TS Inter 1st Year Political Science Model Paper Set 8 with Solutions

Thoroughly analyzing TS Inter 1st Year Political Science Model Papers Set 8 with Solutions helps students identify their strengths and weaknesses.

TS Inter 1st Year Political Science Model Paper Set 8 with Solutions

Time: 3 Hours
Max. Marks: 100

Section – A
3 × 10 = 30 Marks

Note: Answer any THREE of the following questions In not exceeding 40 lines each. Each question carries 10 Marks.

Question 1.
Define Democracy and explain its features.
Answer:
Democracy is an important and most significant form of government. The term “Democracy is derived from two Greek words namely Demos’ and “Kratio”. In greek language Demos means the people and Kratio means power. Hence Democracy means power of the people.

Definitions of Democracy:
Abraham Lincoln:“ Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people”.
J.R. Seeley: ‘Democracy is a government in which everyone has a share.”
Lord Bryce: “Democracy is that form of government in which the ruling power of the state is vested not in a particular class but in the members of the community as a whole”.

Features of Democracy:
1. Liberty: Democratic government aims at securing maximum liberty for its citizens. it is built on the foundations of Liberty and Equality. Democracy is the only government which assures liberties to the people by incorporating them in the Constitution.

2. Equality: In the words of Prof. Seeley, democracy is “a government in which everyone has a share”. A democracy 5. ernment gives opportunities to all for making them to take part in political matters. Every citizen has the right to vote and to contest in the election.

3. Independent Judiciary: Independent Judiciary is important principle of Democracy. The higher courts in democratic states act as watch dog of the people’s freedoms. They issue several writs for preserving and upholding fundamental freedoms. They serve as the Custodian of people’s rights.

4. Government of the people: Democracy is government by the representatives of the people and these are elected by the adults, who are free to vote as they please without being coerced or pressurized by anyone. Democracy is the government by ballot not by bullet.

5. Majority Rule: Democracy stands for a rule of the majority with adequate safeguards to the minorities. Every state has political parties. One of the political parties comes to power by capturing the majority of seats in the legislature. This means democracy is a system of government based on the principle of majority rule.

6. Follows constitution principles: A democratic government functions strictly according to the principles of a constitution. Whether written or unwritten, this has been accepted by the people.

7. Against to violence and evolutions: Democracy provides for a change in government according to constitutional principles and it is against any change by violent or revolutionary means.

8. Against to coercive methods: Democracy opposed to coercive’ methods, even if they are for the social good. A government cannot be called democratic, if it uses illegitimate coercion in the name of social welfare.

9. Importance to Human Rights: Democracy upholds the dignity of the human personality and gives various kinds of rights to the individual. Actually, to providing constîtutional rights to the people is the fundamental principle of the democracy. The constitutions of India and U.S.A. had provided several rights to their people.

10. Right to speak: Democracy allows all individuals the right to speak, criticize, and disagree with others constructively.

11. Encouragement to Ideas: Democracy allows plurality of ideas and ideologies and stands flrmly on the principles of tolerance. In the legislature there is plenty of worth full discussions occurred among the public representatives related to public issues.

12. Against Imperialism and War: Democracy in the international sphere stands for the principle of self-determination and for the regulation of interstate relation on the basis of equality, justice, and reason. Democracy is against aggressive nationalism, imperialism, and war. Besides the above, Democracy has some more principles like Rule of law, welfare mechanism, Decentralization of powers, Judicial review etc.

Question 2.
Define the Constitution and explain its features.
Answer:
Introduction: The age of Democracy led to political civilization. Nowadays every civilised state possess a constitution. A Constitution is a condition of modern State. The constitution is a living text of a political system. it represents the political character of the state and its constituents.

The term constitution implies a written document embodying the provisions relating to the powers and functions of the government organs, the rights and duties of the citizens.

Meaning: The term constitution is an English word. It was derived from a Latin word “Constitution, which means to Establish”.
Definitions:

1. Aristotle: “Constitution is the arrangement of offices in a state, especially the highest of all”.
2. Lord Bryce: “Constitution is a set of established rules embodying and enacting the practice of Government’.
3. Stephen Leacock: “Constitution is the form of Government”.
4. K.C. Wheare: “Constitution is that body of rules which regulates the ends for which governmental power is exercised”.

Features of the Constitution:
1. Preamble: Every Constitution will have a preamble. The preamble denotes the aims and aspirations of the Constitution. It is like the l.of the Constitiution. Hence, preamble is considered as an important feature of the Constitution.

2. Clarity: Clarity is another important feature of the constitution. The Constitution clearly explains about the different policies and methods of governance. it is written In a simple and clear language.

3. Incorporation of Fundamental Rights: Every Constitution includes some fundamental rights. These fundamental rights are meant for safeguarding the freedoms of the citizens. They enable the citizens to realise their personality in various spheres. They help the citizens for leading a happy and honorable life in the state.

4. Brevity: Brevity is another feature of a Constitution. Brevity avoids confusion among the Individuals in understanding and interpreting provisions. Unnecessry elements are not included in the Constitution. It should be precise. It must not contain large number of clauses.

5. Flexibility: The Constitution must be flexible for adapting the wishes are aspirations of the people from time to time. There must be a scope of amending the provisions of the Constitution if necessary Frequent changes in the Constitution tend to weaken the spirit of the Constitution. But, at the same time, the Constitution of a modern state should be adaptable to the progressive changes.

6. Permanence : Permanence is one more feature of the Constitution. The Constitution must have everlasting values for the welfare of the Whole nation. It rerešents the actual structure of the state and its political institutions. It obliges the customs of the people.

7. Mode of Amendment: The Constitution Specifies the mode of amendment. It will be relevant to the contemprary conditions of the state. It contains a special chapter on the constitutional amendment procedures. Usually the constitutional amendments are of three types, namely

• Rigid
• Flexible and
• Half rigid and Half flexible.
• On the whole, the constitution of every state comprises both rigid and flexible elements.

8. Explanatory: The Constitution is explanatory in nature. It denotes and discusses almost all elements relating to the People, Government, and State. It contains separate provisions on the structure, powers, and limitations of state activity.

Question 3.
Define liberty and describe various types of Liberty.
Answer:
Introduction: The concept of Liberty is of great significance in . the study of political science. Liberty is an essential condition without which man cannot develop his personality It became a source of inspiration to the millions of the people living all over the world.

Meaning: The term liberty is derived from the Latin word ‘LIBER’ which means free from restrictions.
Definitions: Liberty is defined in many ways by different political thinkers. Some of them are cited below:

1. ‘Liberty means the absence of rêstraints”. – JR. Seeley
2. “Liberty is the freedom of an individual to express without any external hindrance to his personality”. – G.D.H. Cole
3. “Liberty means the positive power of doing or enjoying something worth doing or enjoying”. – T.H. Green
4. “liberty is the easer maintenance of that atmosphere in which men have the opportunity to be at their best selves”. -H.J.Laski.

Types of Liberty: Liberty is of different types. Some of them may be described in the following:

1. Natural liberty
2. Civil liberty
3. Economic liberty
4. Political liberty
5. National liberty.

1. Natural liberty: Natural’ liberty is understood as uncontrolled freedom or absolute freedom. It is believed that natural liberty existed in the pre-social and pre-state human life. According to this concept there were no rules and regulations except the laws of nature in the past. All persons were free to do anything according to their will and capacity But this type of liberty is not possible in civilised society, since liberty is a social condition. True liberty does not inconvenience others. Liberty is not a licence. Natural liberty is equal to anarchy. The weak cannot enjoy liberty without law. Some writers imagined that this kind of liberty existed before the origin of state.

2. Civil liberty: Civil liberty is also known as personal liberty. It relates to the individuals freedom in his life as a member of the social organisation. It is eñjoyed by the individuals in the society. Civil liberty is the essential pre-requisite to the existence and survival of human beings. It enables them to lead happy, honourable and civilised life in the state. So it is a must to everyone.

The state recognises the various freedoms of individuals. In this regard Gettle said thus “Civil liberty is the group of rights recognised and implemented by the state’. The constitutions of the America and the India have incorporated civil liberty in the fom of fundamental rights. Civil liberty is manifested in several rights.

These include:

• Right to Life
• Right to Work
• Right to Property
• Right to Religion.
• Right to Speech, Expression, Assembly, Movement and Residence etc.

3. Economic liberty: Economic liberty means the right of everyone to earn ls livelihood. Laski described economic liberty as the security and opportunity to find reasonable significance in earning one’s daily bread. Economic liberty ensures everyone freedom from want and feax hunger and starvation. unemployment and insufficiency.

Economic liberty denotes freedom from want or insecurity of economic nature. Without economic liberty democracy is meaningless. It will also be secured by adopting the following measures.

1. Provision of minimum wages.
2. Guarantee of the right ‘to work.
3. Protecting the workers from unemployment, sickness and other types of insecurity.
4. Providing adequate leisure.
5. Giving representation to the workers in the management of the industries.

4) Political liberty: Political liberty facilitates the citizens to take part in the political affairs of the state. Laski regarded political liberty as the power to be active in the affairs of the state. Gilchrist considered that political liberty is synonymous with democracy. Leacock described political liberty as constitutional liberty or liberty to choose one’s own government. Political liberty is confined to the citizens alone. It is positive in nature. Political liberty prbvides several rights in political matters.

These include:

• right to vote
• right to contest as candidates in electoins
• right to hold public office
• right to criticism etc.

Laski emphasised that political liberty becomes real when there prevails:

• education
• honest and impartial press etc.

Political liberty will be realized only in a democratic system.

5. National liberty: National liberty implies the freedom and independence of the state. It also denotes the sovereignty of the state. Every state enjoys this liberty and remains fake from the political domination of other states. This liberty is essential for the progress of nation in all spheres. It was manifested in several countries since ancient period. Many countries made efforts for securing this type of liberty The Greeks fought a war of independence against the Turks.

Similarly, the Indian masses under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi waged a non-violent struggle to secure national freedom from the British rule. National liberty is very valuable. Great leaders like Thomas Jefferson emphasised the significance of national liberty.

Question 4.
Discuss the relationship between Nation and Nationalism.
Answer:
Introduction: The concepts of Nation and Nationalis, have become important components in the domain of International Relations and political science respectively. Both inspired the people of several countries with patriotic feelings prior to the two world wars.

Meaning: The word “Nation” and “Nationalism” are used as complementary to each other.
The word Nation is derived from a latin word “NATIO” which means ‘BORN” (BIRTH) or “Common descent”.
Nation: “Nation is a Nationality which has organised itself into a political body, either independent or desiring to be independent”.

Nationalism: “Nationalism is a state of mind in which the supreme loyalty of the individual is felt to be due to the Nation-state.”
Relationship between “Nation” and “Nationalism”:

1. Nationalism is a psychological feeling prevailing in the minds of the people.
2. People Through the feeling of Nationalism sacrifice all their interests for the sake of their Nation.
3. The strong desire of the people of a nationality to emerge as a nation-state is nationalism.
4. The seeds of nationalism originated in the cultural renaissance of Europe in 16th century.
5. In French Revolution (1789) pushed the nationalism further in Europe and took to the great heights.
6. The Vienna congress (1815) further supported the cause of nationalism in Europe.
7. The Italian and Gerpian unifications boosted the cause of nationalism.
8. The American War of Independence (1774) was i great leap forward in spreading nationalism among the people.
9. The much-publicized theory of Nation’s self-determination of Woodrow Wilson in 1917 was further generated hope among the people of the world to form Nation States.
10. The two world wars completed to redraft the European map with the formation of Nation-states.
11. The Freedom struggles and national aspiration of the people of the Asia, Africa and Latin America are fulfilled with the formation of nation-states immediately after the end of II- World war.
12. The Indian national movement from 1885 to 1947 had fulfilled with the formation of India and Pakistan as an Independent States. In this regard, we can understand that the feeling of nationalism when it acquires unity and independence. It becomes a Sovereign Nation. There were science writers who treated the two terms as synonymous.

Question 5.
Define Political Science and explain its scope.
Answer:
Introduction: Political Science is a premier social science. It is mainly concerned with the study of the state in its relation with Sociefy; Citizens, Associations and the world at large. Aristotle is regarded as the Father of Political Science. He wrote famous book ‘THE POLTICS”.

Meaning: The word politics is derived from the ancient Greek word “POLIS” meaning city. State anðlity from Poletieia’ meaning government of constitution. Politics came to mean the study of state and government and the Institutions of the state.

Definitions: Political Scientists gave various definitions on Political Science. They are as follows:

1. J.W. GARNER: “Political Science begins and Ends with the State”.
2. R.G. GETTLE: “Political Science is” The historical investigation of the state in the past, an analytical study of the state of present and what the state ought to be in the future”.
3. ROBERT DAHL: “Political Science is the Scientific study of importance of power, Authority and influence.”

Scope of Political Science: The Scope of Political Science means the subject matter covered by it or the topics which are included in its study.

It may be explained in the following ways:
i) Study of man in relation to the Society State and Government: Political science is concerned with the perennial and central issue of establishing proper relationships, among state, society and government with individual. Aristotle stated that Man is a social and political animal as well.

ii) Study of State: Political science explains the origin, evolution and purpose of the state and its intimate relationship between the state and the citizens. It explains the various theories of the origin of the state and it also studies the nature, functions and various theories of the state.

iii) Study of the Government: Scope of political science includes the study of government. Political science explains the relationship between state and element. The state realises its aims and objectives through the government. Government formulates various policies, programs, and their implementation for wellbeing of the people. Political science also studies various forms and structures of the government and their merits and demerits.

iv) Study of Associations and Institutions: There are several associations and institutions which influence the life of the individual. Political science studies various associations, institutions and their relationship with the state. Political science explains structure, nature and functions of the various associations and institutions. It also studies voluntary organizations and their role in the political processes.

v) Study of Rights and Duties: Scope of Political Science includes the study or rights and duties of citizens. In recent times, issues relating to civil dghts, human rights and civil society got significance in the study of political science.

vi) Studies of National and International Issues: The scope of Political science comprises the study of national and international affairs. The political science deals with the matters relating to nationstate, territorial integrity and it’s sovereignty. it also studies international aspects like armaments and disarmaments, balance of power, defence. and security studies. It also covers international law, international organisations etc.

vii) Study of Comparative Government and Polities: The importance of the comparative study of government and politics has been increased in recent times. Political science covers the study of various world governments their structures and functions. it studies the relationship among the different political systems in the world.

viii) Study of Modern Political Analysis: The 20th century political science is regarded as a study of sharing and shaping of power, and its execution in a day-to-day political process. Political science studies the modern concepts like, political socialisation, political participation, political development, political culture and political communication.

ix) Study of Public Policies: Modern political scientist like David Easton, Gabriel A. Almond, Charles Merriam argued that ‘political science is a policy science’. They considered political science as the study of formulation, execution and evaluation of public policies. They also emphasised the study of political parties, pressure groups. mass media and organs of the governments and their influence in the formulation of the public policies.

It also studies major polices like Agriculture policy, Industrial policy, Environmental policy, Reservation policy and Education policy etc. Thus, the scope of political science has, in recent times, extended to the study of above concepts and theories and has become one of the most relevant social sciences.

Section – B
8 X 5 = 40 Marks

Note: Answer any EIGHT of the following questions In not exceeding 20 lines each. Each question carries 5 Marks.

Question 1.
Write about the relationship of Political Science with Sociology.
Answer:
The knowledge of Sociology is essential to a political scientist. It is essential to study the sociological roots to understand the nature of the State. The Greeks never conceived any difference between society and State. In the opinion of Greek philosophers, State is not only a political system but also a social system of commendable value.

Social customs help to systematize social set up and social life. The political scientists give importance to the trends of socialisation to understand the behaviour of the citizen as an individual and part of a community of late, political sociology developed as a special science.

This very factor shows how much functional is the impact of social institutions on political life. Political parties, groups and public opinion are subjected to the influence of social factors. The political changes in a State cannot be understood without the knowledge of the social conditions and institutions. For instance, an indepth study of political activity in India needs a study of the social factors like caste, religion, area and language and also processes related to them.

As Political Science discusses the organised groups of people, Sociology studies both organised and unorganised groups. Political Science deals with all the political institutions in the past, present and future. Sociology discusses the rise and growth of all institutions in a society in the past and present.

Question 2.
Explain the difference between State and Government.
Answer:
Differences between State and Government.
Question 3.
Briefly, explain the essential elements of Nationality.
Answer:
Introduction: The concepts of Nation and Nationality have become Important components in the domain of International Relations and political science respectively Both inspired the people of several countries with patriotic feeling prior to the two world wars.

The Events that took place in the erstwhile Soviet Union, ethnic Riots between serbians and croatians in the former Yugoslavia, the unification of East and west Germanies, the peace talks between Israel and Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) on West Asia etc., reflect the serious concern of the people for realising Nationality and Nation States.

Meaning: The Word “Nation” is derived from a latin word “NATIO” which means “BORN” (BIRTH) or “Common Descert”.

Definitions:.

1. R.G. Gettle: “Nationality is a population having the common bonds of Race, Language, Religion, Traditions and History.
2. J.H. Rose: “Nationality is a union of Hearts once made and never unmade”.
3. J.W Garner: “Natiånality is a group or portion of population which is united by Racial and other bonds”.

Essential Elements of Nationality:
1. Purity of Race: Racial purity helps in the formation and strengthening of the idea of Nationality. Race is a physical phenom erion It depends on certain distinctions of skull, stature, hair; complexion etc. These distinctions serve as a cementing bond among the members of a group.

But we should remember that common race is not an indispensable factor in the growth of Nationality. Modem races are so mixed that none of them can claim to be pure. Pure races have disappeared because of wars and migrations. Racial purity is now a myth only. Ex: Canada and United states have transfonned into single nations inspite of their racial diversities in their respective populations. Similaiiy Australia and Britain are two distinct Nations although they belong to one racial stock.

2. Common Language: Language plays a key role in the promotion of nationality. The philosophers and scientists said that common language is essential for the development of nationality. Language is a medium to express all their feelings. It helps to express one’s own selves to have cordial relations and to share the miseries and happiness in a group languages also promotes common feelings and traditions. Common language promotes the feeling of oneness and keeps the entire race on single track.

3. Common Religion: Religion is one important factor to strengthen nationality. There are many instances when people of different nationalities with common religion remain citizens in the same state. For instance, the main reason for the partition of Indian subcontinent into India and Pakistan in 1947 lies in the religion.

4. Geographical Unity: Geographical unity is necessary for the emergence of nationality. Nationality sentiments prevail and develop among the people living in a single geographical area. The people residing in such an area love, worship their country and make sacrifices for the sake of their motherland. People, who belong to one religion, converse the same language, same race living in a geographical area inculcate and improve their nationality sentiments.

The formation of Israel in 1946 was purely due to the feelings of the hitherto wandering Jewish people to live in a single geographical area. Hence their desire of live in a territory made them united. This ultimately transformed them as patriotic persons.

5. Common History: Common History is considered as an important element of Nationalist It invokes an inspiration among the people and binds them together. Some historical incidents may give a chance to the people to develop national sentiments. Ex: Indians have learnt the lessons of Nationalism from the British legacy.

6. Common Culture: Culture in its broad sense means a way of life. It is reflected through certain common elements like dress, customs, conventions, food habits, religious beliefs, ethical values etc. They easily develop into a single Nation. These elements bind the people together and hold together.

7. Common Political aspirations: Nationality sentiments prevail and develop among the people having common political
aspirations. The political ideas, conventions and institutions which were formed due to the single political rule will have a considerable impact and influence over the people. For instance, the Swiss people love very much their direct democratic devices in political matters.

Similarly, the Americans express the feeling of worship towards their constitution. The British people aise feel proud of their political and judicial institutions like rule of law, parliamentary democracy and judicial review etc.

8. Common Economicties: This element of nationality has been stressed by Karl Marx. Since then onwards the importance of this element has been increasing. The Russians have great regard for their economic system, even though there exist diversities. Their unflinching love for socialism inspired nationalism among them. They successfully repulsed the attacks of Germany during the Second World War. Thus the common economic ties made them united and inte grated them into a nation.

Question 4.
Discuss any four kinds of Law.
Answer:
1. Natural Law: Natural law is also known as divine law. It is abstract. It is not created by any human agency It is considered as the gift of nature, based on metaphysical power. Itrçfers to the use of reason to analyse human nature. It is written in the heart of human beings by the finger of God.

2. Positive Law: Positive law is created by the human agency It is also known as political law. It is framed on the basis of the existing social and political conditions. It is sanctioned by the Sovereign Political Authority. Violation of positive law leads to punishment.

3. Constitutional Law: It is a basic law of any state. It defines the political system. All the basic principles of administration are included in this type. All other Jaws in the State are subservient to constitutional law. It is framed by the constituent assembly.

4. Ordinary Law: It determines the relation between the State Administration and people. These laws are framed by a group of officials authorised by law.

Question 5.
What do you mean by Civil Liberty?
Answer:
Civil liberty is also known as personal liberty. It relates to the individual’s freedom in his life as a member of the social organisation. It is enjoyed by the individuals in the society Civil liberty is the essential pre-requisite to the existence and survival of human beings. It enables them to lead happy, honourable and civilised life in the state. So it is a must to every one. The state recognises the various freedoms of individuals. In this regard Gettle said thus “Civil liberty is the group of rights recognised and implemented by the states.

The constitutions of the America and the India have in corporated civil liberty in the form of fundamental rights. Civil liberty is manifested in several rights.

These include:

• Right to Life
• Right to Work
• Right to Property
• Right to Religion
• Right to Speech, Expression, Assembly, Movement and Residence etc.

Question 6.
Gandhiji’s views on Religion and Politics.
Answer:
The moral concepts of Gandhi can be founded in his ideas expressed very frequently. Politics without morals character create a degenerated state and Government in a human society indulged in material pleasures. All the political means are used only to ratify power. But Gandhi described the theory of authority. He says that both authority and ethics should become the focal points of politics.

He mixed humanistic, political religious and ethical values in politics. He opposed the segregation of religion from politics. In his opinion both of there are equally essential. Politics without religion is like a dead corpse, not useful to a country except to burn. He says that his search for truth pulled him into politics and his moral strength helped him to remain very firm in politics.

Even a political programme is intended for the social and ethical advancement of the people. We cannot segregate politics from life, most importantly from religion. Segregation means nurturing religious fundamentalism, bigotry and evil in politics. Religion according Gandhi was not Rituels and blind faith, but a co-ordinated moral values of all religious. A religion should not promote sectarianism. But Gandhi never supported a state religion. He wants to use the religion to oppose all types of evils in the society.

Question 7.
Explain Political Rights.
Answer:
Political rights are those rights which enable the individuals to participate in the political affairs of the state.
The following are the important political rights:
1. Right to vote: Right to vote is the most important political right enjoyed by the citizens in modern democratic states. It serves as a powerful weapon for adult citizens in choosing their representatives to various legislative bodies. It makes them as real sovereign. All the citizens are entitled to this right without any discrimination based on creed, colour, language, race, region, religion, sex etc. However, persons such as aliens and minors are deprived of this right.

2. Right to contest in elections: This ‘right empowers the citizens to contest as candidates to various legislative bodies in the state. Especially this right enables those, whó have political sagacity, enthusiasm and dynamic nature, to actively participate in the political dynamics of the state. As a result, it increases political enthusiasm among the citizens. Such an element is considered as a base of democratic polity.

3. Right to hold public offices: This right provides opportunities to the citizens to hold various public offices for a definite period. It gives no scope for exclusion of citizens or conferring special privileges to some at the cost of others. This helps the citizens to exercise authority in a dignified manner.

4. Right to petition: This right enables the citizens to forward petitions denoting their requijçmentS or grievançes. It is considered as a vital political right in the modem state. The citizens could be able to find solutions to their immediate or long pending issues by bringing them to the notice of the government through this right. It also helps the public authorities to know the grievances of the people and attend, to them properly and promptly.

5. Right to criticism: This right gives opportunity to the citizens to criticize the various public policies and programmes. It also enables them to highlight the omissions and commissions of the leaders, and administrative personnel at various Levels, it also gives scope for the citizens to render positive and constructive criticism about the on goings in the government from time to time. Ultimately it keeps the administrative authorities and policymakers tobe vigilant in discharging their obligations.

Question 8.
How citizenship is lost?
Answer:
Citizens loose their dtizenship under the following conditions:
1. Renunciation: A person is deprived of,his citizenship, if he wishes to become the citizen of another state. One will lose the citizenship of orteas parent state and may become the citizen of a foreign state by naturalization. In India, the Constitution prescribes that a person who voluntarily acquires citizenship of any other state will no longer be an Indian citizen.

2. Marriage: Generally a woman lose her citizenship when she marries an alien. However some states allow retention of citizenship. For instance in Britain, there is an option to retain British citizenship who marnes an alien.

3. Accepting Foreign Service: A person may lose his citizenship when he enters into the service of another state. If a person accepts a permanent job in the government of a foreign state, he foregoes the citizenship of his native state.

4. Obliging Foreign Decorations or Titles: When a citizen obliges to receive foreign decoratiotis or titles, it may lead to the forfeiture of his Citizenship.

5. Prolonged Absence: Prolonged absence in the native state beyond a certain period may lead to the loss of citizenship. In some states like France and Germany citizens who are absent themselves from their native country for more than ten years will loose their citizenship.

6. ‘Treason or Crime: Involvement of a citizen in a serious crime and subsequent proof of his action will also lead to the loss of citizenshi Especially those persons who directly or indirectly participate or extend assistance to anti-state, anti-social and anti-governmental activities, will loose their citizenship by a special notification to that effect.

7. Desertion from Army: Desertion from army thereby jeo pardizing the security of a state leads to the forfciture of citizenship.

Question 9.
Discuss the essential conditions for the success of Democracy.
Answer:
The following conditions are essential for the success of democracy.
1. Sound system of Education: The success of democracy requires adequate education for the citizens. ignorance innocence and undereducation prevent them from adopting right attitudes and large-scale reforms. Education sharpens the intellect of individuals. It develops a proper understanding of various things. It makes the citizens vigilant. Besides, this enables them to assess and criticise the policies of government.

2. Enlightened Citizenship: Enlightened citizens are an asset to the democratic state. They can exercise proper vigilance. They can actively participate in public affairs and help their fellow citizens in the exercise of their rights and discharge of their reproducibilities. They extend co-operation to the government in all its good work.

3. Independent Press: An independent press is a prerequisite of democracy. it enables the people to receive accurate and unbiased information regarding the activities of the government. it not only keeps the people in touch with government activities but also ventilates their grievances. It strives to promote harmonious relationship between the people and the government.

4. Strong Opposition: The success of parliamentary democracy depends to a great extent on the strong and effective opposition. Such an opposition will act as a check against the government by pointing out its lapses. In this regard, the role of opposition in some advanced states.

5. Decentialization of powers: Decentralization of powers and establishment of democratic institutions at the grass roots level is indispensable for the healthy organization of democratic institutions. The representative bodies at the grassroots level as known as Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs) in India) will ct as the mini legislatures. The residents of local areas will be able to know how to exercise their franchise.

6. Absence of economic disparities: Democracy can not function smoothly when there are economic disparities in a country. When a country comprises a large number of poor people and a few wealthy persons, democracy could not work successfully.

7. Social Equality: Social equality is another prerequisite of democracy. Caste, class and racial differences will impede the healthy working of democracy Such elements encourage of democratic polity To be successful, democracy must open its doors to everybody on equal basis by providing equal social opportunities to all in social sphere. Social equality must not only be proclaimed but also be practiced.

8. Faith in democracy: Certain democratic beliefs and values like individual’s worth, need for tolerance of differences, decisions through discussions etc., should be inculcated among the people.

9. Sagacious Leadership: Sagacious leadership is another essential condition of democracy Sagacious leaders, by didn’t of their administrative acumen, political propriety, social commitment and economic perspective, will be able to lead the democratic state to greater heights of glory.

10. Honesty and transparency: Honest persons belonging to various walks life, when entrusted with major responsilites of the government; will strive for the success of democracy Similarly transparency in administration also acts as a basic ingredient for the success of democracy.

11. Absence of militarism: Democracy functions mostly in countries which are relatively free from militarism. In rules out the use of force and believes in the worth of individuals. It provides adequate opportunities to the people basing on worth, ability and dedication militarism, on the other hand, demands concentration of authority and favours despotism.

Question 10.
Distinguish between Written and Unwritten Constitutions.
Answer:

Written Constitution	Unwritten constitution
1. Written constitution implies a document or few documents in which the rules regulating the main institutions of Government are written down.	1. Unwritten constitution denotes a sum of customs, conventions, and usages which have not been systematically documented.
2. All the basic principles of the State are clearly written.	2. All the basic principles of the State exist in the form of customs and traditions.
3. A written constitution is framed by a special assembly convened at a particular point of time.	3. Unwritten constitution contains some written elements also in the form of enactments of fundamental charters made from time to time.
4. It is suitable to the educated and literate people.	4. It is suitable to the uneducated and illiterate people.
5. Courts of law protect the Liberties of the citizens.	5. Courts of law cannot provide much protection.
6. It is formulated at a particular time.	6. It is evolutionary in nature.
7. It provides political stability.	7. It could not ensure political stability.
8. It cannot be easily amended.	8. It can easily be amended.
9. It is useful to federal states.	9. It is advantageous to the unitary states.

Question 11.
Write about on Rule of Law.
Answer:
Rule of law is a unique feature of British constitution. It at first originated in England later many states like India and the United States have adopted this feature. Rule of law is purely based on the principle of common law. It denotes that law should be general in form. It should be uniformly applicable to all the citizens living in a state. There should not be different types of law for various sections of the community.

In other words the government must treat all the citizens equally as per the law. The governance and administration in a particular state should be carried on in accordance with the laws. A.V. Dicey in his “Law of the constitutions” (1885) gave a precise explanation of the rule of law.

According to him, rule of law stands for equality before the law. This implies equal subjection of all classes including the officials or common man. Law makes no discrimination between individuals. A.V. Dicey says that “Every official from Prime Minister to the attender, all are equal before the law”.

Therefore, Rule of law is helpful to all the citizens in protecting their responsibilities in a more effective manner. The constitution of India too recognizes the Rule of law as a basic feature of India constitution. The Supreme Court of India time and again declared Rule of law as a basic structure of Indian Constitution. Articles 14 to 21 of the Indian Constitution have incorporated the spirit of this concept. However, the scope of this concept is gradually shrinking owing to the overburdening of legislative work with enormous functions.

On the whole, the cardinal virtue of Rule of law is that “All are equal before law and no one must arbitrarily be punished”
constitutes the core value of any democratic system in the world.

Question 12.
What is Parliamentary form of Government?
Answer:
In a parliamentary system a clear distinction is made between the head of the state and the head of the Government here, the head of the state King or Queen in Britain or President of India, possesses nominal or titular authority whereas real authority rests with the government of which Prime Minister is the head. Example : Australia, Canada, Japan etc.

Parliamentary form of government as a system in which the real executive, the cabinet, is Immediately and legally responsible to the Legislature for its political policies änd acts, ultimately responsible to the elechifate.

Features of Parliamentary Governments:
a) Nominal and Real executives: In parliamentary form of government there should be two kinds of prexcutive in the Political system one of them, National Executive is the Head of the state and other one is real executive, Head of the government is president and Head of the government is the Prime Ministers.

b) Coordination between the Legislature and executive: Another important feature among, is that, there is a close relationship and co-ordination between legislature and executive bodies of the government. The executive members are selected from the Legislature and so executive remained as responsible for the Legislature for all its acts.

e) Significant role of the prime minister: In parliamentary form of government, the prime minister holds the real executive authority. He holdsthe government as cornerstone. He has the authority to from the council of ministers and also has right to reshuffle and dissolve the government.

d) Collective responsibility: The most important feature of the parliamentary government works on the principle of collective responsibility. It means the ministers enjoy the office only as long as they have confidence of the parliament.

e) Individual responsibility: In a parliamentary government, every minister is individually responsible to the Legislature for the efficient conduct of his department or office. In case there is any lapse in the administration, the ministers are personal answerable to parliament.

f) Dissolution of Lower House: The head of the state can dissolve the lower house on the recommendation of the prime minister. If deadlock rises between cabinet and Legislature they can appeal to the electorate through elections.

g) Effective opposition: In a parliamentary form of government opposition party is considered as soul of the democracy. If the ruling party loses its confidence in the Legislature, opposition party is the alternative to form a government and it works against ruling party through questioning the acts.

Section – C
15 × 2 = 30 Marks

Note: Answer any FIFTEEN of the following questions in not exceeding 5 lines each. Each question carries 2 Marks.

Question 1.
Unitary form of Government.
Answer:
The word ‘Unitary’ consists of two words, namely, ‘Uni’ and ‘Tary’, urn means one and tary means ‘rule’. A unitary Government is a single integrated government with all executive powers. The Constitution vests all powers in the Central Government.

Question 2.
Separation of Powers.
Answer:
Theory of separation of powers is propounded by Montesquieu in his famous book The Spirit of Laws. The powers among the three organs of the Government in the presidential executive will be distributed on the basis of the theory of separation of powers. Its main feature is Checks and Balance, which means the three organs of the Government possess equal powers and each organ checks the other two organs from crossing their limits.

Question 3.
Senate.
Answer:
Senate is the Upper House of United States Congress, which is a small group of elected people who decide the laws of the country. It consists of loo members. Every U.S. state elects two people to represent them in the U.S. Senate. These people are called senators.

Question 4.
Write about Flexible Constitutions.
Answer:
A flexible constitution is one whose provisions can be amended easily. It requires no special procedure for changing its provisions. It can be amended by the authorities by adopting the same procedure of ordinary laws. So we do not find differences between ordinary and constitutional laws. Flexible constitutions were prevalent in the ancient period. Ex.: British Constitution.

Question 5.
Define Secular State.
Answer:
D.E. Smith defined Secular State as None while guaranteeing individual and corporate freedom of religion, which deals with the individual as a citizen irrespective of his religion.

Question 6.
What is Recall?
Answer:
Recall means To call back. The representatives will be called back by the people in case they are inefficient. Hence, this method helps the representatives in discharging their responsibilities properly for fear of being called back on the grounds of inefficiency.

Question 7.
What is dual citizenship?
Answer:
Dual Citizenship means possession of two citizenships in two States. Ex: Children born to American citizens in other States acquire citizenship in both the States – one in their parent State and the other in the State, where there are born. Dual citizenship applies to the children until they attain adulthood. Later they have to choose citizenship of any one of the two states.

Question 8.
What are Civil Rights?
Answer:
Civil rights aim at providing basic conditions for individuals to lead a happy and dignified social life. These rights are considered vital for a civilized society Civil rights are described as the gift of democracy. Democracy flourishes wheh the citizens are provided these rights. Civil rights are those rights which provide opportunity to each person to lead a civilized social life. These fulfil basic needs of human Life in society Right to Life, liberty and equality are civil rights. Civil rights are protected by the state.

Question 9.
What are the objectives of Human Rights?
Answer:
The following are the various objectives of human rights.

1. Provision of independence to the People against discrimination.
2. Freedom from poverty.
3. Freedom for availing the latent abilities of individuals.
4. Freedom from feat
5. Freedom of protection.
6. Freedom from injustice.
7. Freedom of speech and expression.
8. Freedom of protection.
9. Freedom of association.
10. Freedom for carrying one’s activities on dignified lines.
11. Freedom against exploitation.

Question 10.
J.S. Mill.
Answer:
John Stuart Mill was the most prominent political thinker of 19th century He was the most influential intellectual who propagated the Ideas of Liberty, Equality, and Welfare State. He paved the way form the emergence and spread of individualism against the hitherto imperialist and despotic tendencies in European politics of Nineteenth century. He played a decisive role in propounding the theory of Individualism in Western political thought. He tried to disposal the misconception among the masses in regard to the validity and relevance of Benthams’ utilitarianism.

Question 11.
Meaning of Socialism.
Answer:
Hughan regarded socialism as the political movement of the working class which aims to abolish exploitation by means of collective ownership and democratic management of the instruments of production and distribution. Some writers regarded socialism as a democratic movement meant for promoting justice and liberty and for managing the society on efficient principles.

Question 12.
What are the formal organs of power in the state?’
Answer:
These are three formal organs of power in the state.
They are:

• Legislature
• Executive and
• Judiciary.

Legislature prepares, Amends Laws and Repeals old laws. Executive implements the different laws prepared by the legislature and maintains law and order in the state. Judiciary interprets and analyses the prevailing laws and provides justice. The will of the state is formulated, expressed and realised through these formal organs.

Question 13.
What are the views of John Rawl’s on Social Justice?
Answer:
John Rawl’s Admitted that:

• Social Justice implies equal access to the liberties, rights and opportunities to the deprived sections of the society.
• Social Justice is built around the idea of a social contract committed by the people for obeying certain rules.

Question 14.
What is equality of opportunity?
Answer:
The idea of equality refers to the equality of rights and opportunities.

1. Harold Laski, in his book, ‘A Grammar of Politics’, mentioned that Equali4y implies fundamentally a leveling process.
2. According to Barker, equality implies “Equal rights for all the people and abolition of all special rights and privileges’.

Question 15.
What do you know about National Liberty’
Answer:
National Liberty implies the Freedom and Independence of the state. It also denotes the sovereignty of the state. Every state enjoys this liberty and remains free from the political domination of other states. Ex: The Indian masses under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi waged a non-violent struggle to secure National Freedom from the British Rule.

Question 16.
‘Rule of Law in the constitution of India.
Answer:
Rule of law is purely based on the principle of general law. It denotes that law should be general in form. It should be uniformly applicable to all the citizens living in a state. There should not be different types of law for various sections of the community.

Question 17.
What is meant by Nationality’.
Answer:
Nationality is derived from the Latin word Natio”, which means birth It is a spiritual sentiment or feeling of oñeness. This emotional feeling of oneness or unity is caused due to factors like common race, common language, common religion, common territory, common history and culture, common political aspirations, etc. Nationality is not politically organised. There can be no nation without, nationality.

Question 18.
‘De-Jure’ Sovereignty
Answer:
The term ‘De-Jure denotes authority exercised according to law. Dejure sovereign is the power possessed and exercised by a legally competent authority. It issues orders and enjoys command over all persons, institutions and organisations. In the state. The Queen in Britain and the president in India are example of the De-Jure sovereignty.

Question 19.
Mention any four points of significance of Political Science.
Answer:

1. Political Science explains concepts and theories.
2. Political Science enlightens on Rights and Duties.
3. Political Science provides knowledge of the political thinkers.
4. Political Science deals with International Relations.

Question 20.
Master Science.
Answer:
Aristotle used the term ‘Politics’ to designate the science of the state. He called ‘Politics’ a “Master science” as it covered almost all the activities of Individuals in Society that includes Political and Social Institutions.