AP Inter 1st Year Civics Model Paper Set 9 with Solutions

A diverse collection of AP Inter 1st Year Civics Model Papers Set 9 caters to various learning preferences and styles.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Model Paper Set 9 with Solutions

Time: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 100

Section – A (3 × 10 = 30)

Note :

• Answer any three of the following questions is not exceeding 40 lines each.
• Each question carries 10 marks.

Question 1.
Define Political Science and explain its scope -1
Answer:
Introduction : Political Science is a premier social science. It is mainly concerned with the study of the state in its relation with Society, Citizens, Associations and the world at large. Aristotle is hailed as the Father of Political Science. He wrote famous book ‘THE POLITICS”.

Origin of the word Politics : Aristotle, the Father of Political Science used the term “POLITICS” for the first time in his famous book “POLITICS”. The term “POLITICS” is derived from a greek word “POLIS” and latin word “POLITICUS” which means the city state.

Definitions of Political Science:
Political Scientists gave various definitions on Political Science.
They are as follows :

1. J.W. Garner : “Political Science begins and ends with the state”.
2. Stephen Leacock : “Political Science deals with the government”.
3. David Easton : “Political Science is concerned with the authoritative allocation of values for a society”.

Scope of Political Science: The scope of Political Science means the subject matter covered by it or the topics which are included in its study. It may be explained in the following ways :

i) Study of man in Relation to the Society and State: Aristotle stated that “Man is a Social Animal”. Man can satisfy his basic needs like food, clothing, shelter and protection in the society. Political Science explains the relationship between man and society. It examines how man should adjust himself with the society.

Political Science is concerned with the perennial and central issue of establishing proper relationship between the state and the individuals. It deals with many topics of state activity, such as limitations of Political Authority and sphere of Individual Freedoms.

ii) Study of State : Aristotle also stated that man is a Political Animal. State is a human and political institution. It came into existence for the sake of man and continue in existence for providing happy and prosperous life for man. Individuals became members of the state since its inception. We can’t imagine the life of individuals outside of the state. Political Science studies the intimate Relationship between the state and the citizens. It also studies the Nature, Functions and Various theories of state authority.
Thus, Political Science deals with the Present, Past and Future aspects of the state.

iii) Study of the Government : Government is an important essential element of Modern State. It is an instrument which fulfills aims and goals of the state. There can be no state without a government. Government consists of three organs namely Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. Legislature makes the laws, Executive implements the laws and Judiciary interpretes the laws. Political Science studies the meaning, forms, structure, nature and functions of the government. It also discusses the relationship among the various organs of the government.

iv) Study of Associations and Institutions : Associations and Institutions help the Individuals for their moral, religious, cultural, scientific and technological progress. These carry on their activities at local, regional, national and international levels. Individuals join as members in these associations out of their interests or purposes. There prevails a great linkage between these voluntary Associations and Institutions. Political Science explains the nature, structure and functions of the various Associations and Institutions.

v) Study of Rights and Responsibilities : Scope of Political Science includes the study of Rights and Responsibilities of citizens. Citizens in democratic states enjoy certain rights such as right to life, right to liberty, right to property etc. Political Science enumerates the definition, classification and different theories of Rights. Similarly, citizens will have some Responsibilities towards the state. These include paying taxes, obeying the laws etc. It explains the significance of Rights and Responsibilities of the citizens. Hence, Political Science examines the Realtionship between Rights and Responsibilities.

vi) Study of National and International Issues : The scope of Political Science covers various issues of Modern state in relation with other states in matters of safeguarding Territorial integrity and Sovereignty. It studies the topics like Cold war. Balance of power. Disarmament, Detente etc. Political Science discusses not only the domestic policies of the state but also the issues of international dimensions. It covers a wide range of topics such as diplomacy, international politics, international law, international organisations etc.

vii) Study of Power : The behaviouralists of 20^th century regarded Political Science as a study of sharing and shaping of power.
They pointed out that Political Science discusses how power is grabbed, manipulated and perpetuated to have a control over the society. Morgenthau defined the power as “Man’s control over the Minds and Actions of other Men”.

viii) Study of Public Policy: Modern Political Scientists like David Easton and Gabriel Almond argued that Political Science is a “Policy Science”. They considered Political Science as the study of formulation, execution and evaluation of Public Policy.
Conclusion : The above contents show the wide range of sub-jects that come under the purview of Political Science.

Question 2.
Define Nationality Explain the Essential Elements of Nationality.
Answer:
Meaning : The Word “Nation” is derived from a latin word “NATIO” which means “BORN” (BIRTH) or “Common Descent”.

Definitions :

1. R.G. Gettle : “Nationality is a population having the common bonds of Race, Language, Religion, Traditions and History.
2. J.H. Rose : “Nationality is a union of Hearts once made and never unmade”.
3. J.W. Garner : “Nationality is a group or portion of population which is united by Racial and other bonds”.

Essential Elements of Nationality :
1) Purity of Race : Racial purity helps in the formation and strengthening of the idea of Nationality. Race is a physical phenomenon. It depends on certain distinctions of skull, stature, hair, complexion etc. These distinctions serve as a cementing bond among the members of a group.

2) Common Language : Language plays a key role in the promotion of nationality. The philosophers and scientists said that com-mon language is essential for the development of nationality. Language is a medium to express all their feelings. It helps to express one’s ownselves to have cordial relations and to share the miseries and happiness in a group languages also promotes common feelings and traditions. Common language promotes the feeling of oneness and keeps the entire race on single track.

3) Common Religion : Religion is one important factor to strengthen nationality. There are many instances when people of different nationalities with common religion remain citizens in the same state. For instance, the main reason for the partition of Indian subcontinent into India and Pakistan in 1947 lies in the religion.

4) Geographical Unity : Geographical unity is necessary for the emergence of nationality. Nationality sentiments prevail and develop among the people living in a single geographical area. The people residing in such an area love, worship their country and make sacrifices for the sake of their motherland. People, who belong to one religion, converse the same language, same race living in a geographical area inculcate and improve their nationality sentiments.

5) Common History: Common History is considered as an im-portant element of Nationality. It invokes an inspiration among the people and binds them together. Some historical incidents may give a chance to the people to develop national sentiments. Ex : Indians have learnt the lessons of Nationalism from the British legacy.

6) Common Culture : Culture in its broad sense means a way of life. It is reflected through certain common elements like dress, customs, conventions, food habits, religious beliefs, ethical values etc. They easily develop into a single Nation. These elements bind the people together and hold together.

7) Common Political aspirations : Nationality sentiments prevail and develop among the people having common political aspirations. The political ideas, conventions and institutions which were formed due to the single political rule will have a considerable impact and influence over the people.

8) Common Economic ties : This element of nationality has been stressed by ‘Kart Marx’. Since then onwards the importance of this element has been increasing. The Russians have great regard for their economic system, eventhough there exist diversities. Their unflinching love for socialism inspired nationalism among them. They successfully repulsed the attacks of Germany during the Second World War. Thus the common economic ties made them united and integrated them into a nation.

Question 3.
Define Right. Identify the safeguards of Rights.
Answer:
Introduction : Rights are the essential conditions for the development of the personality of individuals. They are upheld by the laws of the state. Individuals cannot achieve progress in the absence of the Rights.

Definition:

1. T.H. Green : “Rights are those powers claimed and recognized as contributory to the common good.”
2. HJ. Laski: “Rights are those conditions of social life without which no man can seek in general to be himself at his best.”

Safeguards of Rights : Individuals enjoy their rights only when they were fully protected or safeguarded by the State. In this regard, the following elements act as the safeguards of the rights.

1) Democratic Rule : Democratic rule safeguards the rights of the people to a great extent. People can enjoy their rights perfectly in democratic states only. This system makes constitutional and legal provisions for safeguarding the right of the people.

2) Written and Rigid Constitution : A written constitution clearly defines the powers and functions of the government. It also explains about the various limitations of governmental authority. Besides, a rigid constitution will guarantee the rights of the people by making it difficult for the rulers and legislators to make amendments on flimsy grounds.

3) Constitutional Incorporation : Incorporation of fundamental rights in the constitution will prevent the encroachment of individual rights by the government. Such an arrangement protects the rights of the individuals to a great extent.

4) Separation of Powers : The powers of the government should be separated among the three organs of the government. Such as measure would act as a check against other organ. Ultimately, it serves as a safeguard of individual liberty.

5) Decentralisation of Powers : Individuals enjoy their rights, when powers are decentralised among the governmental institutions. This involves allocation of powers at various levels – national, provisional, local either on functional or territorial basis.

6) Rule of Law : Rule of law implies equality before law. It also denotes equal application of laws to the citizens. It gives no scope for discrimination between citizens on the grounds of region, religion, caste, colour, community etc.

7) Independent and Impartial Judiciary : Independent and impartial judiciary is another safeguard of rights. Judges in higher judicial bodies will deliver judgement with impartial and independent outlook. In the process of delivering justice, they issue certain writs for immediate protection of the rights.

8) Indepedent Press : Independent and honest press is another essential safeguard of rights of individuals. Such agency will be able to disseminate news and views impartially and without fear or favour to anybody. In this regard the state should not try to threaten and silence the press. Then only individuals enjoy their rights to the maximum extent.

9) Social and Economic Equalities : Social and economic equalities are necessary for enjoying one’s rights. People will be able to utilize their rights properly and positively when there are social and economic equalities in the state. These equalities include absence of casteism, communalism, linguism, wide spread economic inequalities, exploitation etc.

10) Eternal Vigilance : Eternal vigilance is said to be the most important safeguard of rights of individuals. Individuals must be vigilant and cautious about the policies of the government. They should oppose the despotic tendencies of the government through democratic and constitutional methods. Under no circumstances they should allow the self seeking politicians to acquire power. Besides several other elements like judicial review, recall, strong opposition etc., are considered as the safeguards of rights.

Question 4.
Explain the meaning and feature of Parliamentary Govern-ments.
Answer:
Governments are classified into (1) Parliamentary and (2) Presidential on the basis of the relationship between the legislature and the executive. A Parliamentary system of Government is one in which the executive is a part of the legislature and held accountable to it. it is also called ‘Cabinet’ or ‘Responsible form of Government’. It originated first in Britain and later was adopted by many countries including India.

Definition:
Prof. Garner defined Parliamentary Government as “a system in which the real executive the cabinet or ministry is (i) Immediately and legally responsible to the legislature for its political policies and acts and
(ii) Immediately or ultimately responsible to the electorate.”

The main features of Parliamentary Government are :
1) Two types of executives : There are two types of executives in Parliamentary Government. They are : 1) Nominal executive and 2) Real executive. The nominal executive is the head of the State and the real executive is the head of the Government. The King of Britain and the President of India are nominal executives. Both enjoy a position of glory without any real power. In both the countries, the Prime Minister with his council of ministers is the real executive.

2) Membership of the Parliament : The ministers in this system are the members of legislature (Parliament). Ministers who are not members of the legislature must become its members within a stipulated period. Other wise they have to leave the cabinet.

3) Political homogeneity : The ministers in this system belong to the same political party. They have similar political views and ideals. They run the Government as a team. In case if no party gets absolute majority, coalition governments are formed.

4) Collective responsibility : The council of ministers is collectively held responsible to the lower house of Parliament for its decisions, policies, failures and success. By collective responsibility we mean that if the lower house rejects the decisions of the cabinet, it has to resign. In the same way if the lower house passes no confidence motion, it has to submit its resignation.

5) Indefinite tenure of the real executive : The tenure of the council of ministers is not definite in this system. The cabinet remains in office as long as it enjoys the confidence of the lower house of Parliament. The council of minister resigns when it loses its confidence.

6) Leadership of the Prime Minister : The Prime Minister is central to the life and death of the cabinet in this system. The council of ministers works under his leadership. He chooses his ministers, distributes portfolios to them and dismisses them. If he resigns, the whole government resigns.

7) Party discipline : Party discipline is greatly found in a real Parliamentary Government. Every party in this system imposes discipline on its members by asking them to strictly adhere to its ideology, principles and programmes. Such a policy makes the members both in the party and government to fulfil their respective obligations with honesty, impartiality and sincerity. It ultimately secures political stability in the State.

Question 5.
What are the Functions of Legislature ?
Answer:
Legislature is the law-making branch of the government. Its functions may be discussed under the following heads :

Functions of Legislature :
1) Legislative functions : The basic function of the legislature is to frames laws. I It is the important duty of the legislature to pass laws as per the will of the people. The legislature has powers to frame new laws and also to change, revise or cancel the outdated laws.

2) Executive functions : in a Parliamentary government, the council of ministers is responsible to the legislature. The legislature exercises control on the Council of Ministers in dealing with the problems cropping up in the country, through different resolutions and motions.

3) Deliberative functions : Legislature serves as a deliberative body. It acts as the forum representing diverse interests and views of different sections of the community. It serves as a facilitator to the executive it policy formation, finalisation and execution. In this context legislators ventilate the popular grievances and highlight the lapses in the governance. As a result, legislature contributes to the growth of political consciousness among the people.

4) Financial functions : The legislature controls the national finances. It passes the annual budget and allots the funds for various departments. It suggests the ways and means of raising the revenue and spending it.

5) Judicial functions : The legislature, especially, the upper house, performs some judicial functions. In Britain, the House of Lords functions as the highest Court of Justice. In America and India the legislatures try cases of impeachment against the Presidents and the Justices of Supreme Court and High Courts.

6) Constitutional functions : The legislature amends the constitution as per the needs of the country which change from time to time.

7) Electoral functions : In some countries, the legislatures perform electoral functions also. Ex : The elected members of the Indian Parliament and the State Legislative Assemblies elect the President of India. In Switzerland, the members of Federal Assembly elect the judges of the Federal Tribunal.

8) Other functions : Besides the above, the Legislature performs functions like accepting or rejecting the ordinances issued by the Head of the State, electing the Speaker and Deputy Speaker, appointing enquiry committees etc.

Section – B (8 × 5 = 40)

Note :

• Answer any eight of the following questions is not exceeding 20 lines each.
• Each question carries 5 marks.

Question 6.
“Political Science is a study of the present, past and Future of the State”. Analyse this statement.
Answer:
Political scientists like Garner and Paul Janet viewed Political Science as a study of the affairs of the state. They conceived the state as a Political Institution. The state is indispensable for every individual. Political Science studies the intimate relationship between the state and the citizens. Political Science studies the state in present, in the past and in future.

i) Study of state in the Present : Political Science deals with the state as it exists today. It explains the meaning, nature, purpose, growth and functioning of the state. It also deals with public opinion, political parties and pressure groups which seek to capture the political power or influence public policies.

ii) Study of state in the Past : Political Science explains about the origin and transformation of the state. It also discusses about the diverse political institutions that existed within the state. It studies various factors that influenced the origin and evolution of the state. This sort of historical study is possible only in political science.

iii) Study of State in Future : Political Science tries to determine the principles and concepts of a model state. It lays down the conditions under which a perfect state is realized. Political Scientists conceive the future with a view to improve the standards of political institutions and their activities in the light of changing conditions.

On the whole, the scope of Political Science includes the study of various activities of the state from that of ancient police state to the modern welfare state. Thus, Political Science deals with the present, past and future aspects of the state.

Question 7.
Distinguish between State and Government.
Answer:
Introduction : We often use the terms “State” and “Government” indiscriminately one for the other”. State means government in practice” said by H.J. Laski. “State means almost government machinery”.

Relationship between state and government : The relationship between state and government can be discussed as follows.

1) Both are established by individuals : State and government are two important organizations established by Individuals. The two came into existence for protecting the people and for regulating the conditions between them.

2) Complementary : State is the government for all practical purposes. Government carries on its activities in the name of the state whatever government does. It does in the name of the state. The Stuart king in England and Louis XIV in France viewed the state and government as complementary.

3) The will of the state expressed by the government : Government is an important element of state. The collective will of the state is expressed and implemented through government. Govern-ment is described as the “Brain of state”. Laws which reflect the will of the state are formulated and given effect only by the government.
Differences between State and Government : The following are the differences between state and government.

State	Government
1. State has four elements namely population, territory, government and sovereignty.	1. Government is one of the essential elements of the state.
2. State is a permanent organisation.	2. Government is a temporary organisation.
3. State consists of the whole body of people – The rulers and the ruled.	3. Government consists of only the rulers.
4. State has the sovereignty.	4. Government does not have sovereignty.
5. State is the master.	5. Government is the servant.
6. Membership of the state is compulsory.	6. Membership in government is not compulsory to that of state is narrow.
7. All states are alike in the sense they possess the same four features (or) elements like Population, Territory, Government and Sovereignty.	7. Governments are different types, viz. Parliamentary – Presidential – Unitary – Federal, Democratic – Dictatorial etc.
8. Peoples are not entitled to revolt against the state.	8. People have the right to oppose and criticize the policies and programmes of the government.
9. The scope of state when compared to that of government is wider.	9. The scope of government when compared to that of state is narrow.

Question 8.
Explain the Importance of Nationalism.
Answer:
A close perusal of Nationalism reveals that it played a prominent role in the world affairs. During the last two centuries or more, nationalism has emerged as the most inevitable political creed which has helped to shape the history. Nationalism not only inspired but also created deep hatredness among the people. It help in liberalising the people from oppressive rule. It became a deciding factor in the break up of many empires and states Nationalists strugglers have contributed to the drawing and redrawing of the boundaries of many states. At present a large part of the world is divided into different nation-states although the process of re-ordering of state boundaries has not come to an end. Separalist strugglers within the existing states have become common.

Question 9.
Write a brief note on Rule of law.
Answer:
Rule of law is one of the important features of all the democratic countries. It originated in England. It is the outcome of centuries of struggle of the Britishers for political freedom and individual liberty. It was analysed by A.V. Diecy in his work “Introduction to the Law of the Constitution”.

Meaning of Rule of law : By Rule of law we mean that government is run in accordance with law. It is not run arbitrarily by any authority. Rule of law indicates that law is supreme. All are under the same law and none is over and above the law. None should be punished without proper trail.

Features of Rule of Law :

1. No special rights: Law does not recognise any special rights for any group of individuals.
2. Equality before law : All are equal before law. Law does not make any distinction on the basis of birth, race, religion, caste and gender etc.

Question 10.
Describe any three Aspects of Equality.
Answer:
The concept of equality has mainly two aspects-Positive and Negative. Equality, in its positive aspect, means the provision of adequate opportunities for all. However, it does not mean simply identical treatment for all. Since individuals differ in their needs and capacities, they require different opportunities for their personal development. Individuals should be given such opportunities which will develop their overall personality. If the state provides adequate opportunities to all for developing the capacities, the concept of equality could be realised in practice.

Equality in its negative sense, means no discrimination on some artificial grounds based on caste, colour, creed, descent, domicile, religion, etc. Everyone should get his due share. He should be in a position to realize his best self. Laski says that “Whatever rights herein in another by virtue of his being a citizen must be herein, and to the same extent in me also”. Everyone should have an equal access to the avenues of their Liberties.

Question 11.
Write about the important Economic Rights.
Answer:
Citizens in modern states enjoy several economic rights. These rights are meant for satisfying their basic needs. They help the citizens to lead a smooth and happy life. It also helps them to overcome economic problems like poverty, unemployment etc. In this context,many states have conferred on their citizens some economic rights. They may be explained as below.

a) Right to work : Right to work enables individuals to earn their livehood. It is the utmost obligation of the state of provide some of work to all the citizens. The state provides various opportunities to them for utilising their physical and mantal calibers for earning adequate livehood. In this regard, some prominent socialist and communist states legally provide this right to their citizens.

b) Right to adequate wages : This right is a corollary to the right to work. The people of a country must be provided with this right for securing reasonable wages. This right is based on the notion of “equal pay for equal work,” It means that the State should not make discrimination between men and women in determining their salaries and emoluments.

c) Right to reasonable hours of work : This right aims at determining rules and regulations in regard to the working hours, adequate leisure, recreational facilities etc. It is an essential economic right to be possessed by the workers in the state. It enhances the efficiency of the workers.

d) Right to compensation : This right provides economic security to the employees working in various fields. According to this right, whenever an employee falls sick or dies in an accident during the service his immediate dependents will be given employment on compassionate grounds.

e) Right to self-government in industry : This right implies workers participation in the management of the industry. It makes the workers responsible, active and committed in their work. It injects initiative among the workers in a factory thereby increasing the productivity and output.

Question 12.
Explain the connotations of Justice.
Answer:
The concept of Justice has different connotations. Normally it implies virtue or righteousness. It is equated with the truthfulness and morality. Hence Justice is regarded as a norm to assess the good and bad in the conduct of men. It denotes the rules of society and various social institutions. It aims at synthesising various values. It also provides for a just system of human relations, being the products of liberty, equality and fraternity.

Justice implies establishment of statusquo. It seeks to protect the life, liberty and property of the individuals. This is known as Conservative Justice. Justice also implies keeping the general order of society as a whole. Further is protects the interests of the individuals. It is concerned with the relationship between the individuals and the whole groups.

Question 13.
Distinguish between Natural citizenship and Naturalised citizenship.
Answer:

Natural citizenship	Naturalised citizenship
1. Natural citizenship is acquired by the native citizen of a State in his own right.	1. Naturalised citizenship is conferred by a State on the aliens.
2. This is acquired on the basis of birth or descent.	2. This is conferred on the individuals subject to certain conditions like stipulated period of residence, job, property, marriage etc.
3. It is normally irrevocable.	3. It can be revoked any time by the State under certain circumstances like treason.
4. This is more a right of a citizen than a privilege.	4. This is more privilege than a right.
5. Here the citizen enjoys all the constitutional rights.	5. Here the citizen enjoys limited rights.

Question 14.
Explain about Direct Democratic Devices.
Answer:
Devices Direct Democracy :
There are four devices prescribed in direct democracies to enable the people to participate directly in the administrative activities of the State.

Those are
1. Referendum
2. Initiative
3. Recall and
4. Plebiscite

These methods may be explained as follows.
1. Referendum : It is one of the direct democratic devices. Literally it means, “must be referred to the people”. It is a device where by the electorate may veto a proposed legislation or a bill which the legislature has already passed. In other words, bills passed by the legislature are the voters for their approval or disapproval. If majority of the voters approve them, they become acts. But if they vote against them, they will be given up. Hence, referendum is known as “Popular Veto”. It is of two types – 1) Compulsory referendum : All the constitutional bills must be sent to the people. 2) Optional Referendum : An ordinary bill passed by the legislative may be or may not be sent to the people. However, even that ordinary bill must be sent to the people, if a definite number of people demand it.

Ex : In Switzerland 30,000 people or eight cantons (States) can demand referendum on an ordinary bill.

2. Initiative : It is another device of direct democracy. It is a method by means of which the people propose legislation i.e.; they can ask the legislature to pass a particular law. For instance, in Switzerland, if 50,000 voters request the legislature to pass a law, then the proposal is submitted to the consideration of the people. If majority of the people (30,000) approve it, then it becomes an act. Unlike referendum, initiative provides a chance to the people to start the making of law. It is of two types : (1) Formulative Initiative: People present a bill to the legislature (2) Unformulative Initivative : People present a demand to the legislature as king it to pass a bill.

3. Re Call : It is another devices, of Direct Democracy. It means “Calling Back”. According to this method a specific number of voters may call back or dismiss an elected officer or a member of the legislature before the expiry of his term, if he is irresponsible. By means of this, the people can remove a representative or an officer from office when he fails to discharge his duties properly.

4. Plebiscite : The term ‘Plebiscite” is derived from a French word “Plebiscitum”, which means “decree of the people”. It is used to obtain the opinion of the people on an important political issue or when there is a dispute regarding some territory. The question of accession or secession or territory is generally solved by means of plebiscite.

Question 15.
Write about various Interpretations on secularism.
Answer:
Prominent scholars like Donald E.Smith, Jawahar Lal Nehru, P.B.Gajendra Gadkar and others interpreted secularism in different ways. D.E. Smith mentioned the following three connotations of secularism.
i) Liberty and freedom of religion.
ii) Citizenship and the right to equality, non-discrimination and neutrality, and
iii) Separation of State through religion.

Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minster of India, described that secularism has three aspects namely :
i) There will be freedom of religion or irreligion for all
ii) The State will honour all faiths equally.
iii) The State shall not be attached to one faith of religion as the state religion P.B. Gajendra Gadkar, former Chief Justice of India interprested secularism thus.
i) The State does not owe loyalty to any one religion.
ii) The state in neither religious nor irreligious
iii) The state gives equal freedom to all religious.
iv) Religion of citizen has nothing to do with secular matters.
v) Religion of citizen has nothing to do with socio-religious issues of the people.

Question 16.
Explain the Merits and De-Merits of Flexible constitution.
Answer:
Flexible constitution is one whose provisions can be amended easily. It requires no special procedure for changing its provisions.
Britain is the best example of Flexible constitution.

Mertis :

1. A flexible constitution is elastic and adaptable in nature. Its provisions can easily be amended from time to time.
2. It protects the people from the dangers of revolutions.
3. It is responsive and responsible to the popular wishes.
4. It represents historical continuity of the nation as it embodies the changes required by the people.
5. It greatly helps the backward nations in the process of political and constitutional development.

Demerits :

1. A flexible constitution is highly unstable.
2. It is not suitable to the democratic states.
3. It is not amicable to the federal states having rigid constitution.

Question 17.
Discuss the features of Federal Government.
Answer:
Governments are classified into Federal and Unitary on the basis of the distribution of powers between the Centre and the States. A federal system is one in which the powers of the government are distributed constitutionally between the Centre and the State Governments. Ex America, Switzerland etc.

Meaning : The term “Federation” is derived from a Latin word “Foedus” which means ‘Treaty of Agreement”.

Definitions :

1. A.V. Dicey : “A federal government is a political contrivance intended to reconcile national unity with the maintenance of State’s rights.
2. J.W. Garner : Federal government is a system in which the totality of governmental power is divided and distributed between the Centre and the States by the National Constitution”.
3. Hamilton : “Federation is an association of states that forms a new one”.
4. K.C. Wheare: “A federal government is a method of dividing powers so that the regional and Central Government are each within their sphere, co-ordinate and independent.”

Features of Federal Government :
Federal Government comprises several features. They may be denoted as follows :
1) Written Constitution : A Federal Government normally has a Written Constitution. Such a Constitution is considered as the supreme law of the land. It defines, decides and devises powers between the Central and State Governments. Hence, it became a practical necessity of Federal Government.

2) Dual Citizenship : Federal State provides dual citizenship to the citizens. Accordingly, the citizens will have membership in both the Centre and the States simultaneously. As a result, they participate in the election of representatives to both the national and provisional bodies.

3) Division of Powers : In a Federation, the Powers of Government are divided between the Centre and the States. The Central Government exercises control over matters of national importance like defence, external affairs, customs, exports and imports etc. On the other hand, certain matters like education, agriculture, health, irrigation etc.’, having provincial importance are allocated to the State Governments.

4) Bicameralism : Bicameralism is another important feature of a federation. In a federal state, we observe two chambers in the union legislature and some of the provincial legislative organisations. The first or lower chamber represents the interests of the people. The second chamber or upper house comprises the members representing the States.

5) Rigidity : Generally, the Constitution of a federation is very rigid. So it cannot be amended easily. The concurrence of the Centre and States is required for amending some of the important provisions. So, neither the Centre nor the states unilaterally can amend the constitutional provisions.

6) Independent Judiciary : Independent judiciary is another essential feature of a Federal Government. Such an organisation will settle disputes between the Centre and the States. The Judges in Judiciary constitutionally enjoy independent position. Once appointed, they could not be removed by any body under normal conditions. They will be there to safeguard the fundamental rights of citizens. They can check the misuse of powers by the executive and legislative authorities.

Section – C (15 × 2 = 30)

Note :

• Answer any fifteen of the following questions in not exceeding 5 lines each.
• Each question carries 2 marks.

Question 18.
Public policy
Answer:
Any policy which is made and implemented by the government for the welfare of people is known as public policy. According to Thomas R.Dye public policy is “What government choose to do or not to do”.

When policy acquired legitimacy or approved by the legislature. It will become public policy.
Policy + Legitimacy = Public policy.

Question 19.
Who is the Father of Political Science and Mention his book?
Answer:
Aristotle is the father of Political Science. He wrote famous book politics.

Question 20.
Write about any two difference between State and Government.
Answer:

State	Government
1. State has four elements namely population. territroy, government and sovereignty.	1. Government is one of the essential elements of state.
2. State in the master.	2. Government is the servant.

Question 21.
Sovereignty
Answer:
Sovereignty is the most important feature of a state. It is this feature that separates State from other assoications. It is regarded as the ‘soul’ of state. The term ‘Sovereignty1 is derived from the Latin word ‘SUPERANUS’ meaning “supreme power of the state”. Its will is supreme and final. It is the source of all laws. It commands all and obeys none.

Question 22.
Write any two Merits of Nationalism.
Answer:

1. Nationalism made the people obey the governement.
2. It helped in achieving the progress of a nation in a short period.

Question 23.
Mention any two De-merits of Nationalism.
Answer:

1. Nationalism makes the people extremely proud. Jealous and arrogant as was clear from the history of Germany and Italy.
2. It leads to unnecessary and unhealthy competition among the nations is economic matters.

Question 24.
Define the term Equity.
Answer:
Equity means fairness or justice. It is also a kind of Jude – Made law. It is an informal method of making a new law or altering an old law to new conditions. Sometimes, the courts may be confronted with the disputes about which the law is silent. Under such situation, the Judge will give relief to the aggrieved party by using principles of social justice and humanism common-sense. In course of time, they acquire the status of law. In equity Judge is adding to the law what is missing there in and creating a new one.

Question 25.
Mention any two difference between Law and Morality.
Answer:

Law	Morality
1. Law is concerned with the external behaviour of individuals.	1. Morality is concerned with the whole life of individuals.
2. Law is a concern of the state.	2. Morality is concerned with individual conscience.

Question 26.
What are the Aspects of Equality ?
Answer:
Equality has mainly two aspects.
Those are :

1. Positive aspect
2. Negative aspect.

Positive aspect means providing adequate opportunities to all. Negative aspect means no discrimination against any individual on the basis of caste, colour, race, religion, region, etc.

Question 27.
Mention the obstacles to Equality.
Answer:
The following are the obstacles to Equality

1. Gap between law and practice
2. Equality and ideal
3. Social obstacles
4. Monopolization of political power
5. Economic elements.

Question 28.
Economic Rights.
Answer:
Economic right relate to the engagement of individuals in economic activities. These rights enable men to have a reasonable and legal source of livelihood. They enable the individuals to overcome their daily issues of food, clothing, shelter etc. They provide economic security to the individuals. They got prominence in the 21st century all over the world. Right to adequate wage, right to work, right to leisure, right to basic amenities in working places, right to trade unions, right to relief etc are some examples of economic rights.

Question 29.
Mention any four safeguards of Rights.
Answer:

1. Democratic Rule
2. Written and Rigid constitution
3. Constitutional incorporation
4. Separation of powers.

Question 30.
Types of Responsibilities.
Answer:

1. Moral Responsibilities
2. Legal Responsibilities
3. Positive Responsibilities
4. Negative Responsibility

Question 31.
Numerical concept of Justice.
Answer:
Numerical concept of Justice regards that everyone has equal share. The ancient greek city states adopted this concept in public matters. The Rulers of these city states filled up various offices with as many persons as maximum possible to demonstrate equality they have not considered special knowledge. Qualifications etc., for holding public offices. Jermy Bentham, a famous British Political philospher, advocated this concept in modern times. He stated thus “Every one is to count for one. No body for more than one.”

Question 32.
Economic Justice.
Answer:
Economic Justice : It has acquired great important in recent times. It is considered to be a precondition to the enjoyment of other forms of justice. It implies adequate payment for work, freedom in the spheres of production and distribution, feeding the starving and clothing the naked and providing all opportunities for development. It stands for the estabilishment of a socialistic pattern of society. It aims at moulding the economy in such a way so as to enable the people to share the economic benefits equally.

Question 33.
What are the suggestions of Lord Bryce for overcoming the hindrances of good citizenship ?
Answer:
Lord Bryce suggested two types of remedies for overcoming the hindrances of good citizenship.
They are
i) Mechanical
ii) Ethical.
Mechanical remedies improve the machinery of the state to make it more useful to the public. Ethical remedies enhance the general character of citizens in the State.

Question 34.
Write about the origin of Democracy.
Answer:
The term Democracy has originated from the two Greek words ‘demos’ and Kratos. The two words mean demos (people) and Kratos(rule/authority). Democracy normally means power vested in the people. Democracy to the Greeks was direct in nature. It was in Athens Assembly that democracy had its origin as the citizens voted directly on various laws of the city state for the first time.

Question 35.
Types of Secularism.
Answer:
Secularism is of two types, namely i) Subjective and ii) Objective, subjective secularism involves the gradual separation of religious feeling from everyday transactions of the people. It considers religion as a private matter between individuals and their gods. Objective secularism cannotes the elimination of religious rituals and institutions from public life and government activity.

Question 36.
Mention any two differences between written and un written constitutions.
Answer:

Written constitution	Unwritten constitution
1. All the basic principles of the state are clearly written.	1. All the basic principles of the state exist in the form of customs and traditions.
2. It cannot be easily amended	2. It can easily be amended.

Question 37.
Bi-cameralism.
Answer:
‘Bi’ means two and ‘cameral’ means house or chamber. If a legislature consists of two houses or chambers, It is called Bi-cameral legislature and such arrangement is called Bi-cameralism. Bi-cameral legislature is necessary in a federal government as the second chamber gives representation to the States. In Bi-cameral set up, the upper house is less powerful than the lower house. Ex : Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha in India. Senate and House of Representatives in America.