AP Inter 2nd Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 13 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

Students get through AP Inter 2nd Year Botany Important Questions 13th Lesson Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production which are most likely to be asked in the exam.

AP Inter 2nd Year Botany Important Questions 13th Lesson Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by ‘hidden hunger’?
Answer:
Hidden hunger refers to a situation in which a crop/humans needs more of a given nutrient, yet has shown no deficiency symptoms. It means food is not sufficient.

Question 2.
Name two semi-dwarf varieties of rice developed in India. [AP 20]
Answer:
Jaya and Ratna

Question 3.
Give two examples of wheat varieties introduced in India, which are high yielding and disease resistant.
Answer:
Sonalika and Kalyan Sona.

Question 4.
Give two examples of fungi used in SCP production. [AP MAR-19, 15, 17] [AP, TS MAY-17]
Answer:

1. Candidautilis(TorulaYeast)
2. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker’s yeast)

Question 5.
Why are plants obtained by protoplast fusion called somatic hybrids?
Answer:

1. The novel plants produced by the fusion of isolated protoplasts of somatic cells of genetically distinct plants with desirable characters are called somatic hybrids.
2. They are called somatic hybrids because they do not involve the fusion of sexual cells.

Question 6.
What is protoplast fusion?
Answer:
Protoplast Fusion: Fusion of protoplasts isolated from two different plant varieties to get a hybrid protoplast is called protoplast fusion.

Question 7.
Why is it easier to culture meristems compared to permanent tissues?
Answer:

1. Meristems are free from virus which we can remove and grow invitro to obtain new plants.
2. Meristems are young living tissues that exhibit active cell division and multiply to form a callus immediately.
3. In permanent tissues, the cells should dedifferentiate and become meristematic.
4. It takes time and requires special treatment.

Question 8.
Why are proteins synthesized from spirulina called single cells proteins?
Answer:

1. Dried biomass of a single species of microbes that can be used as protein source in our diet is known as single cell protein.
2. Spirullina, an alga is a rich source of proteins and can be grown easily on materials like waste water from potato processing plants, straw molasses to produce large quantities of proteins.

Question 9.
A person who is allergic to pulses is advised to take a capsule of spirulina daily. Give reasons for the advice.
Answer:

1. Pulses are rich source of proteins but may be allergic .
2. Spirulina is very good source of proteins, minerals, fats, carbohydrates & vitamins.
3. So a person allergic to pulses can take a capsule of spirulina as a protein supplement.

Question 10.
Would it be wrong to refer to plants obtained through micropropagation as ‘clones’. Explain.
Answer:
No.

1. Micropropagation is also a type of vegetative propagation method.
2. So the group plants obtained through micropropagation are genetically identical among themselves and also to their parent. They are called somaclones.

Question 11.
How is a somatic hybrid different from a hybrid?
Answer:

1. Somatic hybrid is formed by fusion of isolated protoplasts of somatic cells of two different varieties of plants and they do not show any genetical variations.
2. They are formed by asexual method.
3. Hybrid is formed by fusion of gametes of two genetically different parental plants and hence they show genetical variations. This is formed by sexual methods.

Question 12.
What is emasculation? Why and when it is done?
Answer:

1. Removal of anthers from bisexual flowers buds of female parent is called Emasculation.
2. It is done to prevent self pollination and it is done when the flower is in bud condition.

Question 13.
Discuss two main limitations of plant hybridization programme.
Answer:

1. Availability of the desired traits in existing varieties and wild relatives.
2. Some undesirable characters may also be inherited into the hybrids along with desirable characters.

Question 14.
Give two important contributions of Dr. M.S.Swaminathan.
Answer:

1. Production of short-duration high-yielding varieties of rice including scented basmati.
2. Introduction of Mexican wheat variety in India (Green Revolution)
3. Development of Crop cafeteria, crop scheduling and genetic improvement of yield and quality of crops.
4. He was also initiator of lab-to-land, food security and several other environmental programmes.

Question 15.
Which two species of sugarcane were crossed for better yield?
Answer:
Saccharum barberi and Saccharum officinarum were crossed to get better yield.

Question 16.
Define totipotency and explant.
Answer:

1. Totipotency: The ability of a cell to regenerate into a complete plant is called totipotency.
2. Explant: Any part of a plant taken out and grown in a test tube under sterile conditions in special nutrient medium to generate a whole plant.

Question 17.
Define micropropagation and somaclones.
Answer:

1. Micropropagation: The technique of producing large number of plants in a very short time
   and in a limited space by using somatic embryos is called micropropagation.
2. Somaclones: Plants grown through tissue culture which are genetically identical with the original (source) plant are called Somaclones.

Question 18.
What is meant by germplasm collection? [TS MAR-15]
Answer:
Germplasm collection: The entire collection of plants or seeds, having all the diverse alleles for all genes in a given crop is called germplasm collection.

Question 19.
What is meant by biofortification?
Answer:
1) Biofortification: It is a process of breeding crops with higher levels of vitamins and minerals or higher protein or higher fats to improve public health.

2) Examples:

• Atlass 66 Wheat variety has high protein content.
• Golden rice with (3-Carotene containing rice variety’
• Vitamin A enriched carrots., Vitamin C enriched bitter gourd.

Question 20.
Which part of the plant is best suited for making virus-free plants and why? [ TS M-16]
Answer:

1. Apical and axillary meristems are free of virus.
2. Reason: Those regions show active cell division. So they are not infected by viruses.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by germ plasm collection? What are its benefits?
Answer:
Germplasm means the hereditary material transmitted to the offspring through the germ cells. Germ plasm collection means collection of total content of genes which serves as the raw material for the breeder to develop different crops. The main objective is preservation of genetic diversity of a particular plant or genetic stock for its use in the future.

Benefits:

1. Cells and tissue cultures of many plant species can be cryopreserved and maintained in a viable state for several years and used when required.
2. Plant material from endangered species can be conserved.
3. Long term conservation method of cell cultures to produce antibiotics.
4. Disease free plants can be conserved and propagated.
5. Conservation of somaclonal variations in culture.
6. Rare germ plasmas and genetic manipulations techniques can be conserved.
7. Pollen conservation of enhancing longevity.
8. Seeds which loose their viability on storage can be maintained for a long period of time.

Question 2.
Name the improved characteristics of wheat that helped India to achieve green revolution?
Answer:

1. The dramatic increase in food production due to plant breeding techniques is called green revolution.
2. As a result, during 1960-2000 wheat production increased from 11 million tonnes to 7 5 million tonnes.
3. High yielding & disease resistant characteristics of wheat varieties Sonalika & Kalvan Sona were introduced all over wheat growing belt of India.

Question 3.
Suggest some of the features of plants that prevent insect and pest infestation.
Answer:

1. Insect and pest resistance in host crop plant may be due to morphological biochemical or physiological characteristics.
2. Hairy leaves in several plants provides resistance to insect pests.
   Ex: Resistance to Jassids in cotton and cereal leaf beetle in wheat.
3. Solid stems in wheat will prevent stem saw fly.
4. Smooth leaves and nectar-less cotton varieties do not attract bollworms.
5. High aspartic acid, low nitrogen and sugar content in maize prevents maize stem borers.

Question 4.
The culture medium ( nutrient medium) can be referred to as a ” highly enriched laboratory soil”. Justify the statement.
Answer:

1. The culture medium is a mixture of various essential nutrients, carbon source such as sucrose, vitamins and amino acids.
2. These nutrients are mixed in distilled water and the pH is adjusted to 5.6 to 6.0.
3. The culture medium without any growth regulators is called Basal medium.
4. Growth regulators like Auxins (IAA, NAA), Cytokinins (Kinetin) are added to basal medium for obtaining complete regeneration of plants from tissue culture.
5. So culture medium is referred to as a “Highly enriched laboratory soil”.

Question 5.
Plants raised through tissue cultures are clones of the parent plant. Discuss the utility of these plants.
Answer:
Micropropagation: Production of large number of plants in a very short time and in limited space is called micropropagation. Plants thus produced are genetically identical to the original or source plant and hence they are called somaclones.
Utility:

1. Rapidly clonal increase also signifies faster and timely establishment of newly cultivars.
2. The new varieties are cultivated as food and feed.

Question 6.
Discuss the importance of testing of new plant varieties in a geographically vast country like India.
Answer:

1. The newly selected lines are evaluated for their yield, quality, disease resistance, pest resistance, and increased productivity while minimizing pressure on environment.
2. First their evaluation is done in research fields and recording their performance under ideal fertilizer application, irrigation and other crop management practices.
3. Then it is tested in farmers fields in several different locations in country for three growing seasons.
4. Then it is evaluated in comparison to best available local crop.
5. The development of new varieties with high quality increases the value and marketability of crops.
6. It improves rural -income and overall economic development. Minimized used of chemicals reduces pollution.
7. Plants grow in different climatic conditions will be known.

Question 7.
Give few examples of biofortified corps. What benefits do they offer to the society?
Answer:
Examples of biofortified crops and their benefits to the society:

1. Atlass66-a wheat variety with improved protein content.
2. Maize hybrid varieties -had twice the amount of amino acids.
3. Golden rice-B-Carotene containing rice variety.
4. Vit-A- enriched carrots, spinach, pumpkin-developed by IARI.
5. Vit-C- rich bitter gourd, mustard, tomato- developed by IARI.
6. Iron and Calcium enriched spinach and bathua-developed by IARI.
7. Protein-rich beans (broad, lablab, French) and garden peas-developed by IARI

Question 8.
Mutations are beneficial for plant breeding taking an example of justify the statement.
Answer:
1) Mutation is the process by which genetic variations are created through changes in the base sequence within genes, resulting in the creation of a new character or trait not found in the parental type.

2) It is possible to induce mutation artificially through the use of chemicals or radiations and selecting and using the plants as a source of inbreeding.
Ex 1: In mung bean, resistance to yellow mosaic virus and powdery mildew were induced by mutations.
Ex 2: Resistance to yellow mosaic virus in bhindi (Abelmoschus esculentus) was transferred from a wild species, which resulted in a new variety called Parbhani Kranti.

3) By inducing resistant genes in high-yielding varieties, new varieties will be developed with both characters.

Question 9.
Discuss briefly the technology that made us self-sufficient in food production.
Answer:

1. The technology that made us self-sufficient in food production is plant breeding.
2. Plant breeding aims at high-yielding, dwarf nature, early maturing, positive response to irrigation, fertilizers & manures, pest & insect resistant, drought resistant varieties.
3. This self-sufficiency is achieved through mutation breeding. Hybridization (somatic hybridization also) and tissue culture and r-DNA technology and Biofortification.

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
You are a Botanist working in the area of plant breeding. Describe the various steps that you will undertake to release a new variety. [ TS MAR-17,16] [APMAY-17]
Answer:
Various steps to release a genetic variety of crop are as follows:

1. Collection of variability.
2. Evaluation and selection of parents.
3. Cross hybridisation among the selected parents.
4. Selection and testing of superior recombinants.
5. Testing, release and commercialisation of new cultivars.

1) Collection of Variability:

1. Genetic variability is very important for any breeding programme.
2. Pre-existing genetic variability is available from wild relatives of crop plants.
3. Collection and preservation of all wild varieties, species is a pre-requisite for the effective exploitation of natural genes, available in the population.
4. The entire collection of plants or seeds having all diverse alleles for all genes in a given crop is called germ plasm collection.

2) Evaluation and selection of parents:

1. Evaluation of germplasm is carried out, to identify plants with desirable characters.
2. The selected plants are multiplied and used in hybridisation.
3. Pure lines are created by self pollination.

3) Cross Hybridisation among the selected parents:

1. All the desired genetic characters are to be combined to form different parents.
2. But cross Hybridisation is a time consuming and tedious process.
3. Also, it is not sure that all hybrids need not combine to get desirable characters.
4. Usually only one in a few hundred crosses, show desirable combination.

4) Selection and testing of superior recombinants:

1. Plants having desirable character combination are to be selected from the hybrids.
2. This step yields off springs that are superior to both the parents.
3. These plants are self pollinated for several generations until they reach a state of homozygosity.
4. So that characters will not segregate in the progeny.

5) resting, release and commercialisation of new cultivars:

1. The newly selected lines are evaluated for their yield and disease resistance.
2. This evaluation done by growing these plants in research fields.
3. Testing of hybrid line is done in farmer’s filed after evaluation.
4. The tested material is evaluated in comparison to the best available local crop cultivar.
5. The release of tested material is done after selection and certification.

Question 2.
Describe the tissue culture technique and what are the advantages of tissue culture over the conventional method of plant breeding in crop improvement programmes?
[AP MAY-22] [AP MAR-19,17,16,15] [TS MAY-17] [TS MAR-15] [AP, TS 20]
Answer:
I) Tissue Culture: The technique of growing, culturing and maintaining cells, tissues and organs in vitro is known as tissue culture. It is based on the cellular totipotency.
Plant tissue culture techniques:

1. Preparation of nutrient culture medium.
2. Sterilization of the culture medium.
3. Preparation of explant.
4. Inoculation of explant.
5. Incubation for growth
6. Acclimatization of plantlets and transfer to pots.

1) Preparation of nutrient culture medium: The nutrient medium must provide a carbon source such as sucrose and also inorganic salts, vitamins, aminoacids and growth regulators like auxins, cytokinins etc.

2) Sterilization of the culture medium.: The culture medium is rich in nutrients and therefore attracts micro organisms. So the medium should be sterilised. Sterilisation is carried out in an autoclave for 15 min, at 121°C and 15 lb pressure.

3) Preparation of explant: Any living part of the plant such as root, stem etc which is used as inoculum is called explant.

4) Inoculation of explants: The transfer of explants onto the sterile medium is called inoculation.
It is carried out in the laminar air-flow chamber.

5) Incubation for growth:

1. The cultures are incubated for 3 to 4 weeks. During thie period the cells of the explant absorb nutrients, grow and undergo repeated mitotic divisions. They produce an undifferentiated mass of cells known as callus.
2. Auxins and Cytokinins are added to the culture media, so that the callus is induced to produce organs like roots and shoots. This phenomenon is called organo genesis.
3. The explant develops an embryonic callus through embryogenesis, from which embryoids are produced.
4. Since, these embryoids develop from somatic tissues they are referred to as somatic embryos.

6) Acclimatization of plantlets and transfer to pots: The plants generated through organogenesis (or) somatogenesis need to be acclimatized before they are transferred to pots.

II) Advantages of Tissue Culture:

1. More number of plants can be produced in a short time.
2. Virus diseases can be prevented by producing virus free plants from shoot-tip cultures.
3. Seedless plants can be multiplied
4. Female plants are selectively produced through tissue culture.
5. Somatic hybrids can be raised by tissue culture, where sexual hybridisation is not possible.
6. Tissue culture of medicinal plants produce high value products of industrial and medicinal importance.

PLANT TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUE

Question 3.
Modern methods of breeding plants can alleviate the global food ‘shortage’. Comment on the statement and give suitable examples.
Answer:
The plant breeding methods which alleviate (lesser) the global food shortage are as follows:
1) Plant breeding for disease resistant varieties: Several bacteria, fongi and virus reduce, crop yield. To overcome this, plant breeding of disease resistant varieties is essential to increase food production . It helps us in reduced usage of fungicides and bactericides. One of the conventional breeding technique to prevent diseases is mutation breeding. Some crop varieties are given below which are resistant to bacteria and fungi.

Crop	Varieties	Resistance to Disease
1) Wheat	Himgiri	Leaf and stripe rust, hill bunt
2) Cauliflower	Pusaswamim	White rust
3) Cowpea	Pusakomal	Bacterial blight
4) Chilli	Pusasadabahar	Chilly mosaic virus.
		Tobacco mosaic virus and leaf curl.

Mutation breeding: In this process, genetic variations are created changes in the base sequence within genes resulting in the creating of new character through use of chemicals or radiation.
Ex: Resistance to yellow mosaic virus is Bhindi (Abelmoschus esculentus) was transferred from wild species which resulted in a new variety Parbhani kranti

2) Plant breeding for developing resistance to insect pests: Large scale destruction of crop plants and crop produce is by insect and pest infestation. Insect resistance in host crop plants may be due to morphological, biochemical or physiological characteristics.
Hairy leaves in some plants provide resistance to insect pests.
Ex: Resistance to Jassids in cotton & cereal leaf beetle in wheat.
Smooth leaved and nectar-less cotton do not attract boll-worms.
High aspartic acid, low nitrogen and sugar content in maize leads to resistance to maize stem- borers.

Crop	Variety	Insect pests
1) Brassica (mustard) 2)  Flat bean 3)  Okra (Bhendi) Lady’s finger	Pusa Gaurav Pusa sem 2 Pusa sem 3 Pusasawani	Aphids Jassids, aphids and fruit borer Shoot and fruit bores, Pusa A-4

3) Plant breeding for improved food quality: Many people below poverty suffer from nutrient deficiency, mineral deficiency, vitamins deficiency and protein deficiency disorder or “hidden hunger” as they cannot afford a nutritious food. Biofortification aims at breeding crops with high vitamins and minerals or higher protein and healthier fats to improve public health.

Ex: Wheat, Atlas66, having high protein content ‘golden rice’ (containing B-carotene), iron fortified rice, vitamin A enriched carrots, spinach, vitamin C enriched bitter gourd, mustard, tomato iron & calcium rich spinach, protein rich garden peas and maize hybrids with more amount of amino acids.
In this way modem methods of breeding can lesser global food ‘shortage’.

Question 4.
Discuss how the property of plant cell totipotency has been utilized for plant propagation and improvement.
Answer:
The ability of a cell or an explant to regenerate into a complete plant is called totipotency.
I) Tissue Culture: The technique of growing, culturing and maintaining cells, tissues and organs in vitro is known as tissue culture. It is based on the cellular totipotency.
Plant tissue culture techniques:

1. Preparation of nutrient culture medium.
2. Sterilization of the culture medium.
3. Preparation of explant.
4. Inoculation of explant.
5. Incubation for growth
6. Acclimatization of plantlets and transfer to pots.

1) Preparation of nutrient culture medium: The nutrient medium must provide a carbon source such as sucrose and also inorganic salts, vitamins, aminoacids and growth regulators like auxins, cytokinins etc.

2) Sterilization of the culture medium: The culture medium is rich in nutrients and therefore attracts micro organisms. So the medium should be sterilised. Sterilisation is carried out in an autoclave for 15 min, at 121°C and 15 lb pressure.

3) Preparation of explant: Any living part of the plant such as root, stem etc which is used as inoculum is called explant.

4) Inoculation of explants: The transfer of explants onto the sterile medium is called inoculation.
It is carried out in the laminar air-flow chamber.

5) Incubation for growth:

1. The cultures are incubated for 3 to 4 weeks. During this period the cells of the explant absorb nutrients, grow and undergo repeated mitotic divisions. They produce an undifferentiated mass of cells known as callus.
2. Auxins and Cytokinins are added to the culture media, so that the callus is induced to produce organs like roots and shoots. This phenomenon is called organo genesis.
3. The explant develops an embryonic callus through embryogenesis, from which embryoids are produced.
4. Since, these embryoids develop from somatic tissues they are referred to as somatic embryos.

6) Acclimatization of plantlets and transfer to pots: The plants generated through organogenesis (or) somatogenesis need to be acclimatized before they are transferred to pots.

II) Advantages of Tissue Culture:

1. More number of plants can be produced in a short time.
2. Virus diseases can be prevented by producing virus free plants from shoot-tip cultures.
3. Seedless plants can be multiplied
4. Female plants are selectively produced through tissue culture.
5. Somatic hybrids can be raised by tissue culture, where sexual hybridisation is not possible.
6. Tissue culture of medicinal plants produce high value products of industrial and medicinal importance.

Question 5.
What are three options to increase food production? friscuss each giving salient features, merits and demerits?
Answer:
The three options to increase food production are

1. Development of disease resistance plants.
2. Development of insect & pest resistant plants
3. Development of plants with improved food quality.

The plant breeding methods which alleviate (lesser) the global food shortage are
I) Plant breeding for disease resistant varieties: Several bacteria, fungi and virus reduce, crop yield. To overcome this, plant breeding of disease resistant varieties is essential to increase food production . It helps us in reduced usage of fungicides and bactericides. One of the conventional breeding technique to prevent diseases is mutation breeding. Some crop varieties are given below which are resistant to bacteria and fungi.

Crop	Varieties	Resistance to Disease
1) Wheat	Himgiri	Leaf and stripe rust, hill bunt
2) Cauliflower	Pusaswamim	White rust
3) Cowpea	Pusakomal	Bacterial blight
4) Chilli	Pusasadabahar	Chilly mosaic virus. Tobacco mosaic virus and leaf curl.

Mutation breeding: In this process, genetic variations are created changes in the base sequence within genes resulting in the creating of new character through use of chemicals or radiation.

Ex: Resistance to yellow mosaic virus is Bhindi (Abelmoschus esculentus) was transferred from wild species which resulted in a new variety Parbhani kranti

2) Plant breeding for developing resistance to insect pests: Large scale destruction of crop plants and crop produce is by insect and pest infestation. Insect resistance in host crop plants may be due to morphological, biochemical or physiological characteristics.
Hairy leaves in some plants provide resistance to insect pests.
Ex: Resistance to Jassids in cotton & cereal leaf beetle in wheat.
Smooth leaved and nectar-less cotton do not attract boll-worms.
High aspartic acid, low nitrogen and sugar content in maize leads to resistance to maize stem- borers.

Crop	Variety	Insect pests
1) Brassica (mustard) 2)  Flat bean 3)  Okra (Bhendi) Lady’s finger	Pusa Gaurav Pusa sem 2 Pusa sem 3 Pusasawani	Aphids Jassids, aphids and fruit borer Shoot and fruit bores, Pusa A-4

3) Plant breeding for improved food quality: Many people below poverty suffer from nutrient deficiency, mineral deficiency, vitamins deficiency and protein deficiency disorder or “hidden hunger” as they cannot afford a nutritious food. Biofortification aims at breeding crops with high vitamins and minerals or higher protein and healthier fats to improve public health.

Ex: Wheat, Atlas66, having high protein content ‘golden rice’ (containing B-carotene), iron fortified rice, vitamin A enriched carrots, spinach, vitamin C enriched bitter gourd, mustard, tomato iron & calcium rich spinach, protein rich garden peas and maize hybrids with more amount of amino acids.
In this way modem methods of breeding can lesser global food ‘shortage’.

Merits:

1. It provides superior variety directly after selection.
2. It protects the variability from genetic erosion by collecting germplasm.
3. Very quick and economical method of crop improvement.
4. It provides protection to the crop by introducing into new disease free areas coffee and rubber.

Demerits:

1. Introduction of noxious weeds.
2. Introduction of disease Ex: Late blight of potato from Europe in 1883.
3. Ornamentals turned weeds Ex: Water hyacinth and lantana camera.
4. Threat to ecological balance.

Exercise

Question 1.
Describe in brief various steps involved in plant breeding.
Answer:
Refer LAQ 1

Question 2.
What is the major advantage of producing plants by micropropagation?
Answer:

1. Production of a large number of plants in a very short time and a limited space is called micropropagation.
2. Virus disease free plants can be propagated from virus free shoot-tip cultures.
3. Production of transgenic plants by the transfer of foreign genes is completely dependent on plant tissue culture. ,
4. Tissue culture of medicinal plants helps in large scale industrial production of medicines.

Question 3.
Find out what are the various components of the medium used for propagation of an explain in vitro?
Answer:

1. The nutrient culture medium contain carbohydrates, amino acids, vitamins, micro, macro nutrients mixed in distilled water with a pH of 5.6 to 6.0.
2. The medium is solidified by the addition of agar agar.
3. Growth regulators like auxins and cytokinins are added to the basal medium.

Question 4.
Name any five hybrid varieties of crop plants which have been developed in India.
Answer:

1. Wheat varieties – Sonalika and Kalyan sona
2. Rice Varieties – Jaya, Ratna
3. Brassica (Mustard) – Pusa swamim
4. Cauliflower – Pusashubhra, Pusa snow ball K-1
5. Chilli – Pusa sadabahar

Question 5.
The term ‘desirable trait’ can mean different things for different plants. Justify the statement with suitable examples.
Answer:

1. High-yielding nature and disease resistance are desirable traits in the case of Rice, Wheat, and Maize.
2. High yield, thick stem, high sugar are the desirable traits in the case of sugar cane.
3. Resistance to water stress is the desirable trait in the case of Jowar, Bajra and Maize.
4. Insect resistance in the desirable trait in the case of Cotton, Ladies fingers and Brinjal.

Question 6.
Is there any relationship between dedifferentiation and the higher degree of success achieved in plant tissue culture experiments?
Answer:
No, dedifferentiation occurs when a cell line is. transformed, that means it becomes cancerous.

Question 7.
“Give me a living cell of any plant and I will give you a thousand plants of the same type” Is this only a slogan or is it scientifically possible? Write your comments and justify them.
Answer:
It is not a slogan. It is possible by tissue culture technique. The ability of a cell to regenerate into a complete plant is called totipotency. In the tissue culture experiment, the given cell is kept and grown in the nutrient medium. It under goes repeated mitotic divisions and produces masses of undifferentiated cells called callus. Each callus becomes an embryo and there by a plant. This process is called micro propagation. The technique of producing large number of plants in a short time and in a limited space is called micropropagation.

Question 8.
What arc the physical barriers of a cell in the protoplast fusion experiment? How are the barriers overcome?
Answer:
In the protoplast fusion process, the cell wall acts as a physical barrier. The cell wall is digested by treating the cells with enzymes such as lysosyme, cellulase, chitinase, pectinase etc.
For eg: If the cell wall is made up of cellulose, the physical barrier can be digested by using the enzyme cellulase.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
p-carotcne containing rice variety is
1. Golden rice
2. Ratna
3. IR-8
4. Jaya
Answer:
1. Golden rice

Question 2.
High protein content variety of wheat is
1. Sonalike
2. Kalyan sona
3. Himgiri
4. Atlas 66
Answer:
4. Atlas 66

Question 3.
Today all our major food crops are the result of
1. Hybridisation
2. Mutation breeding
3. Domestication
4. Plant introduction
Answer:
3. Domestication

Question 4.
Rice variety introduced from Philippines is
1. Taichung Native-1
2. IR-8
3. Padma
4. Jaya
Answer:
2. IR-8

Question 5.
In plant breeding, emasculation is done to prevent
1. self pollination
2. cross pollination
3. cross fertilization
4. heterogamy
Answer:
1. self pollination

Question 6.
Better yielding semi-dwarf varieties of rice developed in India are
1. Sonalika, Kalyan sona
2. Jaya, Ratna
3. Jaya, padma
4. Basmati, Golden rice
Answer:
2. Jaya, Ratna

Question 7.
Characters shown by South Indian sugarcane variety are
1. Thicker stems, higher sugar content
2. Poor yield and poor sugar content
3. Thicker stems and poor sugar content
4. Poor yield and higher sugar content
Answer:
1. Thicker stems, higher sugar content

Question 8.
……….. kgs of cereal grains are used to produce 1 kg of meat by animal farming
1. 1-5 kgs
2. 3 kgs
3. 3-10 kgs
4. 3-5 kgs
Answer:
3. 3-10 kgs

Question 9.
Select the incorrect pair related to SCP
1. Spirulina, Chlorella – Algae
2. Candida, Chaetomium – Fungi
3. Brevibacterium, Methylophilus – Bacteria
4. Scenedesmus, Candida – Fungi
Answer:
4. Scenedesmus, Candida – Fungi

Question 10.
The proteins produced by 250 kg Cow per a day is
1. 100gm
2. 200 gm
3. 1kg
4. 500 gm
Answer:
2. 200 gm

Question 11.
Sonalika and Kalyan Sona varieties of wheat were developed in India by .
1. Swaminathan
2. Norman E-Borlaug
3. GH.Shull
4. Koelreuter
Answer:
1. Swaminathan

Question 12.
The capacity to generate a whole plant from any living cell is called
1. Totipotency
2. Genomics
3. Proteomics
4. Biofortification
Answer:
1. Totipotency

Question 13.
Sterilization of nutrient medium is done in
1. Steam stabilizer (auto clave)
2. Incubation chamber
3. Laminar air flow chamber
4. Inoculation chamber
Answer:
1. Steam stabilizer (auto clave)

Question 14.
The part of the plant taken out and grown in a test tube for the production of new plant is called
1. Callus
2. Explant
3. Sexual embryo
4. Asexual embryo
Answer:
2. Explant

Question 15.
Regeneration of whole plants from explants is done by
1. Genetic engineering
2. Proteomics
3. Tissue culture
4. r-DNA technology
Answer:
3. Tissue culture

Question 16.
The production of shoots and roots from callus is called
1. Somatic embryoids
2. Sexual embryos
3. Zygotes
4. Explants
Answer:
1. Somatic embryoids

Question 17.
Incubation period of cultures in Tissue culture is for
1. 2 to 3 weeks
2. 3 to 4 weeks
3. 1 to 2 weeks
4. 4 to 5 weeks
Answer:
2. 3 to 4 weeks

Question 18.
Plants produced through tissue culture are called .
1. Clones
2. Purelines
3. Somaclones
4. Embryoids
Answer:
3. Somaclones

Question 19.
Naked cells are called
1. Leucoplasts
2. Protoplasts
3. Aleuroplasts
4. Elaiplasts
Answer:
2. Protoplasts

Question 20.
Hairy leaves in cotton give resistance to
1. Aphids
2. Jassids
3. Boll worms
4. Stem saw flies
Answer:
2. Jassids

Question 21.
Saccharum officinarum is grown in
1. North India
2. South India
3. Eastern India
4. Western India
Answer:
2. South India

Question 22.
Red root of sugarcane is caused by
1. Fungus
2. Bacterium
3. Nematode
4. Virus
Answer:
1. Fungus

Question 23.
Brown rust of wheat is caused by
1. Fungus
2. Bacterium
3. Nematode
4. Virus
Answer:
1. Fungus

Question 24.
Pusa Gaurav is the variety of
1. Rape seed
2. Flat bean
3. Okra
4. Chilli
Answer:
1. Rape seed

Question 25.
Carrot, Spinach, Pumpkin are enriched with
1. Vitamin A
2. Vitamin C
3. Iron and Calcium
4. Protein
Answer:
1. Vitamin A

Question 26.
Bitter gourd and Bathuna are enriched with
1. Vitamin A
2. Vitamin C
3. Iron and Calcium
4. Protein
Answer:
2. Vitamin C

Question 27.
King of green vegetables is
1. Spinach
2. Bathua (Chenopodium)
3. Lettuce
4. Amaranthus Viridis (Thotakura)
Answer:
2. Bathua (Chenopodium)

Question 28.
Spinach and Bathua are enriched with
1. Vitamin A
2. Vitamin C
3. Iron and Calcium
4. protein
Answer:
3. Iron and Calcium

Question 29.
Indian Agricultural Research Institutes is located at
1. Mumbai
2. Lucknow
3. New Delhi
4. Howrah
Answer:
3. New Delhi

Question 30.
Germplasm collection is the collection of
1) Germ cells
2) semens
3) plants / seeds with all the diverse alleles for all genes
4) Egg cells
Answer:
3) plants / seeds with all the diverse alleles for all genes

Question 31.
A wheat variety, Atlas 66, which has been used as a donor for improving cultivated wheat, is rich in
1) Iron
2) Carbohydrates
3) Proteins
4) Vitamins
Answer:
3) Proteins

Question 32.
Resistance to jassids in cotton plants and to cereal leaf beetle in wheat plants is due to
1) Biochemical characters
2) Physiological characters
3) Morphological characters
4) None of these
Answer:
3) Morphological characters

Question 33.
Breeding of crops with higher level of vitamins, minerals, proteins and healthier fats is called
1) Green revolution
2) Biofortification
3) Micropropagation
4) Molecular farming
Answer:
2) Biofortification

Question 34.
Fungus used for commercial production of SCP is
1) Candida utilis
2) Methylophilus
3) Chaetomium cellulolyticum
4) 1 & 3
Answer:
4) 1 & 3

Question 35.
A variety resistant to bacterial blight is
1) Garden pea variety
2) Pigeon pea variety
3) Chickpea variety
4) Cow pea variety
Answer:
4) Cow pea variety

Question 36.
One of the following is not a Eukaryotic SCP
1) Spirulina
2) Chlorella
3) Candida
4) Saccharomyces
Answer:
1) Spirulina

Question 37.
The tissue which shows totipotency is
1) Sclerenchyma
2) Parenchyma
3) Xylem vessels
4) Mature sieve tubes
Answer:
2) Parenchyma

Question 38.
Saccharum barberi was orginally grown in
1) South India
2) Western Indain
3) North India
4) Eastern Indian
Answer:
3) North India

Question 39.
Pusa Sadabahar is a variety of
1) Cowpea
2) Chilli
3) Cauliflower
4) Brassica
Answer:
2) Chilli

Question 40.
Aphid resistant variety of rapeseed mustard is
1) Pusa Sem-2
2) Pusa Sem-3
3) Pusa Sawani
4) Pusa Gaurav
Answer:
4) Pusa Gaurav

Question 41.
In the agriculture sector of India, employes are
1) 60% of the population
2) 70 % of the population
3) 30 % of the population
4) 62% of the population
Answer:
4) 62% of the population

Question 42.
33% of Indian GDP |Gross Domestic Product| conics from
1) Industry
2) Agriculture
3) Export
4) Therapeutics
Answer:
2) Agriculture

Question 43.
The wheat variety having a high protein content is
1) Atlas – 66
2) sonolika
3) Kalyan sona
4) Himgiri
Answer:
1) Atlas – 66

Question 44.
How many folds of iron quantity is more in ironfortified rice variety than commenly consumed varietes
1) Three
2) Five
3) Seven
4) Nine
Answer:
1) Three

Question 45.
The king of green vegetables is
1) Bathua
2) Bitter gourd
3) Spinach
4) Lablab
Answer:
2) Bitter gourd

Question 46.
Plants grown by micropropagation that are genetically identical are called
1) Somaclones
2) Pure line
3) Cybrids
4) Hybrids
Answer:
1) Somaclones

Question 47.
Pomato is
1. commercially failed variety
2. dihybrid
3. somatic hybrid
4. 1 and 3
Answer:
4. 1 and 3

Question 48.
Cauliflower variety that resists Black rot and Curl blight is
1. Pusa Swamam
2. Pusa Gourav
3. Pusa shubra
4. Pusa Sadabahar
Answer:
3. Pusa shubra

Question 49.
For organogenesis the important ingredient in the medium is
1. Cytokinin
2. Auxin
3. Both Cytokinin and Auxin
4. More carbon source
Answer:
3. Both Cytokinin and Auxin

Question 50.
Identify the mismatch
1) Sonalika – Wheat
2) Jaya – Rice
3) Kalyan sona – Wheat
4) Taichung native I – Wheat
Answer:
4) Taichung native I – Wheat

Question 51.
In mung bean, resistance to yellow mosaic virus is induced by
1) Selection
2) Hybridization
3) Mutation
4) Cross fertilization
Answer:
3) Mutation

Question 52.
The root of any plant breeding programme
1) Genetic variability
2) Mutation
3) Genetic similarity
4) rDNA technology
Answer:
1) Genetic variability

Question 53.
Resistance to cereal leaf beetle in wheat is due to
1) Smooth leaves
2) High aspartic acid
3) Hairy leaves
4) Low nitrogen
Answer:
3) Hairy leaves

Question 54.
Atlas 66 is a
1) Biofortified maize variety
2) Wild rice variety
3) Biofortified wheat variety
4) Biofortified rice variety
Answer:
3) Biofortified wheat variety

Question 55.
During callus differentiation which of the cells divide ?
1) Parenchyma only
2) Meristematic only
3) Both land 2
4) No division
Answer:
3) Both land 2