TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Model Paper Set 1 with Solutions

Thoroughly analyzing TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Model Papers Set 1 with Solutions helps students identify their strengths and weaknesses.

TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Model Paper Set 1 with Solutions

Time: 3 Hours
Max. Marks: 100

Section – A
(3 × 10 = 30)

Note: Answer any THREE of the following questions in not exceeding 40 lines each. Each question carries 10 marks.

Question 1.
Describe the various phases of Indian National Movement.
Answer:
Stages of the Indian National Movement: Dr. Ramesh Chandra an eminent historian, has divided the history of Indian National Movement into three stages, namely:

1. Moderate stage (1885 – 1905)
2. Extremist stage (1905 – 1920)
3. Gandhian stage (1920 – 1947)

Let us examine these three stages in detail.
1. Moderate stage; The early leaders of the Congress are known as the “Moderates”. They dominated the first stage of the freedom movement from 1885 to 1905. They had full faith in the British sense of justice and fair play. They emphasised the use of peaceful and constitutional methods to achieve their aims and objectives. They did not believe in agitation or unconstitutional methods. They carried on their work by means of public debates, propaganda, petitions, demonstrations and deputations. Their motto was “reform, not revolution”. The prominent leaders of this group are WC.Benerjee, Pherozshah Mehta, Dadabhai Baoroji, Surendranath Benerjee, Bodaruddin Toyabji, Dinshaw Wacha R.E. Dutt., L.M. Ghose, Ranade, G.K. Gtokhale etc.

Demands of Moderates: The demands of the Moderates are:

1. Reduction in the military expenditure.
2. Abolition of the Indian Council.
3. Holding Civil Service Examinations in India simultaneously with that of England.
4. Expansion of the Legislative councils so as to include more and more Indians.
5. Separation of judiciary from executive.
6. Reduction in land revenue and granting occupancy rights to the tillers.
7. Irrigation facilities to the farmers.
8. Stoppage of export of food grains.
9. Higher jobs to the Indians.
10. Reduction in taxes.

2. Extremist stage (1906 -1919): The second stage of the National Movement was dominated by the extremists from 1906 to 1918. During this period the congress entered the militant stage. The prominent leaders of this group are Bala Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Roy and Bipin Chandrapal. They advocated the use of militant methods. They raised the slogans of ‘Swaraj and ‘Swadesi and Laid stress on National Education.

Demands of Extremists: Extremists regarded the British rule as a curse for India. They had faith in the superiority of Vedic
culture, literature language and civilisation. They demanded the introduction of self government in the countly They did not demand petty concessions but favoured complete Swaraj. They gave the people the slogan that “Freedom was their birth right and they must have it “.

The moderates preferred action to peaceful methods for achieving the goals. They had no faith in petitions and representations. They laid emphasis on boycott of foreign goods and use of Swadesi goods.

3. Gandian stage (1920 -1947): The third stage of the National Movement was dominated by Mahatma Gandhi from 1920 to 1947. That is why this period is known as the “Gandhian period”. He launched his first non-violent and non-cooperation movement in 1920.

The movement included the boycott of foreign goods, legislative councils, law courts, schools and colleges. But when the movement look a violent course, he suspended It abruptly in 1922. In 1924, he was elected as Congress president and called upon to organise demonstrations against Simon Commission in 1927. In 1929, the Congress at its Lahore session declared its goal as achievement to complete independence”.

In March, 1930 Gandhiji started his second agitation known as “Civil Disobedience Movement’ or “Salt Satyagraha”. Gandhiji asked the British to “Quit India” and gave a call of “DO or. Die”. After the Second World War the Labour Party, headed by Clement Atlee came to power in England. He sent cabinet mission to India. On the basis of cabinet mission plan and Mountbatten plan, the British parliament passed the Indian Independence Act. India became independent on 15th August, 1947.

Question 2.
What are the differences between FindamentaI Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy?
Answer:
Fundamental rights and Directive principles of State Policy are two important features of the Indian constitution, Both are important from the social perspective. They differ from one another as under.

Fundamental Rights	Directive Principles of State Policy
1. Fundamental Rights are negative in nature. The State restrained from doing something detrimental to the individual.	DPSP are positive in nature. The State’s activity to transform the socially and Economically.
2. These are Justifiable in courts. Courts issue writ orders for implementation of these FRs under Article 32.	DPSP are not Justifiable. Courts cannot compel the government of implement them.
3. Article 13 states that any law or order made violating the provisions of FRs become void.	No law will be declared void on the round that, it violated DPSP.
4. FRs concerned about the citizens and protects the individual liberty and life.	DPSP are aimed at development and welfare of the nation in social, political, and economic aspects.
5. Whenever a conflict and between FRs and DPSP, FRs override DPSP.	DPSP cannot override Fundamental Rights of an individual.
6. These are enumerated in Part III of Constitution Articles from 12 to 35.	These are enumerated in Part IV of Constitution Articles from 36 to 51.
7. No Separate Legislation is required to enact or implement the Fundamental Rights.	To implement the DPSP, separate Legislation is to be passed.
8. These are orders to the state and successive governments from the constitution.	These are the advises for successive governments for implementation of the special and ideals of constitution makers.
9. Whoever be in the, government, FRs shall be implemented.	DPSP can be implemented according to the will and wish of the persons in government. Because there may be constraints in implementation like lack of resources, opposition from various groups etc.
10. The concept of Fundmental Rights was borrowed from the American Constitution.	The concept of Directive principles of State Policy was borrowed from the Irish Constitution.

Question 3.
Describe the composition and powers of Indian Parliament.
Answer:
Indian Parliament is bicameral: It consists of two Houses – Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha or ‘The Council of States’ is the Upper House. It contains the representatives of the States. The Lok Sabha or ‘The House of the People’ is the Lower House. It is a popular House and contains representatives of the people. It is the pivot of all political activity. The Parliament is the highest law-making body in our country: It has extensive powers and performs a variety of functions which are listed below.

1. Legislative Power: The main function of the Indian Parliament is lawmaking. It makes laws on all the subjects mentioned in the Union List and Concurrent List. Under, certain circumstances, it also makes laws on the subjects mentioned in the State List. Further, it also makes Lawson the matters that are not included in any of the three lists i.e., on residuary matters.

2. Executive Powers: Another important function of the Indian Parliament is controlling the Executive (Union Council of
Ministers). Parliament controls the Executive through various ways, such as by asking questions, supplementary questions, and by introducing adjournment motions and no-confidence resolutions against the Ministry: Hence the survival of the Government depends upon the will of the members in the Lower House. The executive remains in office so long as it enjoys the confidence of the Lok Sabha.

3. Financial Powers: The Parliament controls the financial resources of the nation. It accepts the budget and other money bills required by the Government. Its permission is needed for the Government for imposing and collecting tax and for revising the existing tax rates. In this regard the Lok Sabha has more financial powers than the Rajya Sabha. All money, bills shall at first be introduced in the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha has to accept all money bills sent by the Lok Sabha within 14 days. It a,proves the railway budget, appropriation bill and other money bills.

4. Constitutional Powers: The Parliament takes initiative for changing the provisions of the Constitution according to the
changing times. Bills relating to the Constitution amendments may be introduced in either House. There are three methods of amending the Constitution.

5. Judicial Powers: The Parliament has certain judicial powers and functions. It has the power to remove the President and Vice President. The procedure is called impeachment. It has also the power to recommend to the President the removal of the higher officials of the country such as the Chief justice and judges of Supreme Court, High Court and the Chairman and other members of UPSC., Chief Election Commissioner etc., for violation certain principles.

6. Electoral Powers: The Parliament also serves as an electoral college. It participates in the election of the President and
Vice President. The Speaker and Deputy Speaker who act as the presiding officers are elected by the members of Lok Sabha. The Deputy Chairman is elected by the members of the Rajya Sabha.

7. Deliberative Powers: The Parliament acts as the highest forum and direct agency of public opinion. Its members discuss various issues of national and international significance. They demand the Government to solve the people’s problems.

8. Miscellaneous Powers: In addition to the above, the Indian Parliament has also the power to

• Create of abolish Legislative Councils
• Change the names and boundaries of the States etc.

Conclusion: A look at the powers and functions of the Indian Parliament shows that it is the center of legislative activity and political activity of our country.

Question 4.
Elucidate the Dalit Movement in Telangana.
Answer:
Dalit Movement in Hyderabad State (Nizam’s period): In Nizamruled Hyderabad state, many autonomous Dalit organizations were started since 1906. Bhagya Reddy Verma established Jagan Mitra Mandali and championed the cause of education, scientific knowledge vegetarianism, community dinner, and so on along with Buddhism for the Dalit communities to create fraternity among Dalit sub-castes. later, Bhagyareddy Verma also established Manne Sangam in 1911 and worked against consumption of liquor, indiscriminate slaughtering of animals in the festivals and social evils like Jogini system and child marriages.

The members of this organization propagated dignity of Dalits in Hyderabad and other parts of the Hyderabad state. Bhagya Reddy Verma founded another organization called ‘Swastik Dal’ in 1923 which worked for promoting human values among the people and worked for the poor, orphans and indisposed. Due to the impact of the Non-Brahmin movement, Bhagya Reddy Verma changed the name of ‘Manne Sangam’ (an association) as Adj Hindu Samajika seva Samakya.

He propagated the idea of claiming untouchables as ‘Adj Hindu’. He had provided training to Mi Hindus in painting, architecture, archery, and gymnastics to enchance self-confidence and self-respect among Dalits. Around the same period, Arigay Rama Swamy, another prominent Dalit leader founded ‘Adi-Hindu Jaathi Unnathi Sabha’ in 1922. Later there was lull in the Dalit movement due to the demise of great leader, internal dissensions and other political factors. Another attempt to mobilize Dalits to bring consciousness was made by Dalit leaders like B.S. Venkata Rao, Shyam Sunder, and J.H.Subbaiah. They started “Suppressed Classes Association’ and ‘Scheduled Caste Federation’ for creating self respect and positive consciousness among. Dalits at different levels.

Dalits and Telangana Peasant Struggle: Dalits had participated in the Telangana peasants struggle against the autocratic rule of Nizam and exploitative order of Jagirdars, Inamdars, Deshmukhs, Deshpandes, Dora, Patel and Patwaris. This struggle was in response to the suppression and exploitation unleashed by landlords through various evil systems such as Vetti, Jogini, Basivini and so on. The Dalits lived in sub-human and pathetic conditions and were treated as bonded labourers. They had to work for Dora under scorching sun from dawn to dusk.

Further, Dalits were humiliated and assaulted for trivial reasons. Dalits could not venture to claim wages from the patels and other Landlords. To put it precisely, Dalits were exploited, humiliated, assaulted and suppressed in the hands of feudal lords. As a result, Dalits were motivated to fight against these conditions. Many people from Dalit Community took active part and also their lives in the Telangana peasant, struggle.

Phases of Dalit Movement in Andhra Pradesh (Post Independence period): Dalit Movement in the state can be understood on the basis of the ideological affiliations, forms of struggles and the issues taken up for articulation against the social oppression. As the state Andhra Pradesh emerged in 1956 with three regions, namely Andhra, Rayalaseema and Telangana. These phases include,

• 1960-1980
• 1980-1990 and
• 1990 – till date.

During the first phase of the Movement, certain leaders have utilised the constitutional guarantees and emerged as influential leaders. For example, Damodarani Sanjeevaiah became the Chief Minister and Smt TN Sada Lakshmi, J. Eshwari Bai and G. Venkateswamy emerged as powerful leaders. These leaders have fought for both Dalit issues and the problems of other sections. While J. Eshwari Bai was very vocal and articulative during, the 1969 Telangana Agitation, T.N.Sada Lakshmi voiced the cause of women’s liberation.

In the similar fashion, G.Venkataswamy strive hard for land ownership rights of rural poor and housing for urban poor. During the second phase of the movement, there were widespread attacks and assaults on Dalits in various parts of the state. This has resulted in assertion of rights by Dalits and resulted in various movements.

The Dalits in Andhra area witnessed atrocities from upper castes and The Dalits in Telangana encountered the problems of dominance and exploitation in the form of vetti (bonded labour) Bhugela-Jeetham (forced labour) and Jeetagadu (underpaid servant).

During the third phase of the Dalit Movement, the sub-caste consciousness among Dalits led to various movements. Within the scheduled castes, the Madiga community felt that the constitutional guarantees and privileges are cornered by dominants castes within SCs such as Malas. Hence, the Madiga community organised itself into Madiga Reservation Porata Samithi (MRPS) and demanded categorization of scheduled castes into ABCD for the optimum utilization. MRPS is led by Manda Krishna Madiga and other prominent leaders. As against this, the Mala Community opposed the movement and started organizing itself as Mala Mahanadu under the leadership of P.V.Rao.

A part from Malas and Madigas, other Dalit castes which are numerically less are also continuing and have started their own organizations to mobilize their people around their democratic rights. For instances, Nethakani, Chindu, Dakkali, Began, Budaga Jangam and other castes have been arguing about their rights and social dignity. It indicates that the democratic values crept into the Dalit Movement.

Dali Movement in Telangana – Contemporary Trends:
The Dalit movement in Telangana region is centred around issues such as empowerment, political representation, assertion of rights, accessibility to basic amenities and so on. As the society in Telangana is structured on caste and class lines, the age old negative practices such as Jeethagadu, Bhugela-Jeetam (forced labourer) and Vetti (bonded labour) are prevalent. Most of the Dalit families are witnessing exploitation due to these practices. The contemporary trends in Telangana region in the Dalit movement may be summed up as follows.

1. The dalit movement is working issues on caste lines where certain groups are fighting for categorisation of Dalits to utilise the constitutional benefits to the optimum level.
2. Many political parties started frontal organisations such as Kula Nirmulana Porata Samithi (KNPS) Dalita Hakkula Porata Samithi (DHPS) and Kula Vivaksha Vyathireka Porata Sangam (KVPS) to mobilize the Dalit Communities.
3. Dalits in some parts of the state are organized under Chillara Kulala Sangam and AmbedkarYuvaj ana Sangam.
4. Some of the Dalit Communities are motivated to align with other Backward Classes under Dalit Bahujan banner.
5. Due to the antifeudal nature of struggles in Telangana region, certain sections are provided space towards extremist ideological forces.

Thus, the Dalit movement in Telangana signifies the assertion of rights by various scheduled caste Communities on caste lines. However, on issues of general importance these communities put up unified fight. Likewise, the Dalit Communities in Telangana also actively favoured the cause of separate Telangana.

Question 5.
Discuss the formation of Telangana as the 29th State in the Indian Union.
Answer:
The emergence of Telangana state in 2014 is the result of long drown struggle. It has a history of sixty years of struggle and movements marked by agitations, negotiations, formation and merger of parties, agreement and violation of agreement.

Constitutional Process -A.P. Reorganisation Ad, 2014:
The Parliament is empowered to create a new state by following a certain procedure prescribed under Article 3 of the Indain constitution. The Union Government followed the required steps prescribed by Article 3 of the Constitution. The President of India referred the A.P. Reorganisation Bill, 2014 to the state legislature for its consideration. The A.P. state legislature rejected the Bill.

However, the Parliament had the power either to accept (or) reject the opinion of the state legislature. Finally, the Bill was referred to parliament by the President.

Both Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha passed the Bill and President Pranab Mukerjee had signed the A.P. Reorganisation Bill 2014 which become an Act on 1st March 2014. The Government of India declared than on 2nd June, 2014 the Act would come into force. By this the Telangana state was formed on 2nd” June, 2014 as the 29th State in the Union of India.

Emergence and formation of Telangana State: The AP Reorganisation Act 2014 has the following salient features.
A State of Telangana: A new Telangana state with 10 districts has emerged as the 29th State of the Indian Union.
A State of Andhra Pradesh: The State of Andhra Pradesh has 13 districts after the division of the state.

Hyderabad as a common capital: Hyderabad remains as the common capital for the states of Telagana and Andhra Pradesh for a period not exceeding 10 years.

Common Governor: There shall be a common Governor for both the states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. The Governor is vested with same special duties.

Members of Rajya Sabha: According to the Act there are 17 members from the state of Telangana in Lok Sabha while the state of Andhra Pradesh will have 25 members.

Legislative Assembly: The following is the composition of members in the State Legislative Assembly.

• Telangana – 119
• Andhra Pradesh – 175

Legislative Council: According to the Act the Telangana State shall have 40 members and Andhra Pradesh shall have 50
members respectively.

Other provisions: The AP Reorganisation Act 2014 has provided various other provisions like Separate High Courts,
provisions for SC’s and STs, distribution of revenues etc. The long cherished demand for a separate statehood for Telangana was achieved after a long. Struggle 2nd” June 2014 is a memorable day for the people of Telangana who always maintain self-respect and cultural identity Several leaders in the post struggled for more than six decades and contributed significantly to the cause. The dynamic role of K. Chandra Sekhar Rao in the Telangana Movement and emergence of Telangana State altered the course of Telanganites. The relentless efforts of Mrs. Sonia Gandhi and the support given by BJP and other lkilitical parties cannot be ignored in this regard.

Let us hope that the newly created Telangana State would become a model state in Indian Federation. May the dream of
Telangana people to realise ‘Bangaru Telangana’ become a reality. For this, the people of Telangana have to travel many miles to translate their aim into a reality.

Section – B
(8 x 5 = 40)

Note: Answer any EIGHT of the following questions in not exceeding 20 lines each. Each qaestion carries 5 marks.

Question 6.
Write about any three basic features of Indian Constitution.
Answer:
1. Single citizenship: Our Constitution provides for single citizenship for all persons who are born in India and who resided in India for a Specific period. It enables the citizens to possess an enjoy identical rights and privilages. It also promotes unity, integrity and fraternity among the people.

2. Universal adult Franchise: The makers of the Indian constitution provided for the universal adult franchise for all citizens
without any discrimination based on caste, colour, cread, community; language, religion, region, sex, or property etc., At the beginning, adult franchise was given to all the citizens who attained the age of 21 years. Later voting age was reduced to 18 years through the Constitution Amendment Act in 1988.

3. Bicameralism: The constitution of India introduced Bi – cameralism at the. national level. Accordingly, the Indian Parliament consists of two houses namely the Rajya Sabha (upper house) and Lok Sabha (lower house). While the Rajya Sabha represents the states, the Lok Sabha represents the people.

Question 7.
Describe the emergency powers of President of India.
Answer:
Emergency Powers: The Constitution of India empowers the President to proclaim three kinds of emergencies.

1. National Emergency Article 352.
2. Constitutional Emergency, Article 356.
3. Financial Emergency Article 360.

1. National Emergency: If the President is satisfied that a grave emergency exists in the country or any part of its territory and threatened by war or external aggressions or armed rebellions he may impose National Emergency on the written advice of the Union Council of Ministers. Such proclamation has to be approved by the Parliament with a majority of not less than 213 members present and voting in each House within a month. Then the proclamation shall be in force for six months. It can be extended with approval of Parliament for another six months. During this emergency Union Government can issue any direction to the states and the Parliament can make legislation on any matters included in State list. Except Article 20,21 all or any of the fundamental Rights can be suspended. This type of emergency was imposed in 1962,1965,1971 and 1975.

2. Constitutional Emergency (President Rule): On the receipt of a report from the Governor of a State that a situation has
arrived in which the Government of that State cannot function according to the Constitutional provisions, the President may proclaim emergency in that State. It is also called as President Rule or Constitutional Emergency.

The effects of such a proclamation may be as follows.

• The President may assume to himself all or any of the function of the State Government.
• The powers of State Legislature may be exercised by the Parliament.

This emergency proclamation shall be approved by the Parliament within two months. It will be in force for a period of six months. It can be extended for another six months by the approval of the Parliament. So far, president’s Rule has been imposed more than 100 times in different states in India.

3. Financial Emergency: Article 360, deals with Financial Emergency. The President can proclaim such emergency if he is
satisfied that a situation has arisen whereby the financial stability or credit of India is threatened.

The effect of this emergency are:

1. The President can reduce the salaries and allowances of all
2. All money bills passed by any State legislature can be reserved for the consideration of the President. So far this kind of emergency has not been proclaimed in our country.

Question 8.
Write about powers and functions of the State Government.
Answer:
The constitution of the India provides for a parliamentary system of government at the state level. It lays down that the
Governor of the state shall act as the constitutional and nominal head of the state executive. The real executive powers shall be exercised by the State Council of Ministers with the Chief Minister as its head. The State Council of Ministers is an important constituent of the state executive.It consists of members belonging to one or more parties. It works as a team under the leadership of the Chief Minister.

Composition: The State Council of Ministers includes

• the Chief Minister,
• Ministers of cabinet rank,
• Ministers of state rank and sometimes deputy ministers.

Appointment:- All the ministérs including the Chief Minister are appointed by the Governor. The Chief Minister enjoys the privilege to select a few legislators of his party and recommend their names to the Governor for appointment as ministers.

Powers and Functions: The powers and functions of the State Council of Ministers are discussed as under.
1. Formation of State Government policies: The State Council of Ministers has the responsibility, of formulating and
determining the policies of the state governmnt. It makes discussion and takes decisions on various matters of the State
Government. In this regard, all matters are thoroughly discussed by the Cabinet Ministers by meeting frequently and in the name of the Council of Ministers.

2. Maintenance of administration: The State Council of Ministers maintains the state administration. The ministers are
held responsible for running the administration of the state in accordance with the policies of the government and the laws passed by the State Legislature. Each Minister has one or more departments under his control and is responsible for the administration of such departments.

3. Coordination function: The State Council of Ministers is responsible for securing coordination in the functioning of the various governmental departments. Without coordination among the departments, the smooth sailing of the State Government cannot be ensured. All the ministers unanimously support decisions of the state cabinet.

4. Powers of Appointment: The State Council of Ministers plays a key role in all important appointments to the various offices in the state. The appointment of the Advocate General, Vice Chancellors of the Universities in the state, Chairman and Members of the State Public Service Commission, etc., are all done by the Governor on the advice of the State Council of Ministers.

5. Role in Law-making: The State Counéil of Ministers plays a key role in the legislative sphere. It is the Ministry which really decides the legislative programme. The cabinet plays a significant role in lawmaking in the state. It comes out this role so long as it enjoys the support of majority members in the state Legislative Assembly. The Governor summons, prorogues, and dissolves the State Legislative Assembly upon the advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister.

6. Financial Functions: The State Council of Ministers yields control over the finances of the state. It determines the fiscal policy of the state. The Cabinet formulates and implements all development policies and plans. It manages the finances of the state in accordance with the policy and budget as passed by the State Legislature.

Question 9.
Describe the powers and functions of District Collector.
Answer:
The District Collector is the Head of the district administration. He occupies a predominent position in the district. He belongs to the LAS cadre and plays an unparalled role in the administration of the district.

Powers and functions of District Collector: The District Collector enjoys vast powers and performs multifarious functions
in the district. Some of them are:
a) Revenue Functions: The most important function of the District Collector is to look after the collection and recovery
of land revenue and other dues of the Government. He is responsible for the matters of survey and land records. He is assisted by Joint Collector, M.R.Os, Revenue Inspectors etc., to carry on these activities.

b) Magisterial Functions: The District Collector has magisterial functions. He is responsible for the maintenance of law and order in the district.

c) Electoral Functions: The District Collector acts as the Chief Electoral Officer of the district. He is responsible for
conducting the elections in fair and impartial manner.

d) Coordinating Functions: The District Collector is the Chief Coordinator of various departments it the district, such as
agriculture, irrigation, labour affairs etc. The Head of the departments in the district are answerable to him.

e) Functions of Census Operation: The District Collector takes steps for holding census operations in the district for
every ten years on behalf of the Union and the State Governments.

f) Miscellaneous Functions: The District Collector has many more functions like attending the meetings of the Panchayat
Raj Institutions and Urban local body institutions, looking after the development activities of the district, mobilising the human, material and financial resources in the district and implementing the directives of the Union and the State Governments.

Question 10.
Describe the powers and functions of National Commission for women.
Answer:
The National Commission for Women is a statutory body but not constitutional body. It was setup on 31 January 1992 under the National Commission for Women Act,1990. The main objectives of the Commission are to review the Constitutional and legal safeguards for women, to recommend remedial legislative measures and to advise the Government on all policy matters affecting women.

Composition: The National Commission for Women is a multimember body, which consists of a Chairperson, five members and a member secreteary; The Chairperson and members should have awareness on women problems and possess ability; integrity, and experience in laws, trade unionism and management of an organization committed to empowerment of women. Further, at least one member each should belong to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes respectively. The present chairperson of National Women Commission is Smt.Lalltha Kumara Mangalam.

Powers and Functions:
a) Investigate and examine all matters relating to the safeguards provided for women under the Constitution and other laws enacted by the Parliament or State Legislatures.

b) Recommendations for the effective implementation of those safeguards for improving the conditions of women.

c) To review the existing provisions of the Constitution and other laws affecting women and recommend amendments.

d) Look into complaints and take suo-moto notice of matters relating to deprivation of Women’s rights. Non-implementation of laws enacted to provide protection to women.

e) To participate and advise on the planning process of socio-economic development of women.

f) To look up into the issue of child marriage and sponsore Legal Awareness Programmes, Parivaric Mahila Lok Adalats and review laws such as Dowry Prohibition Act 1961.

g) To inspect jails, remand homes or any other place of custody where women are kept as prisoners or otherwise,
and discuss with the concerned authorities for further remedial action in due course of time.

Question 11.
Discuss the problems of Tribals in Telangana.
Answer:
The total Scheduled Tribe (ST) population in 10 districts of Telangana is 27,50,000 comprising 9% of the entire Telangana
population. The original adivasi inhabitants of the forests- The Andh, Koyas, Nayakpodu, Konda Reddy, Kollam, Chenchu, Thoti, Mannevar and Pardhan – have become a minority since 1977, when the Lambadas, who were historically a nomadic pastoral community were notified as a ST in AP This led to a large influx of Lambadas from Maharastra to Telangana area.

Ramji Gond Revolt 1857 -1860: Ramji Gond was an autonomous ruler who ruled Asifabad area with Nirmal and Adilabad as its important areas. This area was popularly known as Jangoan. Since the princely state of Hyderabad viewed this as a strategically important area, the Nizam made plans to annex this area into his princely state.

Meanwhile, in 1853, a Treaty was concluded between the Nizam and East India Company in which Nizam transferred Berar to British. As a result the British soldiers intruded into this area and forced the people into bonded labour. They have also assaulted Tribals who challenged it and violated a number of women. These developments angered Ramji Gond and made him to challenge their dominance. British suppressed the Ramji Gond rebellion which consisted of Rohilla, Maratha and Gond Soldiers.

Ramji Gond and his followers employed tranditional weapons and courageously fought the British on one side and Nizam on the other side. However, the violent assault held on April 9, 1857 by Nizam witnessed the killing of hundreds of Gonds. Ultimately, Ramji Gond was caught as a captive and was awarded with hanging punishment. Though he succumbed to heinous assaults of British, Marsukola Ramji Gonds rebellion signifies the self-respect of Gonds.

Though the magnitude and extent of Ramji Gond Rebellion was construed as limited, its significant influence on prospective generations in terms of self-respect is undeniable. Komaram Bheem Revolt 1940 -1950: Komaram Bheem is a prominent Tribal leader who organised the Tribal communities, mostly the Gonds the Adilabad against the Nizam and his Jagirdari rule. The Gonds of Adilabad witnessed some problems during the early part of the 20th century which included the problem of land alienation, high rates of taxation, vetti or the bonded labour, socio- cultural suppression, economic exploitation and others. The local Muttedars and Jagirdars forced the Gonds to pay heavy taxes failing which their lands were confiscated.

The people who challenge these trends are met with severe punishments. Women members of the families faced atrocities and sexual assaults. The nexus between Nizam-Muttedar Jagirdar-rich landed gently angered Komaram Bheem. He organised the Gonds against the misrule and atrocities of Jagirdars and their henchmen. Ultimately, there was an armed assault on Komaram Bheem led by Talukdar Abdul Sanar and his 90 Policemen.

Komaram Bheem and his followers encountered the assault with traditional arms such as bows, arrows, swords and spears. In the ensuring revolt Komaram Bheem succumbed to Nizam Police and secured a place in the history as a veritable deity of Gonds. Komaram Bheem gave the slogan of Jal, Jungle and Jameen. It means, people who live in forests should have rights on all resources of the forest, especially, water and forest Land.

In order to identify the pathetic problems of Tribals in Adilabad regarding violation of their land rights, etc, the Nizam
VII appointed Prof. C.E Haimendorf to look into their issues. On account of Haimendorf taking up the issues of Tribals in general, and that of Gonds in particular, he is regarded as the Father of Tribals among the Gonds.

Further, the Tribal communities inhabiting in plain areas are demanding the extension of all safeguards ad facilities. They
are also demanding the protection of environment and are opposed to the construction of big dams that would create ecological imbalance and largescale displacement. As a result, the Tribal movements are also expressing concern for ecological issues. Thus, the Tribal land right were violated under the Nizams rule in Telangana region. However, at the same time, the Tribals were given legal pattas for their lands. The non-tribals from coastal Andhra encroached several acres of Tribal land in Adilabad and some parts of Karimnagar, Warangal, and Khammam including banks of Godavari.

The coastal Andhra settlers were very much attracted to the black cotton soil in these areas, which was fertile for cultivation of cotton, chilly, tobacco and other cash crops. Since these settlers had a vast experience in cultivating the mentioned crops, along with a ready commercial market, they were keen in encroaching the Tribal lands in Telangana. Due to the heavy influx of coastal Andhra people into Telangana, the Supreme Court of India passed the Samatha Judgment in 1995. With the intervention of Supreme Court, all legal controversies regarding the protection of Tribal lands and the ambiguity that the previous governments have exploited earlier were removed.

The government of Andhra Pradesh set up a Commission by J.M.Girglani, ¡AS (Retd), to study the issues of Tribal land rights. Girglani submitted his first report on 16 August 1995. Later, this commission observed and analyzed the injustice faced by the Tribals for the last 53 years and decided to submit a detailed report to the President of India annually. The report dealt exclusively with the violation of Tribal rights in Telangana and advised that this kind of violations need to be shunned immediately.

Question 12.
Explain the provisions of Gentlemen’s agreement.
Answer:
In order to clear the doubts among the people of Telangana that the visalandhra may obstruct their interests, the Gentlemen’s Agreenient took place on 20th February 1956 at Delhi basing on the recommendations of Fazal Ail Commission. It was attended by Sri Bezawada Gopala Reddy the then chief minister of Andhra State, and his Colleagues Sarvasi Neelam, Sanjeeva Reddy, Gouthu lanchana, Alui Satyanarayan Raju from Andhra Region.

Sri Burgula Ramkrishna Rao the then chief minister of Hyderabad state and his colleagues savaging K.V.Ranga Reddy, Mari Channa Reddy, J.V. Narsinga Rao from Telangana Region. They had signed on the Agreement which contains the following aspects.

1. The administrative expenditure of the state shall be contributed in proportion of both Andhra and Telangana should be confined for its development up to five years and it may be extended for another five years at the request of Telangana legislators.
2. The educational opportunities which are in Telangana shall be provided for them only more development is to be extended. Technical education and seats in Universities shall be allocated up 1/3 for Telangana students.
3. The Vacancies arise in Füture shall be allocated to both regions in proportion to their population.
4. 12 Years of Residency is must for Andhra people to get job in Telangana.
5. Regional Development council shall be constituted for overall development of Telangana.
6. In Council of ministers there shall be 60% from Andhra and 40% from Telangana respectively there must be one Muslim from Telangana part.
7. If the Chief Minister is belongs to Andhra region, the deputy chief minister must be from Telangana region and vice versa. At least 2 poof folios must be given to Telangana out of Home, Finance, Revenue, Planning, Development, Commerce and Industry.

Question 13.
Explain the role of political JAC in Telangana Movement.
Answer:
Political joint Action Committee: The Political Joint Action Committee wàs formed on 24th December 2009. Major political parties such as Telangana Rashtra Samithi (FRS), Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Communist Party of India (CP1) Congress Party, Telugu Desam Party, CPI(ML) New Democracy, Employees Associations and others associated with political JAC. The Political JAC formed as the UPA Government had shown signs of deviation from the December 9, 2009 declaration of initiating the process of Telangana formation.

The Political JAC is led by a Political Science Professor from Osmania University M. Kondandarama Reddy popularly
known as Kondandaram. He, extensively undertook various protest programmes for fighting the cause of Telangana. These programmes include, the Non-Cooperation (Sahaya Niraakarana), Million March, Maanava Haaram, Sakala Janula Samme, Sagara Haram, Jail Bharo, Rail Roko, Vanta Varpu etc.

In course of Sahaya Nirakarana, all sections of society stopped cooperating with the Government which amounted to loss of crores of rupees of Revenue. The Government Employees resorted to pendown and work-to-rule protests and lunch-hour demonstrations during the month of February 2011. This has crippled the state administration at various levels.

The Political JAC gave a call for Million March’ to conduct a mammoth demonstration in Hyderabad. Drawing an analogy to the Arab spring where millions of people revolted against the system to achieve their demands, the political JAC asked people to reach Hyderabad and manifest their collective aspiration for Telangana State. The State government unleashed repression by resorting to spread of lies, illegal house arrests, confiscation of private vehicles, stopping buses and trains from reaching Hyderabad and so on.

In spite of large-scale repression, lakhs of people ventured to Hyderabad and Secunderabad. It was a virtual impossibility for the Government to stop people entering Tank Bund area which bridges Hyderabad and Secunderabad Some of the agitators of Telangana Movement have also removed the statues of some personalities and threw them in the Tank Bund lake.

Expressing dissent over the inordinate delay in taking a decision on Telangana, lAC gave bandh call to people and who in turn observed wholeheartedly arid completely to throw the daily life out of gear. As part of the protest, Rail Roko programmes were initiated and thousands of Telangana workers courted arrest. In certain instances, false cases were foisted and leaders were kept under police custody and judicial custody for days together without providing bail. Further, leaders were asked to attend legal proceedings in railway curts and other courts for protesting on the railway tracks.

On September 30, 2012 the Political JAC gave a call for a larger congregation of people around the Hussain Sagar Lake,
known as Sagara Haaram. The State Government used police, military and para-military forces to foil this meeting. The
Government colsed down all the ways and small paths leading to Hussain Sagar. With the intervention of State High Court, it gave permission to hold the meeting only upto 60’ clock in the evening, it employed a number of plainclothes men (police) to over-scrutinize the people.

The intelligence department of the administration was directed to record all the speeches of the leaders in this programme. In spite of these restrictions, Telangana people gathered in large numbers and were unrelented to call off the meeting till midnight.

The meeting was a grand success and turned the events in favour of Telangana State. In addition to these programmes, the Political JAC strongly demanded the protection of the interests of Tela ngana. The Political JAC meeting passed a resolution asking all the industries to employ the local people for 80 percent of their employment requirement.

This Bhoomi Putra concept undertaken to sensitize the natives on their right to acquire employment in their arça. Further, the Political JAC spearheaded the cause of Bayyaram Iron ore and made an agitation with the slogan ‘Bayyaram Ukku-Telangana Hakku”. As the State Government devised plans to transfer the Bayyaram Iron ore to the steel factories located in Andhra area, it has strongly opposed it.

The Political JAC persistently forwarded the demand for the creation of Telangana state and has taken every care to avoid lull in the movement. In the process, it was carefully examining the changes in the Political stand of various parties. It has checked the parties which tried to betray the cause of Telangana. In fact, the Political JAC demanded the Political parties to use the Indian Presidential Election 2013 to forward the Telangana Demand.

One of the most popular and widespread programmes held by Political JAC was the Sakala Janula Samme’ (Strike by all
sections of people) in 2012. All sections of people which include, employees, students, advocates, doctors, teachers, lectures, and professors, professionals, various caste associations have actively participated in the movement for 42 days. The State administration came to a standstill. Various Organisatons motivated their members to actively participate in the movement on “Now or Never’ basis.

The leaders of Kula Sanghas (Caste Associations) threatened to stop their services to the political leaders who opposed the formation of Telangana. The APSRTC employees of Telangana region formed as JAC and stopped plying buses and the Singareni Colleries employees and workers formed as JAC and stopped their duties, as a results, the State had to face severe power (Electricity) shortage in the later days. All the Political parties actively supported the Sakala Janula Samme. This has made the Political JAC to attract the nation wicje attention with national media coverage. The political JAC also undertook protest programmes at Delhi near Jantar Mantar and deliberated with the leaders of vr ous political parties in Delhi on the issue of Telangana and obtained their support. As a result of these efforts, Telangana State was formed.

Question 14.
Elucidate various types of Terrorism in Indian context.
Answer:
Terrorism is the systematic use of force or threat of use of force (Violence) to achieving political religious or ideological goals. Terrorism posed the greatest danger and threat to many countries in the world and created law and order problem. The temples, mosques, churches, markets, railway stations, multi-storied buildings and other places where people densely move, are the targets of terrorism.

Types of Terrorisms: The Second Administrative Reforms Commission in India, in its report in 2008 classified Terrorism into 5 types based on different goals and objectives of Terrorist groups.
They are

• Ethno-Nationalist Terrorism
• Religious Terrorism
• Ideology-oriented Terrorism
• State-sponsored Terrorism
• Narco Terrorism.

On the basis of the methods used by terrorists the other type also emerged such as

• Environmental Terrorism (bio Terrorism)
• Cyber Terrorism
• Suicide Terrorism and so on.

i) Ethno – Nationalist Terrorism: Terrorist groups resort to violence demanding secession from Indian Union or the
creation of a new state in the Indian Federation. Demands for Khalistan, Jammu, and Kashmir Greater Nagaland are
some of the examples. The insurgent tribal groups in North East India also indulge in this sort of terror.

ii) Religious Terrorism: This terrorism is perpetuated in the name of religious fundamentalism. The terrorist attacks in Mumbai on 26 November 2008 and other attacks in different parts of the country by ISI of Pakistan are acts of Religious Terrorism. This is popularly known as Jehadi Terrorism.

iii) Ideology-oriented Terrorism (Left wing extremism): This form of Terrorism is also known as Left-wing extremism which condemns the economically exploitative and socially suppressive nature of the society it aims at revolutionary change through violence and terror. The ideology of Karl Marx, Mao Zedong, Lenin and others are considered as the basis for this type of extremism.

iv) State-sponsored Terrorism (cross-border Terrorism): This type of Terrorism is a type of warfare by proxy emanating from neighbouring countries. The terrorist groups are allowed to make frontal attacks on nations across the border to create insecurity in neighboring countries. India has been facing this problem from Pakistan since Independence. Terrorist groups in India are supported by Pakisthan ISI and other agencies.

v) Narco Terrorism and Sandalwood Terrorism: This form of Terrorism focuses on indulging in prohibited trade of narcotics and sandalwood. The attempts to make illegal traffic zones in North, West India and Jammu & Kashmir and ensuring Terrorism by illegal traders on officials is an example. Similarly, the sandalwood smugglers in reserve forest areas of Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka resort to Terrorism against forest officials and police Based on means employed by terrorists, terrorism can be further classified as:

a) Environmental Terrorism (Bio-terrorism): Environmental terrorism is a premeditated damage caused to the nature and natural resources. Using weapons of mass destruction, chemical weapons and biological weapons to create insecurity and massacre in the society. Sometimes, the deliberate use of viruses, bacteria, or other germs (agents) to kill people, animals, and plants and destroy natural resources is called bioterrorism. There are instances of Terrorists using these techniques unsuccessfully.

b) Cyber Terrorism: The criminal activities perpetuated by the use of computers and telecommunications capabilities resulting in violence, destruction, and disruption of services to create fear and confusion among people. Spreading misinformation and lies, harassing women, posting sensitive comments on individuals and incidents with Facebook, Twitter e-mail and so on (social media) come under their purview.

C) Suicide Terrorism: Terrorist groups resort to this type of Terrorism by employing suicide bombers to create large-scale
massacre in the society. The first suicide attack by the Fedayeen was on july 13, 1991 on Border Security Post. The attacks on Jammu and Kashmir Assembly complex in October 2001, Indian Parliament in Dec 2001 and storming of Akshardham Temple in Gujarat in 2002 are some of the examples. In fact. the former Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi along with 18 others was assassinated in May 1991 by a suicide bomber employed by LITE.

Though the aims and objectives, means and methods differ, all the Terrorist groups have a unanimous intention of creating fear, violence, insecurity, and confusion among Indians. Terrorism and Insurgency: There is a very little thin layer of difference between Terrorism and Insürgency. While Insurgency is confined within the National boundary and directed against ones own Government, Terrorism can transcend the National boundary and may be directed against one’s own country as well as other countries. ‘‘

Question 15.
Define displacement and discuss its impact.
Answer:
According to Michael Cernea, Displacement is a process by which people are “being forcibly ousted from ones’s land and habitat by a dam, reservoir or highway is not only disruptive and painful, but also escalated with serious long term risks of becoming poorer than before and disintegrated socially”.

Impact of Displacement: On the sidelines of development, communities and individuals are facing the problem of displacements. This is often referred of as Development Induced Displacement and Resettlement (DIDR) which forces the Communities and individuals out of homes, homelands, areas of habitation and residences to facilitate the Economic Development.

In other words, people vacate their homes and homelands and surrender the land for larger economic activities such as
Construction of Dams, Hydroelectric Power Projects, Mining and Oil Exploration, creation of Special Economic Zones, new industrial units, Road widening and creation of Flyovers etc. The Government resorts to land acquisition which forces the people to surrender the land for the purpose of social and economic development.

The Displacement of people from land and livelihood is a problem of enormous proportions, though it is largely a hidden problem. According to one conservative estimate of World Bank, Millions people are displaced every year in two development sectors namely construction of large dams and urban infrastructure development. The people of Nandigram in West Bengal surrendered their lands for the establishment of a multinational company.

Likewise, the public sector units like the Durgapur Steel Plant, Jawahar Lai Nehru Port, Bolani Iron Ore Mines, Upper Krishna Irrigation Project, Sardar Sarovar Project and Polavaram Dam Project displaced many people from their homes and livelihood as people are forced to surrend their lands to the government under Land Acquisition Act.

Indigenous People and Tribals affected: Studies on social impact of development suggest that indigenous people including Tribals are disproportionately affected. As the lands for development are mostly choosen from hill tracts and forests areas, many Tribal communities are affected and are displaced. The process of displacement leads to poverty and destitution and disruption of the socio-cultural setting of the Tribal people. Further, most of the Tribal communities from making rightful claims. This form of land alienation results in human disaster as these communities meet with severe health problems in new socio-economic condition.

Question 16.
Discuss the merits and demerits of E-governance.
Answer:
E-governance means Electronic Governance, it can also be called as Paperless Governance. Under this, the government
functions on the basis of utilization of Information Technology.

Definition: According to the former President of India, Late Dr. A.PJ. Abdul Kalam, E-Governance in the Indian context means, A transparent Smart E-Governance with seamless access, secure and authentic flow of information crossing the inter-departmental barrier and providing a fair and unbiased service to the citizen.

Merits of E-Governance:

1. Informing consulting the citizen
2. Reforming the process of Governance
3. Access to information
4. To improve quality services for citizens
5. Simple rules
6. Efficiency
7. Accountability
8. Transparency.
9. Quality service for more citizens.

Demerits of E-Governance:

1. High cost of implementation and maintenance
2. Lack of integrated services
3. Poor infrastructure
4. A weak legal framework and poor laws
5. Need to reform legal, administrative, police and judiciary
6. Difficulty in understanding the citizen’s needs and linguistic barriers
7. Poor Public Financial Management System
8. Denial of role and participation by the civil society in public decision-making

Question 17.
Explain the important features of Indian Foreign Policy.
Answer:
The main features of Indias foreign policy are:
1. Promotion of International Peace and Security: One of the primary goals of Indian Foreign policy is the maintenance of international peace and security. India stands for world peace and disarmament.

2. Peaceful Co-existence: Peaceful co-existence is one of the basic principles of Indias Foreign policy. The alternative to co-existence is mutual destruction. The principle of co-existence is expressed in the Panchasheel – the five principles of conduct. The Panchasheel became very popular and it was considered to be Indias greatest contribution to international relations.

3. Anti-Colonialism and Imperialism: India opposes all forms of domination. Hence, opposing all forms of colonialism and imperialism is another feature of Indias Foreign Policy. India expressed her solidarity with the people of Asia and Africa in their fight against imperialism and colonialism. Now India opposes neocolonialism in all its forms.

4. Anti-racialism: Another feature of India’s Foreign Policy is her opposition to all kinds of discrimination based on race, culture etc. It strongly criticised the policy of apartheid being followed by the Governments of South Africa and Rhodesia. It played a key role in the freedom of Zimbabwe and Namibia from white domination.

5. Non-Alignment: This is the most important feature of Indian Foreign Policy. Non-alignment was designed to keep India away from the power blocs U.S.A. and U.S.S.R. India didn’t want to join any of these two blocs. Hence its features are:

• Not aligning with the military blocs of either of the two superpowers and
• Examining each international issue on its merit and expressing opinion on it frankly without fear or favour.

6. Faith in the UNO: Faith in the principles and programmes of the United Nations is another important feature of India’s Foreign Policy. India has expressed full faith in the objectives and principles of the UNO. ft supported the UNO in all its activities aimed at maintaining world peace. It extended its cooperation to the UN in setting disputes by peaceful means.

7. Nuclear and Conventional Disarmament: India opposed conventional weapons, nuclear weapons and warheads. It always stood for disarmament and peaceful use of nuclear energy. It made many proposals for nuclear disarmament.

8. Links with the Commonwealth: India continued to be a member of the commonwealth even after becoming a Republic. It felt that this membership would be beneficial to it in the economic, political and other spheres.

9. Afro-Asian Basis: India has been exhibiting a special bias towards Africa and Asia in its foreign policy. It tries to promote unity between them and played an active role in the Afro-Asian conference at Bandung, Indonesia in April 1955 and also in the formation of SAARC.

Section – C
(15 × 2 = 30)

Note: Answer any FiFTEEN of the following questions in not exceeding 5 lines each. Each question carries 2 marks.

Question 18.
Constituent Assembly
Answer:
There are 309 members in the constituent assembly of them 296 members belongs to British India and 93 belongs to princely states. Elections for constituent assembly held on July – August – 1946. Dr. Babu Rajendra Prasad elected as the chairman for constituent assembly. Drafting Committee was formed on August, 1947. Dr. Ambedhkar was appointed as the chairman.

Question 19.
Preamble
Answer:
The Indian Constitution begins with a preamble. The preamble clearly defines the objectives of our constitution. It declares India as a sovereign, socialist, secular democratic republic it provides Liberty, Equality Fraternity, and Justice. It states that the people of India are the chief sources of the Political Authority.

Question 20.
Right to Constitutional Remedies.
Answer:
Article 32 deals with the rights to constitutional remedies. The citizens of India can protect their Fündamental Rights through this right only. This right enables the individuals to approach a High court under Article 226 or the Supreme court under Article 32 to get any of the fundamental rights restored in case of their violation. The Supreme Court and the state high courts issue various writs for the implementation of Fundamental Rights. Dr. Ambedkar described this right as the heart and soul of the Constitution.

Question 21.
Socialistic Principles.
Answer:
These are added in the Directive Principles for achieving the objective of establishing a welfare State in India. Articles 38 ,39 41, 42 ,43 ,46 and 47 explains about the socialist ideology of the Directive Principles.

Ex:

• State shall strive to promote the we are of the people by protecting social order.
• State shall provide provisions of adequate means of livelihood.
• Distribution of material resources for subserving the common good.

Question 22.
Composition of Rajya Sabba.
Answer:
Article 80 of the Constitution lays down the maximum strength of Rajya Sabha as 250 out of which 12 members are
nominated by the President and 238 are Representatives of the states and the Union Territories of Delhi and Pondicheri.

Question 23.
Collective Responsibility.
Answer:
Article 75(3) of Indian constitution stated. That the union council of ministers shall be collectively responsible to the loksabha, for all their acts of commissions and commissions. They act as a team under the leadership of the prime minister. They soil together, they swim together and they sink together.

Question 24.
Appointment of Chief Minister.
Answer:
The Chief Minister is appointed by the Governor. Normally, the Governor appoints the majority party leader in the Legislative Assembly as the Chief Minister, after every General election. When no single party is able to secure majority in the Legislative Assembly, the Governor explores all possibilities of installing a stable government. He invites such a leader, who is capable of earning the confidence and support of the majority Legislators of other parties in forming the Government.

Question 25.
NITI Ayog.
Answer:
The NITI Ayog (The National Institutiçn of Transforming India Ayog) came into force on January 1st,2015. It has strengthened the Centre-State relations by ensuring partnership of States in the vision of National Development priorities of fostering Cooperative federalism, so that the State could become stronger and build a Nation.

The main objectives of NITI Ayog are:

• Elimination of poverty
• Redressal of inequality.
• Integrate villages, institutionally development process and
• Safeguarding environmental and ecological asses.

The Prime Minister of India is the Chairperson of the NITI Ayog. It has a Governing Council comprising the Chief Minister of all the States and Lt. Governor of Union Territories. It has some Regional Councils also. With the establishment of the NITI Ayog, the earlier Planning Commission was abolished, It may be said that the NITI Ayog is the Institution which needs demands of the present globalization.

Question 26.
73rd Amendment.
Answer:
The Significance of the 73rd’ Amendment Act is that it marked a new era in the federal democratic setup of the country. The Act has institutionalized the Panchayat Raj Institutions at the village intermediate and the District levels as the third tier of governance. Its aim is to provide social justice to the deprived classes in the Panchayat and inculcate leadership qualities among them.

Question 27.
Gram Sabha
Answer:
There will be a Grama Sabha in every Panchayat. It comprises all the adult citizens we have been entitled to vote. It meets at least twice a year usually after Rabi and Kharif crops are harvested. lt discusses and approves the administrative and audit reports. It identifies the beneficiaries of development schemes. It takes steps for mobilizing voluntary labour for community welfare programmes.

Question 28.
SHE Teams
Answer:
The Telangana Police started a special team for the safety and security of women in Telangana state as “SHE TEAMS”. The Hyderabad police constituted loo “SHE TEAMS” on 24th’ October 2014 to check harassment of women in public places and later it was extended to all districts in Telangana. The “SHE TEAMS” constitute as an important part of the measures being taken by the Telangana government for women’s safety and security.

Question 29.
Ramji Gond
Answer:
Ramji Gond was an autonomous Ruler who ruled Asifabad area with Nirmal and Adilabad as its important areas. He fought for the self-respect of Gonds.

Question 30.
Komaram Bheem
Answer:
The Gonds of Adilabad witnessed some problems during the early part of the 20th century, which included the problem of land alienation, high rates of taxation, vetti, socio-cultural suppression, economic exploitation, sexual assault on women by the local Muttedars and Jagirdars. The nexus between Nizam – Muttedar Jagirdar’s rich landed gentry angered Komaram Bheem.

He organized the Gonds against the misrule and atrocities of Jagirdars and their henchmen. Komaram Bheem and his followers encountered the assault with traditional arms such as bows, arrows, swords, and spears. In the ensuring revolt Romaram Bheem succumbed to Nizam police and secured a place in the history as a veritable deity of Gonds.

Question 31.
Kula Sanghala JAC
Answer:
The emergence of’ Kula Sanghas (Caste associations) and forming into joint Action committee (JAC) in a novel Phenomenon in the Telangana Movement. All the Suhaltern caste groups and occupational groups such as dalt bahujans, other backward classes (OBCs), minorities, and so on come together as a joint Action committee to actively participate in the movement.

Question 32.
Telangana Jagruthi.
Answer:
Telangana Jagruthi was established in June, 2008 as a socio-cultural organisation and Strikes to protect the cultural, value systems. art forms, folklore, literature and the ethnic Telugu disaster of Telangana Region.

Telangana Jagruthi led by its leader K. Kavitha motivated the people in favour of separate state of Telangana by extensively undertaking mass contact programmes, Rallies. Vanta varpu programmes and so on.

Question 33.
Coalition Politics
Answer:
Many coalition governments were formed at the national level. The first coalitioñ Government was formed at the Centre in 1977 with certain major political parties such as Bharatiya Lok Dal, Congress (0), Jan Sangh, Socialist Party and other smaller parties decided to form Janata Party. It is popularly known as Janata experiment. This Government was ID by Morarji Desai. This is the first non-Congress Government at the Centre. However, some critics did not consider this as coalition government as all parties merged into one Janata Party. During its rule from 1977-79, government at the national level. Between 1996-98, two United Front Governments assumed office as coalition governments.

Again coalition government with 13 political parties led by Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) assumed office as National Democratic Alliance (NDA) Government between October 1999 and May 2004. Again in May 2004 and May 2009 the United Progressive Alliance led by the Indian National Congress (INC) assumed office. Again in 2014 General election, the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance assumed office at the national level.

Question 34.
Whistle blowers
Answer:
The activists who expose or disclose corruption in public offices and almost people against corruption.

Question 35.
SMART Governance
Answer:
SMART stands for simple, moral, accountable, responsive, and transparent use of a wide range of services like internet, mobile and other web-based services in administration.

Question 36.
SAARC
Answer:
SAARC is an acronym that stands for South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. ¡t was established on 8th December, 1985. It consists of the countries Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Srilanka and Afghanistan.

Question 37.
Panchasheel
Answer:
Panchasheel is the most important feature of the India’s foreign policy. India adopted this feature on 29th May 1954 by an alliance with China. Panchasheel means five principles of conduct.

These principles include:

• Mutual respect for the territorial integrity and sovereignty of the States
• Non-aggression
• Non-interference in the internal affairs of other States
• Equality and mutual benefits and
• Peaceful co-existence

Panchasheel became very popular in several States of the World. It was considered as the greatest contribution made by India to international relations.