AP Inter 1st Year Civics Model Paper Set 10 with Solutions

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AP Inter 1st Year Civics Model Paper Set 10 with Solutions

Time: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 100

Section – A (3 × 10 = 30)

Note :

• Answer any three of the following questions is not exceeding 40 lines each.
• Each question carries 10 marks.

Question 1.
Define state and explain its Essential Elements.
Answer:
Introduction : State is an important political organisation. The study of political science begins and ends with the state. The term state for the first time, was used by an Italian political thinker, Machiavlly in his famous book “The Prince” in 16^th century.

Meaning : The word state is derived from a Tuetonic word “status” which means political organisation.

Definitions :

1. “State is a people organised for law within a definite Territory”. – Woodrow Wilson.
2. “State is a politically organised people of a definite Territory”. – Bluntschlli.
3. “State is a territorial society divided into government and subjects claiming within its allotted physical area, a supremacy over all other institutions”. – Harold. J. Laski.

Essential elements of state : State is the predominant and superior politico – social institution existing in the society. It consists of 4 essential elements. These elements of state may be explained in a detailed way in the following paragraphs.

1) Population : Population is the fundamental and essential element of state. There can be no state without population. Plato, Aristotle, Rousseau and others considered this feature as an important one. The famous poet Sri. Gurajada Apparao also states that it is the people, rather than the land, that comprise the state. Political writers differ in their opinions regarding the exact size of population possessed by the state. While Plato fixed 5,040, Rousseau fixed 10,000 to be an ideal population for a state. But today we can find the countries like China and India which have more than 100 crores of population, on one hand and the countries like Andora, San Marino are having small number of people on the other hand is the modern world.

2) Territory : Territory is another essential element of the state. It is necessary for the origin and existence of the state. There can be no state without territory. Every state must have more or less territory of its own. There is no unanimous opinion among the political writers regarding the size of territory of the state. Some preferred vast territory, where as others preferred small territory. But today we can find the countries like America and Canada having large territory on one hand, and the countries like Vatican, Monaco having very less territory on the other hand in the modern world.

3) Government: Government is the third essential element of the state. There can be no state without government. State enforces its authority through the government. Government consists of 3 organs namely
Legislature – which makes laws
Executive – which implements laws and
Judiciary – which interpretes laws.
Government are of different kinds namely, Unitary, Federal, Parlia-mentary and Presidential governments. Governments are at different levels like Local, State level and National level.

4) Sovereignty : Sovereignty is the most essential element of the state. It is spirit and soul of the state. There can be no state without sovereignty. It distinguishes the state from other associations and institutions. Sovereignty is the supreme political power of the state over citizens and subjects.

Question 2.
Define Law. Explain its various sources.
Answer:
Introduction : Rights are the essential conditions for the development of the personality of individuals. They are upheld by the laws of the state. Individuals cannot achieve progress in the absence of the Rights.

Definition:

1. T.H. Green : “Rights are those powers claimed and recognized as contributory to the common good.”
2. HJ. Laski: “Rights are those conditions of social life without which no man can seek in general to be himself at his best.”

Safeguards of Rights : Individuals enjoy their rights only when they were fully protected or safeguarded by the State. In this regard, the following elements act as the safeguards of the rights.

1) Democratic Rule : Democratic rule safeguards the rights of the people to a great extent. People can enjoy their rights perfectly in democratic states only. This system makes constitutional and legal provisions for safeguarding the right of the people.

2) Written and Rigid Constitution : A written constitution clearly defines the powers and functions of the government. It also explains about the various limitations of governmental authority. Besides, a rigid constitution will guarantee the rights of the people by making it difficult for the rulers and legislators to make amendments on flimsy grounds.

3) Constitutional Incorporation : Incorporation of fundamental rights in the constitution will prevent the encroachment of individual rights by the government. Such an arrangement protects the rights of the individuals to a great extent.

4) Separation of Powers : The powers of the government should be separated among the three organs of the government. Such as measure would act as a check against other organ. Ultimately, it serves as a safeguard of individual liberty.

5) Decentralisation of Powers : Individuals enjoy their rights, when powers are decentralised among the governmental institutions. This involves allocation of powers at various levels – national, provisional, local either on functional or territorial basis.

6) Rule of Law : Rule of law implies equality before law. It also denotes equal application of laws to the citizens. It gives no scope for discrimination between citizens on the grounds of region, religion, caste, colour, community etc.

7) Independent and Impartial Judiciary : Independent and impartial judiciary is another safeguard of rights. Judges in higher judicial bodies will deliver judgement with impartial and independent outlook. In the process of delivering justice, they issue certain writs for immediate protection of the rights.

8) Indepedent Press : Independent and honest press is another essential safeguard of rights of individuals. Such agency will be able to disseminate news and views impartially and without fear or favour to anybody. In this regard the state should not try to threaten and silence the press. Then only individuals enjoy their rights to the maximum extent.

9) Social and Economic Equalities : Social and economic equalities are necessary for enjoying one’s rights. People will be able to utilize their rights properly and positively when there are social and economic equalities in the state. These equalities include absence of casteism, communalism, linguism, wide spread economic inequalities, exploitation etc.

10) Eternal Vigilance : Eternal vigilance is said to be the most important safeguard of rights of individuals. Individuals must be vigilant and cautious about the policies of the government. They should oppose the despotic tendencies of the government through democratic and constitutional methods. Under no circumstances they should allow the self seeking politicians to acquire power. Besides several other elements like judicial review, recall, strong opposition etc., are considered as the safeguards of rights.

Question 3.
What do you mean by Liberty ? What are the safeguards of Liberty ?
Answer:
Introduction : The concept of Liberty is of great significance in the study of political science. Liberty is an essential condition without which man cannot develop his personality. It became a source of inspiration to the millions of the people living all over the world.

Meaning : The term liberty is derived from the Latin word ” LIBER” which means free from restrictions.

Definition :

1. “Liberty means the absence of restraints”. – J.R. Seeley
2. “Liberty means the positive power of doing or enjoying something worth doing or enjoying”. – T.H. Green

Safeguards of liberty : Liberty is the most cherished ideal of human beings. Hence, it must be safeguarded in the larger interest of the society and state. In this context, the following safeguards of liberty are worth mentioning.

1. Democratic rule: Democratic rule is considered as a heaven to liberty. Liberty flourishes only in a democratic state. The reason is that democratic state extends protection to individual’s liberties through various laws. It creates a conducive atmosphere for the individuals to enjoy their liberties freely and impartially.

2. Written and rigid constitution : A written and rigid constitution is considered the most important safeguard of individual liberty. Such a constitution incorporates the various freedoms of individuals in several provisions. It acts as a custodian of people’s rights and liberties’.

3. Independent judiciary : An independent and impartial judiciary is another safeguard of individual liberty. The judiciary will uphold the constitution and keeps the government accountable to the people. It prescribes various safeguards for protecting the fundamental rights of citizens.

4. Rule of law : Rule of law is another safeguard of liberty. It is prevalent in many states like Britan, India, United States etc. Rule of law safeguards individual liberties in three ways. Firstly, it treats all individuals as equal. Secondly, it makes arrangement for the application and enforcement of uniform laws throughout the state. Thirdly, it exercises restraints on the executive against the use of arbitrary powers.

5. Fundamental rights : Provision of fundamental rights will safeguard rights to a great extent. Citizens enjoy their liberties, without restraints when these rights are enshrined in the constitution. Fundamental rights enable the citizens to develop their talents and realise their personality in various walks of life.

6. Economic equality : Economic equality too acts as an important safeguard of individual liberties. It implies provision of adequate conditions for the people to come out of the evil effects of hunger, poverty, and unemployment etc. Liberty becomes real when there exists economic equality.

7. Decentralization of powers: Liberty will be better safeguard through decentralisation of powers. When the powers of the government are allocated among the union, state, and local governments, there arises no scope for despotism and infringement of individual liberties.

8. Freedom of press : Some regarded freedom of press as a safeguard of individual liberty. Individuals could enjoy their liberties when the various agencies of press and other media have autonomy in their functioning. It, through its impartial editorials and honest presentation of news and views, will be able to safeguard individual liberties.

9. Strong opposition : A strong opposition is a necessary condition for promoting individual liberty. The opposition will act as a watchdog,‘of individual liberty. Whenever the party in power or persons at higher levels of government try to subvert or circumscribe the freedoms of individuals by their oppressive and despotic acts and activities through legislation and execution, the opposition will strongly resist such attempts.

10. Eternal vigilance : The best safeguard to liberty is the spirit of the people. It is rightly said, “Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty”. People must be ready to fight “for their liberty. They should have the courage even to rebel against the government whenever their liberty is curbed by it.

Question 4.
Point out Secularism in Indian Context.
Answer:
After independence the Constitution of India provided for Secularism as the basic philosophy underlying the organization and functioning of Indian Republic. Accordingly the constitution of India declared India as a secular state. The governments in India (including the union, state, provincial and local authorities) adopt secularism in theory and practice. It should not practice religion in public matters in the matters of legislation, execution and administration of the State.

People of India are allowed complete religious freedom for professing, practicing and propagating their respective religious beliefs. The State will be neither irreligious nor anti religious. Instead it adopts a neutral policy in religious matters. It is not entitled to impose taxes or collect them purely on religious grounds. Admissions into the state or government aided institutions are completely prohibited on religious grounds. Similarly, propagation of religious programmes in public institutions are banned. Hence secularism carries a lot of importance as per the constitutional provisions.

It may be noted that the word ‘Secular1 did not find place at first in the Constitution. The preamble too did not contain any wording of secularism. However, keeping in view the ongoing communal incidents for decades together after independence, the top leaders in the union government felt the need for incorporating the word ‘Secular’ in the Preamble. They wanted to avoid religious tensions and forbid communal clashes between the various religious denominations in India.

The Constitution (Forty Second Amendment) Act, 1976 made a provision for the word ‘Secular1 in the Preamble. Smt. Indira Gandhi, India’s third Prime Minister, at the time of introducing the Constitution (forty second amendment) bill in Parliament stated thus “Secularism is neither favouring nor showing in difference to a religion to religion. It implies equal respect for all religious denominations. There is no future for any nation by adopting mere tolerance. Positive respect by every religious group towards other religious groups is the need of the hour”.

Question 5.
Describe the Merits and De-merits of democracy.
Answer:
Introduction : Democracy is an important and most significant form of government. In Democracy the people rule themselves either directly or indirectly through their periodically elected representatives.

Meaning : The term Democracy is derived from two greek words namely, “Demos” and “Kratos”. Demos means people and Kratos mean rule (or) authority.

Definitions :

1. Abraham Lincoln : “Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people”.
2. Lord Bryce: “Democracy is that form of government in which the ruling power of the state is vested not in a particular claims but in the members of the community as a whole”.
3. J.R. Seely : “Democracy is a government in which every one has a share”.

Merits : Democracy has the following merits.
a) Efficient government : Prof. Garner described democracy as an efficient and effective government. The government in democracy carries all its activities efficiently and effectively both in normal times and emergencies.

b) Upholds individual liberties : Democracy is the only government that upholds individual liberties. It guarantees certain civil rights to the people thereby providing an opportunity for them to become ideal and responsible citizens.

c) Assures equality: Democracy assures equality of individuals in political and economic spheres. The people living in democratic nation enjoy all the political. Civil and economic rights and privileges equally without any discrimination.

d) Educates the masses : Democracy is described as a laboratory for a large scale experiments in public education. The masses in democracy are educated and enlightened through public meetings, election campaigns, distribution of pamphelts, etc.

e) Promotes patriotism : The people in a democracy think that the country is their own property. When the country is in difficulties, they come forward to protect the interests of the nation. Therefore democracy develops patriotic spirit in the people.

f) Develops sense of responsibility : J.S. Mill says that “democracy promotes a better and higher form of national character than any other policy whatever”. Since it is a rule by themselves, the people behave with a great sense of responsibility.

g) Training school for citizenship : De Tocqueville, a French writer said that democracy serves as a training school for citizenship. Democracy promotes intellectual and moral qualities among the people.

h) A rational government : Democracy is based on the principle that no man is infallible. It adopts a process of discussion and criticism which serves as necessary correctives to the abuse of power. Besides, they safeguard the rational nature of the political system.

Demerits : Democracy has the following demerits.
a) Rule of Ignorance : Plato criticised democracy as a rule of ignorance. Aristotle called it a perverted form of government. Anybody can become a ruler in this system and no special qualifications are prescribed for voters or rulers.

b) Favourable to rich : The ruling political party in democracy depends on the rich people for their financial support at the time of elections. Therefore it becomes an obligation to the party in power to make laws which are favourable to the rich.

c) Quality is ignored : The votes in democracy are counted not weighted. Everything is decided according to majority opinion. The quality of majority cannot always be correct. Thus quantity is given greater importance than quality.

d) Methods of representation is not correct : The present method of representation in democracy is known as territorial representation. It is not suitable to the requirements of the modern society.

e) Principle of equality abused : In the name of equality, everybody is treated as an equal to the other irrespective of his vvorth. Ex : Right to vote is given to all without knowing their political ability.

f) No moral values : In democracy, there is great scope for bribery and corruption. Red tapism, party defections and the role of money in elections are the best examples of its corrupt nature.

g) Expensive one : Democracy is an expensive government. In the name of elections, political parties and government spend chuge amounts of public money. Even in developing countries like India, crores and crores of rupees are wasted for elections.

Section – B (8 × 5 = 40)

Note :

• Answer any eight of the following questions is not exceeding 20 lines each.
• Each question carries 5 marks.

Question 6.
Write about the traditional definitions of Political Science.
Answer:
Traditional definitions of Political Science may be classified under three sub categories. They are mentioned as follows.

i) Political science – A study of the state : Political philosophers like J.W.Garner, R.G.Gettle, Appadovai and others defined Political Science as a study of the state.

1. J.W.Garner : “Political Science begins and ends with the state”.
2. R.G.Gettle : “Political Science is a historical investigation of what the state has been, an analytical study of what the state is and a politico-ettical discussion of what the state should be”.
3. Appadorai : “Political Science is concerned with the con-ditions.essential for the existence and development of the state”.

ii) Political Science – A study of the Government : Some political philosophers like Stephen Leacock, J.R.Seely and others defined Political Science as a study of the government.

1. Stephen Leacock : “Political Science deals with the Government”.
2. J.R.Seely : “Political Science investigates the phenomenon of the Government”.

iii) Political science – A study of the State and the Government : Political philosophers like Paul Janet, Gilchrist, Catlin and others defined political science as a study of the state and the government.

1. Paul Janet : “Political science is that part of social science which treats the foundations of state and the principles of the government”.
2. R.N.Gilchrist: “Political science is a study of foundations of the state and the government”.
3. Catlin : “Political science is a study of the political activities of individuals and various organs of government”.

Question 7.
Explain any two essential elements of the State.
Answer:
Essential elements of state : State is the predominant and superior politico – social institution existing in the society. It consists of 4 essential elements. These elements of state may be explained in a detailed way in the following paragraphs.

1) Population : Population is the fundamental and essential element of state. There can be no state without population. Plato, Aristotle, Rousseau and others considered this feature as an important one. The famous poet Sri. Gurajada Apparao also states that it is the people, rather than the land, that comprise the state. Political writers differ in their opinions regarding the exact size of population possessed by the state. While Plato fixetl 5,040, Rousseau fixed 10,000 to be an ideal population for a state. But today we can find the countries like China and India which have more than 100 crores of population on one hand and the countries like Andora, San Marino are having small number of people on the other hand is the modern world.

2) Territory : Territory is another essential element of the state. It is necessary for the origin and existence of the state. There can be no state without territory. Every state must have more or less territory of its own. There is no unanimous opinion among the political writers regarding the size of territory of the state. Some preferred vast territory, where as others preferred small territory. But today we can find the countries lik^America and Canada having large territory on one hand, and the countries like Vatican, Monaco having very less territory on the other hand in the modern world.

Question 8.
Describe the various phases of Nationalism.
Answer:
Introduction : Nationalism is an effective force in modern politics. Nationalism is a psychological feeling prevailing in the minds of the people. People through this feeling sacrifice all their interests for the sake of their nation.

Meaning : Nationalism is a state of mind in which the supreme loyalty of the Individual is felt to be due to the Nation State.

Broadly speaking the term “Nationalism” is generally used to describe two phenomenon. They are mentioned as follows :

1. The attitude of the members of a Nation towards their national identity.
2. The action of the members of a Nation towards the goal of achieving self-determination.

Different (or) various phases of Nationalism : According to Snyder there are four phases of nationalism namely.

• Integrative Nationalism (1815 – 71) : During this period nationalism was a unifying force and found solid expression in the unification of Italy and Germany.
• Disruptive Nationalism (1871 – 90) : During this period, subject nationalities of Austria – Hungary and other multinational states clamoured for independence.
• Aggressive Nationalism (1890 – 1945): During this period, Nationalism became virtually identical with aggressive imperialism. This led to,the clash of opposing national interests in the form of two world wars.
• Contemporary Nationalise : During the early years of the contemporary period, political nationajjsm manifested in the form of revolts against European Masters. Nationalism indeed has become a slogan, A school of thought, a movement and a fight for certain political or sovereign objective in Afro-Asian and Latin American countries.

Question 9.
Distinguish between Law and Morality.
Answer:

Law	Morality
1. Law is concerned with the external behaviour of individuals.	1. Morality is concerned with the whole life of individuals.
2. Law is a concern of the State.	2. Morality is concerned with individual conscience.
3. Law is backed by the coercive power.	3. Public opinion and individual conscience lie behind morality.
4. Law is definite and precise.	4. Morality is vague and uncertain.
5. Law acts within the Territory of a State.	5. Moral principles are universal in Nature.
6. Law is enacted with a specific objective.	6. Moral principles are inherent in Society.
7. Laws are sanctioned by the Sovereign.	7. Moral principles are sanctioned by the society.
8. Law is the subject matter of political science.	8. Moral principles are the subject matter of ethics.
9. Violation of law leads to punishment.	9. Violation of moral principles does not leads to punishment.
10. There is a definite agency to make and implement the law.	10. There is no such agency in the case of moral principles.

Question 10.
Explain about any three safeguards of Liberty.
Answer:
Introduction : The concept of liberty is of great significance in the study of political science. Liberty is an essential condition without which man cannot develop his personality. It became a source of inspiration to the millions of the people living all over the world.

Meaning : The term liberty is derived from the Latin word ” LIBER” which means free from restrictions.

Definition :

1. “Liberty means the absence of restraints”. – J.R. Seely
2. “Liberty means the positive power of doing or enjoying something worth doing or enjoying”. – T.H. Green

Safeguards of liberty : Liberty is the most cherished ideal of human beings. Hence, it must be safeguarded in the larger interest of the society and state. In this context, the following safeguards of liberty are worth mentioning.

1) Democratic rule : Democratic rule is considered as a heaven to liberty. Liberty flourishes only in a democratic State. The reason is that democratic state extends protection to individual’s liberties through various laws. It creates a conducive atmosphere for the individuals to enjoy their liberties freely and impartially.

2) Written and rigid constitution : A written and rigid constitution is considered the most important safeguard of individual liberty. Such a constitution incorporates the various freedoms of individuals in several provisions. It acts as a custodian of people’s rights and liberties.

3) Independent judiciary : An independent and impartial judiciary is another safeguard of individual liberty. It prescribes various safeguards for protecting the fundamental rights of citizens. The judges in higher courts will deliver justice to the people on fair, free and impartial manner.

Question 11.
Write about the Essential Features of Equality.
Answer:
The following are the Essential Features of Equality.

• Equality not given by nature : Equality is not given by nature. Absolute equality is no where to be found. Every individual has his own point of strength and weakness peculiar to his personality. No two individuals remain exactly like each other. Practically, individuals are not equal.
• Equality not Absolute : Equality is not absolute. Absolute equality is neither possible nor desirable. In no movement in the history of the world did individuals claim to have absolute equality. So, equality does not mean uniformity and differences does not mean inequality.
• Essential for social Justice : Equality is essential for social justice. All over the world, there have been movements aiming at social justice. These movements have paid special attention to the achievement of equality.
• Connected with Liberty: Equality is closely connected with Liberty. This is due to the fact that without liberty people cannot have equality. Liberty remains insignificant in the absence of equality.
• A condition of Good Life : Equality is a condition of good life. An individual will have good opportunities of developing his personality. He will reap the fruits of a higher life when there is no gap between those who are at the top and those who are at the bottom.

Question 12.
Explain political rights.
Answer:
Introduction : Law is an important concept in the study of political science. It is an important feature of modern state. Law regulates the external behaviour of individuals. It determines and regulates the nature of individual’s activities.

Meaning : The term “Law” is derived from the Teutonic (Ger¬man) word “Lag” which means “To Lay”, “To Set” or something fixed.
The second dimension is that the word “Law” had its roots in the Latin words “Jus and Jungere” which means bond or Tie.

Definitions:
Political thinkers defined law in different ways which are listed below :

1. “Law is the command of the sovereign”. – JohnAustin
2. “Law is the system of rights and obligations which the State enforces”. – T.H. Green
3. “Law is a general rule of external action enforced by the sovereign political authority”. – T.E. Holland

Sources of Law : Professor T.E. Holland mentioned six sources of Law.
They are :
1) Customs
2) Religion
3) Judicial Decisions
4) Scientific Commentaries
5) Equity and
6) Legislature.

1) Customs, Practices and Traditions : These are one of the important sources of law. In primitive societies, there were no laws in written form. All disputes were settled in accordance with social customs and traditions. Customs regulated the social life in the early societies. Customs and traditions cannot be laws in political sense. But, when the State recognises certain traditions they in turn become laws. For example, the laws relating to marriage, divorce etc., found in our country are based on traditions, the common law of England.

2) Religion : In ancient times customary laws and religious laws were intermixed. The religious teachers enjoyed unlimited powers in those times. Their decisions were treated on par with laws. The primitive men believed that the judgements of the religious teachers had divine sanction. The ancient Roman laws were merely the religious laws. The Hindu and Muslim laws derived inspiration mainly from religion.

3) Judicial Decisions/Adjudication/Judgement of the Courts : The judgements of the judges also serve as a source of law. Generally, judges interpret laws, apply them to particular cases and deliver judgements. Their judgements become precedents and are usually followed by other judges in similar cases. In course of time such judgements acquire the status of law. In this way judges add to the law of the country. There are many instances that new laws have evolved by way of interpretation. Many of the laws in Britain, America and India have originated from the judgements of the Judges of the respective countries.

4) Scientific Commentaries : These are the works of great Jurists. The views of the Jurists expressed in their works also act as and important source of law. The Jurists collect and compare the past customs and laws with those of the present. While doing so, they point out the defects in the existing laws and suggest ways for their improvement. The views of the Jurists however, do not become laws. But, they become laws when they are recognised by the courts. For example, the writings of Coke and Black Stone in the U.K. are held in high esteem. The same is the position of Story and Kent in America and the Vignaneswara and Apararka in India.

5) Equity : Equity means fairness or justice. It is also a kind of Judge – made law. It is an informal method of making a new law or altering an old law to new conditions. Sometimes, the courts may be confronted with the disputes about which the law is silent. Under such situation, the Judge will give relief to the aggrieved party by using principles of social justice an(J humanism common-sense. In course of time, they acquire the status of law. In equity, Judge is adding to the law what is missing therein and creating a new one.

6) Legislature : This is the most important and direct source of law. Most of the laws now-a-days are made by the legislatures. Hence, legislatures are regarded as “Law-Making Factories”. They frame new laws, amend the existing laws and if necessary, abolish old laws.

Question 13.
Write about Human Rights in the context of Indian Constitution.
Answer:
The Constitution of India incorporated many of the human rights, mentioned in the U.N.Declaration of Human Rights. Especially Articles 19 to 28 of Chapter III on Fundamental Rights are in consonance with the human rights of individuals. They relate to the life, liberty, equality and dignity of individuals. Article 19 of Indian Constitution guaranteed freedoms of speech, expression, association and assembly. It also conferred freedoms of occupation, settlement, movement etc. Article 20 provided protection to the personal life of individuals. Article 21 declared that no one could create obstacle to the personal life of individuals against the due process of law.

Article 22 guarantees individuals against arbitrary arrest and custody.
Article 23 prohibits bonded labour and human trafficking.
Article 24 banned the employment of children below fourteen years of age in dangerous activities. Articles 25 to 28 sanctioned religious freedom to the Indian citizens.

Question 14.
Write a brief note on working of Democracy in India.
Answer:
India, after a long freedom struggle, attained independence on August 15, 1947. There after, it adopted a unique democratic and republican constitution.

The working of democracy in India could be observed from two angles – a) Constitutional and b) Operational. From the Constitutional angle, democracy is said to be functioning well. The evolution and functioning of Indian political system after Indepen-dence bears testimony to this. Periodical elections, functioning of representative bodies, operation of the political process etc., are all in conformity with the provisions of the constitution. Above all, judiciary is able to rise to the occasion by providing justice to the people.

It enjoys independence in upholding the ideals of the Constitution. In India the successful organization of sixteen general elections by the independent Election Commission also bears a testimony to the above. However, inspite of the working of Indian democracy for past about seven decades, it is astonishing to note that it is not completely successful in meeting the aspirations of the people due to various reasons like casteism, regionalism, communalism, influence of money power in politics, corruption in public life, profit motive, power mongering, nepotism, violence etc.

A large majority of Indians are still illiterate and un-edu cated.Glaring disparities between the rich and the poor, instead of decreasing under planned economy, continue to exist. Political stability and economic progress have become dreams. Food scarcity, apalling poverty and rampant unemployment are the order of the day.

Question 15.
Suggest measures for making India a secular state.
Answer:
It is highly essential to wipe out the communal feelings from the minds of people for establishing a real Secular State. In this regard, the following measures have to be adopted by the government, political parties, voluntary organizations and people.

• The ministers and government officers shall not attend to or participate in the meetings held by religious associations. They shall not adopt any religious methods or poojas at the time of laying foundation or inaugurating the public buildings or programmes and give an impression that they do not favour a particular religion.
• Government shall ban all those religious associations which carry on their activities against national or social interests and the constitution.
• Government shall not allow the construction of religious structures which may impede peace and tranquility in a particular locality.
• Government shall implement land reforms, family welfare, employment generation and other programmes without any religious bias.
• Government shall ban those political parties which use religion for securing votes. Similarly all parties formed on communal basis shall be banned. Use of religious symbols during elections should be banned.
• Government shall take steps for publishing text books on secular basis. The text books shall consist of lessons preaching religious tolerance or universal religion.
• Efforts shall be made for solving the various social and economic problems on rational and scientific basis without reference to religion.
• The various information and communication agencies shall not disseminate information and incidents on religious grounds. They shall not give undue importance to communal riots which may provoke further unrest between the same groups elsewhere.

Question 16.
Define constitution. Explain its features.
Answer:
Definitions :

1. Aristotle : “Constitution is the arrangement of offices in a state, especially the highest of all”.
2. Lord Bryce : “Constitution is a set of established rules embodying and enacting the practice of Government”.
3. Stephen Leacock: “Constitution is the form of Government”.
4. K.C. Wheare : “Constitution is that body of rules which regulates the ends for which governmental power is exercised”.

Features of the constitution :
1) Preamble : Every constitution will have a preamble. The preamble denotes the aims and aspirations of the constitution. It is like the soul of the constitution. Hence, preamble is considered as an important feature of the constitution.

2) Clarity : Clarity is another important feature of the Constitution. The constitution clearly explains about the different policies and methods of governance. It is written in a simple and clear language.

3) Incorporation of fundamental Rights : Every constitution includes some fundamental rights. These fundamental rights are meant for safeguarding the freedoms of the citizens. They enable the citizens to realise their personality in various spheres. They help the citizens for leading a happy and honourable life in the state.

4) Brevity : Brevity is another feature of a constitution. Brevity avoids confussion among the individuals in understanding and interpreting provisions. Unnecessary elements are not included in the Constitution. It should be precise. It must not contain large number of clauses.

5) Flexibility : The constitution must be flexible for adapting the wishes are aspirations of the people from time to time. There must be a scope of amending the provisions of the constitution if necessary. Frequent changes in the constitution tend to weaken the spirit of the constitution. But, at the same time, the constitution of a modern state should be adaptable to the progressive changes.

6) Permanence : Permanence is one more feature of the constitution. The constitution must have everlasting values for the welfare of the whole nation. It represents the actual structure of the state and its political institutions. It obliges the customs of the people.

7) Mode of Amendment : The constitution specifies the mode of amendment. It will be relevant to the contemporary conditions of the state. It contains a special chapter on the constitutional amendment procedures. Usually the constitutional amendments are of three types, namely (i) Rigid (ii) Flexible and (iii) Half rigid and Half flexible. On the whole, the constitution of every state comprises both rigid and flexible elements.

8) Explanatory : The constitution is explanatory in nature. It denotes and discusses almost all elements relating to the people, government and state. It contains separate provisions on the structure, powers and limitations of state activity.

Question 17
Discuss any three functions of Legislature.
Answer:
Legislature is the law-making branch of the government. Its functions may be discussed under the following heads :

Functions of Legislature :

• Legislative functions : The legislature frames new laws, changes or revises or cancels them as per the circumstances. Law-making is the most important activity of legislature.
• Deliberative functions : The legislature discusses various matters of public concern and formulates domestic and foreign policies. It ventilates public grievances and offers solutions to different problems of the people.
• Executive functions : In a parliamentary government, the legislature exercises control on the council of ministers through different resolutions and questions. If necessary, it can pull down the governmenfthrough a no-confidence motion.

Section – C (15 × 2 = 30)

Note :

• Answer any fifteen of the following questions in not exceeding 5 lines each.
• Each question carries 2 marks.

Question 18.
Write any two advantages of studying Political Science.
Answer:

1. The study of Political Science enables the citizens to know their rights and responsibilities and the inter-relationship between the two.
2. The study of Political Science provides the necessary knowledge about political concepts like liberty, equality, law, justice and political theories like communism, Individualism etc.

Question 19.
How many essential elements does the state possess ? Name them.
Answer:
State consists of four essential elements.
They are :

1. Population
2. Territory
3. Government and
4. Sovereignty.

Question 20.
What do you mean by Association ?
Answer:
Association is a group of people united for a specific purpose or a limited number of purposes. Associations are of various types viz., social, economic, political, cultural, religious etc. It’s membership is optional. A person can be a member of a numer of associations.

Question 21.
Mention any two connotations of Nationality.
Answer:

1. Nationality Refers to the legal status of citizens in a particular state. Here it refers to one’s status as a citizen of the state which he belongs to.
2. Nationality denotes a particular kind of feelings and sentiments that binds the people together. It differentiates such people from these of other nationalities.

Question 22.
Write any two definitions of Law.
Answer:
Political thinkers defined law in different ways which are listed below :

1. “Law is the command of the sovereign”. – John Austin
2. “Law is the system of rights and obligations which the State enforces”.

Question 23.
Define the terms “JUS” and “JUNGERE”.
Answer:
Law has its roots in the Latin words “JUS & JUNGERE” which means bond or tie. The literal meaning of law denotes that it is a bond or systematic code of conduct which regulates the external behaviour of man by the sovereign political authority.

Question 24.
Mention any four safeguards of Liberty.
Answer:
The four safeguards of liberty are :
a) Democractic system
b) Rule of law
c) Decentralisaion of power
d) Independent Judiciary

Question 25.
Mention the implications of Equality.
Answer:
The following are the major implications of equality. They are :
a) There should not be any special privileges to any individual or a group of individuals.

b) People must be provided with adequate opportunities to develop their personalities.

c) There should not be any discrimination among the people on the grounds of religion, caste, creed, colour, place of birth etc. However, some discrimination may be made on the basis of reasonable grounds i.e., protective discrimination.

Question 26.
What do you mean by Social Equality ?
Answer:
Social Equality stands for equality of status and absence of class distinctions and discriminations. It exists when no individual is made to suffer on account of his caste, class, colour, creed, race etc. Infact it has opposed the practice of untouchability.

Question 27.
Define Rights.
Answer:

1. “Rights are those powers claimed and recognized as contributory to the common good.” – T.H. Green
2. “Rights are those conditions of social life without which no man can seek in general to be himself at his best.” – HJ. Laski

Question 28.
Give some examples of Responsibilities.
Answer:
Corrective justice comprises restoring each person the lost rights due to the infringement of his rights by others. Aristotle viewed this justice as essentially negative which is concerned with voluntary commercial transactions like hire, sale and furnishing of property. In brief, corrective justice embodies moral excellence of individuals.

Question 29.
Define Justice.
Answer:
“Justice is giving to every man his due. It is a combination of reason, courage, appetite and will in terms of the state” – Plato.

Question 30.
What is meant by Social Justice ?
Answer:
Social Justice envisages a balance between rights of individuals and social control. It facilitates the fulfillment of the legitimate expectations of the individuals under the existing laws. It ensures several benefits and extends protection to the individuals against the interference or encroachment from others in society. It is consistent with the unity and the integrity of the nation. It fulfills the needs of the society.

Social Justice enforces the principle of equality before law. It also extends protection to the downtrodden and weaker sections of society.

Question 31.
Write about any two conditions for acquiring Natural Citizenship.
Answer:
The two conditions for acquiring natural citizenship are :

1. Jus Sanguinis (Right of blood) : According to Jus Sanguinis, A child acquires the citizenship of the parents irrespective of its place of birth.
2. Jus Soli (Right of Soil) : According to this method, citizenship is determined by the place of birth and not by parentage.

Question 32.
What do you know about Referendum ?
Answer:
Referendum means ‘Refer to’. This method is used to ascertain the public opinion on important legislation. In some regions, the public opinion is sought on the problems of constitutional law and ordinary law. This is called referendum.
Referendum is of two types.
They are :

1. Compulaory referendum
2. Optional referendum.

Question 33.
What is the Social Dimension of Secularism ?
Answer:
Secularism stands for eschewing or ignoring superstitions in social life. It never allows individuals to think and act in terms of one’s caste, colour, creed etc. It desires individuals to abstain untouchability, bonded labour and other evil practices in their day to day activities while dealing with their neighbours. It advises them to treat others on equal and respectable manner.

Question 34.
Mention any four Essential Features of the Constitution.
Answer:

1. Preamble
2. Clarity
3. Brevity and
4. Flexibility

Question 35.
Un written constitution.
Answer:
Theory of separation of powers is propounded by Montesquieu in his famous book The Spirit of Laws’. The powers among the three organs of the government in presidential executive will be distributed on the basis of the theory of separation of powers. Its main feature is ‘Checks and Balance’, which means the three organs of the government possess equal powers and each organ checks the other two organs from crossing their limits.

Question 36.
What do you mean by unitary government ?
Answer:
Meaning : The word ‘Unitary’ consists of two words, namely, ‘Uni’ and ‘Tary’, uni means one and tary means ‘rule’. Unitary Government is a single integrated government with all executive powers. The Constitution vests all powers in the Central Government.

Definition : A.V. Dicey “A Unitary government is the habital exercise of supreme legislative authority by one central power”.

Question 37.
Write about organs of the government.
Answer:
There are three organs of government they are :

1. Legislature
2. Executive and
3. Judiciary