AP Inter 1st Year Civics Model Paper Set 6 with Solutions

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AP Inter 1st Year Civics Model Paper Set 6 with Solutions

Time: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 100

Section – A (3 × 10 = 30)

Note :

• Answer any three of the following questions is not exceeding 40 lines each.
• Each question carries 10 marks.

Question 1.
In what aspects do state and government differ from each other ? Explain.
Answer:
Introduction : We often use the terms “State” and “Government” indiscriminately one for the other”. State means government in practice” said by H.J. Laski. “State means almost government machinery”.

Relationship between state and government : The relationship between state and government can be discussed as follows.

1) Both are established by individuals : State and government are two important organizations established by Individuals. The two came into existence for protecting the people and for regulating the conditions between them.

2) Complementary : State is the government for all practical purposes. Government carries on its activities in the name of the state whatever government does. It does in the name of the state. The Stuart king in England and Louis XIV in France viewed the state and government as complementary.

3) The will of the state expressed by the government : Government is an important element of state. The collective will of the state is expressed and implemented through government. Govern-ment is described as the “Brain of state”. Laws which reflect the will of the state are formulated and given effect only by the government.
Differences between State and Government : The following are the differences between state and government.

State	Government
1. State has four elements namely population, territory, government and sovereignty.	1. Government is one of the essential elements of the state.
2. State is a permanent organisation.	2. Government is a temporary organisation.
3. State consists of the whole body of people – The rulers and the ruled.	3. Government consists of only the rulers.
4. State has the sovereignty.	4. Government does not have sovereignty.
5. State is the master.	5. Government is the servant.
6. Membership of the state is compulsory.	6. Membership in government is not compulsory to that of state is narrow.
7. All states are alike in the sense they possess the same four features (or) elements like Population, Territory, Government and Sovereignty.	7. Governments are different types, viz. Parliamentary – Presidential – Unitary – Federal, Democratic – Dictatorial etc.
8. Peoples are not entitled to revolt against the state.	8. People have the right to oppose and criticize the policies and programmes of the government.
9. The scope of state when compared to that of government is wider.	9. The scope of government when compared to that of state is narrow.

Question 2.
Explain the relationship between liberty and equality.
Answer:
Liberty and Equality are important concepts in political science. They are closely related to each other. Both of them inspired the people of several countries during their struggle of independence against Foreign Rule.

Political philosophers have expressed two different opinions in regard to the relationship between Liberty and Equality. They agreed that both Liberty and Equality are important concepts in Political Science. However, some advanced the notion of affinity between the two. Others considered that the two are incompatible to each other.

The first school of thought includes political philosophers like Rousseau, Tawney, Laski and G.D.H. Cole. The second school of thought includes Lord Mathew Arnold, Lord Acton, De Toe quavilla and others. Let us analyse the argument of the two in the following paras.

Liberty and Equality are opposite : The propounders of this school have expressed the view that liberty and equality are opposite in nature. Lord Acton said that the desire to have equality destroyed the possibility of full liberty. Whenever the government passes a law to bring equality. Liberties of some people are restricted. Similarly, when all individuals are allowed freedom to acquire wealth, only a few talented persons will be able to receive the advantages.

This leads to inequalities of wealth. -When equality is maintained, liberties of some efficient persons will, be curtailed. Industrial revolution (1760 – 1840) symbolized this type of. exploitation in society. It led to capitalism which is characterized by free and cutthroat competition. On the other hand, Socialist countries forced the people to practice the principles of duty, discipline and devotion towards the State. Such a policy will kill the initiative and incentive of the people. The supporters of this view argued that both the concepts will not go together. Unrestrained liberty will destroy equality. Nations can achieve the goal of either liberty or equality at a time. Both cannot be realized simultaneously. For instance, in communist states people enjoy equality but they were deprived of liberty.

Liberty and Equality are complementary: It is said that liberty and equality are complementary to each other. The proponents of this school argued that liberty can be enjoyed by the people only with some degree of equality. A large measure of equality is essential for the enjoyment of liberty. Tawney, a support of this school of thought, pointed out that a large measure of equality is essential for the enjoyment of equality. Polard, another supporter, hinted out that there is only one solution to the issue of liberty; it lies in equality. Indeed both the concepts have a common end, namely, the promotion of human personality and the spontaneous development of one’s capacities to the greatest heights.

It may be noted that the above two arguments are not completely real. The fact lies in between the two. Liberty and Equality are neither completely complementary not antithetical in nature. In this context, the real relationship between the two concepts may be explained as below.

Liberty is essential for equality :
a) Liberty does not mean absolute freedom. It has some lirphations. It is available to all for achieving social welfare under certain conditions.

b) Liberty cannot be treated as the monopoly of a person or a group of persons.

c) Enjoyment of liberty by a person does not affect the same of others. If one recognizes this principle, he has to respect the principle of equality. It means that the fruits of liberty are found in the branches of the tree of equality. So, liberty and equality are complementary to each other. When liberty is extended to all the people on the principles of equality, the goal of liberty could be fulfilled in the true sense.

Question 3.
Write an essay on National Commission on human rights.
Answer:
As per the U.N. Declaration of human rights, the government of India too steps for its implementation. In 1993, it appointed National Human Rights Commission and also passed Human Rights Act in 1998.

Composition : National human rights commission is a multimember body. It consists of four members, headed by the former chief justice of the supreme court. There will be a supreme court judge (or former Judge). A high court judge (or former high court chief justice) and two other members who actively participated in the human rights activities. The chairman of scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, minorities commission,, chairperson of national women commission act as the ex-officio members of the commission. There will be a General Secretary having the status of Secretary general in the commission.

Appointment : The chairman as well as members of the commission are appointed by the President of India.

Tenure : The Chairman and members shall hold their office for five years or until the super annuation age of 70 years which ever is earlier.

Functions : The following are some of the important functions of national human rights commission.

1. The national human rights commission makes enquiry into the cases of violation of human rights by the public authorities.
2. It enquires into the cases of human rights violation as permitted by the judicial organizations.
3. It reviews the various legislative measures in regard to the implementation of human rights.
4. It makes suggestions for averting terrorist operations affecting human rights. G
5. It makes research into the matter of human rights.
6. It takes steps for creating awareness of human rights among the people.
7. It gives encouragement to voluntary organizations in the matters of preserving human rights.

Question 4.
Explain the various qualities of a good citizen.
Answer:
According to Aristotle good citizens make good state. This is due to the fact that good citizens imbibe many noble qualities. Lord Bryce cited three qualities of a good citizen, namely, conscience, intelligence and self control. On the whole, a good citizen will have the following qualities.

1) Good character : Good character is essential for a good citizen. A good citizen should be courageous, just, helpful, kind- hearted, sympathetic, truthful and virtuous in letter and spirit.

2) Sound health : A good citizen should have good health and strength. Healthy citizens make the nation healthy. Only a sound body will have a sound mind. Sound body and mind of a citizen paves the way for the progress of the state in many spheres.

3) Intelligence and education : Proper education is another quality of a citizen. The citizen should be well-enlightened, fully aware and informed of his rights and responsibilities. He must be intelligent enough to identify good and bad. He will not be emotional in examining the events. In this regard education enables him to play a proper role in the society. An intelligent citizen will be able to understand the problems of the state in a proper way.

4) Self control: A good citizen will have moderate temperment. He will have self-control in his public activities. Self control and confidence make him to lead a disciplined life. He will not indulge in inhuman activities.

5) Public spirit : A good citizen should have broad and liberal outlook. He should be ready to take active part in public affairs. He should be intelligent in enjoying his rights and responsibilities. He should have active participation in the social activities. He should have public-spirit and ready to offer his services for the collective welfare of the society.

6) Self-sacrifice : A good citizen must possess self sacrifice. He must subordinate his self-interest tfe the interests of the community. He must be imbibed by the spirit of service and devotion to the society, government and state.

7) Honest exercise of franchise : Honest exercise of one’s franchise is another essential quality of a good citizen. Self interest or sectional interest in terms of class, religion or community act as a hurdle to good citizenship.

8) Sincere performance of obligations : A good citizen performs his obligations sincerely and faithfully. He extends cooperation to the authorities in the discharge of their obligations. He pays his taxes to the various governmental organizations promptly and properly.

9) Right ordering of loyalties : A good citizen brings about a right ordering of his loyalties to the family, class, caste, club, trade union, region and nation. He avoids conflicts between various associations by assigning priorities. He sacrifices his self interest for the sake of wider purposes. When there arises a conflict between the interests of the family and the locality, one must sacrifice the interests of the family for the sake of the locality.

Question 5.
Define secularism and explain to conceptions of secularism.
Answer:
Introduction : Secularism is one of the characteristic feature of a modern state. Secular State explains the relation between the state and religion. The concept of secularism was popularised by the state authority to control the religion and religious authority over the state affairs.

Meaning : The term “Secular” in Latin language means “Of this World”. It denotes the meaning “the opposite of religion”.

Definitions :

1. E.S. Waterhouse : Secularism is an ideology which provides a theory of life and conduct as against one provided in religion”.
2. G.J. Holyoake : “Secularism is an idea of promoting a social order as separate from religion without actively dismissing or criticising religious beliefs”.

Conceptions of secularism : Secularism has many conceptions. Some of thdm may be explained as below :
1) Secularism a humanistic and atheistic philosophy : Secularism has several personal, cultural, political and social implications. It was humanistic in nature as it seeks the well being of human beings. It assigns importance to the saying that man is the measure of all things. It neither supports nor opposes religion. It allows individuals with the discretion of choosing and following their religion.

2) Political and social dimension : Secularism has certain political and social dimensions. It stands for the achievement of autonomous political and social order having naturalistic and materialistic perspectives. It allows religious freedom in the matters of family, association and society.

3) Liberty and democracy : Secularism serves as a beneficial element of liberty and democracy. It also acts as the basis of liberal democracy. It strongly opposes the existence, continuance and survival of authoritarian religious leaders and institutions. It advocated democracy and decentralisation of governmental powers.

4) Opposition to religion : Secularism is vehemently opposed to the supporting of religion in public matters. It condemned the presence and dominance of eclesiastical authorities. It relegated religion to unimportant matters of life. It considered that people could follow their rituals without affecting the peace and order in society. Individuals must carry on their religious activities without causing harm, hatred and ill-will among the followers of other religious denominations. They must consider the noble aims and aspirations of the makers of the constitution.

Section – B (8 × 5 = 40)

Note :

• Answer any eight of the following questions is not exceeding 20 lines each.
• Each question carries 5 marks.

Question 6.
Explain about the nature of political science.
Answer:
There prevailed a controversy among the political scientists regarding the nature of political science. Some political scientists like Aristotle viewed political science as a science. On the other hand, some political thinkers like J.S.Mill viewed political science as an Art.

These two aspects may be explained as follows :
1) Political Science is a science: Political Science is considered as a science on the following grounds :

1. Political Science is studied in a systematic manner.
2. Experimentation is possible in politics. Principles are applied on the actual organisation of political institutions.
3. Political Science, like of kier Sciences, has absolute and universal laws.
4. Predictions are easily applicable in politics.

2) Political Science is an art : Political Science is considered as an art on the following grounds :

1. Political science has no absolute and universal laws like physical sciences.
2. The phenomena studied in Political Science are interpreted in various ways depending upon the context and situation. So, it lacks uniformly in the interpretation of various concepts.
3. Political Science gives no scope for the exact theory of cause and effect which is the basis of all sciences.

Question 7.
What is the relationship between state and association ?
Answer:
Introduction : The social nature of man finds expression in numerous groups and associations which satisfy his various needs in life. Man cannot live in isolation. He seeks the cooperation and help of others to fulfill his needs and to develop his personality.

State : State is people organized for law within a definite territory.

Association : Association is a group of people united for a specific purpose or a limited number of purposes.

Relationship between state and association : The state and association are related in the following aspects.

• Same membership : Both the state and other associations consist of a group of same human beings. So the same individuals remain members of both the state and associations.
• Common interests : Both are created and organized for the pursuit of an interest or a group of interests. Promotion of common interests in the moving force behind all forms of associations including the state.
• Organization : Both are characterized by organizations and a well-knit framework for realizing their objectives. Both regulate the activities of members. Both view cooperation as the basis among the members.
• Code of conduct : Both have a code of conduct denoting some rules and regulations. The code of conduct’ keeps the members together. It ensures stability to the organization.
• Executive: Every state will have an executive agency known as the government. Similarly every association will have an executive council for implementing its decisions.

Question 8.
Write short notes on national self-determination.
Answer:
The theory of national self-determination was advocated by the former president of the United States of America, Woodrow Wilson in 1917. From then onwards nationalism became a world-wide phenomenon. This principle implies that every nation should be organised as an independent political entity. It raises the question whether every nationality has the right to be a self governing or sovereign state.

Nations, unlike other social groups, seek the right to govern themselves and determine their future development. In making this claim, a nation seeks recognition and acceptance by the international community of its status as a distinct political entity or state. Quite often these claims come from the people who lived together in a given land for a long period having sense of common identity. Such claims of self-determination were frequently made in the 19^th century in Europe. The nation of one culture – one state began to gain acceptability at that time.

Subsequently, this idea was employed while reordering state boundaries after the first World war. The treaty of Versailles led to the formation of several small and newly independent states.

The right to national self-determination has asserted the National liberation movements in Asia and Africa when they were struggling against colonial rule. Nationalist movements maintained that political independence would ensure dignity and recognition to the colonised people.

Question 9.
Discuss different kinds of Law.
Answer:
Many political philosophers gave their classifications on laws in different ways. Of them the classification given by Madver is mentioned worthy which can be explained in the following points.

• Natural Law : Natural law is also known as divine law. It is abstract. It is not created by any human agency. It is considered as the gift of nature, based on metaphysical power, it refers to the use of reason to analyse human nature. It is written in the heart of human beings by the finger of God.
• Positive Law : Positive law is created by the human agency. It is also known as political law. It is framed on the basis of the existing social and political conditions. It is sanctioned by the Sovereign Political Authority. Violation of positive law leads to punishment.
• Constitutional Law : It is a basic law of any state. It defines the political system. All the basic principles of administration are included in this type. All other laws in the State are subservient to constitutional law. It is framed by the constituent assembly.
• Ordinary Law: It determines the relation between the State, Administration and people. These laws are framed by a group of officials authorised by law.
• Public Law : It regulates the relation between people and state. These laws are formulated by state for society.
• Private Law : It regulates the relation between citizens. It protects the rights of citizens. It also called civil law.
• Administrative Law : It regulates the administrative relations between the authorities and people. Administrative law brings discipline among the personnel in the government. Now it is implementing in France and India.
• General Law : It deals with the private affairs of individual in relation to the State. It covers the laws relating to marriage, divorce, contract etc.
• Statutory Law : Statutory law is the greater part of modern law. It is enacted by the legislature of a state for the day to day administration.
• Common Law : Common law is a customary law. It is a product of customs and traditions which are popular among the people. The courts accept common law as a part of the legal system.

Question 10.
What do you mean by civil liberty ?
Answer:
Civil liberty is also known as personal liberty. It relates to the individual’s freedom in his life as a member of the social organisation. It is enjoyed by the individuals in the society. Civil liberty is the essential pre-requisite to the existence and survival of human beings. It enables them to lead happy, honourable and civilised life in the state. So it is a must to every one. The state recognises the various freedoms of individuals. In this regard Gettle said thus “Civil liberty is the group of rights recognised and implemented by the state”. The constitution of the America and the India have in corporated civil liberty in the form of fundamental rights. Civil tiberty is manifested in several rights. These include
A) Right to Life
B) Right to Work
C) Right to Property
D) Right to Religion
E) Right to Speech, Expression, Assembly, Movement and Residence etc.

Question 11.
What are the features of fundamental rights ?
Answer:
Fundamental rights are very essential for the development of the personality of the individuals. They are by and large incorporated in the constitution. Several factors like

1. democracy
2. individual freedoms
3. minority interests
4. greater emphasis on human life, liberty and properties etc., are responsible for the incorporation of fundamental rights in the constitution.

Characteristics of fundamental rights : Fundamental rights have the following characteristics.

1. Fundamental rights are definite, clear and specific.
2. They are constitutional and legal in nature.
3. They are coercive in nature.
4. They are given to the citizens only.
5. They vary from state to state.
6. They are not absolute.
7. They can be amended under certain conditions.

Question 12.
Explain any three conditions for securing naturalized citizenship.
Answer:
1) Residence : An alien who resides in a state for a prescribed period automatically become its citizen. Residence in any part of the state is a must for an alien. The period of residence varies from state to state. For instance it is 5 years in Britain and United States and 10 years in France respectively.

2) Choice : The children of alien parents could receive citizenship of the state according to their option and choice.

3) Application : An alien in a state may apply for the citizenship of that state. Then the government of that state considers his application on its merits. It grants citizenship to him with or without some conditions. These prescribed conditions refer to a minimum period of residence, good moral character, financial capability and knowledge of one of the national languages. Besides, an alien must take an oath, of allegiance before he assumes the citizenship of another state.

Question 13.
Define democracy and explain its significance.
Answer:
1) Abraham Lincoln : “Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people”.

2) Lord Bryce: “Democracy is that form of government in which the ruling power of the state is vested not in a particular class but in the members of the community as a whole”.

3) J.R. Seely : “Democracy is a government in which every one has a share”.

Significance of democracy : Democracy is important from the following aspects. Democracy is the modern way of life. It is the only system of government where the personal dignity of individuals is ensured. Though democracy has been continuously adopted since the Greek city states, it became popular only after the occurrence of first and second World Wars. At present, democracy is considered as an important device in the organisation and management of many institutions like state, government and society.

Above all, many view democracy as a moral, ideal and a noble way of life. It is the only system where the rulers as well as the ruled play a key role. Its greatest significance lies in the fact that commonest of common men and poorest of the poor are adored by the supreme rulers and administrators. The political heads, administrative bosses and the legislators at various levels treat the average citizens with great respect and honour.

Democracy is a convenient form of government at all times. Even at the height of political tensions and social compulsions, it offers peaceful and constitutional solutions.

Democracy creates a congenial atmosphere where the diverse socio-political forces interact harmoniously. In this content Lord Bryce aptly observed that people in democracy are friendly, harmonious and adjust with others irrespective of their wealth and social status. To say in a single sentence democracy provides accommodation even to the dissidents and opponents or negative viewers in arriving at decisions through C⁴ i.e., Consulation, Conciliation, Compromise and Consensus.

Question 14.
Briefly analyse the dimensions of secularism.
Answer:
Dimensions of secularism : Secularism can be analysed under the following dimensions :
1) Social dimension : Secularism stands for eschewing or ignoring superstitions in social life. It never allows individuals to think and act in terms of one’s caste, colour, creed etc. It desires individuals to abstain untouchability, bonded labour and other evil practices in their day-to-day activities while doling with their neighbours. It advises them to treat others on equal and respectable manner. It cautions them against the practice of caste disparities, colour differentiations, racial bigotry etc. At the end, it prescribed harmonious relations between individuals in society.

2) Economic dimension : Economic dimension of secularism relates to the freedom of individuals to embrace, practice and propagate an occupation which they like best. It restrains them against the practice of religious discrimination between individuals in utilizing natural, human and economic resources in productive operations. It did not allow the state authorities to observe discretion in sanctioning permits and licenses to the entrepreneurs on religious grounds. It assigns significance to elements like merit, talent, enterprising spirit etc., while allocating industrial licenses and other operations among individuals in the economy.

3) Political dimension : Secularism has also some political dimensions. It allows the citizens to have complete freedom in political affairs. It believes that politics, administration, legislation and execution of public policies are entirely different from religious matters. Accordingly citizens in a secular state are conferred several political rights and freedoms in choosing the candidates and exercising their franchise during elections. It gives scope for any citizen to hold any public office within the State irrespective of religious considerations. It will not consider religion as a pre-requisite for granting political rights. It will pave the way for democratic aspirations and freedom of the people. To say in brief political dimension of secularism in synonymous with the democratic functioning of modern state.

Question 15.
Discuss the importance of economic equality.
Answer:
Economic equality is considered as the basis of social and political equalities. It serves as the main driving force behind all activities in the modern state. Economic equality means the elimination of vast inequalities in income, property and wealth. Earnest Barker viewed thus “Economic equality is purely a matter of status and partially a matter of property and income”. Lord Bryce viewed “Economic Equality” as “The attempt to expunge all differences in wealth, allotting every man and women an equal share in the worldly goods”.

Prof. Laski held thus “Economic Equality implies the abolition of unfettered and irresponsible will in the industrial world”. At the same time, economic equality does not mean equal treatment and reward. It stands for opportunity to work and earn their livelihood to improve their economic status. This can be achieved only through individuals and government. Many socialist states have tried and partially succeeded in achieving economic equality.

Question 16.
Define constitution. Explain its features.
Answer:
Definitions :

1. Aristotle : “Constitution is the arrangement of offices in a state, especially the highest of all”.
2. Lord Bryce : “Constitution is a set of established rules embodying and enacting the practice of Government”.
3. Stephen Leacock: “Constitution is the form of Government”.
4. K.C. Wheare : “Constitution is that body of rules which regulates the ends for which governmental power is exercised”.

Features of the constitution :
1) Preamble : Every constitution will have a preamble. The preamble denotes the aims and aspirations of the constitution. It is like the soul of the constitution. Hence, preamble is considered as an important feature of the constitution.

2) Clarity : Clarity is another important feature of the Constitution. The constitution clearly explains about the different policies and methods of governance. It is written in a simple and clear language.

3) Incorporation of fundamental Rights : Every constitution includes some fundamental rights. These fundamental rights are meant for safeguarding the freedoms of the citizens. They enable the citizens to realise their personality in various spheres. They help the citizens for leading a happy and honourable life in the state.

4) Brevity : Brevity is another feature of a constitution. Brevity avoids confussion among the individuals in understanding and interpreting provisions. Unnecessary elements are not included in the Constitution. It should be precise. It must not contain large number of clauses.

5) Flexibility : The constitution must be flexible for adapting the wishes are aspirations of the people from time to time. There must be a scope of amending the provisions of the constitution if necessary. Frequent changes in the constitution tend to weaken the spirit of the constitution. But, at the same time, the constitution of a modern state should be adaptable to the progressive changes.

6) Permanence : Permanence is one more feature of the constitution. The constitution must have everlasting values for the welfare of the whole nation. It represents the actual structure of the state and its political institutions. It obliges the customs of the people.

7) Mode of Amendment : The constitution specifies the mode of amendment. It will be relevant to the contemporary conditions of the state. It contains a special chapter on the constitutional amendment procedures. Usually the constitutional amendments are of three types, namely (i) Rigid (ii) Flexible and (iii) Half rigid and Half flexible. On the whole, the constitution of every state comprises both rigid and flexible elements.

8) Explanatory : The constitution is explanatory in nature. It denotes and discusses almost all elements relating to the people, government and state. It contains separate provisions on the structure, powers and limitations of state activity.

Question 17.
Discuss any three functions, of legislature.
Answer:
Legislature is the law-making branch of the government. Its functions may be discussed under the following heads :

Functions of Legislature :

• Legislative functions : The legislature frames new laws, changes or revises or cancels them as per the circumstances. Law-making is the most important activity of legislature.
• Deliberative functions : The legislature discusses various matters of public concern and formulates domestic and foreign policies. It ventilates public grievances and offers solutions to different problems of the people.
• Executive functions : In a parliamentary government, the legislature exercises control on the council of ministers through different resolutions and questions. If necessary, it can pull down the governmenfthrough a no-confidence motion.

Section – C (15 × 2 = 30)

Note :

• Answer any fifteen of the following questions in not exceeding 5 lines each.
• Each question carries 2 marks.

Question 18.
On what grounds in political science considered as a science ?
Answer:
Political science is a SCIENCE : According to political philosophers like Aristotle, Bluntschli, Hobbes, Montesque and others Political Science is considered as a science on the following grounds.

1. Political Science is studied in a systematic manner.
2. Experimentation is possible in politics. Principles are applied in the actual organisation of Political Institutions.
3. Political science, like other sciences, has absolute and universal laws.

Question 19.
Write about the qualitative aspect of the population of a state.
Answer:
The qualitative aspect of the population is more important for a state. Aristotle rightly said that good citizens make a good state. If the people are committed, disciplined, hard working, honest and intelligent, then the state achieves rapid progress.

Quetsion 20.
Mention any two differences between state and association.
Answer:

State	Association
1. State is a political organization.	1. Association is a social organization.
2. State has sovereignty.	2. Association has no sovereignty.

Question 21.
Mention any two connotations of nationality.
Answer:

1. Nationality Refers to the legal status of citizens in a particular state. Here it refers to one’s status as a citizen of the state which he belongs to.
2. Nationality denotes a particular kind of feelings and sentiments that binds the people together. It differentiates such people from these of other nationalities.

Question 22.
What is ordinance ?
Answer:
Ordinance is an order issued by the constitutional head in a parliamentary system during the interval of the Legislature. It has to be approved by the legislature with in six weeks after the legislature re-assembled.
Ex : The President of India issues the ordinances during the interval of Parliament.

Question 23.
What is economic liberty ?
Answer:
Economic liberty means the right of every one to earn his livelihood. Economic liberty ensures everyone freedom from want and fear, hunger and starvation, unemployment and insufficiency. It will be secured by adopting the following measures.

1. Provision of minimum wages.
2. Guarantee of the right to work.
3. Protecting the workers from unemployment, sickness and other types of insecurity.
4. Providing adequate leisure etc.

Question 24.
Mention the different forms of equality.
Answer:
Equality is of the different forms like

1. Natural equality
2. Social equality
3. Economic equality
4. Political equality and
5. International equality.

Question 25.
Moral rights.
Answer:
Moral rights denote claims based on the ‘moral’ code of the community. These rights are morally prescribed to men in the society. The ethical or moral principles in the society act as the basis of the moral rights. Customs, traditions and usages are regarded as the basic source of these rights. Men enjoy these rights in a civil society. These rights are based on the moral conscience of the people. They don’t have legal support. However, they are backed by the society. So violation of these rights is not considered as a crime. Individuals could be punished for their violation. Moral rights are indefinite and vague. But they are popular in nature. The state cannot ignore these rights for along time.

Question 26.
What are the views of John Rawls on social justice ?
Answer:
John Rawls admitted that Social Justice implies equal access to the liberties, fights and opportunities as well as taking care of the interests of the deprived sections of the society. He stated that the concept of social justice is built around the idea of a social contract committed by the people for obeying certain rules for betterment of the society as a whole.

Question 27.
List out two conditions of loss of citizenship.
Answer:

1. Renunciation : A person is deprived of his citizenship, if he wishes to become the citizen of any other state.
2. Marriage : Generally a woman loses her citizenship when she marries an alien.

Question 28.
What do you know about referendum ?
Answer:
Referendum means ‘Refer to’. This method is used to ascertain the public opinion on important legislation. In some regions, the public opinion is sought on the problems of constitutional law and ordinary law. This is called referendum.
Referendum is of two types.
They are :

1. Compulaory referendum
2. Optional referendum.

Question 29.
Write about any one conception of secularism.
Answer:
Secularism has several personal, cultural, political and social implications. It was humanistic in nature as it seeks the well-being of human beings. It assigns importance to the saying that man is the measure of all things. It neither supports nor opposes religion. It allows individuals with the discretion of choosing and following their religion.

Question 30.
In what way does secularism enables religious freedom to individual ?
Answer:
Secularism does not recognize any particular religion as the state religion. Secular state adopts neutral policy in religious matters. It implements various laws and social welfare measures without basing on the religious feelings of the people.

Question 31.
Preamble
Answer:
Every constitution will have a preamble. The preamble denotes the aims and aspirations of the constitution. It is like the soul of the constitution. Hence, preamble is considered as an important feature of the constitution.

Question 32.
Mention any four essential features of the constitution.
Answer:

1. Preamble
2. Clarity
3. Brevity
4. Flexibility

Question 33.
Give any two suggestions for making India as a secular state.
Answer:

1. Government shall ban all those religious associations which carry on their activities against national or social interests and the constitution.
2. Government shall not allow the construction of religious structures which may impede peace and tranquility in a particular locality.

Question 34.
Mention any four merits of secularism.
Answer:

1. Equality
2. Religious freedom
3. Law and order
4. Rule of law

Question 35.
Write briefly about the theory of separation of powers.
Answer:
Theory of separation of powers is propounded by Montesquieu in his famous book The Spirit of Laws’. The powers among the three organs of the government in presidential executive will be distributed on the basis of the theory of separation of powers. Its main feature is ‘Checks and Balance’, which means the three organs of the government possess equal powers and each organ checks the other two organs from crossing their limits.

Question 36.
Mention any four functions of Judiciary.
Answer:

1. Interpretation of laws.
2. Custodian of the constitution.
3. Guardian of civil liberties.
4. Federal equilibrium.

Question 37.
What are the administrative functions of the executive ?
Answer:
The administrative functions of the executive include the following :

1. Implementation of laws and judicial decisions.
2. Maintenance of laws and judicial decisions.
3. Policy – making.
4. Appointment, promotion, removal and suspension of civil servants.