TS Inter 1st Year Botany Question Paper March 2019

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TS Inter 1st Year Botany Question Paper March 2019

Time: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 60

General Instructions:
Note : Read the following instructions carefully.

1. Answer all questions of Section ‘A’. Answer ANY SIX questions in Section ‘B’ and answer ANY TWO questions in Section ‘C’.
2. In Section ‘A’, questions from Sr. Nos. 1 to 10 are of ‘Very Short Answer Type’. Each question carries TWO marks. Every answer may be limited to 5 lines. Answer all these questions at the one place in the same order.
3. In Section ‘B’, questions from Sr. Nos. 11 to 18 are of ‘Short Answer Type’. Each question carries FOUR marks. Every answer may be limited to 20 lines.
4. In Section ‘C’, questions from Sr. Nos. 19 to 21 are of ‘Long Answer Type’. Each question carries EIGHT marks. Every answer may be limited to 60 lines. ‘
5. Draw labelled diagrams, wherever necessary in Sections ‘B’ and ‘C’.

Section – A (10 × 2 = 20)

Note : Answer all questions. Each answer may be limited to 5 lines.

Question 1.
Which is the largest Botanical Garden in the world ? Name a few well known Botanical Gardens in India.
Answer:
Royal Botanical Garden (RBG) at Kew (England) is the largest Botanical Garden in the world.
Well known Botanical Gardens in India are :
a) Indian Botanical Gardens – Howrah
b) National Botanical Research Institute – Lucknow.

Question 2.
Who proposed five kingdom classification ? How many kingdoms of this classification contain eukaryotes ?
Answer:
R. H Whittaker proposed five kingdom classification. In this classification, four kingdoms (Protista, Fungi, Plant&e and animalia) are eukaryotes.

Question 3.
Which group of plants is called vascular cryptogams ? Name the branch of Botany which deals with them.
Answer:
Pteridophytes are called vascular cryptogams. The branch of Botany which deals with the study of pteridophytes is called peridology.

Question 4.
Name any two plants having single seeded dry fruits.
Answer:

1. Rice
2. Cashew nut
3. Tridax.

Question 5.
Differentiate actinomorphic flower from zygomorphic flower.
Answer:

Actinomorphic flower	Zygomorphic flower
1. A flower that can be cut into two equal halves in any plane.	1. A flower that can be cut into two equal halves in one vertical plane.
2. E.g. : Datura	2. E.g. : Bean (Dolichor)

Question 6.
What is Natural system of plant classification ? Name the scientists who followed it.
Answer:
Plants are classified on the basis of all possible morphological characters is called Natural system of classification. It was followed (proposed) by Bentham and Hooker.

Question 7.
An anther has 200 pollen mother cells. How many pollen grains are produced maximum from them ?
Answer:
Each pollen mother cell on meiosis produce four pollen grains. So 200 pollen mother cells produce 800 pollen grains.

Question 8.
What is the function of polysome ?
Answer:
A polysome is a chain of ribosomes, which are attached to a single strand of mRNA. The ribosome of a polysome translate the mRNA into polypeptides.

Question 9.
Glycine and Alanine are different with respect to one substituent on α (Alpha) carbon. What are those substituent groups ?
Answer:
Hydrogen, carboxyl group, amino group and a variable group designated as R group.

Question 10.
Hydrophytes show reduced Xylem. Why ?
Answer:
In Hydrophytes, all submerged organs are capable of absorbing water. So xylem is reduced in hydrophytes.

Section – B (6 × 4 = 24)

Note : Answer any six questions. Each answer may be limited to 20 lines.

Question 11.
Differentiate between red algae and brown algae.
Answer:

Red algae	Brown algae
1. They belong to class Rhodo- phyceae.	1. They belong to class Phaeophyceae.
2. Most of them are marine and some are fresh water forms.	2. They live in fresh water, brackish and salt water.
3. Cell wall is madeup of cellulose, pectin and polysulphate esters.	3. Cell wall is madeup of Cellulose and algin.
4. The thallus is multicellular.	4. The thallus range from simple branched filamentous forms to profusely branched forms.
5. Flagella are absent.	5. Flagella are 2, unequal and lateral.
6. The major pigments are Chlorophyll-a, d, and r-phy-co-ery thrin.	6. The major pigments are Chlorophyll-a, c, carotenoids and fucoxanthin.
7. Food materials are stored in the form of Floridian starch.	7. Food materials are stored in the form of mannitol and laminarin.
8. Asexual reproduction occurs by non motile spores.	8. Asexual reproduction occurs by biflagellate zoospores.
9. Sexual reproduction is by non-motile gametes.	9. Sexual reproduction is by motile gametes.
10. E.g : Polysiphonia, Porphyra.	10. E.g : Ectocarpus, laminaria.

Question 12.
Give a brief account of dinoflagellates.
Answer:
a) Dinoflagellates are mostly marine and photosynthetic. They appear yellow, green, brown, blue or red depending on the pigment in their cells.
b) The cell wall has stiff cellulose plates on the outer surface.
c) They have two flagella and produce spinning movements. So these protists are also called “Whirling whips”.
d) The nucleus has condensed chromosomes which are without histones, called mesokaryon.
e) Some dinoflagellates like Noctiluca show bioluminescence.
f) Red dinoflagellates like Gonyaulax undergo rapid multiplication and make the sea appear red (Red tides in Medi- terranean sea).
g) Toxins produced by them may kill fishes.

Question 13.
Write briefly about the different types of ovules.
Answer:
Ovules are classified into three types based on the position of Micropyle Chalaza and funicle.
They are :
a) Qrthotropous ovule : The micropyle, chalaza and funicle are on the same vertical line. E.g. : Polygonum.
b) Anatropous ovule : The body of the ovule bends at an angle of 180°, as a result, the micropyle lies close to the funicle. E.g. : Sunflower, Tridax.
c) Campylotropous ovule : The body of the ovule is in the form of Bean or kidney shape. E.g. : Bean.

Question 14.
Describe the essential organs of Solanaceae.
Answer:
Androecium and Gynoecium are the essential organs.
Androecium : Stamens 5, epipetalous, alternating with petals anthers are dithecous, basifixed, Introrse and dehisce longitudinally (Datura) or porous (Solanum).

Gynoecium : Bicarpellary, syncarpous, bilocular, superior ovary with many ovules on swollen axile placentation. Style is terminal and . stigma is capitate. Carpels are arranged obliquly at 45°. (Posterior carpel to the right and anterior carpel to the left).

Question 15.
Describe the structure of nucleus.
Answer:
It is a spherical ball like structure which controls and co-ordinates various life activities of a cell and is considered to be the most important cell organella or cell brain. It was discovered by Robert Brown. It , shows four parts.
They are :

a) Nuclear membrane : The Nucleus is covered by 2 layered envelope which are seperated by perinuclear space. It is lipo-proteinous in nature, acts as a bridge between cytoplasm and Nucleoplasm. It is porous at some places called Nuclear pores.

b) Nucleoplasm: The homogenous, semi solid substance inside the Nuclear membrane is called Nucleoplasm or Karyoplasm. It is composed of Glyco Proteins, Ribonucleo Proteins Hydrolysing enzymes, DNA & RNA polymerases, chromatin material and nucleolus.

c) Chromatin Material : The deeply stained network like material is called chromatin material. It is associated with DNA & Histone proteins. It transforms into thick rod shaped structures called chromosomes during cell division.

d) Nucleus : It is a spherical body found in nucleoplasm. It was discovered by Fontana. It is the seat for the production of Ribosomes.

Functions :

1. It controls and coordinates the function of all cell organelles so called cell brain.
2. It involves in heredity.
3. It plays an important role in reproduction in unicellular organisms.

Question 16.
Explain prophase – I of meiosis.
Answer:
Meiosis I is longer phase and consists of 5 sub phases namely Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene and Diakinesis.

a) Leptotene : The nucleus increases in size by absorbing water from the cytoplasm. The chromatin material organises into a constant number of chromosomes. The chromosomes are long, slender and show bead like structures called chromomeres. The ends of the chromosomes converge towards one side in the nucleus, where the centrosome lies. This arrangement is called Bouquet stage.

b) Zygotene : The chromosomes become shorter and thicker. They approach each other and form pairs. This homologous pair is called bivalent and the process of pairing is called synapsis. It is accompanied by the formation of Synaptonemal complex. The synapsis occurs at proterminal point or procentric or random means.

c) Pachytene : Bivalent chromosomes now clearly appear as tetrads. This stage is characterised by the presence of recombination modules, the sites of which crossing over occurs between the nonsister chromatids of the homologous chromosomes. Crossing – over is the exchange of genetic material between the two homologous chromosomes. It is also an enzyme mediated process by ‘recombinase’ crossing over leads to recombination of genetic material on the two chromosomes.

d) Diplotene : The homologous chromosomes of a bivalent begin to separate from each other except at the sites of cross overs to dissolution of synaptonemal complex. The ‘X’ shaped structures are called chaismata. The chromatids undergo condensation, contraction and thickening.

e) Diakinesis : It is marked by terminalisation of chaismata. In this phase, the chromosomes are fully condensed and the meiotic spindle is assembled to prepare the homologous chromosomes for separation. By the end of this phase, the nuclear membrane breaks down the nucleolus disappears.

Question 17.
State the location and function of different types of meristems.
Answer:
a) Apical meristems : The meristems that are present at the tip of the stem and at the tip of the root are called apical meristems. They help in linear growth of the plant body.

b) Intercalary meristems : The meristems that are present in between mature tissues are known as intercalary meristems. They contribute to the formation of the primary plant body and also involves in intemodal length.

c) Lateral meristems : The meristems that occur in the mature regions of roots and shoots peripherally called lateral meristems. They help in increase in thickness of the plant organs.
e.g : vascular cambium and Cork cambium.

Question 18.
What are hydrophytes ? Briefly discuss the different kinds of hydrophytes with the examples.
Answer:
Hydrophytes are the plants which grow in water or in very wet places. According to their relation to water and air hydrophytes are classified into five categories.

They are :
1. Free floating Hydrophytes: They float freely on the surface of the water and have no contact with soil.
E.g. : Pistia, Eichkomia, Wolffia, Salvinia, Azolla.

2. Rooted hydrophytes with floating leaves : They are attached to the muddy soil by roots. Their leaves have long petioles which keep them floating on the surface of water.
E.g. : Nymphaea, Nelumbo and Victoria regia.

3. Submerged suspended hydrophytes : They are completely submerged and suspended in water, but not rooted in the mud and have no contact with air.
E.g. : Hydrilla, Ceratophyllum and Utricularia, Najas.

4. Submerged rOoted hydrophytes : These plants are completely submerged in water. They are attached to the muddy soil by roots.
E.g. : Vallisneria, Potamogeton etc.

5. Amphibious plants : These live partly in water and partly in air.
E.g. : Sagittaria, Ranunculus, Limnophila.
Some amphibious plants grow around water bodies, with water touching them. They will survive in dry periods also. E.g. : Typha, Cyperus etc.

Section – C (2 × 8 = 16)

Note : Answer any two questions. Each answer may be limited to 60 lines.

Question 19.
Explain different types of racemose inflorescences.
Answer:
Racemose inflorescences are of several types.
They are :
1. Simple Raceme : The peduncle is simple, unbranched producing many pedicellate, bracteate flowers in acropetal manner.
e.g. : Crotalaria.

2. Coymb : The peduncles is long and bears many flowers in acropetal manner, but all the flowers are brought to the same level due to varied lengths of pedicels even though they are bom at different nodes.
e.g. : Cassia, Cauliflower.

3. Umbel : The peduncle grow indefinitely and bears several bracteate and pedicellate flowers which have arisen from the same point. The inflorescence is covered by a whorl of bracts called involucre.
e.g. : Coriander, Carrot.

4. Spike : The peduncle is long and bears many sessile flowers arranged in acropetal manner.
e.g. : Achyranthus, Grass.

5. Spadix : The peduncle is long, fleshy and bears many unisexual flowers. Male flowers are the upper part, Female flowers are at the base of the peduncle with neuter flowers in between them. The inflorescence is covered and protected by an enlarged bract called spathe.
e.g. : Cocos, Colacasia.

6. Head : the peduncle is condensed and bears many unisexual and bisexual flowers arranged centripetally.
e.g. : Tridax, Sunflower.

Question 20.
With neat labelled diagram, describe the parts of mature embryo sac. Mention the role of synergids.
Answer:
Mature angiosperm embryosac shows three parts.
They are :
1) Egg apparatus
2) Antipodals
3) Central cell.

1) Egg Apparatus : Three cells present towards the micropyle of the embryosac together called egg apparatus. Of which, the central largest one is called egg and two lateral cells are called synergids Synergids show finger like projections towards the micropyle called filliform apparatus.

2) Antipodals : Three cells present towards the chalazal end of the ovule are called antipodals. They are also referred to as vegetative cells of the embryosac and disintegrates before or after fertilisation.

3) Central cell : It is the largest cell of the embryosac. It is formed by the fusion of two polar nuclei. It is also called secondary nucleus. It shows central vacuole and 2 haploid polarnuclei.

Role of synergies :

1. The filliform apparatus of the synergids absorbs food materials from the Nu cells and supplies to embryosac.
2. It also secretes some chemicals which direct the growth of the pollen tube towards embryosac.

Question 21.
What are complex tissues ? Describe various types of complex tissues.
Answer:
Tissues which are made up of more than one type of cells and work together as a unit are called complex tissues or conducting tissues or vascular tissues. They are of two types namely :
I) Xylem and
II) Phloem.

I. Xylem : It is a conducting tissue, helps in conduction of water and minerals from roots to stem and leaves. It is composed of four elements naftiely tracheids, vessels, xylem fibres and xylem parenchyma.
a) Tracheids : They are elongated or tube like cells with thick and lignified walls and tapered ends. They are without protoplasm.

b) Vessels : Are long, cylindrical tube like structures with lignified walls and a large central cavity. They are inter connected through perforations in their walls. They are also dead cells.

c) Xylem fibres : They are long with thick walls and narrow lumens, giving mechanical strength.

d) Xylem parenchyma : The cells are living with cellulose cell wall. They store food materials in the form of starch.

II. Phloem : It is also a conducting tissue, helps in conduction of food materials. It is composed of sieve tube elements, sieve vessels, Companion cells, phloem fibres and phloem parenchyma.

a) Sieve tube elements : They are long tube like structures. Their end walls are perforated in a sieve like manner to form sieve plates. A mature sieve tube element shows a large central vacuole with peripheral cytoplasm, but lacks a nucleus.

b) Sieve vessels : They are long elongated cells with tapered ends. The ends walls are perforated through which conduction takes place.

c) Companion cells : They are specialised parenchyma cells which are connected to sieve tubes. They help in maintaining the pressure gradient in the Sieve tubes.

d) Phloem fibres : They are long elongated unbranched cells with pointed apics. Their cell wall is thick, made up of lignin. They helps in giving mechanical strength.

e) Phloem parenchyma : The parenchyma cells are with thin cell walls made up of cellulose. They store food materials and others like resins, latex and mucilage.