AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Question Paper March 2019

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AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Question Paper March 2019 with Solutions

Time: 3 Hours
Max. Marks: 100

Section – A
(3 x 10 = 30)

Note:

• Answer any three of the following questions in 40 lines each.
• Each question carries ten marks.

Question 1.
Explain in brief the salient features of Indian Constitution.
Answer:
Introduction: The Indian constitution was prepared and adopted by the Constituent Assembly which was set up In 1946. The Constituent Assembly took nearly three years (From 9 December, 1946 to 25th November, 1949) to complete the framing of the constitution.

The Constituent Assembly approved the Indian Constitution on 26th November, 1949. The Indian constitution came into force on 26th January, 1950. Which we have been celebrating as ‘The Republic Day’. The following are the salient or basic features of the Indian constitution.
1. Preamble: The Indian constitution begins with a preamble. The preamble clearly defines the objectives of our constitution. It declares India as a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, democratic Republic. It provides liberty, equality, fraternity and justice. It states that the people of India are the chief source of the political authority.

2. A lengthy Written Document: The Constitution of India is the most written, lengthy, and detailed document in world. In 1950, the Indian Constitution had 22 parts, 8 schedules, and 395 articles. After subsequent amendments, it contains 12 schedules and 444 articles for the present.

3. A combination of rigidity and flexibility: The constitution of India is a blend of rigidity and flexibility. Our founding Fathers were programatic enough to provide for rigidity and flexibility as the situation demands. Article 368 provides the details of the amendment procedure.

i) Some of the provisions like admission of New states. (Ex: Telangana), provisions relating to citizenship, salaries, and allowances of the members of the constitutional bodies like President, Vice-President, Supreme Court and High Court judges etc. Can be amended by simple majority. It is said to be flexible.

ii) Some provisions can be amended by a special majority i.e., not less than Two-thirds of the members of the House present and voting. Ex: Fundamental Rights, Directive principles of state policy etc. It is said to be half rigid and half flexible.

iii) Some provisions can be amended by a two-thirds majority of the Parliament and with the concurrence of half of the states. Ex: Election of the President, executive powers of the union and the states, dištribution of legislative powers between the union and the states etc. It is said to be rigid.

4. Quasi-Federal polity: India is a states according to the constitution. Our constitution contains both the features of unitary and Federal governments. It prescribed unitary system in emergencies and Federal system on ordinary occasions. Provisions of unitary state such as Single Citizenship Single Integrated Judiciary, Single Election Commission, Role of All India Services Personnel etc., are found in our constitution. At the same time certain federal features like Written, Rigid constitution, Dual government, Bicameralism, etc., are profoundly seen in our constitution. Thus it is a Quasi-Federal Polity like Canada.

5. Republican government: Unlike the colonial Master, the UK, India preferred a Republican government. Here all public offices right from World member to the top president of India are open to all eligible citizens ànd there is no place for hereditary principle.

6. Parliamentary government: The constitution of India provided Parliamentary government of the British type but with an elected President of Irish Model. Accordingly, the features of Parliamentary government such as two executive heads, Ministerial accountability to the lower house of the legislature, Prime Minister leadership etc., are prevalent in our political system.

7. Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties: Part – III of the constitution, Articles from 12 to 35, provides for a set of basic human rights to all. They are justiciable and ensure basic freedoms.
They are six in number.

1. Right to equality
2. Right to freedom
3. Right against exploitation
4. Right to Religion
5. Cultural and educational right and
6. Right to constitutional remedies.

The 42nd Amendment to the constitution in 1976 incorporated the fundamental duties in Article 51A under part — IVA. Though they are not justiciable. But they put an obligation on the citizens to render certain duties in return for the protection they have been enjoying through fundamental rights. Fundamental duties relate to respecting the constitution, the National Flag and National Anthem, safeguarding public property, etc.

8. Single citizenship: Our Constitution provides for single citizenship for all persons who are born in India and who resided in India for a specific period. It enables the citizens to possess and enjoy identical rights and privileges. It also promotes unity. integrity and fraternity among the people.

9. Universal and Adult Franchise: The makers of the Indian constitution provided for the universal adult Franchise for all citizens without any discrimination based on caste, colour, creed, community, language, religion, region, sex, property etc. At the beginning, adult Franchise was given to all the citizens who attained the age of 21 years. Later voting age was reduced to 18 years through the 61st Constitution, Amendment Act in 1988.

10. Secular state: Our constitution stands for a secular state. It does not uphold any particular religion as the official religion of the Indian state. It ensures complete religious freedom to the people. It abolishes discrimination between individuals on religious grounds in the matters of employment, education and Legislation. It prohibits religious instructions in state-owned or state-aided educational institutions.

11. Independent judiciary: The Judiciary performs its function independently. The legislature or the executive shall not interfere in the working of the Judiciary. The Judiciary carries on its obligations according to the constitutional norms and democratic principles.

12. Directive principles of state policy: Our constitution hinted out certain directive principles as the policy of the state in part IV from Articles from 36 to 51. These principles are drawn from Irish constitution. These principles reflect the welfare state concept. They are the directions to be followed by the various governments. Equal pay for equal work, provision of employment opportunities, fair distribution of wealth, old age pension, protection of ill health, provision of education, protection of women and children etc., are the some examples of these principles. Though these principles are non-justiciable, No responsible government can afford to ignore them.

13. Bi-cameralism: The constitution of India introduced ‘Bi-cameralism at the National level. Accordingly, The Indian Parliament consists of two houses namely the Rajya Sabha (upper house) and the Lok Sabha (lower house). While the Rajya Sabha represents the states, the Lok Sabha represents the people.

14. Panchayati Rai and Nagar PIikas Acts: The Panchayati Raj and Nagar Palikas Acts are recent features of our constitution. The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendmént Acts gave constitutional recognition to the Rural and Urban local governments. Which came into force in 1993 and 1994 respectively had become operative all over the territory of India. The ideals of democratic decentralisation or the grass roof democracy are realised by these acts.

These acts provides for adequate representation for women, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other weaker sections in the policy making bodies of the local governments.

Question 2.
Explain the differences between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy.
Answer:
Fundamental Rights are incorporated in Part – III (Article 12 to 35) of our Constitution. Fúndamental Rights are of great significance. They serve as the best means to safeguard the life, liberty and properly of individuals. They act as the main instrument for releasing the inherent talents and capabilities of the individuals. Fundamental Rights are borrowed from the American Constitution. These are justifiable and can be enforced by the courts.

The Directive Principles of State Policy is a feature of Indian Constitution. They are included in Part -IV from Articles 36 to 51. The principles help to realize the objectives mentioned in the preamble of our Constitution. The mákers of our Constitution drew them from the Irish Constitution. These are directives to different governments and agencies 6f our country. These principles aim at transforming our country into a Welfare State. The rulers have to respect them. They cannot be enforced through any Court of Law. The governments have to implement them subject to availability of funds. They explain the responsibilitie of the State towards the people.

Differences between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of state policy:

Fundamental Rights	Directive Principles of state
1) The concept was borrowed from the American Constitution.	1) The concept was borrowed from the Irish Constitution.
2) These are enumerated in Part -III of the Constitution covering articles from 12 to 35.	2) These are enumerated in Part -IV of the Constitution covering articles from 36 to 51.
3) These are negative in character in the sense that they prohibit the Government from doing certain things.	3) These are positive in character in the sense that they direct the government to work for the attainment of certain objects.
4) These aim at establishing political democracy in the country.	4) These aim at establishing social and economic democracy in the country.
5) These have constitutional sanction and so their implementation needs no legislation.	5) These have no constitutional sanction and so their implementation needs legislation.
6) These are justicable and can be enforced by the courts.	6) These are non – justiciable and cannot be enforced by the courts.
7) A law violating a Fundamental Right can be declared by the court as unconstitutional.	7) A law violating a Directive Principle cannot be declared by the court as unconstitutional.
8) These are personal and individualistic in nature.	8) These are societarian and socialistic in nature.
9) These promote the welfare of the individual.	9) These promote the welfare of the society.
10) These have been laid down in clear legal language.	10) These are stated in general terms.

Question 3.
Write briefly the emergency powers of the President of India.
Answer:
Articles 352 to 360 of part XVIII of Indian constitution deals with three types of emergency powers of the Indian President.

They are:

1. National Emergency,
2. Constitutional Emergency,
3. Financial Emergency.

They may be explained as follows.
1. National Emergency: (Article 352):
The President exercises this power during the period of war, external aggression or armed rebellion. He declares emergency if he is satisfied that the sovereignty and security of India or any part thereof is threatened by external aggression. When National Emergency is in force, the federal, provisions of our constitution ceases to operate. So far, National Emergency was proclaimed on four occasions in our country.

They are:

1. Chinese Aggression (1962),
2. Indo – Pak war (1965),
3. Indo-Pak war in the context of Bangladesh Liberation Movement (1971),
4. Opposition’s call for blocking Parliament (1975).

2. Constitutional Emergency: (Article 356)
Article 356 of Indian constitution empowers the President to proclaim the constitutional emergency. If the President, on receipt of a report from the Governor or otherwise, is satisfied that a situation has arisen- in which the government of a state cannot be carried on according to the constitutional provisions. He is empowered to proclaim this emergency. It is also called as the President’s Rule. So far this type of emergency was proclaimed for over 100 times.

3. Financial Emergency: (Article 360) If the President is satisfied that a situation has arisen where by the financial stability or credit of India is threatened, then he may proclaim financial emergency in the country. During the period of financial emergency, the President enjoys the following powers.

• The President may reserve all the money bills or other financial bills of the state after they are approved by the state legislature.
• He may reduce the salaries and allowances of all or any person serving in the states.
• The President can reduce the salaries allowances of the persons working at the union level including the judges of the Supreme Court and the State High Courts. But so far the financial emergency has not been yet imposed in the country.

Question 4.
Explain the role of Financial Committees in Parliament.
Answer:
The Financial committees of Parliament endeavour of undertake the task of detailed scrutiny of governmental spending and performance, there by securing the accountability of the administration to the Parliament in financial matters.
There are three financial committees in Indian Parliament.
They are:

1. Public Accounts committee
2. Estimates committee and
3. Committee on Public Undertakings

1. Public Accounts Committee: Public Accounts Committee was set up on 1921. It consists of 22 members. Out of them, 15 members belong to the Lok Sabha and 7 members to the Rajya Sabha. Their term of office is one year. They are elected by means of proportional representation and single transferable vote. The speaker nominates one of the members as the chairman of the committee. it became a convention to appoint one of the members of the opposition in the Lok Sabha as its chairman since 1967-68.

The Committee performs the following functions:

1. The Committee examines the annual audit reports of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India.
2. It examines Public Expenditure not only from legal and formal point of view to discover technical irregularities but also from the point of view of economy prudence, wisdom and property.
3. It brings out the appropriation accounts and the finance accounts of the Union Government and any other accounts laid before the Lok Sabha.
4. It examines whether the public funds are disbursed properly.
5. It examines the accounts of Autonomous and Semi-Autonomous bodies, the audit of which is conducted by the CAG.
6. It investigates the money spent on any service during the financial year in the excess of the amount granted by the Lok Sabha for that purpose.

The Comptroller and Auditor General renders assistance to this committee. The members of this committee carry out a country-wide tour and meet the concerned officers non-officials, people and receive petitions from them and it submits a final report to the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.

2. Estimates Committee: The origin of this committee can be traced to the Standing Financial Committee setup in 1921. The Estimates Committee was at first constituted in April 1950 in free India. It consists of 30 members of the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha has no representation in this Committee. These members are elected by the Lok Sabha every year from among its own members according to the principle of proportional representation by means of single transferrable vote. The members hold their office for a year. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha appoints the Chairman of the Committee. If the Duty Speaker is a member of this Committee, the Speaker appoints him as the Chairman of the Committee. One-third of the total members belong to newly elected members.

The Chairman of the Committee will be appointed invariably from the ruling party. Mr. M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar acted the first chairman of this committee in the first Lok Sabha. The members of this committee may visit different projects and hold discussions with the officers, non-officials, business groups and receive suggestions from them. The committee functions on permanent basis.

The committee performs the following four important functions:

1. It offers suggestions in regard to the economy in expenditure, improvement in organization and efficiency of the Union Government.
2. It examines as to whether the public funds are disbursed as per the estimates.
3. It also examines the matters assigned to it by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
4. It examines whether the money is well laid out within the limits of the policy implied in the estimates. Hence, it has been described as a ‘continuous economy committee.

3. Committee on Public Undertakings: The Committee on Public Undertakings was created in 1964 on the recommendations of the Krishan Menen Committee. It consists of 22 members out of which 15 are from Lok Sabha and 7. from Rajya Sabha. The members of the committee are elected by the Parliament every year from amongst its own members according to the principle of proportional representation by means of single transferable vote.

The purpose of the committee is to lighten the burden of Public Accounts Committee. The Chairman of the committee is appointed by the speaker from amongst its members who are drawn from the Lok Sabha only. The members of Rajya Sabha are not be appointed as a Chairman of the committee.

The functions of the committee are:

1. To examine the reports and accounts of Public Undertakings.
2. To examine the reports of the Comptroller and Audit of General on undertakings.
3. To examine whether the affairs of the public undertakings are being managed in accordance with sound business principles and practices.
4. To exercise such other functions vested in the Public Accounts Committee and the Estimates Committee.

Question 5.
Estimate the powers and functions of the District Collector.
Answer:
Power and Functions of District Collector: The District Collector enjoys vast power and performs several functions as the head of the district administration. These may be explained as follows :
A) The Collector as District Revenue Officer: The Collector is the Chief District Revenue Officer. He, in that capacity, serves as the chief guide to the farmers in the district by fulfilling several obligations. His revenue functions include various activities such age collection of land revenue, sanction of agricultural loans to farmers, rescuing the farmers in times of natural calamities by assessing the loss incurred by them, rendering assistance to the union and state authorities in emergency relief measures, etc.

B) The Collector as District Magistrate: The Collector acts as the District Magistrate. He will have supervision over the activities of the district police personnel. He sees that law and order conditions in the district are normal. For this purpose he will be assisted by a large number of police personnel. The district superintendent of police and other police officers owe responsibility to the Collector in matters such as supervision over police personnel prisons etc. The Collector can inspect the police stations in the district. He is empowered to issue prohibitory orders on the occasion of breakdown of law and order. He can issue firing orders when all peaceful efforts failed in the restoration of normal.

C) The Collector as Chief Coordinator: The District Collector acts as the chief co-ordinator of various government departments in the district. He acts as the chief counsel and co-ordinator of the departments such as agriculture, irrigation, cooperation and labour affairs. The heads of these departments shall oblige and implement the suggestions and guidelines of the collector in the district. Even though these heads formulate their policies independently, they are answerable to the District Collector in their discharge of their obligations.

D) The Collector as District Electoral Officer: The Collector acts the chief district electoral officer. He serves as the main agent of the Election Commission of India for conducting elections to the various representative bodies in the district. He takes steps for conducting the elections in fair and impartial manner. These include preparation of electoral list and its modification, hearing public grievances on voters list, registration of new voters, appointing returning officers assistant returning officers etc.

E) The Collector as the Chief Census Officer: The Collector acts as the chief census officer in the district. He on behalf of the union and state governments, takes steps for holding census operations in the district for every ten years. He a1o sees that the statistical data regarding the number of much cattle, trees and domesticated animals in the district is collected properly. He also compiles such of the information as required by the higher authorities in regard to the construction of houses for the poor, family welfare, women empowerment, rural infrastructure etc.

F) The Collector as Permanènt Invitee of Local Bodies: The District Collector is a permanent invitee to the meetings of Panchayat Raj and urban local bodies in the district. He acts as a main link between the union and state governments and district local bodies on various matters. He participates in the normal/emergency meetings of Zilla Parishad and mandal parishads in the district. He sends confidential reports to the state government on the nature of functioning of these bodies. He conducts the meeting meant for considering the no-confidence motion against the Zila Parishad chairman.

Other Functions: This District Collector also performs the following functions.

1. Matters concerning the welfare of Ex-servicemen.
2. Provision of irrigation facilities.
3. Supervision over sub treasuries.
4. Co-ordinating the activities of various government departments.
5. Supervising the training programmes for Junior Officers.

Role of District Collector in Local Government: The District Collector plays a crucial role in the affairs of local governments in the district. He serves as the friend, philosopher and guide to the common men living in the district. He also serves as a link between people and local bodies in the district. Normally the common men seek guidance and solace from the Collector in times of natural calamities and other unforeseen contengencies.

The Collector makes recommendations to the state government in regard to the working of the local bodies in the district. His valuable remarks are required for constituting new gram panchayats and mandal parishads in the district. The entire administrative, revenue, police, health, educational and agricultural personnel working in rural areas depend to a great extent upon the advice and suggestions forwarded by the Collector on may occasions. He sees that the farmers in the district receive sufficient agricultural inputs such as fertilizers, water, rural credit, marketing facilities etc. He supervises the activities of village extension officers and sees that the farmers receive various types of assistance for carrying on their agricultural operations smoothly.

He also sees that all persons below poverty line will receive, ration and pension facilities. The fact that the Collector heads more than one hundred committees at the district level demonstrates his role in district affairs.
He, like the Chief Minister at the state level, will have tremendous influence and powers in the district. Many programmes of union and state governments like National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS), Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY), Aam Admi Bima Yojana (AABY), Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP). Prime Ministers Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP).

The union and state governments, rely on the District Collector in tackling the financial, political and cultural matters of the people living in local areas, They nominate the District Collector as the chairman, co-ordinator or secretary of the above programmes at the district level. People regard the Collector as a repository of authority functioning independently with dedicated spirit. Even though some states like Gujarath and Maharashtra relieved the Collector from the perspective.

Section – B
(8 × 5 = 40)

Note:

• Answer any eight of the following questions in 20 lines each.
• Each question comes five marks.

Question 6.
Write a note on the sources of Indian Constitution.
Answer:
The constitution of India was formulated on the basis of various experiences. Almost all the noble features of the world constitutions have been incorporated in it. Similarly the peculiar political, social and cultural conditions present in India have been taken into account at the time of drafting the constitution. The makers of Indian constitution ignored those conditions prevalent in other countries which are contrary to the socio-economic and political background of India. On the whole the following sources figure prominently in making the Indian constitution.

1.Many provisions of Indian constitution have been drawn on the basis of West Minister Model (british). These include parliamentary traditions, rule of law, cabinet government, legislative-executive relations, single citizenship, nominal executive head etc.

2. Some provisions like fundamental rights, judicial review, federal system, presidents election, impeachirg the president etc., have been taken from the American constitution.

3. Items relating to Directive Principles of State Policy have been drawn from the constitution of Ireland.

4. The emergency powers of the President have been taken basing on the German constitution.

5. Matters such as Concurrent List, Business, Commerce, Inter-State trade, Special privileges of legislators etc., have been added on the model of Australia.

6. The Union-State relations mentioned in Indian constitution have been designed basing on the Canadian constitution.

7. Matters of constitutional amendment procedure were drawn from South African constitution.

8. The idea of republic and the ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity have been taken from the constitution of France.

9. Most of provisions of Indian constitution were drawn from the Government of India Act, 1935.

Question 7.
Explain any three fundamental rights of a citizen.
Answer:
1. Right to freedom of Religion: This right denotes the secular nature of Indian political system. It aims at transforming India into a secular state. Both the citizens and aliens of India enjoy this right. Article 25 empowers every persons to profess, practice and propagate a religion of this liking. Article 26 guarantees the following rights to every person.

• To establish and maintain religious and charitable institutions.
• To mange his their religious affairs.
• To own and acquire moveable and immovable properties and
• To maintain such properties in accordance with the provision of the law.

Article 27 prohibits the state to impose or collect taxes from individuals purely on religious grounds. It also prohibits the state to impose and collect taxes for the benefit and maintenance of any particular religion or religious denominations. Article 28 bans religious instructions in educational institutions wholly or partly maintained by the state funds.

2. Educational and Cultural Rights: Indian constitution provided several cultural and educational opportunities for Indian
citizens through this right. Article 29 enables every citizen to preserve and protect his own language and culture irrespective of one’s religion, language or region.

Article 30 prohibits special treatment to any citizen in the mission into educational institutions either wholly or partly funded by the state on the grounds of caste, religion, region, colour, language or sect. However, it allowed the minorities some special facilities for preserving and promoting their language and culture. The state can grant financial assistance to them in this regard.

3. Right to Constitutional Remedies: This right enables the individuals to approach a high court under Article 226 or the supreme court under Article 32 to get any of the fundamental rights restored in case of their violation. The Supreme court and the state High courts issue various writs for the implementation of Fundamental Rights. Dr. Ambedkar described this right as the Heart and Soul of the constitution.

Question 8.
Explain the advisory jurisdiction of Supreme Court.
Answer:
Under Article 143, the Supreme Court has advisory jurisdiction. Accordingly, the supreme Court offers its advice to the President on those matters of legal or public or constitutional importance, when the President seeks such advice. It also reports its opinion over the disputes referred to it by the President, arising out of any treaty, agreement which was made or executed before the commencement of the Constitution. So far the Supreme Court rendered its advice to the President on eight occasions.

The president, in the recent past, sought the advice of the Supreme Court on the ‘Ayodhya Lssue’. These are excluded by Article 131. However, the Supreme Court is not bound to render advice on such matters and the president is not bound to accept such an advice.

One may immediately question about the utility of the advisory powers of the Supreme Court. The utility is twofold. In the first place, it allows the government to seek legal opinion on a matter of importance before taking action on it. This may prevent unnecessary litigations later. Secondly, in the light of the advice of the Supreme Court, the government can make suitable changes in its actions or legislations.

Question 9.
Explain any three powers and functions of Chief Minister.
Answer:
The following are the three important powers and functions of the Chief Minister.
i) Formation of the Ministiy: The first and foremost responsibility of the Chief Minister is the formation of Ministry of his choice. The CM has a free hand in the selection and appointment of Ministers. He chooses some members of his party (or coalition partners in the case of a coalition) and recommends their names to the Governor to be appointed as Ministers. He advises the Governor to allocate portfolios among the Ministers.

ii) Leader of the State Council of Ministers: The Chief Minister is the head of the Council of Ministers. As such he occupies a position of exceptional authority. He is the Chairman of the State Council of Ministers. The Chief Minister decides the time, venue, and the agenda of Cabinet meetings. The CM presides over such meetings, discussions are carried under his direction. He guides, directs, controls and co-ordinates the activities of the Ministers.

iii) Link between the Governor and the State Council of Ministers: The Chief Minister is the principal channel of communication between the Governor and the State Council of Ministers. As part of his Constitutional duty, he communicates all the administrative decisions and legislative proposals of the State Council of Ministers to the Governor. it is his responsibility to furnish any information related to the actives of the Ministers as the Governor may call for. No minister shall meet the Governor without the consent of the Chief Minister.

Question 10.
Write a note on the legislative assembly.
Answer:
Legislative Assembly is the Lower House of the State Legislature. The Members of Legislative Assembly are called M.LAs. According to Article 170 of the Indian Constitution, it consists of not more than 500 members and not less than 60 members. It means that it’s strength depends on the population and size of the state. But small states have been allowed to have less number of members. Thus Goa and Mizoram have only 40 members, while Sikkim has 32 Members.

Composition of the Legislative Assembly: The Legislative Assembly is the popular and powerful chamber of the State Legislature. It is the lower house and resembles more or less the Lok Sabha at the Centre. It consists of representatives directly elected by the people of the State on the basis of universal adult franchise. Those who become members of. State Legislative Assembly must be citizens of India and must be above 25 years of age.

Term of office: The normal term of Assembly is 5 years. It may be dissolved earlier by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Parliament may extend it’s term by one year, when National Emergency is in force.

Presiding officers: The Presiding Officer of Assembly is known as Speaker. He is elected by the members of the Assembly. The Assembly also elects a Deputy Speaker to conduct the business of the House in the absence of the speaker.

Question 11.
Explain the administrative functions of the High Court.
Answer:
The High Court exercises certain administrative functions within its territorial jurisdictions.

1. Under Article 227, every High Court has the power of supervision over all Courts and Tribunals functioning in its territorial jurisdiction except Military Courts or Tribunals in the State.
2. It ensures the proper working of these courts. It exercises the power to make and issue general rules and regulations for securing the efficient working of the court.
3. The High Court can transfer any case from one court to another court under Article 228 and can even transfer the quse itself and decide the same.
4. The High Court has the power to investigate or enquire into the records or other connected documents of any court subordinate to it.
5. It appoints its administrative staff and determines the salaries and allowances and other conditions of the personnel working in subordinate courts.
6. It is empowered to withdraw any case involving the interpretation of the Constitution and dispose of the case itself.
7. The High Court is the Highest Court of Justice in the State. All other Courts and Tribunals (except Military Courts and Tribunals) in State function under the direct supervision and control of the State High Court.

Question 12.
Explain the composition, powers and functions of the Finance Commission.
Answer:
Composition: Article 280 of the Indian Constitution deals with the composition, powers and functions of the Finance Commission The President of India constitutes a Finance Commission, a quasi-judicial body with Chairman and four members. The Chauan well as the members is appointed by the President for a period of fives years. They are eligible for reappointment. The constitution at authorities the Parliament to decide the qualifications of the members and Chairman of the Commission. Accordingly, the Parliament has specified the qualifications of the Chairman and other members of the Commission.

The Commission makes recommendations to the President on the distribution of financial resources between the Union and States. The Chairman should be a person having experience in the field of public affairs of the Union or the States. The other four members of the Finance Commission should be appointed from amongst the following fields.

• A high Court judge or one qualified to be appointed as such.
• person having special knowledge of the finances and accounts of the government.
• A person having wide experience in financial matters and administration.
• A person having special knowledge of Economics.

Powers and Functions: The Finance Commission reviews the financial relations between the Centre and States from time to time and makes recommendations to the President of India in the following matters:

• It makes recommendations as to what proportion of the central taxes is to be distributed among the State.
• To determine the principles that should govern the grants-in-aid of the revenues of the State out of the Consolidated fund of India.
• It also makes recommendations regarding the continuance or modifications of agreements entered into by the Union Government with any state.
• It makes suggestions on any other matter referred to the Commission by the President in the interest of financial stability.
• The functions of Finance Commission have been enlarged by 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments, which makes it the duty of the Commission to suggest measures needed to augment the Consolidated Fund of a State to supplement the resources of the Panchayat and Municipalities in the States.
• It also holds discussions with the higher officials and prominent leaders on administrative and political affairs, and invites suggestions from the heads of various financial institutions in the country for sound financial stability.

The Finance Commission submits its report tothe President of India, which is generally accepted by the Central Government. The President may or may not accept all or few of the recommendations of the Commission. These recommendations are applicable for a period of five years.

Question 13.
Evaluate the recommendations of the Sarkaria Commission.
Answer:
The Union Government appointed a three-member Commission on Centre-State relations under the Chairmanship of R.S.Sarkaria, a retired judge of the Supreme Court. B.Sivaraman, S.R.Sen, and Rama Subrahmaniam were appointed as other members. The Commission was asked to overhaul and review the working of existing arrangements between the Union and States in all spheres as and recommend such changes and measures as may be appropriate. It was initially given one year time to complete its work, but its term was extended four times.

The final report was submitted on October, 27, 1987 and the summary was later officially released in January, 1988. The Sarkaria Commission made 247 recommendations to improve the center-state relations. The important recommendations are mentioned below:

1. A permanent Inter-State Council called the Inter-Governmental Council should be set up under Article 263.
2. Article 356 (President’s Rule) should be used very sparingly in extreme cases as a last resort when all the available alternatives fail.
3. The institution of All India Services should be further strengthened and some more such services should be created.
4. The residuary powers of taxation should continue to remain with the Parliament, while the other residuary powers should be placed in the Concurrent list.
5. When the President withholds his assent to the State bills, the reasons should be communicated the State Government.
6. The National Development Council (NDC) should be renamed and reconstituted as the National Economic and Development Council (NEDC).
7. The zonal councils should be constituted afresh and reactivated to promote the spirit of federalism.
8. The Union should have powers to deploy its armed forces, even without the consent of States. However, it is desirable that the States should be consulted.
9. The Centre should consult the States before making a law on a subject of the Concurrent List.
10. The procedure of consulting the Chief Minister in the appointment of the State Governor should be prescribed in the Constitutional itself.
11. The net proceeds of the Corporation tax may be made permissibly shareable with the States.
12. The Governor cannot dismiss the Council of Ministers so long as it commands a majority in the assembly.
13. The Governor’s term of five years in a State should not be disturbed except for some extremely compelling reasons.
14. No commission of enquiry should be set up against a State Minister unless a demand is made by the Parliament.
15. The surcharge on income tax should not be levied by the Centre except for a specific purpose and or a strictly limited period.
16. The present division of functions between the Finance Commission and the Planning Commission is reasonable and should continue.
17. Steps should be taken to uniformly implement the three-language formula in its true spirit.
18. No autonomy for radio and television but decentralization in their operations.
19. No change in the role of Rajya Sabha and the Centre’s power to reorganize the States.
20. Giving powers to the Municipalities to issue tax-free bonds.

The Union Government has implemented 180 (out of 247) recommendations of the Sarkaria Commission. The most important is the establishment of the Inter-State Council in 1990 but it has not served the purpose.

Question 14.
Discuss the election process in India.
Answer:
The electoral process in India is operationalized in several stages which can be explained as under.
1. Delimitation of Constituencies: The first step of conducting the elections can be described as the delimitation of constituencies which is done by a Delimitation Commission appointed after every census by the President. This happens for every 10 years. Generally, a constituency which elects a member of the Lok Sabha consists of six or seven State Legislative Assembly Constituencies. The decisions of the Delimitation commission are final and cannot be challenged in any court.

2. Recognition of Political Parties: Political parties have to be registered with the Election Commission. According to certain criteria, set by the Election Commission regarding the length of political activity and success in elections, parties are categorized by the Commission as National or State parties, or simply declared registered-unrecognized parties. National parties are given a symbol that is for their use only, throughout the country. Slate parties have the sole use of a symbol in the state in which they are recognized as such registered-unrecognized parties can choose a symbol from a selection of free’ symbols.

3. Photo Identity Cards: In an attempt to improve the accuracy of the electoral roll and prevent electoral fraud, the Election Commission ordered the making of photo identity cards for all voters in the country in Aug, 1993. To take advantage of latest technological innovations, the Commission issued revised guidelines for Election Photo Identity Card (EPIC) Program in May 2000.

4. Electoral Rolls: An important step in the conduct of elections is to get prepared constituency-wise electoral rolls which record the names of the eligible voters. The electoral rolls are revised after each census, before every election or after regular intervals.

5. Notification and Appointment of Returning Officers: When general elections are to be held, the President of India sends a communication to the Election Commission, and the latter, after consulting Central and State Governments, announces the poil calendar, i.e., the dates for, filing the nomination papers, scrutiny of nomination papers and withdrawal of nominations by the candidates. The Election Commission then appoints Returning Officers for various constituencies. The Regional Election Commissioners help the Election Commission in the smooth conduct of elections.

6. Filing of Nomination Papers: The candidates who wish to contest in the elections have to file their nomination papers with the Returning Officer in their respective constituencies. Such candidates must submit their nominations in a given formats prescribed by the Election Commission. If the contestant is a party candidate, the name has to be proposed by a voter and seconded by another voter. In the case of non-party contestant, the candidate has to be subscribed by 10 registered electors of the constituency as proposers.

7. Scrutiny of Nominations: After the last date for the filing of the nominations, all the nomination papers are duly scrutinized by the Returning Officers in the presence of the candidates or his nominee. The scrutiny is conducted for determining whether the nomination papers have been filed properly, the candidates possess the required qualifications, and they have complied with all rules and regulations. Later, the Returning Officer decides all cases and notifies the names of those candidates whose nomination papers are found in order.

8. Withdraw of Nominations: After scrutiny, the candidates are allowed to voluntarily withdraw their nominations within a fixed date and time as fixed by the Election Commission. For this purpose a candidate has to apply in writing to the Returning Officers.

9. Election Campaign: The next stage in the electoral process involves the election campaign. The contestants and parties get engaged in the election campaign. Each party issues an Election manifesto which states its policies, programmes and promises.

10. Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs): An electronic voting machine is a simple electronic device used to record votes in place of ballot papers and boxes which were used earlier in conventional voting system. The advantages of the EVM over the traditional ballot paper system are given here.

• It eliminates the possibility of invalid and doubtful votes.
• It makes the process of counting of votes much faster than the conventional system.
• It reduces to a great extent the quantity of paper used, thus saving a large number of trees.
• It reduces cost printing as only, one sheet of ballot papers required for each polling station.

11. Polling of Votes: Polling personnel are appointed and polling booths are set up in different localities. Each polling booth, on an average caters to about a more than thousand voters. The voting is a secret one.

12. Supervising Elections by Observers: The Election Commission appoints a large number of Election Observers to ensure that the campaign is conducted fairly, and that people are free to vote as they choose. Election Observers keep a check on the amount that each candidate and party spends on the election.

13. Media Coverage: In order to bring as much transparency as possible to the electoral process, the media are encouraged and provided with facilities to cover the election.

14. Counting of votes and Declaration of Results: After the process of polling of votes, on a fixed day and time, the Returning Officer and his staff members open the voting machines in the presence of the agents. Then each candidate verifies his votes polled recorded in the EVM.

A candidate who gets more valid votes than the other contesting candidate in every constituency is declared elected. These results declared on the basis of relative majority of vote victory system. The Returning Officer makes an announcement of the results in this regard.

15. Election Petitions: Any elector or candidate can file an election petition if he or she thinks there has been malpractice during the election. An election petition is not an ordinary civil suit, but treated as a contest in which the whole constituency is involved. Election petitions are tried by the High Court of the state concerned and if upheld can even lead to the restaging of the election in that constituency.

Question 15.
Write briefly the characteristics of Indian Party System.
Answer:
Political parties are essential for the success of Democracy. They acts as agencies of public opinion and link between the government and the people. Modern democracy is unthinkable in the absence of political parties.

Characteristics (or) Features of India party system: The Indian party system has the following characteristics (or) features.
1. Multi-Party System: The continental size of the country, the diversified character of Indian Society, the adoption of universal adult franchise, the peculiar type of political process and other factors have given rise to a large number of political parties. In fact, India has the largest number of political parties in the world. At present there are 6 National parties, 64 State Parties and 1737 registered- unrecognized parties in the country. Further, India has all categories of parties leftist parties, centrist parties, rightist parties, communal parties, non-communal parties and so on. Consequently, the hung Parliament, hung Assemblies and coalition governments have become a common phenomena ni Indian Political System.

2. One-Party Dominance System: Inspite of the multi-party system, the political scence in India was dominated for a long period by the Congress party. Hence, Rajani Kothari, an eminent political scientist, preferred to call the Indian Party System as One Party Dominance System’ or the ‘Congress System’.

3. Lack of Clear Ideology: Except the BJP CPI and CPM, all other parties do not have a clear-out ideology. They are ideologically close to each other. They have close resemblance in their policies and programmes. Almost every party advocates democracy, secularism, socialism and Gandhian. More than this, every party has only one consideration i.e., power capture.

4. Personality Cult: Quite often the parties are organized around an eminent leader who becomes more important than the party and its ideology. Parties are known by their leaders rather than by their manifesto. It is a fact that the popularity of the Congress was mainly due to the leadership of Nehru, Indira Gandhi, and Rajiv Gandhi.

Similarly, the AIADMK in Tamil Nadu and TDP in Andhra Pradesh got identified with M.G. Ramachandran and N.T. Rama Rao respectively. In Tamil Nadu, after M.G. Ramachandran, Jayalalitha became the icon of the party for this culture. Hence, it is said that “there are political personalities rather than political parties in India”.

5. Traditional Factors: A large number of parties in India are formed on the basis of religion, caste, language, culture, race and so on. For example, Shiv Sena, Muslim League, Hindu Maha Sabha, Akali Dal, Bahujan Samajwadi Party, Gorkha League etc., work for the promotion of communal and sectional interests and thereby under mine the general public interest.

6. Emergence of Regional Parties: Another significant feature of the Indian Party System is the emergence of a large number of regional parties and their growing role. They have become the ruling parties in various states like BJP in Orissa, DMK and AIADMK in Tamil Nadu, Akali Dal in Punjab, AGP in Assom, National Conference in J & K, JD(U) in Bihar and so on. These regional parties have come to play a significant role in the national politics due to coalition governments at the Centre. In 1984 elections, the TDP emerged as the largest opposition party in the [ok Sabba and played a decisive role in national politics. In one context, i.e., during the NDA Government when Vajpayee was the Prime Minister at the Centre, Nara Chandra Babu Naidu played a ‘King Make? role at the center.

7. Factions and Defections: Factionalism, defections, splits, mergers, fragmentation, polarization so, etc., have been important aspects of the functioning of political parties in India. These factors led to the disintegration of the parties. Thus there are two Janata Dals, two Communist parties, two Congresses and so on.

8. Lack of Effective opposition: In the last 63 years, an effective strong, organized and a viable national opposition could never emerge except in flashes. The Opposition parties have no unity and very offen adopt mutually conflicting positions with respect to the ruling party.

Question 16.
Describe the formation of Andhra State.
Answer:
During the Vandhemataram movement, the senior congressmen of Andhra Region, Sri Bhoga Raju Pattabhi Seetha Ramaiah, Mutnuri Krishna Rao, Konda Venkatappaiah, and Tanguturi Prakasam Met at Machilipatnam and discussed about formation of an Integrated Andhra state by uniting the regions of Andhra, Rayalaseema and Telangana.

In the Madras State, There are 58% of Telugu areas and 40% of Telugu people were remained backward. This created The feeling of separate state of Andhra among them strongly. In 1912 the joint session of Godavari, Krishna and Guntur was held at Nidadavole under the chairmanship of Sri Vemavarapu Ramadas and passed a Resolution for formation of separate Andhra State.
1. The First Andhra Mahasabha, Bapatla 1913: In 1913 at Bapatla of Guntur district, the First Andhra Mahasabha was held which was presided by Sri B.N.Sarma. It was attended by 800 delegates and 2000 Audience.

2. The Second Andhra Mahasabha, Vijayawada 1914: On 11th April of 1914 the second Andhra Mahasabha was held at Vijayawada which was presided by Sri ‘Nyapathi Subba Rao, Sri Ayyadevara Kaleswara Rao of Vijayawada was its Convener. It was attended by 1600 delegates.

3. The Third Andhra Mahasabha, Visakhapatnam 1915: In 1915, May the third Andhra Mahasabha was held at Visakhapatnam, under the chairmanship of Sri Panagallu Raja Rama Rayanim. It pass two resolutions.

• Formation of separate Anihra State is inevitable
• Teaching in mother tongue upto secondary school level

The Nagpur congress session in 1920 has declared officially by accepting the doctrine of linguistic states. It has Recognised 21 languages on that basis the separate Pradesh congress was launched. Article 52 of Indian Council Act of 1919 which was made on the Report of Montague – Chelmsford stated that the government may accept the proposal of separate Andhra State if such resolution is passed by majority in the state legislature.

In 1926, the Aridhra University was established with a view to provide higher education to Andhra people due to sincere efforts by the education minister, Sri Anem Parasuram Pathro.

In 1932, under the chairmanship of Sri Kadapa Kotireddy, The separate Andhra Mahasabha was held at Madras. Sri Kasinadhuni Nageswara Rao Pantulu and Prominent leaders of Andhra and Rayalaseema were participated.

4) Sri Bagh Pact: On 14th November, 1937 at Madras in the residence of Sri Kasinadhuni Nageswara Rao panthulu namely “Sri Bagh’’ the meeting of leaders of Andhra and Rayalaseema was held. Leaders from Andhra region were Dr. Bhoga Raju, Pattabhi Seetha Ramaiah, Konda Venlatappaiah, Mahboob Alibegh, Desi Raju Hanumantha Rao, Mullapudi Pallam Raju and Kasinadhuni Nageswara Rao Pantulu.

Leaders from Rayalaseema were Sri Kadapa Kotireddy, Seetha Rami Reddy, Subbu Rami Reddy, T.N.Rama Krishna Reddy, Pappun Ramachari and Varadachari. On 30th march, 1938 Konda Venkatappaiah introduced a Resolution in Madras Assembly and it was seconded by Kadapa Koti Reddy. The then chief minister addressed the house on resolution. Later it was passed by the house unanimously.

• In 1938 The Andhra Mahasabha was held which was presided by Dr. SarvepalLi Radha Krishna and discussed about capital.
• The First Andhra Mahasabha, I3apatla 1913
• The Second Andhra Mahasabha, Vijayawada 1914
• The Third Andhra Mahasabha, Visakhapatnam, 1915 Sri Bagh Pact
• Events that led to the formation of Andhra State.
• J.V.R Report
• Hunger Strike of Swami Seetharam
• Hunger Strike fast unto death of Potti Sreeramulu
• Waanchu Committee 1953

5. J.V.R Report: The Jaipur congress session appointed three men committee which consists of Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhaipatel and Pattabhi Seetha Ramaiah, Popularly Known as JVP Committee to reconsider the Separate state demand. The committee submitted report in 1949 April Stating that the separate state can be formed upon a condition that the Andhra people has to set a side the desire of Madras city.

6. Hunger Strike of Swami Seetha Ram: With a view to get easy and speedy formation of separate Andhra State by over coming of all hurdles Sri Swami Seetha Ram (Sri Gollapudi Seetha Ram Sasthri) Started hunger strike on 15th August, 1952 at Guntur Town hail it was continued for 36 days.

7. Hunger Strike Fast unto death of Potti Sreeramulu: For the Separate statehood of Andhra Potti Sreeramulu has started fast unto death on 19th October, 1952 at the Residence of Maharshi Bulusu Sambamurthy and it was later named as ‘Yagnasala”.

Under these circumstances on 9th December 1952 the union government announced that the government would consider the issue of Separate Andhra state if the Andhra people will agree for separate Andhra apärt from Madras By that time Fast unto death of Potti Sreeramulu has gone to 52 day 15th December 1952 at 11.39 p.m. Potti Sreeramulu Possess away.

8. Waanchu Committee 1953: In Jan, 1953 the Government of India has appointed Justice Waanchu, the chief Justice of Rajasthan High Court to study tle formation of separate Andhra state soon after the receipt of Waanchu report prime minister Nehru announced that the Andhra state will be formed on 18th October, 1953 and furtherly he stated it is the responsibility of Andhra Legislators to decide the capital, which has to be set up in Andhra region except Madras.

Formation of Andhra State: The government of India appointed C.M. Trivedi as special officer to look into the New state formation activities. The separate state of Andhra was officially formed with ‘Kurnool’ as its capital on 18th October, 1953 as announced earlier.

New Andhra State Consists of 11 Andhra districts Viz, Srikakulam, Visakhapatnam East Godavari, West Godavari, Krishna, Guntur, Nellore, Chittoor, Kadapa, Anantapur and Kurnool.

High court was set up at Guntur on 4th July, 1954 Justice Koka Subba Rao was the first chief justice C.M. Trivedi was the First Governor of Andhra state.

“Tanguturi Prakasam Panthulu” was the first chief minister. Prime Minister Jawaharlala Nehru launched the Andhra State on October, 1953. The people throughout the state had Celebrated it as great event and Festival.

Question 17.
What are the powers and functions of Information Commission?
Answer:
The following are the powers and functions of Information Commission both at central and state levels.
1. The Central Information Commission/State Information Commission (CIC/SCIC) has a duty to receive complaints from any person

• Who was not been able to submit an information request because a PIO has not been appointed
• Who has been refused information that was requested?
• Who has received no response to his/her information request within the specified time limits?
• Who thinks the fees charged are unreasonable?
• Who thinks the information given is incomplete or false or misleading? and
• Any other matter relating to obtaining information under this law.

2. Power to order inquiry if there are reasonable grounds.

3. The Central Information Commission/State Information Commission (CIC/SCIC) will have powers of Civil Court such as-

• Summoning and enforcing attendance of persons, compelling them to give oral or written evidence on oath and to produce documents or things.
• Requiring the discovery and inspecition of documents.
• Receiving evidence on affidavit.
• Requisitioning public records or copies from any court or office.
• Issuing summaries for examination of witnesses or documents.
• Any other matter which may be prescribed.

4. All records covered by this law (including those covered by exemptions) must be given to Central Information Commission State Information Commísšiofl (CIC/SCIC) during inquiry for examination.

5. Power to secure compliance of its decisions from the Public Authority includes

• Providing access to information in a particular form.
• Directing the public authority to appoint a PTO/APIO where none exists.
• Publishing information or categories of information.
• Making necessary changes to the practices relating to management, maintenance and destruction of records.
• Enhancing training provision for officials on RTI.
• Seeking an annual report from the public authority on compliance with this law.
• Require it to compensate for any loss or other detriment suffered by the applicant.
• Impose penalties under this law.

Section – C
(15 × 2 = 30)

Note:

• Answer any fifteen of the following questions in 5 lines each.
• Each question cames two marks.

Question 18.
Preamble.
Answer:
The Indian constitution begins with a preamble. The preamble clearly defines the objectives of our constitution, It declares India as a sovereign, as a socialist, Secular Democratic Republic. It provides liberty, equality, fraternity and justice. It states that the people of India are the chief sources of the political authority.

Question 19.
Types of Directive Principles of State Policy.
Answer:
Our constitution hinted out certain directive principles as the policy of the state in part IV from Articles from 36 to 51. These principles are drawn from Irish constitution. These principles reflect the welfare state concepts. They are the directions to be followed by the various governments. Though these principles are non-justiciable, No responsible government can afford to ignore them.

Question 20.
Categories of Union Council of Ministers.
Answer:
There are three kinds of ministers in the Union Council of ministers. They are

1. Cabinet Minister.
2. Ministers of State.
3. Deputy Ministers.

1. The Cabinet Ministers are entrusted with the maintenance of some important ministries like Finance, Home, Defence, etc.
2. The Ministers of state act as the heads of some important sections in the Ministry. Thëy are directly responsible to the
Prime Minister for. their activities.
3. The Deputy Ministers have no independent and discretionary powers. They assist the Cabinet Ministers.

Question 21.
Composition of the Union Executive.
Answer:
The constitution of India provides for the Union Executive. Articles 52 to 78 in part V of the constitution deal with the union executive. The Union Executive consists.

• The President
• The Vice – President
• The Prime Minister and
• The Union Council of Ministers

Question 22.
The Speaker of Lok Sabha.
Answer:
The office of the Speaker has great dignity, honour and authority. As the speaker acts as the chairman of the Lok Sabha and as the member of the Lok Sabha represents the people directly. He represents the whole Nation. He acts as the friend, philosopher, and guide to the members.

Question 23.
Question Hour.
Answer:
In both houses of Parliament, first hour is allotted to question hour. The members, be giving notice to the presiding officer, can ask questions pertaining to public issues, administrative inefficiency or about the role of the government.

Question 24.
Court of Record.
Answer:
According to Article 141, Supreme Court acts as court of Record. Being the highest court of the land, its proceedings acts arid judgements are kept in record for perpetual memory and further verification and reference.

Question 25.
State Executive.
Answer:
Articles 153 to 167 deal with the matters of the state executive. The state executive consists of

• the Governor
• the Chief Minister and
• Members of the State Council of Ministers.

In our Parliamentary system Governor is the titular or constitutional head of the state The Chief Minister is the real executive head of the Government. The Chief Minister and the Ministers being represents the people.

Question 26.
Qualifications of Governor.
Answer:
Article 157 of our Constitution lays down the following qualifications for the appointment of a person as a Governor.

1. He shall be a citizen of India.
2. He should have completed the age of 35 years.
3. He should not be a member of either house of Parliament or state legislature.
4. He should not hold any other office of profit.
5. He should not be an insolvent declared by any court of law.

Question 27.
Quorum.
Answer:
Quorum is the minimum number of members required to be present in the house before it can transact any business. According to Article 188 of the constitution, the Quorum for conducting the State Legislative Assembly meeting was fixed at 1110th of the total membership. However, in some states, where the strength of the State Legislative Assembly is very less, the quorum will be a minimum number of 10. The speaker decides whether there is a quorum or not on a particular day.

Question 28.
Qualifications of High Court Judges.
Answer:
A person to be appointed as judge of High Court should possess the following qualifications.

• He should be a citizen of India.
• He should have held a judicial office in the territory of India at least 10 years. or
• He should have been an advocate of a High Court or of two or more such courts for 10 years period. However, the constitution has not prescribed a minimum age for appointment as a judge of a High Court.

Question 29.
Appointment of High Court Judges.
Answer:
The Chief Justice of High Court is appointed by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice of India and the Governor of the concerned State. The other judges f Nigh Court are appointed by the President with the consultation of the Chief Justice of High Court of the concerned State. In case of a common High Court for two or more States, the Governors of concerned States are consulted by the president.

Question 30.
Union – State relations.
Answer:
A person who wishes to contest for the membership of the State Legislative Council must possess the following qualifications.

• He should be a citizen of India.
• He should have completed 30 years of age.
• He should possess such other qualifications as laid down by an Act of Parliament.

Question 31.
Rural Local Government.
Answer:
During the operation of a national emergency, the Union Government wifi work as a powerful body. The state governments are brought under its complete control. However, they can’t be suspended by the union. When the President rule is imposed in a state the President can assume to himself the functions of the state government. He can assign such functions to the Governor. During the financial emergency, the union can direct the states to observe canons of financial propriety. The President can issue directions including the reduction of salaries of persons serving in the state government and the High Court Judge.

Question 32.
Grama Sabha.
Answer:
Articles 245 to 255 in Part XI and Chapter I of the Indian constitution deal with the legislative relations between the union and the states. The constitutions of Indian makes three-fold distributions of legislative powers between the union and states. List -I (The Union List), List -II (The State List) and List – III (the concurrent List).

Question 33.
Electronic Voting Machine.’
Answer:
Zilla Parishad is the upper tier of the Panchayat Raj System. There will be a Zilla Parishad in every district. Zilla Parishad is the superior local body at the district level and has the corporate status. Zilla Parishad comprises six organs, namely;

• Zilla Parishad
• Zilla Parishad Chairman
• Zilla Mahasabha
• Chief Executive Officer
• Standing Committees and
• District Collector

Question 34.
Electoral Reforms.
Answer:
Mandal Parishad Development Officer (MPDO) is the administrative head of Mandai Parishad the plays a crucial role in
the administrative affairs of the Mandai Parishad. He prepares the agenda of the parishad meetings and participates in the meeting and renders advice to the members on several matters of the Mandal Parishad. He prepares the annual budget of the Mandal Parishad. He takes steps for the effective working of the Mandal Parishad.

Question 35.
Types of Party System.
Answer:
In the territorial or geographical representation system, the total electorate of the country is divided into territorial units called constituencies which elect one or more representatives. The constituencies are more or less equal in size and population. All voters living in a particular constituency take part in the election of representatives. Where one representative is elected from a constituency it is known as a single-member constituency. Where more than one representative is elected, it is known as a multi-member constituency Most of the modern states, including India, have followed single Members constituencies for the elections to the lower houses of the legislature.

Question 36.
National Parties.
Answer:
A political party which participates in four or more states in Lok Sabha elections and secures 6% of valid polled votes plus 4 Lok Sabha seats can be recognised as National Party by the election commission of India. At present, there are 6 National Parties in India. Indian National Congress, BJP, CPI, CPM, BSP, NCP.

Question 37.
J.V.R Committee.
Answer:
On 22nd December, 1953 the Indian government has announced the formation of States Re-organization Commission (SRC) under the chairmanship of Fazal Ali, besides him H.N Kunzty, and KM Phanikkar were other members. The committee had submitted its report to the union government on 30th September 1955.