the implication of the growth of exotic trees, such as the pines and the eucalyptus for the environment?
a) It increases timber business.
b) Forests were not able to contain water.
Answer:
(b) Forests were not able to contain water.

3. When women started working with Maathai, they learnt _____________.
a) to become very competent foresters.
b) to grow and transplant seedlings.
Answer:
a) to become very competent foresters.

4. Maathai’s efforts will inspire the people _______________ .
a) to stop wasting their resources.
b) to use their resources miserly.
Answer:
(a) to stop wasting their resources.

Vocabulary

I. Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the words from the box that have the same meaning.

1. The government is trying to bring back normalcy in the riot-hit areas of the city.
2. Wangari Maathai fought for the same privileges for men and women in Africa.
3. I cannot hold my attention on any subject for a long time.
4. The poster is offensive and disrespects women.
5. Some people argue that the wealth in this world should be distributed fairly and reasonably among all.
6. After certain amount of growth the seedlings have to be taken out and shifted elsewhere for further growth.
7. She travels to all kinds of exciting locations all over the world.
8. The Tirumala hills are covered by lush green plants.
9. The judge advised the disputing parties to settle through discussion.
10. The alcohol addict has to be put in a recovery centre for becoming a normal person.
Answer:

1. restore
2. equal rights
3. sustain
4. degrades
5. equitably
6. transplanted
7. exotic
8. vegetation
9. negotiation
10. rehabilitation

II. Read the following sentence and notice the underlined words.

Wangari Maathai is an environmentalist and has a lot of interest in ecology.
In the above sentence ‘environmentalist’ stands for ‘a person who is concerned . about the natural environment and wants to improve and protect it’. ‘Ecology’ stands for ‘the study of relation of animals and plants to their surroundings. ‘Both the words stand for many words. So they are called ‘one-word substitutes’.

What are the following persons called?
1. A person who studies the human race, especially of its origins
2. A person who studies the remains of buildings and objects found in the ground
3. A scientist who studies the earth, the origin of the history of rocks
4. A person who studies birds scientifically
5. A scientist who studies Physics
6. A doctor who studies and treats heart diseases
7. A person who believes in solving human problems with the help of reason
8. A scientist who studies animals and their behaviour
9. A scientist who studies the mind of a person
10. A person who solves problems in a practical and sensible way
11. A person whose job is to take care of people’s teeth
12. A person who studies languages
Answer:

1. anthropologist
2. archaeologist
3. geologist
4. ornithologist
5. physicist
6. cardiologist
7. rationalist
8. zoologist
9. psychologist
10. pragmatist
11. dentist
12. linguist

III. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the underlined words.

1. It is everyone’s duty to keep the environs clean, with the co-operation of the citizens the government can protect the _________ .
2. The government of the day should show its capability by providing good ___________ to people.
3. Wangari Maathai was successful in transforming women of Africa and the ___________ made her happy.
4. We must restore our environment and always try to ensure its ___________ .
5. Natural resources in this world can be sustained if only there is ___________ management of them.
6. Wangari Maathai is an environmental activist. Her ___________ led her to win Nobel Peace Prize.
7. We were trying to respond to the basic needs of the people in the rural areas. Our ___________ was well received by them.
8. In a developed country, the ___________ is balanced.
Answer:

1. environment
2. governance
3. transformation
4. restoration
5. sustainable
6. activities (or) activity
7. response
8. development

IV. Tick (✓) the meaning of the word underlined as suggested in the context.

1. ‘For me, my greatest activity is to plant a tree,’ said Wangari Maathai.
a) a living thing with stem, roots, branches and leaves
b) put seeds in the ground to grow
Answer:
(b) put seeds in the ground to grow

2. My uncle wants to build a chemical plant in Hyderabad,
a) a product
b) a factory
Answer:
(b) a factory

3. Applicants must have a clean driving licence.
a) complete
b) never done anything wrong
Answer:
(b) never done anything wrong

4. He thinks that he should either resign or come clean,
a) free from dirt
b) as not corrupt
Answer:
(b) as not corrupt

5. Rest your hand on my shoulder.
a) The remaining part
b) Support
Answer:
(b) Support

6. All our hopes rest on you.
a) support
b) depend
Answer:
(b) depend

7. A publisher’s note says: all rights reserved,
a) authority
b) interests
Answer:
(a) authority

8. I want this parcel to be sent right away.
a) immediately
b) completely
Answer:
(a) immediately

9. He knew this was his last hope of winning,
a) final
b) most recent
Answer:
(a) final

10. The last thing she needed was more and more work.
a) the only remaining part
b) most recent
Answer:
(a) the only remaining part

Grammar

I. Non-finite clauses

In English, we have two types of clauses. They are finite clauses and non-finite clauses. Look at the following examples:
1. Wangari Maathai led the movement. She won the Nobel Prize.
2. Leading the movement, Wangari Maathai won the Nobel Prize.

In.the example (1) there are two sentences. There is a verb in each, sentence and ‘. each verb has. a tense (a tense marker)! We can identify the tense of the verbs by looking at them. Both of them are in the past tense, since they are in the past tense having ‘V2’ forms (‘led’ and ‘won’). These are called ‘finite verbs’ as they have tense. Whereas in example (2), there are two clauses: ‘Leading the movement’ and ‘Wangari Maathai’ won the Nobel Prize’. The verb in the first clause has no tense while the one in the second clause has a tense i.e., the past tense.

The verb with tense is known as ‘finite verb’ and the clause that has a finite verb is known as a ‘finite clause’. In the same way, the verb that has no tense is known as a . ‘non-finite verb’ (leading) and the clause is called a ‘non-finite clause’.

Non-finite clause depends on the finite clause for its tense.

We should note that a non-finite clause has no subject, and we only can decide the
tense of a non-finite clause from the finite clause.

Explanatory Notes:
Finite Clause :
A typical finite clause consists of a verb together with its object and other dependents (i.e. a verb charge or predicate) along with its subject, (although in certain cases the subject is not expressed)
e.g.:
1. Kids play on computers, (independent clause)
2. I know that kids play on computers, (a dependent subordinate clause but still finite).
3. Play on your computer, (an imperative sentence, an example of finite clause lacking a subject.)

Non-finite Clauses:
A non-finite clause is similar, except that the verb must be in a non-finite form (such as infinitive, participle, gerund or gerundive) and it is consequently much more likely that there.
e.g.:
1. Kids like to play on computers, (an infinitive clause using the English to +infinitive)
2. It’s easy for kids to play on computers, (an infinitive clause contains periphrastic expression of the subject)
3. Playing on computers, they whiled the day away.
4. The kids playing on their computers, we were able to enjoy some time along, (a participial clause with a subject)
5. Having played on computers all day they were pale and hungry, (a participlial clause using a past participle)
6. Playing on computers is fun. (a gerund clause)

Some types of non-finite clauses have zero in one of the object or complement posi-tions. The gap is usually understood to be filled by a noun from the larger Glause in which the non-zero clause appears, (as is the subject gap in most non-finite clauses)
e.g.:
1) He is the man to beat.
(infinitive clause with zero object, the man is understood as the object)

2) The car wants looking at straight wav.
(gerund clause with zero preposition complement after’at’)

3) The building was given a new lease of life.
( past participle clause with zero indirect object)

A. Underline the non-finite clauses in the following sentences.

1. Born in London, he became the citizen of the U.K.
2. Having done his homework, he went out to play.
3. Recognized by his boss, he got an appreciation letter.
4. Encouraged by his father, Ravi got distinction in his final examination.
5. With the tree grown tall, we get more shade. .
6. We left the room and went home to search for the books.
7. Do we have the money to buy that car?
8. We were not able to get away until now.
9. Having read the book, I returned it to the library.
10. Jumping on his horse, the farmer rode to the market.
Answer:

1. Born in London, he became the citizen of the U.K.
2. Having done his homework, he went out to play.
3. Recognized by his boss, he got an appreciation letter.
4. Encouraged by his father. Ravi got distinction in his final examination.
5. With the tree grown tall, we get more shade.
6. We left the room and went home to search for the books.
7. Do we have the money to buy that car?
8. We were not able to get away until now.
9. Having read the book. I returned it to the library.
10. Jumping on his horse, the farmer rode to the market.

B. Look at how the following sentences have been rewritten to include non-finite clauses.

1. Vincent Van Gogh, who was born in Holland in 1853, is one of the world’s most famous painters.
Born in Holland in 1853, Vincent Van Gogh is one of the world’s famous painters.

2. Although his talent was unrecognized throughout his life, it was much appreciated after his death.
Despite.being unrecognized throughout his life, his talent was much appreciated after his death.

3. After he had failed in every career he had attempted. Van Gogh first turned to art to express his strong religious feelings.
Having failed in every career he had attempted, Van Gogh first turned to art to express his strong feelings.

Rewrite the following sentences to include non-finite clauses.

1. After he had decided to become a painter, in about 1880, he started to paint studies of peasants and miners.
2. During the next few years, which are known as his ‘Dutch period’, he produced paintings with rather dark greenish-brown colours.
3. In 1886, when he went to Paris to visit his brother Theo, he was immediately attracted to the Impressionist work he saw there. He decided to stay in Paris and continued his painting there.
4. He was encouraged by Pissaro to use more colour in his pictures and his subsequent paintings were bright and immensely colourful.
5. After Van Gogh had moved to Arles in the south of France, in 1888, he worked frantically.
6. This frenzied activity, which was interrupted by bouts of deep depression and despair, produced the majority of his most famous paintings.
7. One of these, which is called Self Portrait with Bandaged Ear, shows Van Gogh. He was wearing a bandage after he had cut off his ear. A year later, in 1890, he committed suicide.
8. A lot is known about Van Gogh’s life and his feelings because of the hundreds of letters,which were written by him to his brother Theo and others.
9. His brother always encouraged him in his work because he believed in Van Gogh’s genius. He was the person closest to Van Gogh.
Answer:

1. Having decided to become a painter, in about 1880, he started to paint studies of peas-ants and miners.
2. During the next few years known as his Dutch Period’, he produced paintings with rather dark greenish-brown colours.
3. In 1886, after going to Paris to visit his brother Theo, after seeing and immediately getting attracted to the Impressionist work there, he decided to stay in Paris and continued his painting there.
4. Encouraged by Pissaro to use more colour in his pictures, his subsequent paintings were bright and immensely colourful.
5. Having moved to Arles in the South France, in 1888, Van Gogh had worked frantically.
6. This frenzied activity, interrupted by bouts of deep depression and despair, produced the majority of his most famous paintings.
7. One of these, called Self Portrait with Bandaged Ear, showing Van Gogh, wearing a bandage after cutting off his ear, committed suicide a year later in 1890.
8. A lot is known about Van Gogh’s life and his feelings because of the hundreds of letters, written by him to his brother Theo and others.
9. Believing (believed) in Van Gogh’s genius, his brother, the closest person to Van Gogh always encouraged him in his work.
   (or)
   Being the closest person to Van Gogh and believing (believed) in his genius, his brother always encouraged Van Gogh.

II. Reported speech

Apart from the ground rules that are laid down for reporting in traditional grammar books, there are certain other principles that are to be followed to make the speech appealing.

Suppose you want to tell somebody what Ram said. There are two ways of doing this :

You can repeat Ram’s words (direct speech).
Ram said, I am feeling ill.’

Or you can use reported speech :
Ram said that he was feeling ill.

It is not always necessary to change the verb in reported speech. If you report something and the situation hasn’t changed, you need not change the verb to the past:
Direct : Neelima said, My new job is very interesting.’
Reported : Neelima said that her new job is very interesting.
(The situation hasn ‘t changed. Her job is still interesting.)
Direct : Ravi said, I want to go to New York next year.’
Reported : Ravi told me that he wants to go to New York next year.
(Ravi still wants to go to New York next year.)

You can also change the verb to the past:
Neelima said that her new job was very interesting.

Ravi told me that he wanted to go to New York the following year.

The past simple (did/saw/knew etc.) can usually remain the same in reported speech, or you can change into past perfect (had done/had seen/had known, etc.).

Direct : Ravi said : 1 woke up feeling ill, so I didn’t go to work.”
Reported : Ravi said (that) he woke up feeling ill, so he didn’t go to work, (or)
Ravi said (that) he had woken up feeling ill, so he hadn’t gone to work.

Explanatory Notes:
We may report the words of a speaker in two ways.

1. Direct Speech
We may quote the actual words of the speaker. This method is called Direct Speech.

2. Indirect Speech
We may report what he said without quoting his exact words. This method is called . Indirect Speech or Reported Speech.

Example:
• Direct : Clinton said, “I am very busy now.”
• Indirect : Clinton said that he was very busy then.
• Direct : He said, “ My mother is writing a letter.”
• Indirect : He said that his mother was writing a letter.

How to change Direct to Indirect Speech?

It will be noticed that in Direct Speech, we use inverted commas to mark off the exact words of the speaker. In Indirect Speech we do not use the inverted commas.
It will be further noticed that in changing the above Direct Speech into Indirect speech, certain changes have been made.

Thus:
i) We have used the conjunction ‘that’ before the Indirect Statement.
ii) The pronoun “I” is changed to “HE”. (The Pronoun is changed in Person)
iii) The verb “am” is changed to “was”.
iv) The adverb “now” is changed to “then”.

Rules for changing Direct into Indirect Speech :

A. When the reporting or principal verb is in the Past Tense, all the Present Tenses in the Direct Speech are changed into Past Tense.
a. A simple present tense becomes simple past tense.
Example :
Direct : He said, “I am unwell.”
Indirect : He said that he was unwell.

b. A present continuous tense becomes a past continuous.
Example :
Direct : He said, “ My mother is writing a letter.”
Indirect : He said that his mother was writing a letter.

c. A present perfect becomes a past perfect.
Example:
Direct : He said, “I have passed the examination.”
Indirect : He said that he had passed the examination.

d. As a rule the simple past tense in the Direct Speech becomes the past perfect tense in Indirect Speech.
Example :
Direct : He said, “His horse died in the night.”

Indirect : He said that his horse had died in the night.

NOTE:
The ‘shall’ of the future is changed into ‘should’.
The ‘will’ of the future is changed into ‘would’.
The ‘can’ and ‘may’ of the future are changed into ‘could’ and ‘might’ respectively.

B. The tenses will not change if the statement is still relevant or if it is a universal truth. We can often choose whether to keep the original tenses or change them.

Examples:
Direct : “I know her address,” said John.
Indirect : John said that he knows/knew her address.

In this Indirect Speech, both the past tense and the present tense make the sentence a correct one.
Direct : The teacher said, “The earth goes round the sun.”
Indirect : The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
Direct : She said, “German is easy to learn.”
Indirect : She said that German was/is easy to learn.
The past tense is often used when it is uncertain if the statement is true or when we are reporting objectively.

C. If the reporting verb is in present tense, the tenses of the Direct Speech do not change. For example, we may rewrite the above examples, putting the reporting verb in the present tense.

Examples :
Direct : He says, “I am unwell.”
Indirect : He says that he is unwell.
Direct : He says, “ My mother is writing a letter.”
Indirect : He says that his mother is writing a letter.
Direct : He says, “I have passed the examination.”
Indirect : He says that he has passed the examination.
Direct : He says, “His horse died in the night.”
Indirect : He says that his horse died in the night.

D. The pronouns of the Direct Speech are changed where necessary, so that their relations with the reporter and his hearer, rather than with the original speaker are indicated.

Examples:
Direct : He said to me, “I do not believe you.”
Indirect : He said that he did not believe me.
Direct : She said to him, “I do not believe you.”
Indirect : She said to him that she did not believe him.
Direct : I said to him, “I did not believe you.”
Indirect : I said to him that I did not believe him.
Direct : I said to you, “I do not believe you.”
Indirect : I said to you that I do not believe you.

E. Words expressing nearness in time or places are generally changed into words expressing distance.

Examples:
Direct : He said, “I am glad to be here this evening.”
Indirect : He said that he was glad to be there that evening.
Direct : He said, “I was here yesterday.”
Indirect : He said that he was there the day before.

Now, let us see the words which get changed when the Direct Speech is changed into Indirect Speech.

• Now becomes then
• Here becomes there
• Ago becomes before
• Thus becomes so
• Today becomes that day
• Tomorrow becomes the next day
• Yesterday becomes the day before
• Last night becomes the night before
• This becomes that
• These becomes those

F. How the questions used in the Direct Speech are changed into Indirect Speech? In reporting questions, the Indirect Speech is introduced by such verbs as asked, inquired, etc…

Examples:
Direct : He said to me, “What are you doing?”
Indirect : He asked me what I was doing.
Direct : A stranger asked me, “Where do you live?”
Indirect : A stranger enquired where I lived.
Direct : The Policemen said to us, “Where are you going?”
Indirect : The Policemen asked us where we were going.
Direct : He said, “Will you listen to such a man?”
Indirect : He asked them whether they would listen to such a man.
Indirect : Would they, he asked, listen to such a man.
Direct : His angry mother jeered, “Do you suppose you know better than your father?”
Indirect : His angry mother jeered and asked whether he supposed that he knew better than his father.

G. How the Commands and the Requests in the Direct Speeches are changed when the Direct Speeches are changed into Indirect Speeches?
In reporting commands and requests, the Indirect Speech is introduced by some verb expressing commands and requests, and the Imperative Mood is changed into Infinitive Mood.

Examples:
Direct : Raja said to John, “Go away.”
Indirect : Raja ordered John to go away.
Direct : He said to Mary, “Please wait here till I return.”
Indirect : He requested Mary to wait there till he returned.
Direct : “Call the first witness,” said the Judge.
Indirect : The Judge commanded them to call the first witness.
Direct : He shouted, “Let me go.”
Indirect : He shouted to them to let him go.
Direct : He said, “Be quite and listen to my words.”
Indirect : He urged them to be quite and listen to his words.

H. How the Exclamation and the Wishes in the Direct Speeches are changed when the Direct Speeches are changed into Indirect Speeches?
In reporting exclamation and wishes, the Indirect Speech is introduced by some verb expressing Exclamation and Wishes.

Examples:
Direct : He said, “Alas! I am undone”.
Indirect : He exclaimed sadly that he was undone.
Direct : Alice said, “How clever I am!”
Indirect : Alice exclaimed that he was very clever.
Direct : He said, “Bravo! You have done well.”
Indirect : He applauded him, saying that he had done well.
Direct : “So help me, Heaven!” he cried, “I will never steal again.”
Indirect : He called upon Heaven to witness his resolve never to steal.

Look at the following conversation and notice how it is reported.

NHK Radio : How is peace connected to a good environment?
Wangari
Maathai : Many wars that are fought in the world are fought over natural resources. Some wars are fought because the environment is so degraded that it is not able to support communities and so they fight over the little that is left. Others are fought because some people want to take a lot of the resources, to control them, and to keep many other people out.

Reported speech of the above conversation :

NHK Radio asked Wangari Maathai how peace was connected to a good environ-ment.

She answered that many wars that were fought in the world were fought over natural resources. Some wars were fought because the environment was so degraded that it was not able to support communities and so they fought over the little that was left. Others were fought because some people wanted to fake a lot of the resources, to control them, and to keep many other people out.

A. Write the following in Reported Speech :

NHK Radio : What is the one thing we can do?
Wangari
Maathai : For me, my greatest activity is to plant a tree. I think that a tree is a wonderful symbol for the environment and when we plant a tree we plant hope. We plant the future for ourselves, for our children, for the birds. We plant something that will last, long after we are gone.
Answer:
NHK Radio asked Wangari Maathai what was the one thing that they could do.
She answered that the greatest activity was to plant a tree for her. She thought that tree was a wonderful symbol for the environment and when they planted a tree they planted hope. They planted the future for themselves, for their children, for the birds. They planted something that would last, long after they were gone.

B. Report the following dialogue :

Man : I’m doing a survey on shopping habits.
Woman : OK. As long as it doesn’t take long.
Man : How often do you eat hamburgers?
Woman : Never. I’m a vegetarian. I don’t eat any animal products.
Man : Right! Can I just ask you a personal question? Are you wearing leather shoes?
Woman : Yes, I am.
Man : Don’t you think that’s rather hypocritical?
Woman : No, not really.
Man : Oh, that’s amusing.
Answer:
The man says that he is doing a survey on shopping habits. The woman acknowl-edging that says she will answer the questions if they don’t take much time. The man asks her how often she eats hamburgers. The woman replies that she never eats that as she is a vegetarian and she doesn’t eat any animal products. Then, the man seeks her to permit to ask personal question and enquires if she is wearing leather shoes. The woman says that she is. The man asks her if she doesn’t think that is rather hypocritical. The woman says she really doesn’t. Finally the man says that is only amusing.
(Or)
The man said that he was doing a survey on shopping habits. The woman acknowledging that said she would answer the questions if they didn’t take much time.. The man asked her how often she ate hamburgers. The woman replied that she never ate that as she was a vegetarian and she didn’t eat any animal products. Then, the man sought her to permit to ask personal question and enquires if she is wearing leather shoes. The woman said that she was. The man asked her if she didn’t think that was rather hypocritical. The woman said she really didn’t. Finally the man said that was only amusing.

Writing

I. You have read the interview with Wangari Maathai. You know how and what type of questions have been asked by the interviewer. Imagine that you have decided to interview someone concerned with environment. You may include the following :
1. issues relating to the environment
2. the causes
3. actions that could be taken to save the environment Write down this imaginary interview.
Answer:
Miss Y. Jyothi Reddy is one of the most respected names in environment. She is also a passionate photographer and a well renowned environmentalist. Her photographs, posters and his noble thoughts have inspired me a lot. I decided to further sit with her and take a glance on her efforts for bringing environment awareness and journey of life till now. Below is our conversation with respected Miss Y. Jyothi Reddy.

I : Please tell us something about yourself and your family?

Jyothi Reddy : I was born in Nandyala and did my schooling over there. I pursued my B.Tech from V.R. Siddhartha College, Vijayawada.

I : How were you inspired to be an environmentalist ?

Jyothi Reddy : It was a small incident which changed my life. When my younger sister was in school she participated in poster competition and wanted to make a poster in water pollution. She asked my help. I thought that this time I will do something unique. So 1 took some shots of big drains emptying in our lakes in my camera. I made a collage of all pictures I had taken and gave it to her. She was appreciated in school but that day 1 realised the threat and started working in its direction.

I : According to you, what are the other issues relating to the environment?

Jyothi Reddy : Global warming, deforestation, pollution and all these lead to degradation of environment.

I : According to you, what are the major causes for the pollution in our city?

Jyothi Reddy : Ignorance on the part of local self-government bodies and the citizens plus poverty and illiteracy are main causes. Secondly, we, the citizens and the authorities have started taking lakes for granted, we consider them dumping grounds, sewers of city and many hotels situated near water bodies are opened in them itself.

I : As an environmentalist which area you are more concerned about?

Jyothi Reddy : I believe we should not allow the conservation of environment on cost of human life. It is completely senseless to save water for fishes when people in city are dying of thirst. Rather we should teach them the ways which can have a mutual balancing coexistence.

I : According to you, how can we make people aware or step that can be helpful in environment conservation?

Jyothi Reddy : Poster and photo exhibition. We need to make laws prohibiting dumping of religious or solid waste in lakes, and appropriate fine should be imposed upon.

I : How does your family react upon your passion on environment?

Jyothi Reddy : I am fortunate enough to have full support of them.

Environment Summary in English

This is an interview with Wangari Maathai, Environmental Activist and Nobel Prize winner. Wangari Maathai started the Green Belt Movement and also fought for equal rights for women in Africa. She is the first African woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.

From the very beginning Wangari Maathai understood that she has to rehabilitate the environment as the rural people are asking for clean drinking water, for food, for energy, for building material, for fodder for the animals. She thought peace is connected to a good environment because there won’t be any conflicts if natural resources are abundant. She insists that conflicts over natural sources are even at the global level. When she was a child, which was almost more than fifty years ago, the environment was very pristine, very beautiful and very green but as she grew the people destroyed all the local biological diversity. All the flora and fauna disappeared. One thing she noted is that not only did the rain pattern change, became less, but also the rivers started drying up. So she started campaign to restore the vegetation and to restore the land and to rehabilitate the forests.
When she started working with the women she taught them how to plant trees. In the beginning it was difficult, but they soon gained confidence and they became very competent foresters. She called them “Foresters without Diplomas.”

Wangari Maathai thinks that the women responded well to her message because it is a need for them. She has seen three transformations. One of the biggest was that ability of an ordinary illiterate woman to get to understand and to be able to plant trees. The other two transformations are the transformation of the landscape, the willingness of people to fight for their rights.

Wangari Maathai also influenced the rest of Africa by her efforts. She finally concluded that the greatest activity is to plant a tree which is a wonderful symbol for the environment.

Environment Glossary

Green Belt Movement (n) : a movement to protect environment

excerpts (n) : a short piece of writing taken from a larger whole

building material (n) : material used for building houses

fodder (n) : food for farm animals

degraded : became less in quality

rehabilitate (v) : help something to become normal

sustain (v) : provide something in enough quantity to continue for long

livelihoods (n) : means and ways of earning money in order to live

concerned (adj) : have a feeling of worry or belonging

regional (adj) : of a region

discontent (n) : a feeling of dissatisfaction

conflict (n) : clash

equitable (adj) : treating everyone in an equal way

dignity (n) :respect

governance (n) : controlling or governing an organization

sustainable (adj) : that can continue or be continued for a long time

go about (phr. v) : tackle

forested (adj) : covered with forests

pristine (adj) : fresh or clean

indigenous (adj) : native

plantations (n) : crops such as coffee, banana, etc.

exotic (adj) : unusual and exciting

species (n) : a similar group of plants or animals (for the purpose of reproduction)

exotic species (n) : unusual plants

hemisphere (n) : one half of the earth

destroy (v) : annihilate

diversity (n) : a range of people or things that are very different

flora (n) : plants

fauna (n) : animals

downstream (adv) : in the direction of river flow

reservoir (n) : a natural or artificial pool

biological diversity (n) : the variety of plants and animals in a particular place

campaign (n) : movement

vegetation (n) : greenery

illiterate (n) : a person who doesn’t know how to read and write

seedlings (n) : young plants grown out of seeds

nurture (v) : care for or protect when growing

transplant (v) : take a thing and arrange in another place (transplantation of skin)

competent (adj) : skilful

tropics (n) : warmer places

civic education (n) : public education

govern (v) : control

transformations (n) : complete changes

dignity (n) : a manner that deserves respect

empowering (n) : giving authority or power

corrupt (adj) : spoil

influence (n) : the effect or impact

resources (n) : supplies (natural or artificial)

engage (v) : become or make involved

dialogue (n) : conversation

negotiations : formal discussions

fight over (jphr. v.) : argue about something

grazing land (n) : land meant for cattle to graze

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Maths Textbook Solutions Chapter 1 Real Numbers Ex 1.2 Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Maths Solutions 1st Lesson Real Numbers Exercise 1.2

10th Class Maths 1st Lesson Real Numbers Ex 1.2 Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Express each of the following numbers as a product of its prime factors.
i) 140
ii) 156
iii) 3825
iv) 5005
v) 7429
Answer:
i) 140

∴ 140 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 7 = 2² × 5 × 7

ii) 156

∴ 156 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 13 = 2² × 3 × 13

iii) 3825

∴ 3825 = 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 17 = 3² × 5² × 17

iv) 5005

∴ 5005 = 5 × 7 × 11 × 13

v) 7429

∴ 7429 = 17 × 19 × 23

Question 2.
Find the L.C.M and H.C.F of the following integers by the prime factorization method.
i) 12, 15 and 21
ii) 17, 23 and 29
iii) 8, 9 and 25
iv) 72 and 108
v) 306 and 657
Answer:
i) 12, 15 and 21
12 = 2 × 2 × 3 = 22 × 3
15 = 3 × 5
21 = 3 × 7
L.C.M = 2² × 3 × 5 × 7 = 420
H.C.F = 3

ii) 17, 23 and 29
The given numbers 17, 23 and 29 are all primes.
L.C.M = their product
= 17 × 23 × 29 = 11339
∴ H.C.F = 1

iii) 8, 9 and 25
8 = 2 × 2 × 2 = 2³
9 = 3 × 3 = 3²
25 = 5 × 5 = 5²
L.C.M = 2³ × 3² × 5² = 1800
(or)
8, 9 and 25 are relatively prime, therefore L.C.M is equal to their product,
(i.e.,) L.C.M = 8 × 9 × 25 = 1800
H.C.F = 1

iv) 72 and 108

72 = 2³ × 3²
108 = 2² × 3³
L.C.M = 2³ × 3³ = 8 × 27 = 216
H.C.F = 2² × 3² = 4 × 9 = 36

v) 306 and 657

306 = 2 × 3² × 17
657 = 32 × 73
L.C.M = 2 × 3² × 17 × 73 = 22338
H.C.F = 3² = 9

Question 3.
Check whether 6ⁿ can end with the digit ‘0’ for any natural number n.
Answer:
Given number = 6ⁿ = (2 × 3)ⁿ
The prime factors here are 2 and 3 only.
To be end with 0; 6ⁿ should have a prime factor 5 and also 2.
So, 6ⁿ can’t end with zero.

Question 4.
Explain why 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 and 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5 are composite numbers.
Answer:
Given numbers are 7 × 11 × 13
7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5
⇒ 13(7 × 11 + 1) and
5(7 × 6 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 1)
⇒ 13 K and 5 L, where K = 78 and L = 7 × 6 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 1 = 1009
As the given numbers can be written as product of two numbers, they are composite.

Question 5.
How will you show that (17 × 11 × 2) + (17 × 11 × 5) is a composite number? Explain.
Answer:
(17 × 11 × 2) + (17 × 11 × 5)
= (17 × 11) (2 + 5)
= (17 × 11) (7)
= 187 × 7
Now the given expression is written as a product of two integers and hence it is a composite number.

Question 6.
What is the last digit of 6100?
Answer: We know that
6¹ = 6
6² = 36
6³ = 216
6⁴ = 1296
6⁵ = 7776
We see that 6ⁿ for any positive integer n ends is 6.
i.e., unit digit is always 6.
∴ Unit digit of 6¹⁰⁰ is 6.

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class English Textbook Solutions Chapter 4B Maya Bazaar Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class English Solutions Chapter 4B Maya Bazaar

10th Class English Chapter 4B Maya Bazaar Textbook Questions and Answers

Comprehension

Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
You have read the review of the film ‘Maya Bazaar’. List the things that the review focuses on.
Answer:
The things that the review focuses on are :
a) its director and producers
b) the actors acted in the film
c) other artists who made it a great success
d) its contribution to Telugu culture, language, and customs
e) its dialogues and songs
f) its contribution to the Telugu dictionary
g) its theme
h) the director’s greatness in making it the “Greatest Indian Film”
i) how it is helpful to an NRI.

Question 2.
Do you think this review of the film is positive or negative? Substantiate your view.
Answer:
I think this review of the film is a positive one. In the beginning lines itself, it is told that the film ’Maya Bazaar’ has been voted as the Greatest Indian Film’. The expressions such as unleashing’, ‘landmark movie’, sterling performances’, ‘tribute to Telugu culture, language, and customs’, immortalized dialogues’, ‘reverberation of songs’, ‘repertoire added to Telugu dictionary’, audience laughed heartily’, ‘womenfolk recalling their tribulations’, ‘feast for the eyes and soul’, introducing Telugu culture to an NRI’, etc., show us that this review is positive. Each and every part of this review clearly tells us it is positive.

Question 3.
What made ‘Maya Bazaar’ a landmark film?
Answer:
The film ‘Maya Bazaar’ is considered one of the enduring classics of Indian cinema and was christened as a landmark achievement in Indian film’s cinematography, art direction, and VFX with the available technology during that time. The great director K.V. Reddy, producers Nagireddy and Chakrapani, sterling performances of the star-ensemble, all time great artists, the dialogues of Pingali Nagendra Rao, the songs and its contribution to Telugu culture, language, and customs made ‘Maya Bazaar’ a landmark film. With all these great qualities, Maya Bazaar’ hit the screen in 1957 to become a landmark movie.

Question 4.
Why is ‘Maya Bazaar’ watched repeatedly?
Answer:
The viewers identify every character of the film with someone they knew in their immediate vicinity. Hence, ‘Maya Bazar’ is watched repeatedly. The audience still do the same now.

Question 5.
What is the central theme of ‘Maya Bazaar’? How have the Telugu speakers settled abroad looked upon ‘Maya Bazaar’?
Answer:
The central theme of ‘Maya Bazaar’ is to make the audience aware of their culture, language and customs by showing the striking similarities. The story itself is woven around the love of Sasirekha-Abhimanyu. With Krishna and Balarama having difference of opinion over it, their wives too take sides. Telugu speakers settled abroad have looked upon ‘Maya Bazaar’ as a masterpiece of their language. They try to introduce the learners (or the children) to ‘Maya Bazaar’ to learn Telugu culture, language and customs.

Question 6.
The purpose of the review is …
a) …to give an account of the stars of the film.
b) …to establish the element of Telugu culture in the film.
c) …to help NRIs understand Telugu culture.
d) …to praise the producer of the film.
e) …to advertise the film.
(Put a tick (✓) on the options that indicate the purpose of the review.)
Answer:
a) …….to give an account of the stars of the film. (✓)
b) …….to establish the element of Telugu culture in the film. (✓)
c) …….to help NRIs understand Telugu culture. (✓)

Vocabulary

I. In the review of ‘Maya Bazaar’ the expression, ‘language and custom’, has two words linked with the conjunction ‘and’. We also use expressions like ‘cup and saucer’, ‘near and dear’ etc.

These pairs of words joined by a conjunction ‘and’ are called ‘binomials’. In these expressions, the word order never changes. For example, we say ‘near and dear’ and not ‘dear and near’.

Here are some sentences with ‘binomials’ underlined.

1. Sports is a part and parcel of education.
2. The new theatre is rough and ready.
3. Music is not only Rahman’s bread and butter but also his passion.
4. The film industry is expanding in leaps and bounds.
5. The customer can pick and choose anything he likes. It is the customer to decide.
6. ‘Give and take’ policy is always helpful.
7. Ray gave his heart and soul to reading books.
8. He stood by me through thick and thin.
9. The main goods were shifted first. Then the odds and ends were taken later.

Match the following binomials with their meanings and use them in your own sentences.

Column – A	Column – B
1. part and parcel	a) unimportant things
2. rough and ready	b) livelihood
3. leaps and bounds	c) in difficult times
4. bread and butter	d) dedicated
5. pick and choose	e) help one another
6. give and take	f) a large choice
7. heart and soul	g) big leaps
8. thick and thin	h) an integral part
9. odds and ends	i) almost finished

Answer:

Column – A	Column – B
1. part and parcel	h) an integral part
2. rough and ready	i) almost finished
3. leaps and bounds	c) in difficult times
4. bread and butter	b) livelihood
5. pick and choose	f) a large choice
6. give and take	e) help one another
7. heart and soul	d) dedicated
8. thick and thin	g) big leaps
9. odds and ends	a) unimportant things

Own Sentences:

• Teaching students how to behave and how to deal with others is part and parcel of education.
• The corporate hospital is rough and ready.
• Mr. Rao’s career is progressing in leaps and bounds.
• Teaching is my bread and butter. I don’t want to go away from it.
• The parent can pick and choose any school he/she likes.
• They always follow give and take policy.
• Narayana Murthy gave his heart and soul to studying engineering course at IIT.
• Both Ramu and Somu have been together through thick and thin: they don’t want to desert each other.
• He is carrying a suitcase which is full of odds and ends.

Some other binomials with their meanings :

1) neat and tidy : clean
2) sick and tired : annoyed/frustrated
3) wine and dine : entertain someone with a good quality meal
4) up and down : moving between the same two points repeatedly
5) skin and bone : to be very thin
6) loud and clear : very clear and very easy to understand
7) by and large : on the whole
8) back and forth : moving first in one direction then in another
9) alive and kicking : well and healthy
10) bits and pieces : small things of different types
11) by and by : after a while
12) body and soul : believe something completely
13) far and wide : across a large area
14) fair and square : honest
15) hard and fast : inevitable, fixed
16) free and easy : unconventional
17) hustle and bustle : confusion; busy activity
18) day and night : all the time
19) pros and cons : advantages and disadvantages
20) spick and span : neat, trim, impeccable
21) tooth and nail : with all one’s resources or energy
22) wear and tear : loss, damage
23) far and wide : a large number of places, across a large graphical area
24) high and mighty : behaving as though one is more important than others
25) short and sweet : when something is very quick and to the point; of minimum length and no longer than it needs.

II. Read the following conversation that took place in the classroom of a film institute.
Professor Paul : As a part of our ‘Diploma in film-making’ we have discussed certain aspects of film technology, right? I hope by now all of you are familiar with those concepts. If you have some more queries, we can discuss them. Now the class is open for questions.

Rishi : I think what is included and excluded in an individual shot is called ‘Frame’. Am I right?

P P : Yes, you are. What is brought to the viewer is called a frame.

Prudhvi : Which shot is used to show a happy reunion, Sir?

P P : It is called Arc’. The camera moves in an arc around the subject (artistes). Any more questions…?

P P : Here is a list of camera shots that helps you to have a clear idea about different shots in film-making.

Shots and Angles :

1. Establishing shot : It is usually from a greater distance to establish setting, (familiarises the scene or setting)
2. Close-up : It refers to the image occupying at least 80 percent of the frame.
3. Two shot : Two people in the frame are showed equally.
4. Dutch angle : It is neither vertical nor horizontal. It‘s oblique.
5. Bird’s eye shot : It is shot directly and vertically down at the subject.
6. High angle : Camera is above the subject. It creates an impression that the subject is weak or powerless.
7. Low angle : The camera is placed below the subject. The subject appears larger than normal.
8. Rack focus : Here the focus is shifted from one subject to the other where the subject that is not in focus is blurred.
9. Footage : It is the total exposed film.
10. Montage : Different images are assembled to build an impression.

Here are some visuals. Identify their features and label them. You may choose the labels given above.

Answer:

1. Low angle shot
2. Dutch angle shot
3. Establishing shot
4. Bird’s eye view shot

Grammar

I. Modals

The following is a conversation between two artists.

Shankar : Shanti, yesterday the ABC Movies called me up seeking my opinion.
Shanti : What is that?
Shankar : They’ve a role for a heroine in their film that is going to sets very soon. They wanted to offer that role to you. Will you accept it?
Shanti : Did they really mean it? I’ve two doubts about it. First, can I do it? The second, should I do it?
Shankar : Yes, you can certainly do it. Regarding your second doubt -I think it’s not that you should do it, you must do it.
Shanti : Why?
Shankar : We may like some roles and others we may not. But we accept them for the sake of our career.
Shanti :Mmm… .
Shankar : Certain roles we should accept for the sake of satisfaction. That’s why, I said you must do it.
Shanti : Then 1 take your word as final to me. I shall do it. Tell the ABC Movies that I have accepted the offer.

The words given in bold letters in the above conversation perform different functions.They are called modal auxiliaries or modals. Their functions are given below.

Modal	Function
shall	obligation, offer, order, suggestion,
should	obligation, advice
can	ability, possibility, permission
could	request, suggestion, permission, possibility, ability
will	certainty, intention, futurity, purpose
would	offer, preference, past habit, future of the past
may	permission, possibility, wish
might	possibility
must	compulsion, inference

Some important points about modals :

1. Modals take any subject before them. There is no Subject-Verb agreement problem.

2. No two modals co-occur in a sentence.
e.g.: The film will be released next week.

3. The main verb will always be the V₁ form after the modals.
e.g.: He cannot move the big stone.

4. Past form of some modals stands for ‘politeness’.
e.g.: i) Would you like to have some tea?
ii) Could you lend me your book?

Read the following sentences and identify the functions performed by the modals.

a) He can sing for eight hours at a stretch.
b) You could take an umbrella, it’s raining outside.
c) We should complete the shooting by tomorrow evening.
d) Shall I wait till you come?
e) The time was up but the makeup person would not turn up.
f) The car hasn’t arrived yet. It must’ve got a flat tyre.
g) There may be heavy rains tomorrow. So, why couldn’t we go for indoor shooting?
h) Will you join us for tea?
i) The agreement between the two parties shall be in force for two years.
j) It might be an idea to postpone the release of the film.
Answer:
a) ability
b) suggestion
c) obligation
d) offer
e) future of the past
f) inference
g) suggestion
h) request/invitation
i) obligation
j) possibility

Writing

I. Now read the review once again. Write a review of a film/a TV Programme/an episode of a TV serial you have seen.

I have recently seen the Telugu film ‘Swathimuthyam’ which is directed by K.Viswanath. ‘Swathimuthyam’ is a wonderfully crafted masterpiece. K.Viswanath has shown all his artistic brilliance in weaving the story. Each frame of the film has roused curiosity to know what would be the next scene. Kamal Hassan’s action is simply superb. He gets into the skin of the character very much and brings the liveliness not only to his character but also to the film itself. His heroine, Radhika too acted brilliantly. The music of Ilayaraja and the prowess of K.Viswanath are completely overshadowed by the excellence of Kamal.

The music composed by Ilayaraja is unforgettable. He tries to give his best in this film. The songs such as “Suwi Suwi”, “Vatapatra Sai ki…” reverberate in each and every viewer’s mind. The theme of the movie is based on how a naive, child-like person, emerges unscathed in this selfish world, managing to uplift the lives of some troubled souls (Radhika, who is a widow and her son). There is an underlying reflection of goodwill still left in the society – it is skilfully depicted through the characters of the dhobi, Nirmalamma, Radhika and so on. One last thing about the music which is composed to “Rama Kanavemira” takes the potential of Ilayaraja to mix various traditions of music. This movie is produced by Edida Nageswara Rao.

II. Read the following letter.

Kondamudusu Palem, Kandukuru. Nov. 27, 2013. To The Editor, The Hindu, Vijayawada. Sir/Madam, I am a regular reader of your esteemed newspaper. I am very much interested in reading the news in ‘Friday Review’ in your newspaper every week. I am writing to bring to your notice certain feelings I had when I watched the colour version of the movie ‘Maya Bazaar’. Recently ‘Mayabazaar’ was released again but this time it was a different ‘Maya Bazaar’, Maya Bazaar-in colour! Thanks to the Goldstone Technologies, I was carried away to a different world of colourful visuals. Of course the audio part remained the same. But here and there the effects of digital track sound have made some difference. Such an experiment began in Hindi with ‘Mughal-E-Azam’ and received applause from the audience. I hope many such experiments are welcome to the film lovers. Thanking you, Yours faithfully, N. Sarathchandra, Z.P.HIGH SCHOOL, KANDUKURU, PRAKASAM (Dist.)

III. Write a reply to the letter that appeared in the Hindu in response to the review of ‘Maya Bazaar’. In your letter write whether the opinion expressed in above letter is a sufficient appreciation of ‘Maya Bazaar’.

Uppalapadu, Guntur. Dec. 2, 2013. To The Editor, The Hindu, Vijayawada. Sir/Madam, This is a rejoinder to the letter in the Hindu in response to the review of ‘Maya Bazaar’. First of all I would like to thank Mr. N. Sarathchandra for his appreciation of the movie ‘Maya Bazaar’ that was released in colour. I totally agree with his view when he wrote to say that experiments are welcome to the film lovers. In this fast developing world, experimentation is necessary in each and every field to get better results. But I am not happy as the film’s naturality has been destroyed by touching some colours to it. The characteristics such as picturization, dialogues, direction, audio-effects, etc., are all the important components of a film’s success. If we try to experiment with any one of them, it will lose its originality. Hence, I opine that we should welcome the technological development but at the same time we shouldn’t try to make a difference which takes away over Telugu culture, language and customs. I hope all will agree with me. Thanking you, Yours faithfully, XXXX Z.P. High School, Uppalapadu, Pedakakani Mandal, Guntur District.

IV. Let’s read the following skit.

Suhas : Amma, Amma……. .
Mother : What, Suhas?
Suhas : My friends are planning to watch a movie. I too want to join them.
Mother : Movies, movies, movies. No, I can’t let you go to movies too often.
Suhas : My friends are making fun of me. They call me ‘a bird in a cage’. (Goes out disgusted taking his school bag.)
Mother : Money, money, money. He always needs money. This is not a kid. It’s an apparition.
Father : (coming) Why are you shouting, Sarala? What did you say?
Mother : Didn’t you hear? An apparition.
Father : Who is the apparition?
Mother : Who else could I mean? It’s your son.
Father : Not your son? He needs money?
Mother : Yes, he needs money. He watches movies. His life is movies. He doesn’t care to study. All the children in the street are doing very well. But this devil (Starts banging her head against the wall. No wounds.No blood)
Father : No, Sarala. No, don’t do it.(Mother falls down and father brings a glass of water.)

Father : Sarala…, Sarala…., have some water. (A pause)
Father : Sarala, we have to understand certain things.
Mother : (Having drunk water) As if you have understood You don’t worry about anything. He doesn’t study at all. He is after movies.
Father : Wait! I’ll find out.
Father : Suhas, you didn’t take your bicycle today. You didn’t take your lunch box. You look tired ……… .
Suhas : Amma doesn’t understand me. She always makes fuss of me. She always wants me to do one thing; study…. study….. study. I want to go to a film. That too once a week. All my friends are going. I too want to go. Is it wrong on my part?
Father : Why don’t you try to understand your mother’s concern? She is worried a lot about your future.
Suhas : But I am all right in my studies. I think, watching a film once a week, that too, watching a good film is not a sin.
Father : Which film did you want to watch?
Suhas : “Life of Pi”. It’s an interesting movie with high technical values.
Father : All right, my boy.

Father : Sarala, the boy didn’t want to do anything bad.
Mother : But I have my own fears.
Father : I do understand. Your fears may have reasons. But what Suhas wanted was just 100 rupees. And that too for watching an interesting film.
Mother : Maybe I was wrong. We’ll ask Suhas to go to the film. He is such a nice boy. He never troubles us.
Father : Come on. Let’s have supper. Come, Suhas. Now let’s ponder over these points :

Keeping in mind the features of a skit given below, prepare a skit on any subject you like most.
A skit has all the characteristics of a play. Usually, it does have a message to convey. It has a plot (a beginning, a crisis and a resolution). However, there are certain differences with respect to time, number of characters, setting, etc. The skit is more of an informal nature. The number of characters is less. The setting does not have much importance.
Answer:
(Rakesh, Prabhas and Suhas are the students of tenth class, studying at ZPH School, Uppalapadu.)
Rakesh : (with sorrowful face) Oh, no! What can I do now?
Prabhas : What happened, Rakesh? Why are you so sad?
Rakesh : (searching his pockets) I have lost my money. How can I get home ?
Suhas : Hi friends ! Don’t you come home? It’s already late.
Prabhas : Rakesh has lost his money.
Suhas : What? When did it happen?
Rakesh : I have just known about it.
Prabhas : Calm down. It will be OK How much money have you lost?
Rakesh : I have lost my fifty-rupee note !
Prabhas : Don’t worry; I found a fifty-rupee note in the conference hall in the lunch break. I wanted to hand over the money to our H.M. I think that it is yours only! Here it is your note.
Rakesh : Yes, it is the note I have lost. I even wrote my name on it. See my name!
Suhas : Yes, your name is on the note. Certainly it is yours only.
Rakesh : Thank you very much, Prabhas. You are really a good boy. You could have bought something about the money you got but you didn’t do that.
Prabhas : But, I wouldn’t have felt good about it. I think that it is not a good thing to do. Wanting others’ money is nothing but stealing. 1 know very well that it is someone else’s and he/she would be upset. I don’t want to make sorrowful anyone. I too had the same bitter experience. I wouldn’t forget how I was disappointed when I lost my money.
Rakesh : I won’t forget your honesty. I am very glad and proud to have a friend like you.
Prabhas : OK, friends. Come, our bus is ready to depart.

Maya Bazaar Summary in English

“Maya Bazaar” is a review published in “The Hindu” on 21st April, 2006 on the^ occasion of its Golden Jubilee. K.V.Reddy’s Maya Bazaar’ has been voted as the ‘Greatest Indian Film” in an online poll conducted by a television news channel. Its director K.V.Reddy and producers Nagireddy and Chakrapani made it both in Telugu and Tamil.

The film became a super hit because of the performances of the star-actors S.V.Ranga Rao, Savitri, NTR, ANR and Gummadi and the efforts of K.V. Reddy. The great persons like Marcus Batley, Ghantasala, M.L. Vasantha Kumari, Leela, Suseela, Madhavapeddi, Gokhale, Pasumarthy and Pitambaram played their roles together in making up of such a landmark movie in Telugu film industry. It shows us Telugu culture, language and customs in every frame. When people saw it, they identified every character of the film with someone they knew in their area. The dialogues written by Pingali Nagendra Rao became immortalized. The songs such as ‘Aha naa pelli anta,” “Vivaha bhojanambu”, etc., have a strong effect on people for a long time. This film made people familiarize with the words such as “Talpam”, “Gilpam”, “Asamadiyulu”, “Tasamadiyulu”, etc. We can’t forget the expressions such as “veyandira veediko veeratadu”, “hai hai sodara” and “hai hai naayaka”.

Its story deals with the love of Sasirekha-Abhimanyu. The director uses a magic box to introduce the theme. It creates a wonderful effect on viewers. The scenes shown on its screen made the audience laugh heartily. The dialogues of Balarama made the women viewers recall their own problems in the hands of such brothers. The director greatly displays all the follies of human beings through all the characters except Ghatothkacha and Krishna. This film is a feast to us with its simile, imagery, adage, sarcasm and wit. Though it is the story of Pandavas and Kauravas, Pandavas are never seen throughout the movie. Even an NRI will know about Telugu culture if he/she happens to watch this Imovie.

Maya Bazaar Glossary

enduring (adj) : continuing for a very long time

christened (v) : gave something or someone a name

cinematography (n) : the skill or study of making films

VFX : visual Effects shortened to Visual FX and then to VFX

unleashing (v) : suddenly letting a strong force, feeling, etc. have its full effect

sterling (adj) : very good

ensemble (n) : a small group of musicians, actors or dancers who perform together regularly

facet (n) : one of several parts of someone’s character, a situation, etc.

the vicinity (n) : the area around a particular place

reverberate (v) : have a strong effect on people for a long time

repertoire (n) : all that a performer can do

advent (n) : arrival

array (n) : an impressive collection of things

indignation (n) : a feeling of anger

sarcasm (n) : a way of using words that are the opposite of what one means to make fun of somebody

laps up (phr. v.) : to enjoy something without worrying about whether it is good, true, etc.

curtly (adv) : abruptly

confronted (v) : dealt with something very difficult or unpleasant in a brave and determined way

tribulation (n) : formal serious trouble or a serious problem

folly (n) : a very stupid thing to do, especially one that is likely to have serious results

simile (n) : an expression that describes something by comparing it with something else

imagery (n) : the use of words or pictures to describe ideas or actions in poems, books, films, etc.

adage (n) : a well-known phrase that says something wise about human experience

wit (n) : the ability to say things that are clever and amusing

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class English Textbook Solutions Chapter 4C A Tribute Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class English Solutions Chapter 4C A Tribute

10th Class English Chapter 4C A Tribute Textbook Questions and Answers

Comprehension

Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Have you ever seen any of the Aims in which Savitri acted? List them. Which of them do you like most?
Answer:
Yes, I have seen five or six films in which Savitri acted. They are : Kanyasulkam, Missamma, Maya Bazaar, Shantinivasam, Kama, Devadasu, Pandava Vanavasam, Gundamma Katha, Velugu Needalu, Dr. Chakravarthy and Narthanasala. I like her character of Mary in the film Missamma’ most. Her action was brilliant in that movie.

Question 2.
Savitri’s qualities and her acting have been mentioned in the tribute. Which of Savitri’s qualities fascinates you most?
Answer:
I am mostly fascinated by her generosity, great action, charm, expressive eyes, involvement in the role she plays and so on. She was generous to the people who were in need. Once, she donated all the jewellery she was wearing to the Prime Minister’s fund. Along with her magnificent action and charm, she had expressive eyes through which she expressed mischievous look, look of fake anger, look of real anger, look of passion, pain filled look and confident look. We can see an example for her involvement in the roles she plays. Once she played the role of a nurse in a psychiatry ward in the movie, ’Chivaraku Migiledi’. In a particular scene, the nurse has a nervous breakdown and cries uncontrollably. Though the director said, “Cut”, Savitri could not stop crying. All these qualities fascinate not only me but all the Telugu audience most.

Question 3.
Why was Savitri taken away from her main role in the him, ‘Samsaaram’?
Answer:
L.V. Prasad, the noted director, offered Savitri the role of a heroine in the film ‘Samsaaram’ (1950). On the sets, she was nervous ; she had to repeat many takes and this proved a setback for her. Hence, the role was given to someone else and she was given a small role. Thus, Savitri was taken away from her main role in ’Samsaaram’.

Question 4.
How do you think Savitri was able to strike back after she was replaced from the main role in ‘Samsaaram’?
Answer:
Although Savitri was replaced from the main role in ‘Samsaaram’, she was able to strike back because of her passion for acting brought her another chance in the film ‘Devadasu’ (1953). She proved her potential’ to the cine-world by her tremendous action and liveliness. In the role of Parvathi with curly hair, a lock of hair straying to her forehead, the large round black berry eyes looking out from an innocent face left an indelible imprint in the minds of all cine lovers. She played the role of a rich man’s wife marvellously. Thus, she was able to strike back and got more chances.

Question 5.
The purpose of the tribute is …[ choose the appropriate answer]
a) to sympathize with Savitri.
b) to admire Savitri’s acting and her abilities.
c) to understand Savitri’s acting and qualities.
d) to express different opinions about Savitri.
Answer:
(b) to admire Savitri’s acting and her abilities.

Project Work

Look up on the internet / in the newspapers or magazines and gather the following information about your favourite actor :
Name of the actor :
Physical features :
His/Her debut film :
Good films to his/her credit :
Awards and honours received :
Best movie of his/her career :
Great qualities in him/her :

Any other points you like to mention :
1. ____________________
2. ____________________

Now work in groups and discuss the specific qualities of the actor that make you like him/her the most.
Answer:
Name of the actor : Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao

Physical features : Good physique; Above 6 ft. tall; Broad shouldered body ; Beautiful face.

His/Her debut film : Mana Desam

Good films to his/her credit : Missamma, Gundamma Katha, Pathala Bhairavi, Kanyasulkam, Panduranga Maha-thyam, Maya Bazaar, Bhookailas, Kondaveeti Simham, Bobbilipuli, Justice Chowdari, etc.

Awards and honours received : Three National Film Awards, Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu in 1972; Padma Shri by Government of India in 1968; Honorary Doctorate by Andhra University.

Best movie of his/her career : Missamma/Kanyasulkam

Great qualities in him/her : Determination and dedication for film world;

Any other points you like to mention :
1. His entry to politics.
2. Became the CM of Andhra Pradesh.
3. He tried hard to bring recognition for Telugu language at national level.

Group 1 : We (I) like N.T. Rama Rao because of his great action. He was not only an actor but also a director and producer.

Group 2 : He made his debut as an actor in a Telugu social film Mana Desam directed by L.V. Prasad in 1949. From then, there is no looking back for him. The Telugu film lovers are really proud of Sri N.T. Rama Rao.

Group 3 : Sri N.T. Rama Rao’s dedication, determination, generosity, discipline, etc., are the qualities which are liked by me (us) the most. With great determination and dedication he acted in more than 300 films. Some of them are master-pieces.

Group 4 : I (we) like him as he is a great politician. He founded ‘Telugu Desam’ party and served three tumultuous terms as Chief Minister.

Group 5 : We (I) like him because of his discipline. He was a highly disciplined and punctual person. He used to get up at 3.00 a.m. to do yoga, physical exercises and worship God by 5 a.m. He would always arrive on the film sets one hour in advance.

Sum up:

Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao is popularly known as NTR. He was born on 28 May, 1923. He was an Indian film actor, director, producer and politician who also served as the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh for three terms. He received three National Film Awards for co-producing ‘Thodu Dongalu’ and Seetharama Kalyanam’ and directing ‘Varakatnam’. He received the Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu in 1972. He was awarded ‘Padma Shri’ by Government of India in 1968, for his contribution to Telugu cinema. He was given Honorary Doctorate by Andhra University.

NT Rama Rao made his debut as an actor in a social Telugu film Mana Desam, directed by LV Prasad in 1949. In that film, he played the role of a police officer. He played all kinds of characters in more than 300 films. He became one of the most prominent figures in the history of Telugu cinema. Besides Telugu, NTR also acted in a few Tamil films. After his career in films NTR entered politics. He founded the Telugu Desam Party in 1982 and served three tumultuous terms as Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh between 1983 and 1995.

NT Rama Rao had a good physique. He was above 6 ft. tall and had a broad shoul-dered body. He had a charming face. One can’t forget his beautiful smile. Some of his good films are Missamma, Gundamma Katha, Pathala Bhairavi, Kanyasulkam, Panduranga Mahathyam, Maya Bazaar, Bhookailas, Kondaveeti Simham, Bobbilipuli, Justice Chowdary and so on. (I think) The best movie of his career is ‘Missamma’. His qualities such as determination, dedication, generosity, discipline, punctuality, etc. made him a wonderful actor. He will be remembered as long as celluloid lives on.

A Tribute Summary in English

“A Tribute” is the tribute to Savithri, a prestigeous cine-artiste. Telugu audiences are proud of her considerable performance throughout her career which lasted for about 30 years. She developed interest in learning dance since her childhood. She faced difficulty in entering the film field. Though she got a chance in ‘Agnipareeksha”, she was finally dropped as she looked too young for the role. The film makers recognized her potential when she acted in a song in ‘Pathala Bhairavi’. Though she was given a role of heroine in the film ‘Samsaram’, she lost the chance because of her nervousness on the sets. She left an indelible mark in the minds of all cine lovers through her action as Parvathi in the film ‘Devadasu” in 1953. Her action was marvellous in that movie. Her action was exceptionally brilliant in the film ‘Ardhangi’ (1955) in the role of the wife of a mentally retarded person (ANR). She was known for charm and magnificent acting. The audiences who see many emotions and feelings in her eyes can’t forget the magic spell of her eyes.

The film ’Missamma’ shows us Savitri’s amazing talent in the role of Mary. The famous cine-actors Meena Kumari and Amitabh Bacchan praised her acting, timing and unbelievable spontaneity. In the role of Sasirekha in ‘Maya Bazaar’ film, Savitri reminds us of the rich Telugu culture. Her action in the roles of both masculine and feminine manner is unparallel in the film ‘Maya Bazaar’. She gets totally involved in whatever role she plays. In the film ‘Chivaraku Migiledi’, she played the role of a nurse in a psychiatry ward. In a particular scene of that film, even after the shot was over, she couldn’t come out of her role and continued crying uncontrollably.

She received the title ‘Mahanati’ and the Presidential award for her great performance. She also received ‘Kalaimamani’ and Nadigayar Tilakam’ from Tamil film industry. She not only acted in the films but also directed and produced a few films that show her passion for films. She was known for her generosity. Once, she donated all the jewellery she was wearing to the Prime Minister’s Fund. Dasari Narayana Rao says that she will be remembered as long as celluloid lives on. Though she is not physically with us, she is eternal with her tremendous efforts to cinema.

A Tribute Glossary

artiste (n) : a professional singer,dancer, actor, etc. who performs in a show

evinced (v) : showed a feeling or had a quality in a way that people could easily notice

considerable (adjj) : fairly large ; be important

elevated (v) : moved someone or something to a more important rank or level

import (n) : importance or meaning

stray (v) : move away from one place

portrayed (v) : acted the part of a character in a play, film, or television programme

credentials (n) : someone’s education, achievements, experience, etc. that prove they have the ability to do something

conspire (v) : to secretly plan with someone else to do something illegal

mischievous (adjj) : someone who is mischievous likes to have fun, especially by playing tricks on people or doing things to annoy or embarrass them

captivate (v) : to attract someone very much and hold their attention

provoke (v) : to cause a reaction or feeling, especially a sudden one

pierce somebody’s heart (phrase) : to make someone feel a strong emotion

myriad (adj) : very many

adore (v) : to love someone very much and feel very proud of them

spontaneously (n) : doing things without planning and suddenly

16-annas Telugu lass (idiom) : an expression which means a perfect Telugu girl

yesteryear (n) : existing in the past

masculine (adj) : having qualities considered to be typical of men or of what men do

psychiatry (n) : the study and treatment of mental illness

pacify (v) : to make someone calm, quiet, and satisfied after they have been angry or upset

magnum opus (n) : the greatest work

lion’s share (idiom) : major portion/part

zenith (n) : peak

meteor (n) : a piece of rock or metal that travels through space and makes a bright line in the night sky when it falls down towards the earth

legacy (n) : something that happens or exists as a result of things that happened at an earlier time

versatility (n) : having many different skills

celluloid (n) : cinema film

encompass (v) : to include a wide range of ideas, subjects, etc.

eternal (adj) : continuing forever and having no end

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Maths Textbook Solutions Chapter 1 Real Numbers Ex 1.1 Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Maths Solutions 1st Lesson Real Numbers Exercise 1.1

10th Class Maths 1st Lesson Real Numbers Ex 1.1 Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Use Euclid’s division algorithm to find the HCF of
i) 900 and 270
Answer:
900 = 270 × 3 + 90
270 = 90 × 3 + 0
∴ HCF = 90

ii) 196 and 38220
Answer:
38220 = 196 × 195 + 0
∴ 196 is the HCF of 196 and 38220.

iii) 1651 and 2032
Answer:
2032 = 1651 × 1 + 381
1651 = 381 × 4 + 127
381 = 127 × 3 + 0
∴ HCF = 127

Question 2.
Use Euclid division lemma to show that any positive odd integer is of the form 6q + 1 or 6q + 3 or 6q + 5, where q is some integers.
Answer:
Let ‘a’ be an odd positive integer.
Let us now apply division algorithm with a and b = 6.
∵ 0 ≤ r < 6, the possible remainders are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.
i.e., ’a’ can be 6q or 6q + 1 or 6q + 2 or 6q + 3 or 6q + 4 or 6q + 5, where q is the quotient.
But ‘a’ is taken as an odd number.
∴ a can’t be 6q or 6q + 2 or 6q + 4.
∴ Any odd integer is of the form 6q + 1, 6q + 3 or 6q + 5.

Question 3.
Use Euclid’s division lemma to show that the square of any positive integer is of the form 3p, 3p + 1.
Answer:
Let ‘a’ be the square of an integer.
Applying Euclid’s division lemma with a and b = 3
Since 0 ≤ r < 3, the possible remainders are 0, 1, and 2.
∴ a = 3q (or) 3q + 1 (or) 3q + 2
∴ Any square number is of the form 3q, 3q + 1 or 3q + 2, where q is the quotient.
(or)
Let ‘a’ be a positive integer
So it can be expressed as a = bq + r (from Euclideans lemma)
now consider b = 3 then possible values of ‘r’ are ‘0’ or ‘1’ or 2.
then a = 3q + 0 = 3q (or) 3q + 1 or 3q + 2 now square of given positive integer (a²) will be
Case – I: a² – (3q)² = 9q²=3(3q²) = 3p (p = 3q²)
Case-II: a² = (3q + l)² = 9q² + 6q+ 1
= 3[3q² + 2q] + 1 = 3p+l (Where p = 3q² + 2q) or
Case – III: a² = (3q + 2)² = 9q² + 12q + 4 = 9q² + 12q + 3 + 1
= 3[3q² + 4q + 1] + 1
= 3p + 1 (where ‘p’ = 3q² + 4q + 1)
So from above cases 1, 2, 3 it is clear that square of a positive integer (a) is of the form 3p or 3p + 1
Hence proved.

Question 4.
Use Euclid’s division lemma to show that the cube of a positive integer is of the form 9m, 9m + 1 or 9m + 8.
(OR)
Show that the cube of any positive integer is of form 9m or 9m + 1 or 9m + 8, where m is an integer.
Answer:
Let ‘a’ be positive integer. Then from Euclidean lemma a = bq + r;
now consider b = 9 then 0 ≤ r < 9, it means remainder will be 0, or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8
So a = bq + r
⇒ a = 9q + r (for b = 9)
now cube of a = a³ + (9q + r)³
= (9q)³ + 3.(9q)³r + 3. 9q.r + r³
= 9³q³ + 3.9²(q²r) + 3.9(q.r) + r³
= 9[9².q³ + 3.9.q²r + 3.q.r] + r³
a³ = 9m + r³ (where ‘m’ = 9²q³ + 3.9.q2r + 3.q.r)
if r = 0 ⇒ r³ = 0 then a³ = 9m + 0 = 9m
and for r = 1 ⇒ r³ = l³ then a³ = 9m + 1
and for r = 2 ⇒ r³ = 2³ then a³ = 9m + 8
for r = 3 ⇒ r³, = 3³ ⇒ a³ = 9m + 27 = 9(m) where m = (9m +3)
for r = 4 ⇒ r³ = 4³ ⇒ a³ = 9m + 64 = (9m + 63) + 1 = 9m + 1
for r = 5 ⇒ r³ = 125 ⇒ a³ = 9m + 125 = (9m + 117) + 8 = 9m + 8
for r = 6 ⇒ r³ — 216 ⇒ a³ = 9m + 216 = 9m + 9(24) = 9m
for r = 7 ⇒ r³ = 243
⇒ a³ = 9m + 9(27) = 9m
for r = 8 ⇒ r³ = 512
⇒ a³ = 9m + 9(56) + 8 = 9m + 8
So from the above it is clear that a³ is either in the form of 9m or 9m + 1 or 9m + 8.
Hence proved.

Question 5.
Show that one and only one out of n, n + 2 or n + 4 is divisible by 3, where n is any positive integer.
(Or)
Show that one and only one out of a, a + 2 and a + 4 is divisible by 3 where ‘a’ is any positive integer.
Answer:
Let ‘n’ be any positive integer.
Then from Euclidean’s lemma n = bq + r (now consider b = 3)
⇒ n = 3q + r (here 0 ≤ r < 3) which means the possible values of ‘r’ = 0 or 1 or 2
Now consider r = 0 then ‘n’ = 3q (divisible by 3)
and n + 2 = 3q + 2 (not divisible by 3)
n + 4 = 3q + 4 (not divisible by 3)
Case – II: For r = 1
n = 3q + 1 (not divisible by 3)
n + 2 = 3q + 1 + 2 = 3q + 3 = 3(q + l) divisible by 3
n + 4 = 3q + 1 + 4 = 3q + 5 not divisible by 3
Case – III: For r = 2,
n = 3q + 2 not divisible by 3
n + 2 = 3q + 2 + 2 = 3q + 4, not divisible by 3
n + 4 = 3q + 2 + 4 = 3q + 6 = 3(q + 2) divisible by 3
So in all above three cases we observe, only one of either (n) or (n + 1) or (n + 4) is divisible by 3.
Hence proved.

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Maths Textbook Solutions Chapter 2 Sets Ex 2.4 Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Maths Solutions 2nd Lesson Sets Exercise 2.4

10th Class Maths 2nd Lesson Sets Ex 2.4 Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
State which of the following sets are empty and which are not?
i) The set of lines passing through a given point.
ii) Set of odd natural numbers divisible by 2.
iii) {x : x is a natural number, x < 5 and x > 7}
iv) {x: x is a common point to any two parallel lines}
v) Set of even prime numbers.
Answer:
i) Not empty
ii) Empty
iii) Empty
iv) Empty
v) Not empty

Question 2.
Which of the following sets are finite or infinite?
i) The set of months in a year.
ii) {1, 2, 3, …, 99, 100}
iii) The set of prime numbers smaller than 99.
Answer:
i) Finite
ii) Finite
iii) Finite

Question 3.
State whether each of the following sets is finite or infinite.
i) The set of letters in the English alphabet.
ii) The set of lines which are parallel to the X-axis.
iii) The set of numbers which are multiples of 5.
iv) The set of circles passing through the origin (0, 0).
Answer:
i) Finite
ii) Infinite
iii) Infinite
iv) Infinite

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Maths Textbook Solutions Chapter 2 Sets Ex 2.3 Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Maths Solutions 2nd Lesson Sets Exercise 2.3

10th Class Maths 2nd Lesson Sets Ex 2.3 Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which of the following sets are equal?
A = {x : x is a letter in the word FOLLOW}
ii) B = {x : x is a letter in the word FLOW}
iii) C = {x : x is a letter in the word WOLF}
Answer:
i) Elements in set A are {F, L, O, W}
ii) Elements in set B are {F, L, O, W}
iii) Elements in set C are {F, L, O, W} Sets A, B and C have same elements, Hence, they are equal sets.

Question 2.
Consider the following sets and fill up the blank in the statement given below with = or ≠ so as to make the statement true.
A = {1, 2, 3};
B = {The first three natural numbers};
C = {a, b, c, d};
D = {d, c, a, b};
E = {a, e, i, o, u};
F = {Set of vowels in English Alphabet}
i) A …. B
ii) A …. E
iii) C …. D
iv) D …. F
v) F …. A
vi) D …. E
vii) F …. B
Answer:
i) A = B
ii) A ≠ E
iii) C = D
iv) D ≠ F
v) F ≠ A
vi) D ≠ E
vii) F ≠ B

Question 3.
In each of the following, state whether A = B or not.
i) A = {a, b, c, d} ; B = {d, c, a, b}
ii) A = {4, 8, 12, 16} ; B = {8, 4, 16, 18}
iii) A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}; B = {x : x is a positive even integer and x ≤ 10}
iv) A = {x : x is a multiple of 10}; B = {10, 15, 20, 25, 30, …}
Answer:
i) A = B
ii) A ≠ B
iii) A ≠ B
iv) A ≠ B

Question 4.
State the reasons for the following :
i) {1, 2, 3, …., 10} ≠ {x : x ∈ N and 1 < x < 10}
ii) {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} ≠ {x : x = 2n+1 and x ∈ N}
iii) {5, 15, 30, 45} ≠ {x : x is a multiple of 15}
iv) {2, 3, 5, 7, 9} ≠ {x : x is a prime number}
Answer:
i) In R.H.S ‘x’ is greater than 1 and less than 10 but L.H.S is having both 1 and 10.
ii) L.H.S ≠ R.H.S
R.H.S: x = 2n + 1 is definition of odd numbers.
L.H.S: Given set is even numbers set.
iii) x is a multiple of 15.
So 5 does not exist.
iv) x is a prime number but 9 is not a prime number.

Question 5.
List all the subsets of the following sets.
i) B = {p, q}
ii) C = {x, y, z}
iii) D = {a, b, c, d}
iv) E = {1, 4, 9, 16}
v) F = {10, 100, 1000}
Answer:
i) Subsets of ‘B’ are {p}, {q}, {p, q}, φ
ii) Subsets of ‘C’ are {x}, {y} {z}, {x, y}, {y, z}, {z, x}, {x, y, z} and φ (2³ = 8)
iii) Subsets of ‘D’ are {a}, {b}, {c}, {d}, {a,b}, {b,c}, {c, d}, {a, c}, {a, d}, {b, d}, {a, b, c}, {b, c, d}, {a, b, d}, {a, c, d}, {a, b, c, d} and φ
iv) Subsets of ‘E’ are
φ, {1}, {4}, {9}, {16}, {1,4}, {1,9}, {1, 16}, {4, 9}, {4, 16}, (9, 16}, {1, 4, 9}, {1, 9, 16}, {4, 9, 16}, {1, 4, 16}, {1, 4, 9, 16}
v) Subsets of ‘F’ are
φ, {10}, {100}, {1000}, {10, 100}, {100, 1000}, {10, 1000}, {10, 100, 1000}.

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Maths Textbook Solutions Chapter 2 Sets Ex 2.2 Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Maths Solutions 2nd Lesson Sets Exercise 2.2

10th Class Maths 2nd Lesson Sets Ex 2.2 Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
If A = {1, 2, 3, 4}; B = {1, 2, 3, 5, 6} then find A ∩ B and B ∩ A. Are they equal ?
Answer:
Given sets are A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {1,2,3, 5,6}
A ∩ B = {1,2, 3,4} ∩ {1,2, 3, 5, 6}
= {1,2,3} …… (1)
B ∩ A = {1, 2, 3, 5, 6} ∩ {1, 2, 3, 4}
= {1,2,3} …….(2)
From (1) and (2)
A ∩ B and B ∩ A are same.

Question 2.
A = {0, 2, 4}, find A ∩ φ and A ∩ A. Comment.
Answer:
Given set A = {0, 2, 4} and φ is a null set.
A ∩ φ = {0, 2, 4} ∩ { }
= { } ……. (1)
A ∩ A = {0, 2, 4} ∩ {0, 2, 4}
= {0, 2,4} …….. (2)
From (1) and (2),
We conclude that A ∩ φ = φ and A ∩ A = A

Question 3.
If A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} and B = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15}, find A – B and B – A.
Answer:
Given sets are
A {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} and B = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15}
A – B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} – {3, 6, 9, 12, 15}
= {2, 4, 8, 10} …… (1)
B – A = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15} – {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
= {3, 9, 12, 15} …… (2)
From (1) and (2), A – B ≠ B – A

Question 4.
If A and B are two sets such that A ⊂ B then, what is A ∪ B?
Answer:
Let us consider A ⊂ B
Set A = {1, 2, 3} and
Set B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Now A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3} ∪ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} = B
∴ A ∪ B = B

Question 5.
If A = {x : x is a natural number},
B = {x : x is an even natural number},
C = {x : x is an odd natural number} and
D = {x : x is a prime number}
Find A ∩ B, A ∩ C, A ∩ D, B ∩ C, B ∩ D, C ∩ D.
Answer:
Given sets are
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, ……}
B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, …….}
C = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, …….}
D = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, …….}
A ∩ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, …….} ∩ {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ……}
= {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ……}
A ∩ C = {1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, …} ∩ {1, 3, 5, 7, 9 }
= {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, ……}
A ∩ D = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, …} ∩ {2, 3, -5, 7, 11,….}
= {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, ……}
B ∩ C = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ……} ∩ {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, …….}
= { } = φ
B ∩ D = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ……} ∩ {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, ……}
= {2}
C ∩ D = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, ……} ∩ {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, ……}
= {3, 5, 7, …..}

Question 6.
If A = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21}; B = {4, 8, 12, 16, 20}; C = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16}; D = {5, 10, 15, 20} find
(i) A – B
(ii) A – C
(iii) A – D
(iv) B – A
(v) C – A
(vi) D – A
(vii) B – C
(viii) B – D
(ix) C – B
(x) D – B
Answer:
Given sets are A = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21}
B = {4, 8, 12, 16, 20}
C = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16} and
D = {5, 10, 15, 20}
i) A – B = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21} – {4, 8, 12, 16, 20} = {3, 6, 9, 15, 18, 21}
ii) A – C = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21} – {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16} = {3,9,15,18,21}
iii) A – D = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21} – {5, 10, 15, 20} = {3,6,9,12,18,21}
iv) B – A = {4, 8, 12, 16, 20} – {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21} = {4, 8, 16, 20}
v) C – A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16} – {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21} = {2, 4, 8, 10, 14, 16}
vi) D – A = {5, 10, 15, 20} – {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21} = {5, 10, 20}
vii) B – C = {4, 8, 12, 16, 20} – {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16} = {20}
viii) B – D = {4, 8, 12, 16,20} – {5, 10, 15, 20} = {4, 8, 12, 16}
ix) C – B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16} – {4, 8, 12, 16, 20} = {2, 6, 10, 14}
x) D – B = {5, 10, 15, 20} – {4, 8, 12, 16, 20} = {5, 10, 15}

Question 7.
State whether each of the following statement is true or false. Justify your answers.
i) {2,3,4,5} and {3,6} are disjoint sets.
ii) {a, e, i, o, u} and {a, b, c, d} are disjoint sets.
iii) {2, 6, 10, 14} and {3, 7, 11, 15} are disjoint sets.
iv) {2, 6, 10} and {3, 7, 11} are disjoint sets.
Answer:
i) Rule: If two sets are disjoint their intersection is null set.
= {2, 3, 4, 5} n {3, 6} = { 3 } ≠ φ
∴ Given statement is False.

ii) Given sets are
{a, e, i, o, u} and {a, b, c, d}
= {a, e, i, o, u} ∩ {a, b, c, d}
= { a } ≠ φ
∴ Given statement is False.

iii) Given sets are
{2, 6, 10, 14} and {3, 7, 11, 15}
= {2, 6, 10, 14} ∩ {3, 7, 11, 15}
= { }
∴ Given statement is True.

iv) Given sets are
{2, 6, 10} and {3, 7, 11}
= {2, 6, 10} ∩ {3, 7, 11} = { }
∴ Given statement is True.

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Maths Textbook Solutions Chapter 2 Sets Ex 2.1 Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Maths Solutions 2nd Lesson Sets Exercise 2.1

10th Class Maths 2nd Lesson Sets Ex 2.1 Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which of the following are sets? Justify your answer.
i) The collection of all the months of a year beginning with die letter “J”.
ii) The collection of ten most talented writers of India.
iii) A team of eleven best cricket batsmen of the world.
iv) The collection of all boys in your class.
v) The collection of all even integers.
Answer:
i) There are 3 months as January, June and July beginning with letter ‘J’. Therefore, it is a well defined collection of months and hence it is a set.
ii) The concept of talented writers of India is vague, since there is no rule given for deciding whether a particular writer is talented or not.
Hence, the given collection is not a set.
iii) A team of eleven best cricket batsmen of the world is vague, since there is no rule given for deciding whether a particular batsman is the best.
Hence, the given collection is not a set.
iv) The collection of all boys in my class is well defined. Hence, the given collection is a set.
v) The collection of all even integers i.e., (2, 4, 6, 8, ……) is well defined.
Hence, the given collection is a set.

Question 2.
If A = {0, 2, 4, 6}, B = {3, 5, 7} and C = {p, q, r} then fill the appropriate symbol, ∈ or ∉ in the blanks.
i) 0 ….. A
ii) 3 ….. C
iii) 4 ….. B
iv) 8 ….. A
v) p ….. C
vi) 7 ….. B
Answer:
i) ∈
ii) ∉
iii) ∉
iv) ∉
v) ∈
vi) ∈

Question 3.
Express the following statements using symbols.
i) The elements ‘x’ does not belong to ‘A’.
ii) ‘d’ is an element of the set ‘B’.
iii) ‘1’ belongs to the set of Natural numbers N.
iv) ‘8′ does not belong to the set of prime numbers P.
Answer:
i) x ∉ A
ii) d ∈ B
iii) 1 ∈ N
iv) 8 ∉ P

Question 4.
State whether the following statements are true or false. Justify your answer.
i) 5 ∉ set of prime numbers
ii) S = {5, 6, 7} implies 8 ∈ S.
iii) -5 ∉ W where ‘W’ is the set of whole numbers.
iv) \(\frac{8}{11}\) ∈ Z
where ‘Z’ is the set of integers.
Answer:
i) False
ii) False
iii) True
iv) False

Question 5.
Write the following sets in roster form.
i) B = {x : x is a natural number smaller than 6}.
ii) C = {x : x is a two-digit natural number such that the sum of its digits is 8}.
iii) D = {x : x is a prime number which is a divisor of 60}.
iv) E = {x : x is an alphabet in BETTER}.
Answer:
i) B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
ii) C = {17, 26, 35, 44, 53, 62, 71}
iii) D = {5, 3}
iv) E = {B, E, T, R}

Question 6.
Write the following sets in the set – builder form.
i) {3, 6, 9, 12}
ii) {2, 4, 8, 16, 32}
iii) {5, 25, 125, 625}
iv) {1, 4, 9, 16, 25, …, 100}
Answer:
i) A = {x : x is multiple of 3 and less than 13}
ii) B = {x : x = 2^P, 0 < P < 6, P ∈ N}
iii) C = {x : x = 5^P, 0 < P < 5, P ∈ N}
iv) D = {x : x = P², 0< P < 11, P ∈ W}

Question 7.
Write the following sets in roster form.
i) A = {x: x is a natural number greater than 50 but smaller than 100}
ii) B = {x : x is an integer, x² = 4}
iii) D = {x : x is a letter in the word “LOYAL”}
Answer:
i) A = {51, 52, 53, ……. , 98, 99}
ii) B = {+2, -2}
iii) D = {L, O, Y, A}

Question 8.
Match the roster form with set builder form.
i) {1, 2, 3, 6}                       ( )      a) {x : x is a prime number and a divisor of 6}
ii) {2, 3}                              ( )      b) {x : x is an odd natural number smaller than 10}
iii) {M, A, T, H, E, I, C, S}     ( )      c) {x : x is a natural number and divisor of 6}
iv) {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}                  ( )      d) {x : x is a letter of the word MATHEMATICS}
Answer:
i) c
ii) a
iii) d
iv) b

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class Maths Textbook Solutions Chapter 3 Polynomials Ex 3.4 Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Maths Solutions 3rd Lesson Polynomials Exercise 3.4

10th Class Maths 3rd Lesson Polynomials Ex 3.4 Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Divide the polynomial p(x) by the polynomial g(x) and find the quotient and remainder in each of the following:
i) p(x) = x³ – 3x² + 5x – 3, g(x) = x² – 2
ii) p(x) = x⁴ – 3×2 + 4x + 5, g(x) = x² + 1 – x
iii) p(x) = x⁴ – 5x + 6, g(x) = 2 – x²
Answer:
i) Given polynomials are
p(x) = x³ – 3x² + 5x – 3 and
g(x) = x² – 2
Here, dividend and divisor are both in standard forms.
So, we have

∴ The quotient is x – 3 and the remainder is 7x – 9.

ii) Given polynomials are
p{x) = x⁴ – 3x² + 4x + 5 and
g(x) = x² + 1 – x
Here, the dividend is already in the standard form and the divisor is not in the standard form. It can be written as x² – x + 1.
We have,

∴ The quotient is x² + x – 3 and the remainder is +8.

iii) Given polynomials are
p(x) = x⁴ – 5x + 6 and
g(x) = 2 – x²
Here, the dividend is already in the standard form and the divisor is not in the standard form. It can be written as -x² + 2.
So, we have

∴ The quotient is -x² – 2 and the remainder is -5x + 10.

Question 2.
Check in which case the first polynomial is a factor of the second polynomial by dividing the second polynomial by the first polynomial:
i) t² – 3, 2t⁴ + 3t³ – 2t² – 9t – 12
ii) x² + 3x + 1, 3x⁴ + 5x³ – 7x² + 2x + 2
iii) x³ – 3x + 1, x⁵ – 4x³ + x² + 3x + 1
Answer:
i) Given first polynomial is t² – 3.
Second polynomial is
2t⁴ + 3t³ – 2t² – 9t – 12.
Let us divide 2t⁴ + 3t³ – 2t² – 9t – 12 by t² – 3, we get

Since the remainder is 0, therefore, t² – 3 is a factor of 2t⁴ + 3t³ – 2t² – 9t – 12.

ii) Given first polynomial is x² + 3x + 1
Second polynomial is 3x⁴ + 5x³ – 7x² + 2x + 2
Let us divide 3x⁴ + 5x³ – 7x² + 2x + 2 by x² + 3x + 1, we get

Since the remainder is 0, therefore x² + 3x + 1 is a factor of 3x⁴ + 5x³ – 7x² + 2x + 2.

iii) Given first polynomial = x³ – 3x + 1
Second polynomial = x⁵ – 4x³ + x² + 3x + 1
Let us divide x⁵ – 4x³ + x² + 3x + 1 by x³ – 3x + 1, we get

Here, remainder is 2(≠ 0).
Therefore, x³ – 3x + 1 is not a factor of x⁵ – 4x³ + x² + 3x + 1.

Question 3.
Obtain all other zeroes of 3x⁴ + 6x³ – 2x² – 10x – 5, if two of its zeroes are \(\sqrt{\frac{5}{3}}\) and –\(\sqrt{\frac{5}{3}}\).
Answer:
Let the other two zeroes are α and β.
Now compare the given polynomial 3x⁴ + 6x³ – 2x² – 10x – 5 with the standard form ax⁴ + bx³ + cx² + dx + e we get a = 3, b = 6, c = -2, d = -10, e = -5

–\(\frac{5}{3}\)αβ = \(\frac{-5}{3}\) ⇒ αβ = 1
now (α – β)² = (α + β)² – 4αβ
= (-2)² – 4(1)
= 4 – 4 = 0
α – β = 0 …. (2)
Now solving (1) and (2) we get

⇒ α = -1, β = -1
Then the remaining the zeroes are -1 and -1.
Hence all zeroes of it = –\(\sqrt{\frac{5}{3}}\), \(\sqrt{\frac{5}{3}}\), -1, -1.

Question 4.
On dividing x³ – 3x² + x + 2 by a polynomial g(x), the quotient and remainder were x – 2 and -2x + 4, respectively. Find g(x).
Answer:
Given, p(x) = x³ – 3x² + x + 2
q(x) = x – 2 and
r(x) = -2x + 4
By division algorithm, we know that Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
p(x) = q(x) × g(x) + r(x)
Therefore, x³ – 3x² + x + 2
= (x – 2) × g(x) + (- 2x + 4)
⇒ x³ – 3x² + x + 2 + 2x – 4 = (x – 2) × g(x)
g(x) = \(\frac{x^{3}-3 x^{2}+3 x-2}{x-2}\)
On dividing x³ – 3x² + x + 2, by x – 2, we get

First term of g(x) = \(\frac{\mathrm{x}^{3}}{\mathrm{x}}\) = x²
Second term of g(x) = \(\frac{-x^{2}}{x}\) = -x
Third term of g(x) = \(\frac{x}{x}\) = 1
Hence, g(x) = x² – x + 1.

Question 5.
Give examples of polynomials p(x), g(x), q(x) and r(x), which satisfy the division algorithm and
i) deg p(x) = deg q(x)
ii) deg q(x) = deg r(x)
iii) deg r(x) = 0
Answer:
Let q(x) = 3x² + 2x + 6, degree of q(x) = 2
p(x) = 12x² + 8x + 24, degree of p(x) = 2
Given degree p(x) = degree q(x)
i) Using division algorithm,
We gave, p(x) = q(x) × g(x) + r(x)
On dividing 12x² + 8x + 24 by 3x² + 2x + 6, we get

Since, the remainder is zero, therefore 3x² + 2x + 6 is a factor of 12x² + 8x + 24.
∴ g(x) = 4 and r(x)= 0

ii) Let p(x) = x⁵ + 2x⁴ + 3x³ + 5x² + 2
q(x) = x² + x + 1, degree q(x) = 2
Given degree q(x) = degree r(x)
On dividing x⁵ + 2x⁴ + 3x³ + 5x² + 2 by x² + x + 1, we get

Here, g(x) = x³ + x² + x + 1 and r(x) = 2x² – 2x + 1
degree of r(x) = 2.
∴ deg g(x) = deg r(x).

iii) Let p(x) = 2x⁴ + 8x³ + 6x² + 4x + 12, r(x) = 2
Here, degree r(x) = 0
On dividing 2x⁴ + 8x³ + 6x² + 4x + 12 by 2, we get

Here, g(x) = x⁴ + 4x³ + 3x² + 2x + 1 and r(x) = 10
so degree of r(x) = 0

AP State Board Syllabus AP SSC 10th Class English Textbook Solutions Chapter 4A Rendezvous with Ray Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class English Solutions Chapter 4A Rendezvous with Ray

10th Class English Chapter 4A Rendezvous with Ray Textbook Questions and Answers

Look at the picture and answer the questions that follow.

Question 1.
Is this picture (a) a poster, (b) an advertisement, or (c) a painting? Justify your option.
Answer:
It is a poster. The word/expression “RAJKAPOORS” tells us that it is directed by Raj Kapoor, a well-known Hindi actor. “SHREE 420” is the title of the movie. The persons in the picture are the actors of this film. Hence, it is evident that it is the poster of a movie.

Question 2.
Who do you think are the persons shown in this picture? Name them.
Answer:
The persons in this picture are cine actors. They are Raj Kapoor and Nargis.

Question 3.
What do you think is ‘SHREE 420?
Answer:
I think ’SHREE 420’ is a North Indian movie. It was directed and produced by Raj Kapoor. Raj Kapoor, Nargis, and Nadira were the main characters in this movie. It hit the screen on 6th September 1955.

Comprehension

Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
What did Ray’s detractors accuse him of? Did Roberge agree to their accusation? If not, why?
Answer:
Ray’s detractors accused him that he made his reputation selling India’s poverty to the West. Roberge didn’t agree to their accusation. He was not attracted by the material poverty depicted in Ray’s films. The thing struck him most was that the enormous spiritual poverty of some rich people is much more deplorable than material poverty.

Question 2.
‘I didn’t come here to convert. In fact, I am the one who got converted.’ Who said these words? What different shades of meanings do you find in the words of the speaker?
Answer:
Roberge, the French-Canadian priest said these words. Although he came from the West, he didn’t speak with the arrogance of the West. He told that he came to India on a quest to know the world and in the process know himself. He also told that he didn’t come to India to convert and in fact he was the one who got converted.

The word ‘convert’ means ‘change’. Usually, the West come to India to convert the Indian people. They are known for their arrogance and look down upon Indians. They think that they are superiors in terms of knowledge, culture, civilization, etc. In one sense they want to convert the Indians and make them refined. In the other sense, the Westerners want to convert the Indians to Christianity. As far as Roberge is concerned, he was the one who got converted with the newly acquired knowledge about the world and got a chance to know about himself.

Question 3.
Roberge took nine years to meet Ray in person after joining St. Xavier’s college. Why did he take so long time? What would you do if you were in his place?
Answer:
Roberge wanted to meet Ray in person but it took him nine years after reaching Kolkata and joining St. Xavier’s college, to meet him. Although he wanted to meet Ray right way, he didn’t want to just go and see him as he was a living museum piece. Roberge wanted to prepare himself, get to know his works more, so that when they met, there could be a worthwhile dialogue between them. If I were in Roberge’s place, I would do the same as he did.

Question 4.
How was Ray perceived by the outsiders? Was this perception true of Ray’s real character?
Answer:
The outsiders perceived Ray that Ray’s massive physical and intellectual stature might have made him come across as cold, aloof and even intimidating. This perception was not true of Ray’s real character. In reality Ray was a very simple and unassuming man with a subtle sense of humour.

Question 5.
What is meant by the line, ‘Ray took off where Tagore signed out.’ What was Ray searching for?
Answer:
Roberge feels that there is a striking comparison between Tagore and Ray. He also feels that philosophically too, Ray took off where Tagore signed out. This means that Ray began his work where Tagore ended. In a way Ray continued to walk on the path shown by Tagore. We find the analogy in Ray’s last three films ‘Ganashatru’, ‘Shakha Prashakha’ and ‘Agantuk’ with Tagore’s ‘Shabhyatar Sankat’. Both their works contain the message that it would be a sin to lose faith in man. Ray was an agnostic throughout his life. Even in the face of death, Ray was searching for answer about the existence of God. This was suggested by some of the music that he used in Shakha Prashaka.

Question 6.
How did Roberge try to take ‘Chitrabani’ forward? How did ‘Chitrabani’ help filmmaking in Bengali?
Answer:
Roberge founded ‘Chitrabani’, a communication and film institute in 1970. It is the first of its kind in West Bengal. He lent Ray’s name as cofounder as a token of their friendship. Ray was made the member of the first governing body and later, he became its adviser. Roberge arranged most of the initial funding from Canadian agencies. Thus, Roberge tried to take ‘Chitrabani’ forward. He acted as the director of Chitrabani for a period of 26 years. Chitrabani not only produced important documentary features, but also became breeding ground for local talent for film-making. Thus, the institute helped film-making in Bengali.

Question 7.
The theme of ‘Rendezvous with Ray’ is… (Tick any two options.)
a) To explain the efforts of Chitrabani.
b) To picturize the illustrious life of Ray.
c) To explain the experiences of Roberge with Ray.
Answer:
(b)To picturize the illustrious life of Ray. (✓)
(c) To explain the experiences of Roberge with Ray. (✓)

Vocabulary

1. Read the following passage and notice the underlined words.
It was a Sunday evening. It was already dark. We wanted to watch the film ‘Gajani’.We had a square meal and came out. There were no lights. There was a power cut. It was pitch dark. It was bitterly cold. We looked here and there …….

The word pairs ‘square meal’, ‘pitch dark’ and ‘bitterly cold’ are found together. That means they co-occur. Such co-occurring words or word combinations are called collocations(co + locate = collocate). These expressions are natural.

Let us look at another example.

We say	We don’t say
Ride a motor cycle	Drive a motor cycle

Read the following report and fill in the blanks with the word from the box below that collocates with the underlined words or phrases.

The venue of the celebration was ‘Ravindra Bharathi’, Hyderabad. It was the 100 days’ celebration of the film ‘Animals Forever’. Avinash, the hero, was full of life with his ……..(1)……… performance in the film. He was admired by everyone. In fact, he was considered to be the main reason for the success of the film. The hall resonated with ……..(2)……… clapping when he came onto the dais. The auditorium with packed audience honoured him with a ……..(3)……… ovation. The producer felicitated every one in the unit in a ……..(4)……… manner. The event was momentous and unforgettable.
Answer:

1. outstanding (outstanding performance)
2. thunderous (thunderous clapping)
3. standing (standing ovation)
4. fitting (fitting manner)

II. One-word substitutes

‘Rendezvous’ is a one-word substitute for ‘a meeting place’.
You can work in groups and pick out similar one-word substitutes from the text equivalent to the meanings given below:

1. A short stay between two places in one’s journey → stopover
2. A person who brings out new books → compiler
3. A group of three films that has the same characters or subject → trilogy
4. An impressive entrance to a building → portal
5. A person who tries to make something less good by criticising it → detractor
6. A person who is extremely important or large in size → colossus
7. A person who is responsible for a problem or a crime → culprit
8. A handwritten document → manuscript
9. A statement that expresses something people believe is true and is to be followed → dictum
10. Using more words than needed → verbose
11. Something designed to teach people some moral → didactic
12. A person who is not sure about the existence of God → agnostic
13. A branch of philosophy that studies the principles of beauty in art → aesthetics
14. A result of a situation or of an action → fallout
15. A film that gives facts about something → documentary

III. In the lesson ‘Rendezvous with Ray’ we come across certain words /expressions that are not from English, e.g.: en route. This means ‘on the way’. These expressions are taken from languages like Latin, Greek, and Portuguese and so on. There are certain instances where these expressions are used in English perhaps because of their precision in meaning. Some of them along with their meanings are given below…

1. en masse = all together, in large numbers.
2. viva voce = a spoken exam
3. in toto = totally
4. alma mater = mother of the soul (school or university) included
5. ex officio = because of the rank or job/by virtue of office
6. in absentia = in the absence
7. detour = a longer route we take to avoid a danger
8. verbatim = word for word, exactly as spoken or written
9. status quo = situation as it is now
10. ad hoc = not planned in advance
11. bona fide = genuine, real or legal
12. lingua franca = link language
13. magnum opus = the greatest work
14. sine die = indefinitely

Read the following paragraph and All in the blanks with appropriate expressions given in the list above.

Children for Films

On the 14th november, on the occasion of Children’s Day, the children across the state requested the officials to conduct Children’s Film Festivals more often. They submitted a memorandum to the Secretary to the Government in Hyderabad in this regard.

The Government conceded to the request and came out with a proposal to set up an ___(1)___ committee to serve the purpose before a permanent body is in place. It was proposed by the Government that the committee would be led by a de-partment official as an ___(2)___ president. The committee should conduct a written exam along with a ___(3)___ to identify student representatives at mandal, district and state level to strengthen the culture of film festivals among the children. The ___(4)___ of the students should be verified for such identification. The proposal made the screening of at least a ___(5)___ of a director mandatory every year. The children were thrilled to bits on this.
Answer:

1. ad hoc
2. ex officio
3. viva voce
4. en masse
5. magnum opus

IV. In the previous classes we learnt how the words form with the help of prefixes and suffixes. Now, we will learn another aspect of word formation i.e. through roots. In the lesson we have a word ‘agnostic’ which is formed out of the root ‘gnos’ that means ‘to know’. When the prefix ‘a-‘ is added to the root ‘gnos’, we have the word ‘agnostic’.

A. Given below are some prefixes, roots and suffixes. Form words using them and write their meanings.

B. Analyse the following words in terms of the prefixes, roots and suffixes and their meanings.

C. Think of some words that begin and end with the following prefixes and suffixes.
Prefixes: dis-, bi-, pro-, pre-

i) Words that begin with prefix a “dis-” :

ii) Words that begin with prefix “bi-“:

iii) Words that begin with prefix “pro-“:

iv) Words that begin with prefix “pre-” :

Suffixes:
i) Words that end with suffix “-cide” :

ii) Words that end with suffix “-tion” :

iii) Words that end with suffix “-ist” :

iv) Words that end with suffix “-logy”:

Grammar

I. Arrange the following sentences in proper order and write a paragraph.You may insert appropriate linkers wherever necessary.

Stream of Comedy

In every Indian language, a comedian is an essential character of films. In Telugu,Relangi and Ramanareddy provided comedy which made the audiences laugh heartily. Their appearance appealed to the film lovers.

Relangi was fat and short.
Ramana Reddy was lean and tall.
Their accent amused the film lovers.
Padmanabham and Allu Ramalingaiah followed their footsteps.
Rao Gopal Rao’s stint as villain-cum-comedian has been admired by all.
Mr. 101 Districts, Nutan Prasad left an indelible mark in the hearts of the audience.
Ali and Sunil are comedians.
They are also considered heroes.
Rajababu came later.
Brahmanandam has had a long career.
He has a world record.
His name found place in the Guinness Book of World Records.
He amused the people for long.
People have been laughing.
Sorrows of people are taking a back seat.
Answer:
Stream of Comedy :
In every Indian language, a comedian is an essential character of films. In Telugu, Relangi and Ramanareddy provided comedy which made the audiences laugh heartily. Their appearance appealed to the film lovers. Relangi was fat and short whereas Ramana Reddy was lean and tall. Their accent amused the film lovers. Then Padmanabham and Allu Ramalingaiah followed their foot steps. Raja Babu came later and amused the people for long. Rao Gopal Rao’s stint as villain-cum-comedian has been admired by all. Mr. 101 Districts, Nutan Prasad left an indelible mark in the hearts of the audience. Another familiar comedian, Brahmanandam has had a long career. He has a world record and his name found place in the Guinness Book of World Records. Ali and Sunil are comedians and they are also considered heroes. People have been laughing with the efforts of comedians and sorrows of people are taking a back seat.

II. Prepositions following ‘adjectives’ and ‘verbs’:

In ‘Rendezvous with Ray’ we come across certain verbs and adjectives followed by prepositions. For example, acquainted with, brought out, prevented from, explained to

Read the following sentences and observe the underlined words.

1. I am amazed at you, Victoria.
2. Victoria, a precocious girl of ten, was dressed in colours.
3. He is trying to adapt himself to the regrettable occasion.
4. He was very fond of Jimmy.
5. I am sure I am sorry for it.
6. You’ve been waiting for me to begin tea.
7. I see the little trifles that belonged to father lying around.
8. This always appealed to me.

In the above sentences, the underlined adjectives and verbs are usually followed by certain prepositions.

A. Here is a list of adjectives and verbs. Tick( ✓ ) the prepositions that follow the adjectives and the verbs. Later, use them in sentences of your own.

1. a) Mr. Bhargav is proud of his son’s achieving the title.
b) Miss Lalitha is the proud owner of her new flat.

2. a) Raju is married to Brahmam’s sister.
b) She got married to Sujan.

3. a) Mr. Williams is good at English.
b) She is very good with her neighbours.
c) It is good weather for going on a picnic.

4. a) Both the brothers are different from each other
b) His car is different to mine.

5. a) The district collector is keen to help them.
b) He is not keen on playing with them.
c) Our boss is keen for the work to resume.

6. a) Guntur is famous for tobacco and mirchi.
b) France is famous for its wine.

7. a) She is capable of looking after my child.
b) He is not capable of doing this job.

8. a) My brother is responsible for all this mess.
b) The police caught the man who was responsible for the theft.

9. a) An atheist is a person who doesn’t believe in God.
b) Believe in yourself; or you can’t achieve the success.

10. a) The HM is shouting at Gopal for his misdeed.
b) The boy is shouting for somebody’s help.

11. a) Mr. Teja is thinking of his new college.
b) Why don’t you think of your job seriously ?

12. a) I don’t agree with him in any case.
b) They don’t agree on everything.
c) She agreed to meet him at the airport.
13. a) She has to depend on her grandparents as she lost her parents.
b) They depend entirely on the funds given by the government.

14. a) He is recovering from his severe illness.
b) The gold has been recovered from the culprit.

15. a) This site belongs to Rama Rao.
b) These assets belong to Raju.

16. a) I have applied for a job of typist.
b) She applied to two foreign universities and was accepted by them.

B. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions.

1. All last winter Sharath suffered ________ conghs and colds.
2. Anand is unaccustomed _________ the heat.
3. Kumar was afraid _________ his enemies.
4. Sriram was always arguing ________ his brother.
5. Sindhu was dedicated _______ her job.
6. Priyanka was shocked _______ the hatred they had shown.
7. I said _______ you, “I am thinking going ___________ to America. I have actually dreamt ________ it.”
8. I want to talk ________ the group about their exams.
9. I was terrified ________ her.
10. I’ve always been terribly fond _______ you.
11. If you continue to support someone who is in trouble you are loyal _______ them.
12. If you don’t understand any of these words, you could refer ________ a dictionary.
13. It wasn’t his car, in fact I don’t know who it belongs ________ .
14. My problems are very similar _______ yours.
15. People started to shout ________ the driver.
16. She had always been bad ________ languages.
17. She listened me and then told me _______ her problems.
18. The accident sadly resulted ________ the death of a man.
19. The buses are often late, so you can’t depend _______ them.
20. They may feel jealous ________ your success.
Answer:

1. from
2. to
3. of
4. with
5. to
6. at
7. to; about/of; of
8. to
9. of
10. of
11. to
12. to
13. to
14. to
15. at
16. at
17. to ; about
18. in
19. on/upon
20. of

III. Read the following paragraph and notice the use of the past perfect and simple past.

A. As all the actors had taken their positions, the curtain rose. They started acting as thedirector had asked them to. The audience enjoyed the play very much. The hero kicked the comedian since the comedian had done mischievous things. The musician fell off his chair after the comedian had fallen on him. The power went off after the musician had landed on the cables. There was darkness and silence everywhere. After a while two persons in the audience started a conversation.

B. Read the following conversation and fill in the blanks with appropriate verb forms,
i. e. past perfect/simple past.

1. Sarath : Oh ! What ________ (happen)? Everything ________ (be) disturbed before the play ________ (come) to an end.
2. Bharath : Damn it! The play ________ (be) very interesting. Someone on the stage ________ (do) something when the hero ________ (throw) him off.
3. Sarath : I too ________ (see) it. It was the comedian. The hero ________ (hurl) him since he ________ (do) a mischievous thing.
4. Bharath : How disgusting! I (pay) one hundred rupees before I ________ (enter) this theatre. Everything has become a chaos.
5. Sarath : Where ________ (be) the director? Had he ________ (try) to set things right before the audience ________ (start) leaving, it would have been nice.
6. Bharath : The electrician ________ (restore) the power before the audience ________ (leave). Thank God! At last the play resumed.
Answer:

1. happened, had been, came
2. was, had done, threw
3. saw, hurled, had done
4. had paid, entered
5. was, tried, started
6. had restrored, left

IV. Given below is a paragraph with ten errors in the areas of ‘concord,tense, prepositions, punctuation and articles’. Edit the paragraph.

The Indian film industry has witnessed sweeping changes in the past hundred years. It started of with mute (mooki) films. Even then, people liked this new form of entertainment.There was several intervals in a film show because of a single projector. Later, the technology changes made a talkie films possible. A theatre of those days is like a rice mill. This type of theatre were called Touring Talkies’. But these didn’t tour. There were bamboo screens to served the purpose of walls of the modern theatre. ‘Cut Shows’ were a luxury of those days. Have you ever watch them Now, the modern theatres is completely different. Multiplexes with dts, 3D and 4D are a present reality.
Answer:
The Indian film industry has witnessed sweeping changes for the past hundered years. It started off with mute (mooki) films. Even then, people liked this new form of entertainment. There were several intervals in a film show because of a single projector. Later, the technological changes made the talkie films possible. A theatre of those days was like a rice mill. This type of theatres were called ‘Touring Talkies”. But these didn’t tour. There were bamboo screens to serve the purpose of walls of the modern theatre. ‘Cut Shows’ were a luxury of those days. Have you ever watched them? Now, the modern theatres are completely different. Multiplexes with dts, 3D, and 4D are a present reality.

Study Skills

Read the following passage and rewrite it replacing all idioms, without changing the meaning of the passage.

Tragedy in Comedy

“Cut!…. Shot OK”, shouted the director. The funny face of the comedian suddenly wore a worried look. He said to the director, “sir,….” The director did not allow him to
say anything. He said, “Yes, you can go ” Where should he go? The comedian really did not understand what the director had meant. He could not make out what he said. As per the original plans, the comedian had to attend the schedule for 15 more days continuously. This put the comedian in soup as his wife was seriously ill. He was referring to the break he needed to visit his wife and maybe the director was referring to the sets. Perhaps both of them were talking to cross purposes. He had always been loyal to the firm that brought him into the limelight. But he could not help his wife. He was in a tight corner then. Yes! He had to face difficulties, yet he had to make people laugh. This was the paradox of his life. Wasn’t it a ‘tragedy in comedy’?
Answer:
“Cut! Shot OK”, shouted the director. The funny face of the comedian suddenly wore a worried look. He said to the director, “Sir. ” The director did not allow him to say anything. He said, “Yes, you can go ” Where should he go ? The comedian really did not understand what the director had meant. He could not understand what he said. As per the original plans, the comedian had to attend the schedule for 15 more days continuously.

This put him in a difficult situation as his wife was seriously ill. He was referring to the break he needed to visit his wife and maybe the director was referring to the sets. Perhaps both of them understood the other’s words incorrectly- He had always been loyal to the firm that made him catch the public attention. But he could not help his wife. He was in a trouble then. Yes ! He had to face difficulties, yet he had to make people laugh. This was the peculiar situation of his life. Wasn’t it a ‘tragedy in comedy’?

Listening

Listen to the radio programme and tick (✓) the right answer to the following questions.

Jewels of India

This is All India Radio, Hyderabad.
Welcome to ‘Jewels of India Programme’ presented by Meenakshi.
In our programme today, we will know about the most famous Indian filmmaker.

We know that Bengal is a beehive of cultural activities. It has witnessed cultural reforms. It is the birthplace of many writers and intellectuals.

To continue this tradition, another great son of India took birth in Calcutta on 2nd May 1921. Who ioiiicl that be? It is none other than Satyajit Ray, the son of a writer… a grandson ol an amateur astronomer. His home provided him with an ambiance to think and feel

Graduating from Presidency College, Calcutta, Ray moved to the open air university, ’Shantiniketan1. A keen observer that he was, Ray imbibed the spirit of Shantiniketan. There he read extensively and developed interest in painting.

Back in Calcutta, Ray started working for a London-based advertising firm. Wasn’t it a right place for a creative man like Ray? He worked there for some time and moved to London to work there.

There he watched films. Film after film. He liked the film ‘Bicycle Thieves’.That kindled interest in Young Ray in film-making. Slowly his interest led him to a world of creativity. That was the birth of a great film maker. And Ray became a film maker.

His films ‘Pather Panchali’, ’Aparajito’, ’Agantuk’ were some of his master pieces. His vision for Bengali films was matchless.

Along with the Oscar Award, he received the Bharata Ratna. The legendary film maker passed away in 1992. But the film world cherishes his memories forever.

Next week we will know about another great personality.
Till then, good bye.

1. What was the programme about?
a) Ray
b) Jewels of India
c) Film-making
Answer:
b) Jewels of India

2. Which film inspired Ray?
a) Agantuk
b) Bicycle Thieves
c) Shantiniketan
Answer:
b) Bicycle Thieves

3. The highest civilian award Ray received was
a) Oscar Award
b) Bharath Ratna
c) Padma Vibhushan
Answer:
b) Bharath Ratna

Oral Activity

Make a short speech of 2-3 minutes about the film you have seen recently. You
should include the following points in your speech.
– What the film was.
– Why you liked it so much (You can talk about the direction, actors, costumes, music, songs, etc.)
Answer:
Dear Sir and my dear friends,
I am very glad to take this chance of speaking on the film (movie) ‘Satamanam Bhavathi”, which I have seen recently along with my family members. I like it so much as it is a family sentiment movie. All the family members can sit and watch it pleasantly.

The director of this film, Satish Vegesna presented it in a nice manner. We don’t find the scenes of violence, more fights, horror, sex, etc. in this movie. The famous music director Mickey J Meyer composed beautiful songs for this movie. Audience can easily be mesmerised by the melodious songs written by lyricists Sri Mani and Ramajogaiah Sastry. In the characters of Raju and Nitya, Sarvanand and Anupama Parameswaran acted su-perbly. Prakash Raj and Jayasudha’s action is wonderful. Sameer Reddy’s cinematography is one of the attractions of this film. I conclude that it is a super hit movie which attracts the attention of the spectators.

Thank you one and all for giving me this opportunity.

Rendezvous with Ray Summary in English

Rendezvous with Ray’ is the news report published by Frontline on July 29 and on August 11, 2006. This is all about Satyajit Ray, the distinguished cine director from Calcutta (Kolkata). Gaston Roberge, a French-Candian priest presents his experiences with Ray in this lesson.

In 1961, when Fr. Gaston Roberge was 26 years old, he was acquainted with the works of Satyajit Ray through the Apu Trilogy. He saw all the three films in one sitting -the incident which made him love the people of India and Bengali cinema and culture. Roberge gives a scholarly, original analysis of Ray’s works in his latest book, “Satyajit Ray, Essays : 1970-2005”. In his youth, Roberge knew of Bengal through Mircea Eliade’s La Nuit Bengalie, some of Tagore’s poems and a Reader’s Digest article on Mother Teresa. He was haunted by the harsh image of poverty shown in “Saint of the Slums” and Apu’s world came as a reassurance. Ray’s critics accused him that he made his reputation selling India’s poverty to the West. But Roberge was struck by the enormous spiritual poverty of some rich people which is worse than material poverty.

He wanted to meet Ray and make friends with him but it took him nine years after reaching Kolkata. He wanted to get to know Ray’s works more so that there could be a worthwhile dialogue between them when they met. Their friendship lasted about 22 years until Ray’s death in 1992. Their quiet friendship developed over the years. Ray’s friends called him Manikda. He was shy and discreet about showing his emotions. He was very simple and modest with a subtle sense of humour. Both the friends used to meet on Sundays at 9 a.m. at Ray’s residence on Bishop Lefroy Road, Kolkata. Ray used to show Roberge the private screenings and welcome his comments. Ray often addressed Roberge as the French- speaking priest in Bengali and Roberge felt it was Ray’s appreciation for him. Ray wrote his manuscripts in Bengali, with notes in English for his set-designer, with sketches and staff notation of music. Once, he missed the Charulatha screenplay. Though he knew who the culprit was, he didn’t want to take any action with humane concern.

We find striking comparison between Tagore and Ray in their works. There is a philosophical analogy too between them. We find all the characters – the rich, the poor, the powerful, the humble, the peasants, the city persons, children, teenagers, adults, old people, men, women, etc. in Ray’s movies.

Rendezvous with Ray Glossary

rendezvous : a meeting place

unique (adj) : usually good and special

en route (adv) : on the way

stopover (n) : a halt in a long journey

acquainted (v) : deliberately found out about something

trilogy (n) : a set of three films with the same artists or characters [The Apu Trilogy comprises three Begali fims directed by Satyajit Ray: Pather Panchali (1955), Aparajito (1956), and Apur Sansar (1959)]

fascinating (v) : being attracted

path-breaking (adj) : totally new

compilation (n) : book, list, record, etc., which consists of different pieces of information, songs, etc.

insight (n) : a sudden clear understanding of something especially a complicated situation or idea

portal (n) : an entrance

haunted (v) : obsessed

reassurance (n) : something that is said or done which makes someone feel calmer and less worried or frightened about a problem

accusation (n) : the act of charging somebody

detractors (n) : people who criticise

deplorable (adj) : very bad, unpleasant and shocking

arrogance (n) : showing pride

quest (n) : a long search for something that is difficult to find

muster up confidence (idiom) : gain confidence

right away (idiom) : immediately

worthwhile (adj) : important or useful

discreet (adj) : careful about what you say or do, so that you do not offend, upset, embarrass people or tell secrets

stature (n) : the degree to which someone is admired or regarded as important

aloof (adj) : unfriendly and deliberately not talking to other people

intimidating (adj) : making you feel worried and not confident

unassuming (adj) : showing no desire to be noticed or given special treatment, modest

subtle (adj) : not easy to notice or understand

screening (n) : the showing of a film or television programme

cemented (v) : made a relationship between people, countries or organizations firm and strong

elegance (n) : the state of being beautiful, attractive or graceful

manuscript (n) : a book or piece of writing before it is printed

notation (n) : a system of written marks or signs used to represent something such as music, mathematics or scientific ideas

culprit (n) : the person who is guilty of a crime or doing something wrong

reputation (n) : the opinion that people have about someone or something because of what has happened in the past

humane (adj) : treating people or animals in a way that is not cruel and causes them as little suffering as possible

colossus (n) : someone or something that is extremely big or extremely important

sign out (phr.v.) : to write one’s name in a book when one leaves a place such as a hotel, an office or a club

dictum (n) : a statement that is believed to be true and followed

analogy (n) : a feature that is similar

didactic (adj) : intended to teach people a moral lesson

verbose (adj) : using or containing too many words

impulse (n) : a sudden strong desire to do something without thinking about whether it is a sensible thing to do

aesthetics (n) : the art of judging beauty

denying (v) : saying that something is not true

agnostic (n) : a person who does not know whether God exists

frail (adj) : weak and thin

fallout (n) : result