AP Inter 1st Year Civics Model Paper Set 8 with Solutions

A diverse collection of AP Inter 1st Year Civics Model Papers Set 8 caters to various learning preferences and styles.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics Model Paper Set 8 with Solutions

Time: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 100

Section – A (3 × 10 = 30)

Note :

• Answer any three of the following questions is not exceeding 40 lines each.
• Each question carries 10 marks.

Question 1.
Describe the relationship and differences between State and Association.
Answer:
Introduction : The social nature of man finds expression in numerous groups and associations which satisfy his various needs in life. Man cannot live in isolation. He seeks the cooperation and help of others to fulfill his needs and to develop his personality.

Intimate social relationship for achieving certain ends or purposes gives rise to the formation of associations.
State : State is people organized for law within a definite territory.

Association : Association is a group of people united for a specific purpose or a limited number of purposes.

Relationship between State and Association : The state and association are related in the following aspects.

• Same membership : Both the state and other associations consist of a group of same human beings. So the same individuals remain members of both the state and associations.
• Common interests : Both are created and organized for the pursuit of an interest or a group of interests. Promotion of common interests in the moving force behind all forms of associations including the state.
• Organization : Both are characterized by organizations and a well-knit framework for realizing their objectives. Both regulate the activities of members. Both view cooperation as the basis among the members.
• Code of conduct : Both have a code of conduct denoting some rules and regulations. The code of conduct keeps the members together. It ensures stability to the organization.
• Executive: Every state will have an executive agency known as the government. Similarly every association will have an executive council for implementing its decisions.

Differences between State and Association : State and Association differ from one another in the following matters.

Flexible Constitution	Rigid Constitution
1. Constitutional matters are not clearly mentioned.	1. Constitutional matters are clearly written.
2. Not appropriate to a federal state.	2. Appropriate for a federal state.
3. Highly unstable.	3. Highly stable.
4. Constitution can be easily amended.	4. Constitution cannot be easily amended.
5. Provides no scope for judicial review.	5. Provides scope for judicial review.
6. Only one type of law is found.	6. Two types of laws are found, constitutional and ordinary. Constitutional laws precede ordinary laws.
7. Rights, freedoms and liberties of people may not be safeguarded by the Judiciary.	7. Rights, freedoms and liberties of people will be better safeguarded by the Judiciary.
8. No scope for revolutions.	8. Scope for revolutions.
9. Possibility of unlimited legislative power.	9. Possibility of a limited legislative power.
10. More suitable to the politically advanced states.	10. More suitable to the developing nations.
11. It makes no differentiation between constitutional and ordinary laws.	11. It makes differentiation between constitutional and ordinary laws.
12. Appropriate to small states.	12. Appropriate to large states.

Question 2.
Write an essay on social Justice.
Answer:
Social Justice is generally equated with the notion of equality. Equality is an indisputable and inherent element of social justice. The term ‘social justice’ has wider meaning. ‘Social justice’ connotes fairness, mutual obligation and responsibility in a society. It firmly believes that everyone is responsible to the others. Everyone must be provided adequate opportunities. Social Justice, in brief, aims at achieving a just society by eliminating injustice. It prevails when people have the belief of sharing the things in the society. They must be entitled to equitable treatment, human rights and fair allocation of common resources.

In this context modern political scientists like John Rawls and David Miller gave two prominent statements.

John Rawls advanced the theory of social justice commonly known as “Justice or Fariness”. To him, social justice implies equal access to the liberties, rights and opportunities as well as taking care of the interests of the deprived and disadvantaged sections of the society. He maintained that what is just or unjust in the human activities is determined on the basis of utility of such activities. He stated that social justice enables human beings equal access to civil liberties and human rights to lead a happy and healthy life. He emphasised that disadvantaged groups in society will be taken care of through the extension of social justice.

John Rawls concept of social justice is built around the idea of a social contract whereby all people sign a covenant for following and obeying certain rules for the betterment of the society as a whole. These rules or principles specify the basic rights and obligations involving the main political and social institutions. They regulate the allocation of benefits arising from social co-operation.

David Miller pointed out that social justice is concerned with the distribution of good (advantages) and bad (disadvantages) in society. He further analysed more specifically how these things are distributed in the society. According to him, social justice is concerned with the allocation of resources among people by social and political institutions. People, through social justice, receive many benefits in the fields of education, employment, wealth, health, welfare, transport etc.’

Question 3.
What do you mean by Democracy ? Write about the Direct Democratic Devices.
Answer:
Meaning: The term Democracy is derived from two greek words namely, “Demos” and “Kratos”. Demos means people and Kratos mean rule (or) authority.

Definitions :

1. Abraham LincoIn : “Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people”.
2. Lord Bryce: “Democracy is that form of government in which the ruling power of the state is vested not in a particular class but in the members of the community as a whole”.
3. J.R. Seely : “Democracy is a government in which every one has a share”.

Direct Democracy : Direct Democracy is said to prevail when people themselves directly express their views and participate in the deliberative and administrative affairs of the government. People in direct democracy assume all powers of making laws. They formulate laws at a meeting attended by all the people. Direct Democracy is prevalent in Switzerland. In Switzerland, the citizens living in some small cantons meet together on a Sunday in April or May to elect their representatives and to make laws.

Devices Direct Democracy :
There are four devices prescribed in direct democracies to enable the people to participate directly in the administrative activities of the State.
Those are
1) Referendum
2) Initiative
3) Recall and
4) Plebiscite.

These methods may be explained as follows.
1. Referendum : It is one of the direct democratic devices. Literally it means, “must be referred to the people”. It is a device where by the electorate may veto a proposed legislation or a bill which the legislature has already passed. In other words, bills passed by the legislature are the voters for their approval or disapproval. If majority of the voters approve them, they become acts. But if they vote against them, they will be given up. Hence, referendum is known as “Popular Veto”.

It is of two types –

1. Compulsory referendum : All the constitutional bills must be sent to the people.
2. Optional Referendum : An ordinary bill passed by the legislative may be or may not be sent to the people. However, even that ordinary bill must be sent to the people, if a definite number of people demand it.
   Ex : In Switzerland 30,000 people or eight cantons (States) can demand referendum on an ordinary bill.

2. Initiative : It is another device of direct democracy. It is a method by means of which the people propose legislation i.e.; they can ask the legislature to pass a particular law. For instance, in Switzerland, if 50,000 voters request the legislature to pass a law, then the proposal is submitted to the consideration of the people. If majority of the people (30,000) approve it, then it becomes an act.

Unlike referendum, initiative provides a chance to the people to start the making of law.
It is of two types :

1. Formulative Initiative : People present a bill to the legislature
2. Unformulative Initiative : People present a demand to the legislature as king it to pass a bill.

3. Recall : It is another device of Direct Democracy. It means “Calling Back”. According to this method a specific number of voters may call back or dismiss an elected officer or a member of the legislature before the expiry of his term, if he is irresponsible. By means of this, the people can remove a representative or an officer from office when he fails to discharge his duties properly.

4. Plebiscite : The term ‘Plebiscite” is derived from a French word “Plebiscitum”, which means “decree of the people”. It is used to obtain the opinion of the people on an important political issue or when there is a dispute regarding some territory. The question of accession or secession or territory is generally solved by means of plebiscite. It is not concerned with legislation. It is not apart of legal process. It is only a democratic method of ascertaining the opinion of the people on any political issue of public importance.

Question 4.
Describe the meaning and various demensions of Secularism.
Answer:
Introduction : Secularism is one of the characteristic feature of a Modern State. Secular State explains the relation between the State and Religion. The concept of secularism was popularised by the state authority to control the religion and religious authority over the state affairs.

Meaning : The term “Secular” in Latin language means “Of this World”. It denotes the meaning “the opposite of religion”.

Definitions :

1. E.S. Waterhouse : Secularism is an ideology which provides a theory of life and conduct as against one provided in Religion”.
2. G J. Holyoake : “Secularism is an idea of promoting a social order as separate from religion without actively dismissing or criticising religious beliefs”.

Dimensions of Secularism : Secularism can be analysed under the following dimensions :
1. Social dimension : Secularism stands for eschewing or ignoring superstitions in social life. It never allows individuals to think and act in terms of one’s caste, colour, creed etc. It desires individuals to abstain untouchability, bonded labour and other evil practices in their day-to-day activities while dealing with their neighbours. It advises them to treat others on equal and respectable manner. It cautions them against the practice of caste disparities, colour differentiations, racial bigotry etc. At the end, it prescribed harmonious relations between individuals in society.

2. Economic dimension : Economic dimension of Secularism relates to the freedom of individuals to embrace, practice and propagate an occupation which they like best. It restrains them against the practice of religious discrimination between individuals in utilizing natural, human and economic resources in productive operations. It did not allow the State authorities to observe discretion in sanctioning permits and licenses to the entrepreneurs on religious grounds. It assigns significance to elements like merit, talent, enterprising spirit etc., while allocating industrial licenses and other operations among individuals in the economy.

3. Political dimension : Secularism has also some political dimensions. It allows the citizens to have complete freedom in political affairs. It believes that politics, administration, legislation and execution of public policies are entirely different from religious matters. Accordingly citizens in a Secular State are conferred several political rights and freedoms in choosing the candidates and exercising their franchise during elections. It gives scope for any citizen to hold any public office within the State irrespective of religious considerations. It will not consider religion as a pre-requisite for granting political rights. It will pave the way for democratic aspirations and freedom of the people. To say in brief political dimension of secularism in synonymous with the democratic functioning of modern state.

Question 5.
Define constitution and point out the differences between Flexible and Rigid constitutions.
Answer:
Definitions :

1. Aristotle defines “constitution is the arrangement of offices in a state, especially the highest of all.”
2. Stephen Leacock defines “Constitution is the form of government.”

Differences between Flexible and Rigid Constitutions.

Flexible Constitution	Rigid Constitution
1. Constitutional matters are not clearly mentioned.	1. Constitutional matters are clearly written.
2. Not appropriate to a federal state.	2. Appropriate for a federal state.
3. Highly unstable.	3. Highly stable.
4. Constitution can be easily amended.	4. Constitution cannot be easily amended.
5. Provides no scope for judicial review.	5. Provides scope for judicial review.
6. Only one type of law is found.	6. Two types of laws are found, constitutional and ordinary. Constitutional laws precede ordinary laws.
7. Rights, freedoms and liberties of people may not be safeguarded by the Judiciary.	7. Rights, freedoms and liberties of people will be better safeguarded by the Judiciary.
8. No scope for revolutions.	8. Scope for revolutions.
9. Possibility of unlimited legislative power.	9. Possibility of a limited legislative power.
10. More suitable to the politically advanced states.	10. More suitable to the developing nations.
11. It makes no differentiation between constitutional and ordinary laws.	11. It makes differentiation between constitutional and ordinary laws.
12. Appropriate to small states.	12. Appropriate to large states.

Section – B (8 × 5 = 40)

Note :

• Answer any eight of the following questions is not exceeding 20 lines each.
• Each question carries 5 marks.

Question 6.
Describe the scope of political science in the sphere of Government.
Answer:
Scope of Political Science includes the study of government. Some political scientists like Stephen Leacock and John Richard Seeley confined the scope of the discipline to the government alone. Political Science mainly studies about the government. Government is an agency of the state. There can be no State without a government.

The state realises its aims through the instrument of government. Government formulates, expresses and implements the will of the state. There must be some men or body of men who are authorised to issue orders on behalf of the state. They are known as the government. Political Science studies the meaning, forms, structure, nature and functions of the government. It discusses the relationship among the various organs of the government. It makes a differen-tiation between the State and Government. While dealing with the government. Political Science narrates the classification of various governments as given by Aristotle, Leacock and others. Political Science discusses the various merits and demerits, essential conditions and manifold activities of the above governments. Hence, political Science is treated as a science of government.

Question 7.
In what way are State and Government related ?
Answer:
Introduction: We often use the terms “State” and “Government” indiscriminately one for the other. “State means government in practice” said by H.J. Laski. “State means almost government machinery”.

State : State is a people organized for law within a definite territory.

Government : Government is an instrument which fulfills aims and goals of the state.

Relationship between State and Government: The relationship between state and government can be discussed as follows.

• Both are established by individuals : State and government are two important organizations established by Individuals. The two came into existence for protecting the people and for regulating the conditions between them.
• Complementary : State is the government for all practical purposes. Government carries on its activities in the name of the state. Whatever government does. It does in the name of the state. The Stuart king in England and Louis XIV in France viewed the state and government as complementary.
• The will of the state expressed by the government : Government is an important element of state. The collective will of the state is expressed and implemented through government. Government is described as the “Brain of state”. Laws which reflect the will of the state are formulated and given effect only by the government.

Question 8.
Write the Merits and Demerits of Nationalism.
Answer:
Merits :

1. Nationalism made the people obey the government.
2. It helped in achieving the progress of a Nation in a short period.
3. It is anti-imperialistic. So it does not allow economic exploitation.
4. It secured political stability and peaceful social atmosphere.
5. It helped in developing the culture of the people of a Nation noted in their language, literature, costumes ans so on.

De-Merits :

1. Nationalism makes the people extremely proud, jealous and arrogant as was clear from the history of Germany and Italy.
2. It incited the people to dominate the people of Neighbouring states.
3. It leads to un necessary and un healthy competition among the Nations in economic matters.
4. It is also beset with parochial and provincial outlook.

Question 9.
How Law and Liberty are complementary ?
Answer:
Law and Liberty are the two fundamental concepts in political science. These two concepts are interdependent. The socialists and communists believed that Law and Liberty are complementary to each other. They regarded the State a Welfare Agency. Law imposes restrictions essential for the social welfare. It is a fact that the capitalist class exploited the working class. The state shall eradicate the evils of exploitation by making necessary laws.

The idealists believed that state is a moral agency. The state represents the general will of the community. Individuals will be free when they obey the laws of the state. Mussolini gave a slogan “Nothing against the State”. Law always protects the interests of the people. Therefore both the concepts of law and liberty are complementary to each other.

Question 10.
What is meant by Equality ?
Answer:
The concept of Equality is of great significance in the study of political science. The term ‘Equality1 became an important slogan and inspired the people of France, America, Russia and India during their struggle for freedom and independence.

The term “Equality” implies absolute equality of treatment. In political science the term Equality refers to a state which grants its citizens equality before the law and equal opportunities to develop their personality.

Definitions :
1. “Equality means first of all the absence of special privilege. In the second place “It means that adequate opportunities are laid open to all”. – H.J. Laski
2. “Equality implies equal rights for all the people and abolition of special rights and privileges”. – Barker

Question 11.
Explain the classification of Rights.
Answer:
Rights are broadly classified into three categories, namely
i) Natural Rights
ii) Moral Rights and
iii) Legal Rights.

i) Natural Rights : Natural Rights are those rights which are enjoyed by men by birth. Men enjoyed these rights even before the origin of civilised society. Rights to life, right to liberty and right to property are the basic Natural Rights. The state cannot deprive men of these rights.

ii) Moral Rights : These rights are morally prescribed to men in the society. The ethical or moral principles in the society act as the basis of the moral rights. These rights are based on the moral conscience of the people. They don’t have legal support. So violation of these rights is not considered as a crime.

iii) Legal Rights : Legal rights are recognised by the state and prescribed by the law.
They are applicable to all sections of society without any discrimination on the basis of caste, religion, race etc.

Question 12.
Write about the aspects of Justice.
Answer:
Plato Mentioned two aspects of Justice. They may be explained as below.
1) Distributive Justice : Distributive justice implies the distribution of goods and wealth of citizens by the state on merit basis. Aristotle stated that. Justice is a sort of proportion. He regarded it as the most powerful instrument against revolutions.

2) Corrective Justice : Corrective justice comprises restoring each person the lost right due to the infringement of his rights by others. Aristotle viewed this justice as essentially negative which is concerned with voluntary commercial transactions like hire, sale and furnishing of property. In brief, corrective justice embodies moral excellence of individuals.

Question 13.
Suggest the Remedies for removing the Hindrances to good citizenship.
Answer:
The following are some ways to remove hindrances to good citizenship.
1) Solving People’s Grievances : First of all government should address the basic grievances of the people. Issues of poverty and unemployment should be tackled with great commitment. Good citizenship can’t be realized when people’s basic needs are not satisfied.

2) Education and awareness : Education, which is the most important need of the hour should be given top priority. Steps should be taken to spread education and awareness among the people. Citizens must be provided with such instructions which make possible the understanding of human life. They must be trained for expressing their wishes and aspirations which they come across in their life.

3) Efforts of Leaders : Citizens should always feel that government itself cannot provide succour and rescue them on every occasion. The leaders at various levels should come forward and co-operate with the government in promoting good citizenship.

On the whole. Lord Bryce suggested two types of remedies for overcoming the hindrances of good citizenship. They are : 1. Mechanical and 2. Ethical. The first relates to the laws of the state and second relates to the character of the citizens.

Mechanical Remedies improve the machinery of the state to make it more useful to the public. The entire social structure has to be built up on the principles of equality, justice and democracy. Citizens should be allowed to utilise their civil and political rights to their maximum extent.

Ethical remedies enhance the general character of citizens in the state. Ignorance and narrow party interests must be avoided. On the other hand, honesty and literacy would induce the citizens to take active role in public life.

Question 14.
Define Democracy and explain its Merits.
Answer:
i) Abraham Lincoln defines “Democracy is a government of the people, by the people’ and for the people”.
ii) Seely defines “Democracy is a government in which everyone has a share”.

Merits :
a) Efficient government : Prof. Garner described democracy as an efficient and effective government. The government in democracy carries all its activities efficiently and effectively both in normal times and emergencies.

b) Upholds individual liberties : Democracy is the only government that upholds individual liberties. It guarantees certain civil rights to the people thereby providing an opportunity for them to become ideal and responsible citizens.

c) Assures equality: Democracy assures equality of individuals in political and economic spheres. The people living in democratic nation enjoy all the political, civil and economic rights and privileges equally without any discrimination.

d) Educates the masses : Democracy is described as a laboratory for a large scale experiments in public education. The masses in democracy are educated and enlightened through public meetings, election campaigns, distribution of pamphelts, etc.

e) Promotes patriotism : The people in a democracy think that the country is their own property. When the country is in difficulties, they come forward to protect the interests of the nation. Therefore democracy develops patriotic spirit in the people.

f) Develops sense of responsibility : J.S. Mill says that “democracy promotes a better and higher form of national character than any other policy whatever”. Since it is a rule by themselves, the people behave with a great sense of responsibility.

g) Training school for citizenship : De Tocqueville, a French writer said that democracy serves as a training school for citizenship. Democracy promotes intellectual and moral qualities among the people.

Question 15.
Write about the importance of Secular State.
Answer:
Importance of Secular State : The concept of Secular State became more important in recent years. Factors like spread of democratic spirit, science and technology, development of transport and communication facilities, rational thinking, welfarism etc., led to the growing importance of Secular State. On the whole, importance of Secular State may be explained with the following points.

1. Secular state strengthens the non-religious forces in different fields in the state.
2. It drives away the social evils and superstitions from the minds of the people.
3. It contributes to social reformation by driving away the communal bigotry and religious fundamentalism.
4. It promotes scientific temper and helps intellectual progress of the people.
5. It gives priority to reason over faith, logic over magic and fact over fiction.
6. It provides security and protection to religious minorities.
7. It accommodates every individual with his personal religious beliefs.

Question 16.
Write a brief note on classification on constitutions.
Answer:
Political scientists classified the constitution into various types.
Mainly there are three types of constitutions. They are mentioned below.
1) Evolution of Constitution : On the basis of evolution, constitutions are divided into two types, namely
a) Evolved constitution and
b) Enacted Constitution.

a) Evloved Constitution : Evolved constitution is also called as Cumulative constitution. It is the result of evolutionary changes. It may be the product of collected material. It acts as the basis to the political institutions of a country. It is not made as it grows with the roots in the past. Several customs, usages, traditions, principles and judicial decisions act as the sources of this constitution. Ex : British constitution.

b) Enacted Constitution : Enacted constitution is also known as Conventional constitution. It is consciously made. It is the outcome of the deliberations of the constituent assembly specially convened for that purpose. It is promulgated by the sovereign authority – King or Parliament. The provisions of this constitution are incorporated in a document or a series of documents. Ex : USA and Indian Constitution.

2) Nature of Constitution : Constitutions are classified into two types on the basis of their nature.
They are
a) Written Constitution and
b) Unwritten Constitution.

Question 17.
Write about the Merits of Unitary Government.
Answer:
Merits : The merits of the Unitary Government may be explained as follows :
1. Powerful Government: All the powers in the unitary system concentrate in the central government alone. Hence it is powerful and defend the nation from external or internal attacks.

2. Efficient Rule : The entire administration is in the hands of the central government. The provinces have to follow strictly the guidelines of the central government. Hence the central government provides efficient administration to the nation.

3. Less Expensive and Time Saving : Unitary Government is less expensive and time saving. Only the central government is elected by the people. Provincial units may or may not exists. As a result, the formation and maintenance of unitary government requires less amount of finances. There will be no duplication of institutions. As a result public money and time are saved in unitary system.

4. Administrative Uniformity : The administration throughout the nation is identical and similar. This paves the way for making clear administrative policies and the people need not to face any problems while moving from place to place in the Unitary System.

5. Quick decisions possible : Unitary system comprises one government for the entire state. That Government takes decisions quickly and promptly. As a result unitary government will tackle any unforeseen events in times of emergency.

6. Single citizenship : The citizens in a unitary state will have single citizenship. So, there will be no discrimination between them within the four corners of the country. Ultimately, single citizenship promotes national unity, integrity and solidarity among the people.

7. Useful for small countries : This system is suitable to small countries like Britain. Because these countries do not afford to have federal governments which are highly expensive in nature.

Section – C (15 × 2 = 30)

Note :

• Answer any fifteen of the following questions in not exceeding 5 lines each.
• Each question carries 2 marks.

Question 18.
In what way is Political Science considered as a study of the power.
Answer:
The Behaviouralists of twentieth century regarded Political Science as a study of sharing and shaping of power. They pointed out that Political Science discusses how power is grabbed,mainpulated and perpetuated to have a control over the society.

Question 19.
Behaviouralism
Answer:
It is a modern interdisciplinary approach in Political Science. It seeks to make Political Science a real science. It originated in 1925 but became popular in the USA after the second world war. It studies political behaviour of people by using scientific methods of data collection. David Easton and Gabriel Almond were important supporters of this approach.

Question 20.
Mention any two differences between State and Society.
Answer:

State	Society
1. State is a political organization.	1. Society is a social organization.
2. State regulates only the external relation or men in society.	2. Society controls both internal and external activities of men in society.

Question 21.
Answer:
Willoughby stated that the will of the people is an important element of the stae. State continues to exist as long as it is supported by the majority of the people. The strong desire for protecting the state against invasions and internal revolutions is compulsory for the continuation of the state.

Question 22.
What is the importance of Nationalism ?
Answer:
Nationalism is an effective force in modern politics and it played prominent role in the world affairs. It’s importance can be analysed from the following points.

1. Nationalism inspired the people and created deep hatredness among the people.
2. It helped in liberalising the people from oppressive rule.
3. It became a deciding factor in the breakup of many empires and states.

Question 23.
What are the approaches for the study of law ?
Answer:
The following are the approaches for the study of modern law :

1. Analytical Approach
2. Historical Approach
3. Sociological Approach

Question 24.
Mention any four safeguards of Liberty.
Answer:
The four safeguards of liberty are :
a) Democractic system
b) Rule of law
c) Decentralisaion of power
d) Independent Judiciary

Question 25.
Write any two features of Equality.
Answer:
The following are the essential features of equality.
1. Equality not given by nature : Equality is not given by nature. Absolute equality is now here to be found. All individuals are born in the same circumstances. Human beings are not like standard commodities which are coming out of a factory. Every individual has his own point of strength and weakness peculiar to his personality. No two individuals remain exactly like each other. Practically, individuals are not equal.

2. Equality not absolute : Equality is not absolute. Absolute equality is neither possible nor desirable. In no movement in the history of the world did individuals claim to have absolute equality. So, equality does not mean uniformity and differences does not mean inequality.

Question 26.
How many types of Human Rights are there ? Name them.
Answer:
Human rights are broadly classified into two categories :

1. Civil and Political rights
2. Economic, Social and Cultural rights.

Question 27.
Mention any four features of Rights.
Answer:
The features of rights may be explained as follows :
a) Rights are possible only in society. They do not exist outside of the society.
b) Rights are social in nature.
c) Rights are inherent in the social nature of men.
d) Rights are enfored and protected by the State. Various judicial organisations act as the custodians of the rights of individuals.

Question 28.
Types of Justice.
Answer:
These are different types of justice namely

1. Natural Justice
2. Social justice
3. Political Justice
4. Economic Justice and
5. Legal Justice.

Question 29.
Mention any four merits of Democracy.
Answer:
Democracy has the following Merits :

1. Efficient Government
2. Up holds Individual Liberties
3. Assures Equality
4. Educates the Masses

Question 30.
In what way Public Accountability is considered as a feature of Democracy ?
Answer:
Democracy is characterised by Public Accountability. The various governments functioning in democracy owe accountabilites immediately to the legislators and ultimately to the voters at large.

Question 31.
List out any two differences between Secular State of Theocratic State.
Answer:

1. Secular State is based on elements other than religion, whereas theocratic state is based on religious elements.
2. There will be no official religion in a Secular State, whereas there will be a particular religion which is declared as official religion in a theocratic state.

Question 32.
What are the connotations of Secularism ?
Answer:
D.E. Smith Mentioned the following three connotations of Secularism.

1. Liberty and Freedom of Religion.
2. Citizenship and the right to equality. Non-discrimination and Neutrality.
3. Separation of state through religion.

Question 33.
ention the Nehruji’s aspects of Secularism.
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru, the First Prime Minister of India, described that Secularism has three aspects, namely :

1. There will be freedom of Religion or Religion for all
2. The state will honour all faiths equally.
3. The state shall not be attached to one faith or religion as the state religion.

Question 34.
Mention any four essential features of the Constitution.
Answer:

1. Preamble
2. Clarity
3. Brevity and
4. Flexibility

Question 35.
Un written constitution.
Answer:
Unwritten Constitution is one vyhose provisions are not written in a single document. It includes several customs and traditions which are manifested in the form of the laws. This type of constitution is considered as the oldest formal resource of the legal rule.

The constitution of Britain is the best example of unwritten constitution. The laws in British are formed on the basis of the customs, traditions and usages which often represent the constitutional rule.

Question 36.
What are the Normal form of Governments ?
Answer:
Aristotle mentioned Monarchy, Aristocracy and polity as the normal form of government.

Question 37.
What do you mean by Republican Government ?
Answer:
Under Republican system, the executive head of the government is elected for a fixed term of office. Ex : The President of India.
There will be a special body i.ev electoral college which elects the president and the vice president respectively.