TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Model Paper May 2018

Varied difficulty levels in TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Model Papers and TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Model Paper May 2018 cater to students with diverse academic strengths and challenges.

TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Model Paper May 2018

Time: 3 Hours
Max. Marks: 100

Section – A
(3 × 10 = 30)

Note: Answer any THREE of the following questions in not exceeding 40 lines each. Each question carries 10 marks.

Question 1.
Explain the salient features of Indian Constitution.
Answer:
Introduction: The Indian Constitution was prepared and Adopted by the Constituent Assembly, which was set up in 1946. The Constituent Assembly took nearly three years From 9th December,1946 to 25th November, 1949 (2 years, 11 months and 18 days) to complete the framing of the Constitution. The Constituent Assembly approved the Indian Constitution on 26th November, 1949. The Indian Constitution came into force on 26th January, 1950, which we have been celebrating as ‘The Republic Dar.

The following are the salient or basic features of the Indian Constitution.
1. Written and Detailed Constitution: The Constitution of India is a written document. It consists of 12 Schedules, 22 Parts and 444 Articles. Many factors have contributed for the bulkiness of the Constitution. All most all matters relating to the composition and organization of union, states as well as Union Territories, provisions regarding protection of interests of Schedules castes, Scheduled Tribes and other Backward classes, provisions regarding Special Constitutional bodies, like the Election Commissions, the UPSC and State Public Service Commissions are made in a very comprehensive manner. Similarly, several matters relating to Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties, Directive principles of state policy, Union – State Relations, Official Language and Regional Languages were clearly mentioned in the Constitution.

2. India Is a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Demoratic, Republic: The constitution deliberately designed India to be a Sovereign Socialist, Secular Democratic, Republic. Each of these concepts has wideranging dimensions.

Sovereign State: India is a Sovereign State. It is clear that India is internally Supreme and externally independent of any
foreign control. India is not a sub-ordinate State.

Socialist State: According to the preamble India is committed to Socialism assuring the establishment of a socialist State. It strives to provide social and economic Justice to all its people and end all forms of exploitation. We follow mixed economy. The State is free to bring the key industries and the private enterprises Under the state ownership and management.

Secular State: Secularism means that the State protects all religions equally and does not itself subscribe to any other religion as official.

Democratic State: Democracy is the formidable foundation of Indian political system. It states that the people of India are the chief source of the Political Authority they can make and unmake the government. The people are both the Rulers and the ruled. India adopted Indirect or Representative Democracy.

Republican State: India is a Republic with an elected Head of the State i.e., the President of India. No public office in the
country is hereditary. Any Indian citizen can contest to any office of the government subject to certain limitations.

3. Noble Aims and objectives: Indian constitution has noble aims and objectives. The Indian constitution secures to all its citizens, Justice – Social Economic and Political matters. It also provides all its citizens, liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship. Further the Constitution of India promotes among all people the equality of status and opportunity. Like wise it strives for fraternity by assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation.

4. Combination of Rigidity and Flexibility: The Constitution India can be amended with Rigid and Flexible methods. Article 368 provides the details of the amendment procedure. It can be amended by three methods.

Firstly: The Union Parliament can amend some parts of the constitution by a simple majority ‘Ex: The formation of new States (Ex: Telangana), changing the boundaries of states, provisions relating to citizenship etc. It is said to be Flexible. .

Secondly: Some provisions can be amended by a special majority i.e., not less than Two Thirds (2/3) of the members of the House present and voting. Ex: Fundamental Rights, Directive principles of state policy etc. It is said to be half rigid and half flexible.

Thirdly: Some provisions can be amended by Two Thirds (2/3) majority of the parliament and with the concurrence of half of the states. Ex: Election of the president, Executive powers of the union and the states, Distribution of Legislative powers between the union and the states etc. It is said to be Rigid. Hence, the Constitution has a combination of Rigid and Flexible methods to amend the Constitution.

5. Unitary and Federal Features: India is a union of states according to the constitution. Our constitution contains both the features of unitary and Federal Governments. It prescribed unitary system in emergencies and federal system on ordinary occasions.

Provisions of a unitary state such as Single Citizenship, Single Integrated Judiciary, Single election Cõmmission, Roll of All India Services personnel etc., are found in our constitution. At the same time certain federal features like written, Rigid constitution, Dual Government, Bicameralism etc., are profoundly seen in our constitution. Thus it is a quasi-federal policy like Canada.

6. Parliamentary government: The makers of our constitution adopted the irish precedent of an elected president instead of a hereditary Monarch. They retained all other essential features of the Parliamentary system like two types of executive heads, Prime Ministers leadership, collective responsibility, nominal position of the President, Parliament’s control over the Union Executive etc. They prescribed the salpe type of political system for the states.

7. Independent Judiciary: The constitution of India granted independent and integrated judiciary for Indians. Hence the
Supreme Court and High Courts in India act independently without subject -to the control of the executive and legislative organs. Judiciary enjoys independence in the matters of appointment of judges, their tenure, salaries and allowances, service conditions, promotion etc. Our consititution clearly states that the executive and legislative authorities should refraiñ from interfering in the functioning of the judiciary.

It conferred the power of judicial review on the judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts. It is due to the independent position that the Supreme Court and High Court judges will decide the propriety and constitutional validity of the acts and policies of the legislative and executive authorities in the country.

8. Directive Principles of State Policy: Our constitution hinted out certain directive principles as the policy of the state in
Part IV from Articles 36 to 51. The makers of our constitution derived these principles from Irish constitution. They pointed out that these principles would transform India into a welfare, gandhian and liberal-oriented state. These principles must be implemented by all the parties which hold authority without political considerations.

These principles enable the state to provide a new social order based on economic, political and social justice. These principles include certain programmes like provision of employment opportunities, fair distribution of wealth, equal pay
for equal work, educational and child care for those children below fourteen years etc. Similarly, unemployment relief, Old age pension, protection against ill health, provision of leisure for workers, conservation of wild ¡ife etc are included in these principles.

9. Fundamental Rights: Our constitution mentioned fundamental rights on American model for the complete realization
of the personality of Indian citizens. They are incorporated under Part III from Articles 12 to 35 of our constitution. Indian citizens can utilize these rights subject to certain rational restraints. Nobody including the government is allowed to interfere in these rights.

The higher judicial organizations in the country help the citizens in safeguarding these rights. At first there were seven fundamental rights in the Constitution. But at present there are only six fundamental rights.

They are

1. Right to Equality
2. Right to Freedom
3. Right against Exploitation
4. Right to Religion
5. Cultural and Educational Rights and
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies.

10. Fundamental Duties: Our constitution incorporated fundamental duties in Article 51 A under Part 4A. At first, there
were 10 fundamental duties inserted through the Constitution (Forty-second) Amendment Act, 1976. Later one more duty was added through the Constitution (Eighty-sixth) Amendment Act, 2002.

Altogether there are Eleven Fundamental Duties in our constitution. Respecting the constitution, National Flag, National Anthem, Safeguarding public property etc are some of the Fundamental duties.

11. Single Citizenship: Our Constitutión provides for single citizenship for all persons who are born in India and who resided in India for a specific period. It enables the citizens to possess and enjoy identical right and privileges. It also promotes unity, integrity and fraternity among the people.

12. Universal Adult Franchise: The makers of the Indian Constitution provided for the Universal Adult Franchise for all
citizens without any discrimination based on caste, colour, creed, community, language, religion, region, sex, property etc. At the beginning, Adult Franchise was given to all the citizens who attained the age of 21 years. Later voting age was reduced to 18 years through the 61st Constitution Amendment Act in 1988.

13. Bicameralism: The Constitution of India introduced Bicameralism at the National level. Accordingly, the Indian Parliament consists of two houses namely the Rajya Sabha (upper house) and the Lok Sabha (Lower house). While the Rajya Sabha represents’ the states, the Lok Sabha represents the people.

14. Panchayati Raj and Nagar Palika Acts: The Panchayati Raj and Nagar Palikas Acts are recent features of our constitution. The 73rd and 74th constitutional recognition to the rural and urban local governments which came into force in 1993 and 1994 respectively had become operative all over the territory of India.

The ideas of democratic decentralisation or the grassroof democracy are realised by these acts. These Acts provides for adequate representation for Women, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled tribes and other Weaker Sections in the policy-making bodies of the Local governments.

15. Special Provisions Relating to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes: Indian Constitution hinted out certain specific
directives for the development of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in India. It enabled the union and state governments to review the steps taken for the improvement of backward classes through setting up of independent commissions. In this regard the union government was authorised to act as a coordinator between various state governments.

Question 2.
Explain various factors which led to the agitation for a separate Telangana State.
Answer:
Separate Telangana Agitation (1969): The agitation for a Separate Telangana State was started at the end of 1958 and continued in 1969. It was first started by the students and employees as a protest against the injustice done to the Telangana area. Later, various political parties took advantage of the situation and led the agitation.

Causes:

1. Non-implemented of rights and safeguards given to the Telangana region at the time of formation of Andhra Pradesh.
2. Since the formation of Andhra Pradesh in 1956 no Telangana person was elected as the Chief Minister of the State.
3. As stated in the Gentlemen’s Agreement the Deputy Chief Minister post was not given to the Telangana persons by the Andhra Chief Ministers with the exception of D.Sanjeevaiah.
4. Dissatifaction among some Telangana leaders who had not position.
5. A rumour was spread that the Abkari surplus funds of Telangana region were spend in Andhra area. In those days, there was prohibition in Andhra area and no prohibition in Telangana area.
6. Telangana People were in the idea that many Andhra were in jobs in Telangana with false Mulki Certificates.
7. Telangana people were also in the opinion that the Andhra were dominating in all the administrative departments.
8. Unrest among students.
9. Support give by the people of other states who settled in Hyderabad and the other Telangana towns for their selfish ends.

The separate Telangana agitation was prolonged in the year 1970 also. In December, 1970 Mrs.Gandhi recommended for the Lok Sabha and for a mid-term pole to the Lok Sabha. The Telangana Praja Samithi contested all the 14 seats from the. Telangana region and secured 10 Lok Sabha seats. In september, 1971 there were discussions between the Prime Minister Mrs.Gandhi and T.PS leaders. As a result T.P.S. was emerged in the Rulling congress. The discussions also led to the proclamation of six point formula. It includes,

1. Continuation of Mulki Rules.
2. Separate accounts and budget for Telangana.
3. A Separate Congress Committee for Telangana.
4. Resignation of Kasu Brahmananda Reddy in favour of a Chief Minister from Telangana region.
5. To review the situation after 10 years.
6. To provide legal status to the Telangana Regional Committee.

The Separate Telangana agitation failed to achieves it essential goal of separate Telangana State. But it secured assurances and protections for the Telangana for the first time, a Chief Minister was chose from the Telangana region was the Education Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao.

Talangana Movement 2001 – 2014: 2001-2009: The movement for Telangana State took critical turn in 2001. K. Chandrasekhar Rao, who resigned from Chandrababu Naidu Government, left Telugu Desam party. He launched Telangana Rastra Samithi on April 27th, 2001 with an exclusive ‘One Point Agenda’ of creating a separate Telangana State with Hyderabad as its capital. It is pertinent to mention that in 2001 the Congress Working Committee sent a resolution to the NDA, Government to constitute a second S.R.C. (State Reorganization Commission) to look into the Telangana State demand. During 2004 Assembly and Parliament elections L.K.Advani the then Home Minister, observed that “unless there is consensus among all political parties in the state and unless that consensus is reflected in resolution of the State Assembly, we don’t propose to include Telangana in the NDA agenda”. It is significant to mention that the Congress party and TRS forged an electoral alliance in the Telangana region to consider the demand of a separate Telangana State. The Congress Party came to Power in Andhra Pradesh in 2004 and TRS joined as a coalition partner as part of Commom Minimum Programme. It included the consideration of separate Telangana State after due consultation and consensus.

The UPA government led by Dr.Manmohan Singh as Prime Minister has constituted à Subcommittee to look into the issue of Separate Telangana statehood issue. This Subcommittee was led by Pranab Mukherjee with two others as members. This committee was constituted during November 2004 and sought responses from all recognised national and regional political parties in the process of evolving consensus on the issue. Professor K. Jayashankar and K. Chandrasekhar Rao (TRS) have approached all the political parties and mobilized the letters of consent in fovour of separate Telangana.

However, not much initiative was forthcoming from the U.P.A. government inspite of its positive assurances in 2004 elections. It is singnificant to mention that the Congress led by Dr.Y.S.Rajasekhar Reddy was personally not inclined to the bifurcation of the state. He was found to be a decisive factor in the victory of the Congress in Andhra Pradesh and defeat of TDP The Congress High Command did not wish to act contrary to the opinion of Dr.Y.S.Rajasekhar Reddy. K.Chandrasekhar Rao along with A.Narendra had resigned as a Union Cabinet Minister from the U.P.A: Government and protested against the postponement of the separate Telangana state. Accordingly, the TRS ministers also resigned in Andhra Pradesh.

2009 Elections: During the 2009 elections the Congress Party assured and reiterated its stand that only the U.P.A. Government can declare the Telangana State. Accordingly, the people of Telangana voted in favour of Congress Party. The Congress Party was in a position to form the Government both at the central and state levels. In this election, the TRS won 10 Assembly seats and 2 M.P seats.

Earlier in 2009, the Supreme Court declared Hyderabad as a ‘Free Zone’ in contrast with the Girgiani Committee’s decision which treated Hyderabad as Zone VI. This judgement aggravated the fears and apprehensions of the people of Telangana. It triggered a lot of unrest among the Telangana Employees Associations. They feared that the Non-Locals would grab their jobs meant for Telanganites in Hyderabad. This has given a great impetus to the Telangana movement. A large number of intellectuals, journalists, lawyers, engineers, doctors, students, women and N.R.I.s came out openly against the declaration of Hyderabad as a “Free Zone”.

In September 2009, Dr.Y.S.Rajasekhar Reddy died in a helicopter crash. This death witnessed serious implications both to the leadership of Congress party and the cause of Telangana movements.

At this juncture, TRS Party President K. Chandra Sekhar Rao came out with new assertions and increased voice for a separate state. On 29th” November, 2009, K.Chandra Sekhar Rao undertook his fast- unto-death against the ‘Free Zone’ and for achieving the Telangana statehood. The students played a prominent role during this period, the students of Osmania, Kakatiya, Palamur and Telangana Universities intensified the movement through their active participation. Aganist this background, K.Rosaiah,the then Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh called for an all party meeting on 7th December 2009. This meeting discussed the ongoing fast-unto-death by C.Chandrasekiiar Rao and views of political parties were ascertained. It is believed that all political parties including the Congress, BJP, TDP, PRF and CPI declared that they would support and vote for the Telangana state if a Bill to this effect is introduced.The minutes of the meeting were also faxed to the Congress High Command.

On 8th December, 2009 the BJP came forward openly in its support to the Bill for Telangana state in the event of its introduction in the Parliament. On December 2009 an announcement was made by the Home Minister P. Chidambaram. He announced the process of Telangana State formation will be initiated.

Almost all political parties including Congress, TDP and’ P.R.P. opposed the bifurcation of the state. In contrast, the political parties in Telangana Region wholeheartedly welcomed the announcement in favour of a separate statehood for Telangana.

As Samaikhya Andhra Agitation became intense with widespread protests in Seemandhra region, the U.P.A, convened a meeting of its allies. It included NCP, Trinamul Congress and the DMK. The DMK said that the government should have taken them into confidence before announcing the creation of Telangana State. It was also stressed that similar demands for separate state would come forward in thier home states. On December 23 .2009 the Home Minister P. Chidambaram again announced a contrary statement. He announced that “a large number of political parties were divided on the issue. A wide-ranging consultations could be held with all political parties and groups in the state. The centre will take steps to involve all concerned in the process”. As a result of the revised and reversed announcements, ail the political parties . were divided on the issue.

A wide-ranging consultations could be held with all political parties and groups in the state. The centre will take steps to involve all concerned in the process. As a result of the revised and reversed announcements, all the political parties
including TRS, BJP, Congress members of Telangana region, former PRP members and CPI formed a joint Action committee (JAC). The JAC is supported by N.R.I.Associations, Women Organizations and all Telangana Associations.

The JAC (also known as TJAC) included political and non-political groups which fearfully demanded the formation of Telangana State. Prof. Kodanda Rani Reddy emerged as a convener of JAC.

Appointment of Sri Krishna Committee 2010: The Government of India appointed a five-member Committee headed ,
by Justice Sri Krishna on 3rd February,’2010 to look into the issue of Telangana. The Committee toured all the regions of the State extensively and took the opinion of all sections of people on the statehood. The Committee submitted its report on 16th December 2010.

It had given six solutions to the problem. The six solution stated that Bifurcation of the State into Telangana and Seemandhra as a per the existing boundaries with Hyderabad as the capital of Telangana and Seemandhra to have a new capital.

The Central Government did not take speedy action on the reports of Justice Sri Krishna Committee. Hence the critiques
commented that constituting the Sri Krishna Committee was only a delaying tactics’. Thus, the movement for separate Telangana took its momentum through various activities which may be summed up as follows:
Million March and Non-Cooperation Movement:

• The Non-Cooperation Movement was started on 17th February 2011 which lasted for 16 days. In this movement three lakh government employees participated.
• The Million March movement was organized by Telangana JAC in Hyderabad on 10th March,2011. Mass Resignations: This movement witnessed various forms of protests from the people of Telangana and resulted in mass resignations of the M.L.A. s and M.P.’s and Ministers of Telangana region.

Sakala Janula Samjne: The Sakala Janula Samme (All People’s Strike) is a great highlight in Telangana agitation. This
movement led to the strike of all sections of people supporting ‘Telangana Statehood”. The Govenment employees stayed out from the work. Lawyers boycotted the Courts and many other Government employees like members of the teaching community; electricity board etc., participated. This movement led to Rail Roko’ and ‘Road Blockade’.

Other protests: The people of Telangana followed various Gandhian methods for the achievement of separate Telangana
State. They organised Telangana March in Hyderabad” on the lines of the ‘Dandi March”. The popular and cherished slogan of the people of Telangana narnëly “JAl TELANGANA’ echoed at every nook and cornor of Telangana Region and inspired the people to carry their Justifiable demand for a Separate State.

The Students of Osmania University organised many protests on the University Campus. It was reported that around 1000 students seemed to have lost their lives.

The Telangana movement atlast attracted the attention of the U.P.A government. The U.PA.government has taken various steps in regard to the creation of separate Telangana State by the Union government. A New Telangana state with 10 districts has emerged as the 29th State of the Indian Union 2nd June,2014.

Question 5.
Describe the role of T.R.S. in separate Telangana State Movement.
Answer:
Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) was formed by Shri K. Chandrasekhar Rao on April 27th 2001 with a single-point agenda to carryout a political movement for the creation of separate Telangana State. TRS galvanised peoples’ support for the movement by highlighting various injustices meted out to Telangana region.

TRS spearheaded the Telangana State movement with various master strategies and protest programmes. The Telangana ideologue Late Sir. Prof. K. Jaya Shanker extended intellectual support to the Telangana Movement led by TRS. The Telangana Rashtra Samithi succeeded in many of its strategies and claimed itself as a genuine party of the Telangana Movement.

The strategies employed by (TRS) to achieve statehood for Telangana can be understood in two phases. These are j) first phase (2001-2009) and ii) second phase (2009-2014). During the first phase of the movement, TRS employed both electoral strategy and protest programmes strategy The leader of TRS, K.Chandra Sekhar Rao known for tenacity, perseverance an sense of timing, attained admiration even from his critics by employing various strategies of coalition alliances and electoral understanding with other political parties. This has compelled the other parties to favour for the creation of separate Telangana State. He has influenced the leadership of the Indian National Congress as a coalition partner of United Progressive Alliance (UPA) and made the issue of Telangana as part of its Common Minimum Programme (CMP).

During the General elections in 2009, TRS formed a Grand Alliance (Maha Kutami) with other political parties such as TDP, CPI, CPM and others. This initiative has forced other parties to extend their support to the cause of Telangana.

During the second phase of its movement from 2009-20 14, TRS has resurrected the movement from its lapses. The “Fast-Unto Death’ in a definite strike by TRS leader K. Chandrasekhar Rao from 29th November 2009 to 9th December 2009 culminated in a successful declaration by the Home Minister that process for the formation of Telangana would be initiated.

Mass Mobilization Strategy: The Telangana Rashtra Samithi has undertaken various mass mobilisation programmes such as Jana Chaitanya Yatra, Palle baata, Poru baata and so on. During the course of these programmes, the leaders and workers of the TRS party made direct contact with different sections of people and vigorously explained the need for the creation of separate Telangana State. TRS has also utilised the culture and culture. symbol to propagate ideals of Telangana. Literary prowess of writers, artists and critics.were unleashed to detail the dignity and self-respect of the people in cultural programmes like Dhoom Dham and Vanta Vaarpu (Cultural Congregations and Community Dining).

On the sidelines of this strategy, TRS has strongly built its organisational structure to carry out its programmes at all levels from village to state.

Unique Methods of Movement: The Telangana Rashtra Samithi has employed certain unique methods of protest in the
separate state movements which were unprecedented in the history.

The methods of the movement are aimed at widening the social base of the movement. These methods include

• Spreading Telangana sentiment by making an urge for self-rule.
• Using Dhoom-Dham, Vantaa-Vaarpu, Bathukamma and so on in the movement to glorify the cultural values, customs and traditions, social cohesion and others.
• Opposing the injustices meted out to Telangana by demanding fair play with presentation of flowers to officials, keeping flowers on ear top etc.
• Mobilising youth against suicides by conducting mass orientation programmes, community oath against suicides and glorifying the Martyrs who laid down their life for Telangana.
• Alerting the Telangana Resources centre and sensitive Citizens (including NRIs) to lend helping hand to farmers, handloom workers, beed leaf workers who committed suicide.
• Mobilising public opinion at the national level by constantly interacting with UPA coalition partners, NDA coalition partners, print and electronic media to bring pressure on the nation Government to take a favourable decision for Telangana and
• Closely associating with political JAC and obediently followed the protest programmes such as Manavaharani, Sagara Haaram, Million March, Sakala Janula Samrne and Non-cooperation.

Capabilities to Garner support the National level: The Telangana Rashtra Samithi showed its full-scale capabilities to demonstrate the Telangana issue at the National level. Firstly, it has evolved protest programmes at the national level at Jantar Mantar in Delhi to draw attention of the Central Government for the cause of Telangana. Secondly, the TRS leaders have maintained continuous contacts with powerful national and regional leaders who can influence the decision-making processes at the Central Government and pleaded for support on Telangana. Thirdly, the TRS leaders have also widely interacted with both print and electronic media at the national level to create space for debate on Telangana issue. In the process, the concerted efforts of all these resulted in the declaration of a separate state of Telangana.

Successes of Telangana Rashtra Samithi: Telangana Rashtra Samithi met with resounding successes in its determined fight to achieve separate statehood to Telangana. The successes of TRS (Telangana Rashtra Samithi) emanate from the unflinching support from the masses to the cause of Telangana. With all its efforts bearing fruit, Telangana emerged as a separate state in the Indian Union. Further, during the General Elections held for the Telangana State Assembly in 2014, TRS won a decisive number of seats and formed the First Government in Telangana. The TRS leader and Chief Minister Sri K. Chandra Shekar Rao declared his noble objective of establishing a Golden Telangana and actively initiated its reconstruction.

Section – B
(8 × 5 = 40)

Note: Answer any EIGHT of the following questions in not exceeding 20 lines each. Each question carries 5 marks.

Question 6.
What are the various programmes adopted during the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Answer:
Gandhiji started the Non-cooperation Movement on August,1920. The Nagpur session of the Congress in 1920 ratified it. The programme of the Movement was as follows.

1. Boycott of foreign goods and use of Swadeshi goods.
2. Surrender of titles and honorary offices and resignation from nominated seats in local bodies.
3. Boycott of Government and State-aided schools and colleges and establishment of National schools and colleges.
4. Boycott of elections to the new Councils and refusal by the voters to vote at the elections.
5. Refusal to attend official burbars.
6. Gradual boycott of British courts by lawyers and citizens.
7. Refusal by soldiers, clerks and working people to serve in Mesopotamia.

The Non-cooperation Movement, in short, aimed at the boycott of colleges, courts, councils and Government jobs. Besides the boycott measures, the Congress also adopted a constructive programme. It included the opening of national educational institutions, the setting up of panchayats as a substitute of British courts, the popularisation of chakra palying etc.

Question 7.
Write about the functions of Supreme Court of India.
Answer:
The Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court may be categorised as original, appellate and advisory.
i) Original Jurisdiction: Under this jurisdiction the Supreme Court can settle disputes

• Between the centre and one or more states.
• Between the centre and any State or states on the one side and or other states on the other or
• Between two or more states.

ii) Appellate Jurisdiction: Under the appellate jurisdiction, the Supreme Court can hear appeals on the following cases.

• Constitutional Cases: An appeal can be made to the Supreme Court in cases which relate to the iñterpretation of the Constitution.
• Civil Cases: In a civil case also, an appeal can be made to the Supreme Court against a decision of a High Court. In these cases, the High Court must certify that the case involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution.
• Criminal Cases: An appeal can be made in the Supreme Court against any Judgement, final order. or sentence is given by a ‘. High Court. In criminal matters ordinarily, the High Courts are the final courts of appeal. But the Supreme Court has been given the special power by the Parliament to hear appeal against the decisions of high courts in criminal matters.

iii) Advisory Jurisdiction: The Supreme Court has some advisory powers also. The President of India can seek the opinion
of the Court if there is a question of law or fact where the interpretation of the Constitution is involved. The Supreme Court may give its opinion on the President’s question but it is not binding on any party.

iv) Miscellaneous Cases:

• Court of Record: The Supreme Court also acts as the Court of Records. The judgements of the Supreme Court are recorded and considered as authoritative and serves as cases, laws and proceedings. There records have great evidence value for future cases.
• Judicial Review: The Supreme Court has been given the power to decide whether a law passed by the Parliament or the State. Legislatures and the executive decisions taken by the Central or State Governments is constitutional or not. If such a law or executive decision is found unconstitutional, then it can be declared as invalid.

Question 8.
Explain powers and functions of the Chief Minister.
Answer:
Articles 163 and 164 of our constitution deals with the office of the Chief Minister. Article 163 states that the Chief Minister, along with other Ministers, renders advice to the Governor in the exercise of his functions. The Chief Minister plays a prominent role and occupies a key position in the State Government. He acts as the head of the

• State Council of Ministers,
• Party in power, and
• the leader of the Assembly,
• the people.

He will have a decisive influence on political arena of the state. He influences the public opinion in the State.

Qualifications: Usually the qualifications prescribed for the members of the State Legislàtive Assembly are applicable to
the Chief Minister. The Only difference is that a person who is not a member of the State Legislative Assembly may also
become the Chief Minister. In such a case, he should be get elected to the State Legislative Assembly within a period of six months from the date of assuming the office.

Appointment: The Chief Minister is appointed by the Governor (Article 164) Normally the Governor appoints the majority party leader in the State Legislative Assembly as the Chief Minister after the general elections.

Tenure: There is no fixed tenure for the Chief Minister. The Chief Minister and other Ministers shall hold office and
exercise powers during the pleasure of the Governor. The Chief Minister and the Ministers are collectively responsible to the State Legislative Assembly. It implies that the Chief Minister holds his office during the

• pleasure of Governor and
• confidence of the majority members in the State Legislative Assembly.

So, the Chief Minister takes all measures to gain the pleasure of the Governor and the confidence of the majority members of the State Legislative Assembly. Normally the Chief Minister holds office for a period of five years.

Powers and Functions:
The Chief Minister exercises va.t powers and cames out varied functions. They are explained as follows.
1. Formation of the Ministry: Formation of the Ministry is the choice and responsibility of the Chief Minister. He chooses some members of his party or constituent parties in the case of a coalition and recommends their names to the Governor to be appointed as Ministers. He renders advice to the Governor in the matters of allocation of portfolios to the Ministers. He also renders advice to the Governor in dropping a Minister from the ministry.

2. Presides over the Cabinet Meetings: The Chief Minister is the chairman of the State Cabinet. He presides over it meetings. He decides the agenda, initiates discussions and influences the policies of the Cabinet.

3. Link between the Governor and the Council of Ministers: The Chief Minister is the main link between the Governor and the Council of Ministers. It is his duty to communicate to the Governor all the decisions of the Council of Ministers, relating to the administration of the state and proposals for legislation. He is the chief advisor of the Governor.

4. Leader of the Legislative Assembly: The Chief Minister is the leader not only of his party but also of the Legislative
Assembly. He acts as a leader of the majority party in the State Legislative Assembly. He informs the party members about the programmes implemented by the State Government. He seeks the cooperation and support of the legislators for the successful and effective implementation of the government policies. He brings co-ordination between the members of the Assembly and the Government. It is his duty to help the Ministers on the floor of the House in case they are cornered by the opposition. He is the chief defender of the, policies of the State Government.

5. Chief Spokesman: The Chief Minister is the chief spokesman of the State Government. He makes important announcements on behalf of the State Government. His statements in and outside the State Legislature carry much legitimacy and influence in the State.

6. Leader of the Party in Power: The Chief Minister is the leader of the party in power at the state level. He participates in
the party meetings. He informs the various policies and programmes of the State Government in the party meetings. He
seeks the cooperation of the party members for effective implementation of the State Government programmes. He brings coordination between the party in power and the government.

7. Leader of the people: The Chief Minister acts as the prominent leader of the people in the state. He maintains rapport
with the people by visiting frequently different places in the state. He consoles the affected people during natural calamities. He draws the attention of the people towards the developmental programmes taken up by the government by making them involved in such activities.

8. Chief Advisor to the Governor: The Chief Minister renders advice on the matters of placements and promotions in
public services. He also rendêrs advice to the Governor in accepting the resignation of some Ministers. The Chief Minister acts as the Chief advisor to the Governor in the matter of the composition of the Ministry, allotment of portfolios to the Ministers, reshuffling the Ministry, dissolution of the Assembly, Appointment of Chairman and Members of State Government Undertakings, issue of ordinances etc.

9. Power of getting the State Legislative Assembly dissolved: The Chief Minister has the privilege to advise the Governor to dissolve the State Legislative Assembly in case he finds that the Government cannot be èamed on in accordance with the provisions of the constitution or in case he is likely to lose the majority in the Assembly. Such advice is given by the Chief Minister alone on the basis of political considerations.

10. Role in Union-State Relations: As the real head of the state administration, it is the main responsibility of the Chief
Minister to maintain good relations with the Union government. He has to use his position for Securing financial grants and help required for crrying out the development works in the state. In case, he belongs to a party other than the one which is in power at the Union Government, he has to act as a good negotiator.

Question 9.
Write an essay on the Nirbhaya Act.
Answer:
The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 2013, popularly known as the Nirbhaya Act had increased the quantum of punishment for crimes against women. The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 enacted by the Indian Parliament which came into existence on 3rd April 2013 provides for amendment of Indian Penal Code (IPC), Indian Evidence Act, and Criminal Procedure Code on laws related to sexual offences.

Background: A Female para-medical student Nirbhaya (Name Changed) of Delhi was beaten and gang raped Delhi on 16 December 2012 who died 13 days later although she received treatment in India and Singapore.

The incident was covered by National and International media and was condemned by the international organizations such as UNO and UNHRC Public protests took place in Delhi and throughout India where thousands of protesters clashed with security forces.

Six days after the incident, central government, appointed a judicial Committee headed by IS. Verma, a former Chief Justice of India, to suggest Amendments to Criminal Law particularly to deal with sexual assault cases. The Committee included justice Leila Seth, a retired judge and Gopal Subramanyam a popular advocate.

The Committee submitted its report on 23rd January 2013. The Committee considered the suggestions and petitions received from jurists, lawyers, NGO’s and women associations. The union government issued an Ordinance, for giving effect to the changes in law as suggested by the Verma Committee report.

The Ordinance was subsequently replaced by a Bill, which was passed by the Parliament and came into fõrce on 31st April 2013.

Offences/Punishment: The new Act explicitly recognised certain acts as offences which were dealt with under related laws. The offences like acid attack, sexual harassment, voyeurism, stalking, etc have been incorporated into the IPC, CrPC and Indian Evidence Acts.

The Act provides severe punishments for the above offences which range as follows.
Acid Attack: Imprisonment not less than ten years but may extend to imprisonment for life and with fine.
Attempt to Acid Attack: Imprisonment not less than five years, which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine.

Sexual harassment: Imprisonment up to three years and fine.
Voyeurism: In case of first conviction, imprisonment not less than one year, but which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine. In case of second conviction, imprisonment not less than three years which may extend to seven years.
Stalking: Imprisonment not less than one year, which may extended to three years, and shall also be liable to fine.
Rape/Gang Rape: Severe imprisonment not less than 2 years and also fine.

The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 2013 has been criticized by several human rights and women’s right organizations for not including certain suggestions recommended by the Verma Committee report like marital rape, reduction of age of consent, amending Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act; so that no sanction is needed for prosecuting Armed Force personnel accused of a crime against women. The Government of India replied that it has not rejected the report completely but made changes after proper discussion. Anyhow this Act is a good step towards the protection of Women against assaults/victimization.

Question 10.
Write a note on Tribal Movement in Telangana.
Answer:
The total Scheduled Tribe (ST) population in 10 districts of Telangana is 27,50,000 comprising 9% of the entire Telangana
population. The original adivasi inhabitants of the forests- The Andh, Koyas, Nayakpodu, Konda Redcly; Kollam, Chenchu, Thoti, Mannevar and Pardhan – havebecome a minority since 1977, when the Lambadas, who were historically a nomadic pastoral community were notified as a ST in A.P. This led to a large influx of Lambadas from Maharastra to Telangana area.

Ramji Gond Revolt 1857 -1860: Ramji Gond was an autonomous ruler who ruled Asifabad area with Nirmal and Adilabad as its important areas. This area was popularly known as Jangoan. Since the princely state of Hyderabad viewed this as a strategically important area, the Nizam made plans to annex this area into his princely state.

Meanwhile, in 1853, a Treaty was concluded between the Nizam and East India Company in which Nizam transferred Berar to British. As a result, the British soldiers intruded into this area and forced the people into bonded 1abour They have also assaulted Tribals who challenged it and vilated a number of women. These developments angered Ramji Gond and made him to challenge their dominance. British suppressed the Ramji Gond rebellion which consisted of Rohilla, Maratha and Gond Soldiers.

Ramji Gond and his followers employed traditional weapons and courageously fought the British on one side and Nizam on the other side. However, the violent assault held on April 9, 1857 by Nizam witnesšed the killing of hundreds ‘of Gonds. Ultimately, Ramji Gond was caught as a captive and was awarded with hanging punishment. Though he succumbed to heinous assaults of British, Marsukola Ramji Gonds rebellion signifies the self-respect of Gonds. Though the magnitude and extent of Ramji Gond Rebellion was construed as limited, its significant influence on prospective generations in terms of self-respect is undeniable.

Komaram Bheem Revolt 1940 -1950: Komaram Bheem is a prominent Tribal leader who organised the Tribal communities, mostly the Gonds the Adilabad against the Nizam and his Jagirdari rule. The Gonds of Aclilabad witnessed some problems during the early part of the 20th century which included the problem of land alienation, high rates of taxation, vetti or the bonded labour, socio-cultural suppression, economic exploitation and others. The local Muttedars and Jagirdars forced the Gonds to pay heavy taxes failing which their lands were confiscated. The people who challenge these trends are met with severe punishments. Women members of the families faced atrocities and sexual assaults. The nexus between Nizam-Muttedar Jagirdar – rich landed gentry angered Komaram Bheem.

He organised the Gonds against the misrule and atrocities of Jagirdars and their henchmen. Ultimately, there was an armed assault on Komaram Bheem led by Talukdar Abdul Saftar and his 90 Policemen. Komaram Bheem and his followers encountered the assault with traditional arms such as bows, arrows, swords and spears. In the ensuing revolt Komaram Bheem succumbed to Nizam Police and secured a place in the history as a veritable diety of Gonds. Komaram Bheem gave the slogan of Jal, Jungle and Jameen. It means, people who live in forests should have rights on all resources of the forest, especially, water and forest Land.

order to identify the pathetic problems of Tribals in Adilabad regarding violation of their land rights, etc, the Nizam
VII appointed Prof. C.E Haimendorf to look into their issues. On account of Haimendorf taking up the issues of Tribals in general, and that of Gonds in particular he is regarded as the Father of Tribals among the Gonds.

Further, the Tribal communities inhabiting in plain areas are demanding the extension of all safeguards ad facilities. They
are also demanding the protection of environment and are opposed to the construction of big dams that would create ecological imbalance and large-scale displacement. As a result, the Tribal movements are also expressing concern for ecological issues.

Thus, the Tribal land right were violated under the Nizam’s rule in Telangana region. However, at the sametime, the Tribals were given legal pattas for their lands. The non-tribals from coastal Andhra encroached several acres of Tribal land in Adilabad and some parts of Karimnagar, Warangal, and Khammam including banks of Godavari. The coastal Andhra settlers were very much attracted to the black cotton soil in these areas, which was fertile for cultivation of cotton, chilly, tobacco and other cash crops. Since these settlers had a vast experience in cultivating the mentioned crops, along with a ready commercial market, they were keen in encroaching the Tribal lands in Telangana.

Due to the heavy influx of coastal Andhra people into Telangana, the Supreme Court of India passed the Samatha Judgment in 1995. With the intervention of Supreme Court, all legal controversies regarding the protection of Tribal lands and the ambiguity that the previous governments have exploited earlier were removed.

The government of Andhra Pradesh set up a Commission by J.M.Girglani, lAS (Retd), to study the issues of Tribal land rights. Girgiarn submitted his first report on 16 August 1995. Later, this commission observed and analyzed the injustice faced by the Tribals for the last 53 years and decided to submit a detailed report to the President of India annually. The report dealt exclusively with the violation of Tribal rights in Telangana and advised that this kind of violations need to be shunned immediately.

Question 11.
Explain the provisions of Gentlemen’s Agreement.
Answer:
In order to clear the doubts among the people of Telangana that the visalandhra may obstruct their interests, the Gentlemen’s Agreement took place on 20th February 1956 at Delhi basing on the recommendations of Fazal Ali Commission. It was attended by Sri Bezawada Gopala Reddy the then chief minister of Andhra State, and his Colleagues Sarvasi Neelam, Sanjeeva Reddy, Gouthu lanchana, Alui Satyanarayan Raju from Andhra Region.

Sri Burgula Ramkrishna Rao the then chief minister of Hyderabad state and his colleagues savaging K.VRanga Reddy, Mari Channa Reddy, J.V Narsinga Rao from Telangana Region. They had signed on the Agreement which contains the following aspects.
1. The administrative expenditure of the state shall be contributed in proportion of both Andhra and Telangana should be confined for its development up to five years and it may be extended for another five years at the request of
Telangana legislators.

2. The educational opportunities which are in Telangana shall be provided for them only more development is to be extended. Technical education and seats in Universities shall be allocated up 1/3 for Telangana students.

3. The Vacancies arise in Future shall be allocated to both regions in proportion to their population.

4. 12 Years of Residency is must for Andhra people to get job in Telangana.

5. Regional Development council shall be constituted for over all development of Telangana.

6. In Council of ministers there shall be 60% from Andhra and 40% from Telangana respectively there must be one Muslim from Telangana part.

7. If the Chief Minister is belongs to Andhra region, the deputy chief minister must be from Telangana region and vice versa. At least 2 poof folios must be given to Telangana out of Home, Finance, Revenue, Planning, Development, Commerce and Industry.

Question 12.
Role of Political JAC.
Answer:
Political Joint Action Committee: The Political Joint Action Committee was formed th December 2009. Major political
parties such as Telangana Rashtra Samithi (FRS), Bharatiya Janata Party (RIP), Communist Party of India (CPI), Congress Party, Telugu Desam ‘Party, CPI(ML) New Democracy, Employees Associations and others associated with political JAC. The Political JAC formed as the UPA Government had shown signs of deviation from the December 9th, 2009 declaration of initiating the process of Telangana formation.

The Political JAC is led by a Political Science Professor from Osmania University M. Kondandarama Reddy popularly known as Kondandaram. He, extensively undertook various protest programmes for fighting the cause of Telangana. These programmes include, the Non-Cooperation (Sahaya Niraakarana), Million March, Maanava Haaram, Sakala Janula Samme, Sagara Haram, Jail Bharo, Rail Roko, Vanta Varpu etc.

In courst of Sahaya Nirakarana, all sections of society stopped cooperating with the Government which amounted to loss of crores of rupees of Revenue. The Government Employees resorted to pendown and work-to-rule protests and lunch-hour demonstrations during the month of February 2011. This has crippled the state administration at various levels. The Political JAC gave a call for ‘Million March’ to conduct a mammoth demonstration in Hyderabad. Drawing an analogy to the Arab spring where millions of people revoltèd against the system to achieve their demands, the political JAC asked people to reach Hyderabad and manifest their collective aspiration for Telangana State.

The State Government unleashed repression by resorting to spread of lies, illegal house arrests, confiscation of private vehicles, stopping buses and trains from reaching Hyderabad and so on. In spite of large-scale repression, lakhs of people ventured to Hyderabad and Secunderabad. It was a virtual impossibility for the Government to stop people entering Tank Bund area which bridges Hyderabad and Secunderabad. Some of the agitators Telangana Movement have also removed the statues of some personalities and threw them in the tank bund lake.

Expressing dissent over the inordinate delay in taking a decision on Telangana, JAC gave bandh call to people and who inturn observed wholeheartedly and completely to throw the daily life out of gear. As part of the protest, Rail Roko programmes were initiated and thousands of Telangana workers courted arrest. In certain instances, false cases were foisted and leaders were kept under police custody and judicial custody for days together without providing bail. Further, leaders were asked to attend legal proceedings in railway courts and other courts for protesting on the railway tracks.

On September 30th, 2012 the Political JAC gave a call for a larger congregation of people around the Hussain Sagar lake, known as Sagara Haaram. The State Government used police, military and paramilitary forces to foil this meeting. The government colsed down all the ways and small paths leading to Hussain Sagar. With the intervention of State High Court, it gave permission to hold the meeting only upto 6 ‘o’clock in the evening, it employed a number of plainclothes men (police) to over-scrutinize the people. The intelligence department of the administration was
directed to record all the speeches of the leaders in this programme.

In spite of these restrictions, Telangana ‘people gathered in large numbers and were unrelented to call off the meeting till midnight. The meeting was a grand success and turned the events in favour of Telangana State. In addition to these programmes. the Political JAC strongly demanded the protection of the interests of Telangana. The Political JAC meeting passed a resolution asking all the industries to employ the local people for 80 percent of their employment requirement.

This Bhoomi Putra concept under taken to sensitize. the natives on their right to acquire employment in their area. Further, the Political JAC spearheaded the cause of Bayyaram Iron ore and made an agitation with the slogan “Bayyaram Ukku-Telangana Hakku’ the State Government devised plans to transfer the Bayyaram Iron ore to the steel factories located in Andhra area, it has strongly opposed it.

The Political JAC persistently forwarded the demand for the creation of Telangana state and has taken every care to avoid lull in the movement. In the process, it was carefully examining the changes in the Political stand of various parties. It has checked the parties which tried to betray the cause of Telangana. In fact, the Political JAC demanded the Political parties to use the Indian Presidential Election 2013 to forward the Telangana Demand.

One of the most popular and widespread programmes held by Political JAC was the Sakala Janula Samme’ (Strike by all
sections of people) in 2012. All sections of people which include, employees, students, advocates, doctors, teachers, lectures, and professors, professionals, various caste associations have actively participated in the movement for 42 days. The State administration came to a standstill. Various Organisatons motivated their members to actively participate in the movement on ‘Now or Never” basis.

The leaders of Kula Sanghas (Caste Associations) threatened to stop their services to the political leaders who oppose the formation of Telangana. The APSRTC employees of Telangana region formed as JAC and stopped plying buses and the Singare1i Colleries employees and workers formed as JAC and stopped their duties, as a results, the State had to face severe power (Electricity) shortage in the later days. All the Political parties actively supported the Sakala Janula Samme. This has made the Political JAC to. attract the nation wide attention with national media coverage. The political JAC also undertook protest programmes at Delhi near Jantar Mantar and deliberated with the leaders of various political parties in Delhi on the issue of Telangana and obtained their support. As a result of these efforts, Telangana State was formed.

Question 13.
Elucidate various types of Terrorism in Indian context.
Answer:
Terrorism is the systematic use of force or threat of use of force (Violence) to achieving political religious or ideological goals. Terrorism posed the greatest danger and threat to many countries in the world and created law and order problem. The temples, mosques, churches, markets, railway stations, multi-storied buildings and other places where people densely move, are the targets of terrorism.

Types of Terrorisms: The Second Administrative Reforms Commission in India, in its report in 2008 classified Terrorism into 5 types based on different goals and objectives of Terrorist groups. They are

• Ethno-Nationalist Terrorism
• Religious Terrorism
• Ideology-oriented Terrorism
• State-sponsored Terrorism
• Narco Terrorism.

On the basis of the methods used by terrorists the other type also emerged such as

• Environmental Terrorism (bio Terrorism)
• Cyber Terrorism
• Suicide Terrorism and so on.

i) Ethno – Nationalist Terrorism: Terrorist groups resort to violence demanding secession from Indian union or the
creation of a new state in the Indian Federation. Demands for Khalistan, Jammu and Kashmir, Greater Nagaland are
some of the examples. The insurgent tribal groups in North East India also indulge in this sort of terror.

ii) Religious Terrorism: This terrorism is perpetuated in the name of religious fundamentalism. The terrorist attacks in Mumbai on 26 November 2008 and other attacks in different parts of the country by ISI of Pakistan are acts of Religious Terrorism. This is popularly known as Jehadi Terrorism.

iii) Ideology-oriented Terrorism (Left wing extremism): This form of Terrorism is also known as Left wing extremism which condemns the economically exploitative and socially suppressive nature of the society It aims at revolutionary change through violence and terror. The ideology of Karl Marx, Mao Zedong, Lenin and others are considered as the basis for this type of extremism.

iv) State-sponsored Terrorism (cross-border Terrorism): This type of Terrorism is a type of warfare by proxy emanating from neighbouring countries. The terrorist groups are allowed to make frontal attacks on nations across the border to create insecurity in neighbouring countries. India has been facing this problem from Pakistan since Independence. Terrorist groups in India are supported by Pakisthan ISI and other agencies.

v) Narco Terrorism and Sandalwood Terrorism: This form of Terrorism focuses on indulging in prohibited trade of narcotics and sandalwood. The attempts to make illegal traffic zones in North, West India and Jammu & Kashmir and ensuring Terrorism by illegal traders on officials is an example.

Similarly, the sandalwood smugglers in reserve forest areas of Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka resort to Terrorism against forest officials and police Based on means employed by terrorists, terrorism can be further classified as
a) Environmental Terrorism (Bio-terrorism): Environmental terrorism is a premeditated damage caused to the nature and natural resources. Using weapons of mass destruction, chemical weapons and biological weapons to create insecure and massacre in the society. Sometimes, the deliberate use of viruses, bacteria, or other germs (agents) to kill people, animals and plants and destroy natural resources is called bioterrorism. There are instances of Terrorists using these techniques unsuccessfully.

b) Cyber Terrorism: The criminal activities perpetuated by the use of computers and telecommunications capabilities resulting in violence, destruction and disruption of services to create fear and confusion among people. . Spreading misinformation and lies, harassing women, posting sensitive comments on individuals and incidents with Facebook. Twitter e-mail and so on (social media) come under their purview.

c) Suicide Terrorism: Terrorist groups resort to this type of Terrorism by employing suicide bombers to create large-scale
massacre in the society. The first suicide attack by the Fedayeen was on July 13th, 1991 on Border Security Post. The attacks on Jammu and Kashmir Assembly complex in October 2001, Indian Parliament in Dec 2001 and storming of Akshardham Temple in Gujarat in 2002 are some of the examples. In fact. the former Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi along with 18 others was assassinated in May 1991 by a suicide bomber employed by LITE.

Though the aims and objectives, means and methods differ, all the Terrorist groups have a unanimous intention of creating fear, violence, insecurity and confusion among Indians. Terrorism and Insurgency: There is a very small thin layer of difference between Terrorism and Insurgency. While Insurgency is confined within the National boundary and directed against ones own Government, Terrorism can transcend the National boundary and may be directed against one’s own country as well as other countries.

Question 14.
What is SMART Governance?
Answer:
SMART stands for Simple, Moral, Accountable, Responsive and Transparent.
Components of Smart Governance:

1. To improve the performance of the administration
2. Enhance accountability and transparency
3. To do away with petty politics
4. Successful implementation (Administration) of the public policy.
5. Greater efficiency
6. Role of the Community Leadership
7. Future role and Innovation in Public Services
8. Focus on planning and decision-making.
9. Use of a wide range of services like Internet, Mobile and other Web-based services
10. E-Govemance.

The following institutions throw some light on the Governance process in India. To suggest way and means for the
enhancement of SMART Governance, the below institutions of excellence were created.

• The National Institute for Smart Government (NISG), Hyderabad, India.
• The Centre for Good Governance, Hyderabad, India.
• The Centre for law and Governance, New Delhi.
• The Centre for Public Policy and Governance, New Delhi.

Section – C
(15 x 2 = 30)

Note: Answer any FIFTEEN of the following questions In not exceeding 5 lines each. Each question carries 2 marks.

Question 15.
Preamble.
Answer:
The Indian Constitution begins with a preamble. The preamble clearly defines the objectives of our constitution. It declares India as a sovereign, socialist, secular democratic republic it provides Liberty, Equality Fraternity and Justice. It states that the people of India are the chief sources of the Political Authority.

Question 16.
Gandhian Principles.
Answer:

1. The State shall organize village panchayats and endow them with adequate powers and authority so as to enable them to function as the units of self-government (Article 40).
2. The State shall strive for the promotion of cottage industries on individuals or cooperative basis in Rural areas (Article 45).
3. The State shall promote the Educational and Economic interests of the SCs, STs and BCs of society with special care (Article 46).
4. The State shall endeavour to bring about prohibition of intoxicating drinks and of drugs which are injurious to health (Article 47).

Question 17.
Any four fundamental duties.
Answer:

1. To Abide by the Constitution, Respect its ideals and Institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem.
2. To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national movement.
3. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.
4. To defend the country and render National Service when called upon to do so.

Question 18.
What is an Electoral College?
Answer:
Electoral College is a body that elects the Indian President.
The Following are the members of Electoral College:

• Elected members of both Houses of Parliament i.e., 238 from Rajya Sabha and 543 from Lok Sabha 781.
• Elected members of State Legislative Assemblies and
• Elected members of Legislative Assemblies of Delhi and Pondicheri.

Question 19.
Composition of Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
Article 80 of the Constitution lays down the maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha as 250 out of which 12 members are
nominated by the President and 238 are Representatives of the states and the Union Territories of Delhi and Pondicheri.

Question 20.
Assembly Speaker.
Answer:
The Legislative Assembly will have an elected officer i.e., the Speaker for conducting its business. The position, powers and functions of the speaker in the conduct of the business of the House are respectively the same as those of the speaker of the Lok Sabha.

Question 21.
Write a brief note on the Sarkaria Commission.
Answer:
In view of the growing demand from the various States, for the review of the Centre-State relations then the Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi appointed a commission on 24th” March 1983 under the Chairmanship of Ranjit Singh Sarkaria, a retired Judge of Supreme Court. The Commission consisted of R.S. Sarkaria (Chairman), B. Siva Raman and S. Sen as its members. Mr. Subrah manyam was its secretary. This commission submitted its final report to the Prime Minister Mr. Rajiv Gandhi on 27th October, 1987.

Question 22.
Cantonment Board.
Answer:
Cantonment Boards are established in India under the Cantonment Act of 1924. At present, there are 62 Cantonment Boards in India. These bodies take steps for improving the conditions of civilian population and military personnel in their jurisdiction. There are three types of Cantonment Boards in India. They are created by an Act of the defense ministry. Each Board comprises some members belonging to the elected, nominated and ex-office categories. There will be a General Officer on Command (GOC) for every Cantonment Board.

Question 23.
Grama Sabha.
Answer:
There will be a Grama Sabha in every Panchayat. It comprises all the adult citizens who have been entitled to vote. It meets at least twice a year usually after Rabi and Kharif crops are harvested. It discusses and approves the administrative and audit reports. It identifies the beneficiaries of development schemes. It takes steps for mobilizing voluntary labour for community welfare programmes.

Question 24.
SHE’ Teams.
Answer:
The Telangana Police started a special team for the safety and security of women in Telangana state as ‘SHE TEAMS”. The Hyderabad police constituted loo “SHE TEAMS” on 24th October 2014 to check harassment of women in public places and later it was extended to all districts in Telangana. The “SHE TEAMS” constitute as an important part of the measures being taken by the Telangana government for women’s safety and security.

Question 25.
Composition of National Human Rights Commission.
Answer:
NHRC consists of a Chairperson, five full-time Members and seven deemed Members. The statute prescribes high qualifications for appointing the Chairperson and Members of the Commission. appointed from amongst persons having knowledge and practical experience in matters of human rights, one of whom shall be a woman.

Question 26.
Who were the Razakars in Telangana?
Answer:
The Ittehad-ul-muslimeen developed a cadre volunteers who were called Razakars who began to rouse the feelings of
muslims against Hindus. The growing militancy and power of the Majlis Ittehad were evident in the activities of the Razakars, a parliamentary voluntary force organized by Kasim Razvi, the leader of the Ittehad. As the peasant resurrection spread in Rural Telangana, The Nizam government sent batches of Razakars. The Razakars resorted to large-scale terrorism and even took violent methods such as murder, arson and rapes.

Question 27.
Who are Dalits? Discuss.
Answer:
The Dalit movement in Telangana region is centred around issues such as empowerment, political representation, assertion of rights, accessibility to basic amenities and so on. As the society in Telangana is structured on caste and class lines, the age-old negative practices such as Jeethagadu, Bhugela-Jeetam (forced labourer) and Vetti (bonded labour) are prevalent. Most of the Dalit families are witnessing exploitation due to these practices. The contemporary trends in Telangana region in the Dalit movement may be summed up as follows.

The dalit movement is working issues on caste lines where certain groups are fighting for categorisation of Dalits to utilise the constitutional benefits to the optimum level. Many political parties started frontal organisations such as Kula Nirmulana Porata Samithi (KNPS) Dalita Hakkula Porata Samithi (DHPS) and Kula Vivaksha Vyathireka Porata Sangam (KVPS) to mobilize the Dalit Communities.

Dalits in some parts of the state are organized under Chillara Kulala Sangam and AmbedkarYuvaj ana Sangam.
Some of the Dalit Communities are motivated to align with other Backward Classes under Dalit Bahujan banner.
Due to the antifeudal nature of struggles in Telangana region, certain sections are provided space towards extremist ideological forces.

Thus, the Dalit movement in Telangana signifies the assertion of rights by various scheduled caste Communities on caste lines. However, on issues of general importance these communities put up unified fight. Likewise, the Dalit Communities in Telangana also actively favoured the cause of separate Telangana.

Question 28.
Sri Krishna Committee Report -2010.
Answer:
The Srikrishna Committee which was appointed by the Government of India on 3 February, 2010 has submitted its report on 16th December 2010. It had given six solutions to the problem.

1. It gave preference to the State United with different Constitutional and Statutory measures for socio-economic development and political empowerment of Telangana Region through the creation of Telangana Regional Council.
2. Maintaining the status quo.
3. Separating the state of Andhra Pradesh into Seemandhra and Telangana regions while Hyderabad to be converted into a Union – Territory
4. Dividing Andhra Pradesh into two States. One of Rayal Telangana and Second – Coastal Andhra Pradesh.
5. Dividing Andhra Pradesh into Seemandhra and Telangana with enlarged Hyderabad Metropolis as a separate Union Territory and
6. Bifurcation of the State into Telangana and Seemandhra as per the existing boundaries with Hyderabad as the capital of Telangana and Seemanðhra to have a New Capital.

Question 29.
Millian March.
Answer:
The Million March Movement was organised by Telangana Joint Action Committee led by Prof. Kodanda Ram in Hyderabad on 10th March, 2011 demanding Separate State of Telangana.

Question 30.
Telangana Jagruthi.
Answer:
Telangana Jagruthi was established in June, 2008 as a socio- cultural organisation and strikes to protect the culture, value systems, artforms, folklore, literature and the ethnic Telugu dialect of Telangana Region. Telangana Jagruthi led by its leader K. Kavitha motivated the people in favour of separate state of Telangana by extensively undertaking mass contact programmes, Rallies, Vanta varpu programmes and so on.

Question 31.
Coalition political at National level.
Answer:
Many coalition governments were formed at the national level. The first coalition Government was formed at the Centre in 1977 with certain major political parties such as Bharatiya Lok Dal, Congress (0), Jan Sangh, Socialist Party and other smaller parties decided to form Janata Party. It is popularly known as Janata experiment. This Govérnment was léd by Morarji Desai. This is the first non-Congress Government at the Centre. However, some critics did not consider this as coalition government as all parties merged into one Janata Party. During its rule from 1977-79, government at the national level. Between 1996-98, two United Front Governments assumed office as coalition governments.

Againa coalition government with 13 political parties led by Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) assumed office as National Democratic Alliance (NDA) Government between October 1999 and May 2004. Again in May 2004 and May 2009 the United Progressive Alliance led by the Indian National Congress.(INC) assumed office. Again in 2014 General election, the BJP-led National Emocratic Alliance assumed office at the national level.

Question 31.
Forms of Corruption.
Answer:
The World Bank defines corruption as using “Public office for private profit”. There are different forms of corruption which include bribery extortion, embezzlement, favouritism, nepotism, communalizer, undue influence etc. The Prevention of Corruption Act 1988 declares the act of bribery, misappropriation, obtaining pecuniary advantages, abasing official position, possessing assets disproportionate to known sources of income etc, are corruption practices and punishable under law. The most recent phenomenon in the forms of corruption in India is “quid pro quo corruption”.

This means political leaders and high-ranking officials take decisions in favour of corporate houses and high-profile business people who inturn make inflated investments into the industrial units, business undertakings and NGO’s owned and managed by the family members of corporate leaders and officials. In other words, it is an exchange of benefits by both the leaders officials combine and corporation. The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is investigating many cases of quid pro quo corruption scandals.

Question 32.
In which year the RTI was enacted and enforced?
Answer:
The Right to Infôrmation Act was enacted and came into force in the year of 2005.

Question 33.
Who are the members of SAARC?
Answer:
SAARC is an acronym that stands for South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. It was established on 8th December, 1985. It comprises Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Srilanka and Afghanistan.