TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Model Paper May 2019

Varied difficulty levels in TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Model Papers and TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Model Paper May 2019 cater to students with diverse academic strengths and challenges.

TS Inter 2nd Year Political Science Model Paper May 2019

Time: 3 Hours
Max. Marks:100

Section – A
3 x 10 = 30

Note:

1. Answer any three of the following questions in 40 lines each.
2. Each question carries 10 marks.

Question 1.
Explain any eight salient features of Indian Constitution.
Answer:
Introduction: The Indian Constitution was prepared and Adopted by the Constituent Assembly, which was set up in 1946. the Constituent Assembly took nearly three years From 9th December,1946 to 25th November; 1949 (2 years, 11 months and 18 days) to complete the framing of the Constitution. The Constituent Assembly approved the Indian Constitution 26th November, 1949. The Indian Costitution carne into force on 26th January, 1950, which we have been celebrating as The Republic Day”. The following are the salient or basic features of the Indian Constitution.

1. Written and Detailed Constitution: The Constitution of India is a written document. It consists of 12 Schedules, 22 Parts, and 444 Articles. Many factors have contributed for the bulkiness of the Constitution. All most all matters relating to the composition and organization of union, states as well as Union Territories, provisions regarding protection of interests of Schedules castes, Scheduled Tribes, and other Backward classes, provisions regarding Special Constitutional bodies like the Election Commissions, the UPSC and State Public Service Commissions are made in a very comprehensive manner. Similarly several matters relating to Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties, Directive principles of state policy, Union – State Relations, Official Language and Regional Languages were clearly mentioned in the Costitution.

2. India is a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic: The constitution deliberately designed India to be a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic. Each of these concepts has wide-ranging dimensions.

Sovereign State: India is a Sovereign State. It is clear that India is internally Supreme and externally independent of any
foreign control. India is not a sub-ordinate State.

Socialist State: According to the preamble India is committed to Socialism assuring the establishment of a socialist State. It strives to provide social and economic Justice to all its people and end all forms of exploitation. We follow mixed economy. The State is free to bring the key industries and the private enterprises Under the state ownership and management.

Secular State: Secularism means that the State protects all religions equally and does not itself subscribe to any other religion as official.

Democratic State: Democracy is the formidable foundation of Indian political system. It states that the people of India are the chief source of the Political Authority they can make and unmake the government. The people are both the Rulers and the ruled. India adopted Indirect or Representative Democracy.

Republican State: India is a Républic with an elected Head of the State i.e., the President of India. No public office in the
country is hereditary. Any Indian citizen can contest to any office of the government subject to certain limitations.

3. Noble Aims and Objectives: Indian constitution has noble aims and objectives. The Indian constitution secures to all its citizens, Justice – Social, Economic and Political matters. It also provides all its citizens, liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship. Further the consititution of India promotes among all people the equality of status and opportunity Likewise It strives for fraternity by assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation.

4. Combination of Rigidity and Flexibility: The Constitution of India can be amended with Rigid and Flexible methods. Article 368 provides the details of the amendment procedure. It can be amended by three methods.

Firstly: The Union Parliament can amend some parts of the constitution by a simple majority. Ex: The formation of new States (Ex: Telangana), changing the boundaries of states, provisions relating to citizenship, etc. It is said to be Flexible.

Secondly: Some provisions can be. amended by a special majority i.e., not less than Two-thirds (2/3) of the members of the House present and voting. Ex: Fundamental Rights, Directive principles of state policy etc. it is said to be half rigid and half flexible.

Thirdly: Some provisions can be amended by a Two-thirds (2/3) majority of the parliament and with the concurrence of half of the states. Ex: Election of the president, Executive powers of the union and the states, Distribution of Legislative powers between the union and the states it is said to be Rigid. Hence the Constitution has a combination of regaid and Flexible methods to amend the Constitution.

5. Unitary and Federal Features: India is a union of states according to the constitution. Our onstitution contains both the features of unitary aild Federal Governménts. It prescribed unitary system in emergencies and federal system õñ ðÑinary occussions.

Provisions of unitary staté such as Single Citizenship, Single Integrated Judiciary, Single election Commission, Roll of AU India Services personnel etc., are found in our constitution. At the same time certain federal features like written, Rigid constitution, Dual Government, Bicameralism etc., are profoundly seen in our constitution. Thus it is a quasi – federal policy like Canada.

6. Parliamentary government: The makers of our consti tution adopted the Irish precedent of an elected president instead of a hereditary Monarch. They retained all other essential features of Parliamentary sysem like two types of executive heads, Prime Ministers leadership, collectjve responsibility, nominal position of the President, Parliament’s control over the Union Executive etc. They prescribed the same type of political system for the states.

7. Independent Judiciary: The coñstitutiofl of India granted independent and integrated judiciary for Indians. Hence the
Supreme Court and High Courts in India act independently without subject to the control of the executive and legislative organs.

Judiciary enjoys independence in the matters of appointment of judges, their tenure, salaries and allowances, service conditions, promotion etc. Our constitution clearly states that the executive and legislative authorities should refrain from interfering in the functioning of the judiciary. It conferred the power of judicial review on the judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts. It is due to the independent position that the Supreme Court and High Court judges will decide the priority and constitutional validity of the acts and policies of the legislative and executive authorities in the country.

8. Directive Principles of State Policy: Our constitution hinted out certain directive principles as the policy of the state in Part IV from Articles 36 to 51. The makers of our constitution derived these principles from Irish constitution. They pointed out that these principles would transform india into a welfare, gandhian and liberal-oriented state. These principles must be implemented by all the parties which hold authority without political considerations. These principles enable the state to provide a new social order based on economic, political and social justice.

These principles include certain programmes like provision of employment opportunities, fair distribution of wealth, equal pay for equal work, educational and child care for those children below fourteen years etc. Similarly, unemployment relief, old age pension, protection against ill health, provision of leisure for workers, conservation of wild life etc are included in these principles.

9. Fundamental Rights: Our constitution mentioned fundamental rights on American model for the complete realization of the personality of Indian citizens. They are incorporated under Part III from Articles 12 to 35 of our constitution. Indian citizens can utilize these rights subject to certain rational restraints. Nobody including the government is allowed to interfere in these rights.

The higher judicial organizations in the country help the citizens in safeguarding these rights. At first, there were seven fundamental rights in the Constitution. But at present there are only six fundamental rights.

They are

1. Right to Equality
2. Right to Freedom
3. Right against Exploitation
4. Right to Religion
5. Cultural and Educational Rights and
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies.

10. Fundamental Duties :
Our constitution incorporated fundamental duties in Article 51 A under Part 4A. At first there were 10 fundamental duties inserted through the Constitution (Forty-second) Amendment Act, 1976. Later one more duty was added through the Constitution (Eighty-sixth) Amendment Act, 2002. Altogether there are Eleven Rmdamental Duties in our constitution. Respecting the constitution, National Flag, National Anthem, Safeguarding public property, etc are some of the Fundamental duties.

11. Single Citizenship: Our Constitution provides for single citizenship for all persons who are born in India and who resided in India for a specific period. It enables the citizens to possess and enjoy identical rights and privileges. It also promotes unity; integrity and fraternity among the people.

12. Universal Adult Franchise: The makers of the Indian Constitution provided for the Universal. Adult Franchise for all
citizens without any discrimination based on caste, colour, creed, community; language, religion, region, sex, property, etc. At the beginning, Adult Franchise was given to all the citizens who attained the age of 21 years. Later voting age was reduced to 18 years through the 61st Constitution Amendment Act in 1988.

13. Bicameralism: The Constitution of India introduced Bicameralism at the Nationa1 level. Accordingly, the Indian Parliament consists of two houses namely the Rajya Sabha (upper house) and the Lok Sabha (Lower house). While the Rajya Sahba represents the states, the Lok Sabha represents the people.

14. Panchayatl Raj and Nagar Palika Acts: The Panchayati Raj and Nagar Palikas Acts are recent features of our constitution.’ The 73rd and 74th constitutional recognition to the rural and urban local governments which came into force in 1993 and 1994 respectively had become operative all over the territory of India.

The ideas of democratic decentralization or the grassroof democracy are realised by these acts. These Acts provides for adequate representation for women, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled tribes and other Weaker Sections in the policy-making bodies of the Local governments.

15. Special Provisions Relating to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes: Indian Constitution hinted out certain specific
directives for the development of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in India. It enabled the union and state governments to review the steps taken for the improvement of backward classes through setting up of independent commissions. In this regard the union government was authorised to act as a coordinator between various state governments.

Question 2.
Explain the Fundamental Rights as incorporated in the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
Fundamental Rights are one of the salient features of the Indian Constitution. They were borrowed from American Constitution. They are incorporated in our constitution under Part-III Articles from 12 to 35. They are six in number, which can be explained as follows.

1. Right to Equality (Articles 14-18)
2. Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)
3. Right to Against Exploitation (Articles 23 and 24)
4. Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25, and 28)
5. Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29 and 30)
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)

The Constitutional Amendment passed by the Parliament in 1978, has excluded the Right to Property from the list of Fundamental Rights. Hence, we have at present, only six Fundamental Rights.

They are:
1. Right to Equality (Articles 14-18): Article 14 guarantees equality before law to all persons. There can be no special privilege to any individual. All those who violate laws are given the same punishment. Artide l5prohlbits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them Article 16 próvides equality of opportunity in the matter of public employment. Article 17 abolishes untouchability and makes its practice in any form an offence. Article 18 prohibits the State from conferring any title except a military or academic distinction.

2. Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22): Article 19 is the most important part of the Constitution. It guarantees 6 freedoms to the citizens.
They are:

• Freedom of speech and expression.
• Freedom to assemble peacefully and without arms.
• Freedom to form associations or unions.
• Freedom to move freely throughout the temtoly of India.
• Freedom to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India.
• Freedom to practice, any profession or to carry on any occuption.

Article 20 says that a person shall be convicted only for violating an existing law.
Article 21 says that no person shall be deprived of his life Sand liberty except according to the procedure established by law.’’
Article 22 provides that every person should be informed the cause of his arrest.

3. Right to Against Exploitation (Articles 23 and 24): Article 23 prohibits traffic in human beings and forced labout Article 24 says that no child below the age of 14 years, shall be employed in any factory, mine or engaged in any other dangerous work.

4. Right to Freedom of Religion: Article 25 gives all people freedom of conscience, and right to profess, practise and
propagate any religion.

Article 26 permits religious denominations or organisations to manage their own affairs in matters of religion.
Article 27 lays down that no person shall be compelled to pay any tax for promotion or maintenance of any religion.
Article 28 says that no religious instruction shall be provided in any educational institution wholly maintained out of State funds.

5. Cultural and Educational Rights(Articles 29 and 30): Article 29 guarantees to every citizen to conserve his own language, script or culture. Article 30 provides that all minorities whether based on religion or language shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.

6. Right to Constitutional Remedies(Article 32): Article 32 deals with the right to Constitutional remedies. The citizens
of India can protect their Fundamental Rights through this right only. This right enables the individuals to approach a High Court under Article 226 or the Supreme Court under Article 32 to get any of the Fundamental Rights Restored in case of their ‘violation. The Supreme Court and the State High Courts issue various writs for the implementation of Fundamental Rights. Dr.Ambedkar described this right as the Heart and Soul of the Constitution.

Question 3.
Describe the ordinary and emergency powers of President of India.
Answer:
The President of India is the Constitutional Head of the State. He preserves the Nation’s identity and upholds the Constitution and its values. He is the caretaker of the Nation as a whole and even a citizen in particular.

Qualifications: To become eligible for the office of the President of India a person must possess the following qualifications.

• He shall be a citizen of India.
• He shall have completed 35 years of age.
• He shall be qualified for election as a member of the House of the People i.e. Lok Sabha.
• He shall not hold any office of profit under union, State, and local governments.

Election: The President of India is elected by an Electoral college which consists of elected members of

• Both Houses of Parliament.
• State Legislative Assemblies.
• The Elected members of Legislative Assemblies of Delhi and Pondicheri.
• The Election is conducted in the system of proportional representation by Single Transferable Vote.

Term of office: The President hoiçis the office for a term of Five years from the date of assumption of office. He is eligible for re-election to the office.

Salary and Allowances: The President receives ₹ 1,50,000 as monthly salary. He gets ₹ 9,00,000 per annum as pension after retirement. He is provided accommodation at Rashtrapathi Bhavan’ at Delhi. He has two other accommodations i.e., Rashtrapathi Nilayam at Secunderabad and at Simla.

Removal or Impeachment: The President may be removed from the office for violation of the constitution by a process of impeachment adopted by the Parliament.

Powers and Functions: The powers and functions of the President are studied under two heads – Ordinary powers and Emergency powers.

Ordinary Powers:
1. Legislative powers: The President is an integral part of the Indian Parliament. In that capacity, he performs the following legislative functions.

• He summons and prorogues the meetings of the Parliament.
• He dissolves the Lok Sabha.
• He inaugurates the first session and annual session of the Parliament.
• He nominates two (2) Anglo-Indian members to the Lok Sabha and twelve (12) members to the Rajya Sabha.
• He convenes of joint sitting of the two houses in case of a disagreement on a bill.
• He proclaims ordinances during the interval of Parliament.

2. Executive powers: The President enjoys all executive powers of the Union Government. He appoints.

• The Prime Minister.
• Members of the Union Council of Ministers on the advice of the Prime Minister.
• State governors, Lieutenant governors, and Administrators of Union Territories.
• Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners.
• Chairman and Members of Union Public Service Commission etc. The President can also remove them.

3. Financial powers: The President ensures that the budget of the union Government is laid before the Parliament. He accords permission to the members for introducing money bills in Parliament. He appoints Chairman and Members of Finance Commission for every five years. He appoints the comptroller and Auditor General of India. He receives the reports from finance commission and comptroller and auditor general. He operates the contingency fund of India.

4. Judicial powers:

• The President appoints the Attorney General of India.
• He appoints the Chief Justice and other Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts.
• He is empowered to grant pardon, reprieves, respites or remission of punishments.
• The President can seek Judicial Advice on National Importance according to Article 143.
• Military powers: The President is the Supreme Commander of the armed forces in India. He apprintš the chief of the staff and other officers of armed forces. He can declare war and conclude peace.
•  Diplomatic powers: The President. appoints the Ambassadors and other diplomatic personnel abroad. He receives the credentials of Ambassadors of other countries appointed in India. He represents the Nation in International Forums. He concludes treaties and agreements with the nations of the world.

Emergency Powers: The Constitution of India empowers the President to proclaim three kinds of emergencies.
1. National Emergency, Article 352
2. Constitútional Emergency, Article 356
3. Financial Emergency, Article 360.

1. National Emergency: If the President is satisfied that a grave emergency exists in the country or any part of its territory and is threatened by war or external aggressions or armed rebellion, he may impose National Emergency on the written advice of the Union Council of Ministers. Such proclamation has to be approved by the Parliament with a majority of not less than 2/3rd’’ members present and voting in each House within a month. Then the Proclamation shall be in force for six months. It can be extended with approval of Parliament for another six months. During this emergency Union Government can issue any direction to the states and the Parliament can make Legislation on any matters included in state list.

Except Article 20, 21 all or any of the fundamental rights can be suspended. This type of emergency was imposed in 1962, 1965, 1971 and 1975.

2. Constitutional Emergency (President Rule): On the receipt of a report from the Governor of a State that a situation has
arrived in which the Government of that State cannot function according to the Constitutional provisions, the President may proclaim emergency in that State It is ‘also called as President Rule or Constitutional emergency. The effects of such a proclamation may be as follows.

• The President may assume to himself all or any of the functions of the State Government.
• The powers of State Legislature may be exercised by the Parliament.

This emergency proclamation shall be approved by the Parliament within two months. It will be in force for a period of six months. It can be extended for another six months by the approval of the Parliament. so far, President’s Rule has been imposed more than 100 times in different states in India.

3. Financial Emergency: Article 360, deals with Financial emergency. The President can proclaim a such emergency if he is satisfied that a situation has arisen whereby the financial stability or credit of India is threateneded.
The effects of this emergency are:

• The President can reduce the salaries and allowances of all.
• All money bills passed by any State Legislature can be reserved for the consideration of the President. So far this kind of emergency has not been proclaimed in our country.

Question 4.
Discuss the formation of Telangana as the 29th state in Indian Union.
Answer:
The emergence of Telangana state in 2014 is the result of long drown struggle. It has a history of sixty years of struggle and movements marked by agitations, negotiations, formation and merger of parties, agreement and violation of agreement.

Constitutional Process -A.P. Reorganisation Act, 2014:
The Parliament is empowered to create a new state by following a certain procedure prešcribed under Article 3 of the Indain constitution. The Union Government followed the required steps prescribed by Article 3 of the Constitution. The President of India referred the A.P. Reorganisation Bill, 2014 to the state legislature for its consideration. The A.P. state legislature rejected the Bill.

However, the Parliament had the power either to accept (or) reject the opinion of the state legislature. Finally, the Bill was referred to parliament by President.

Both Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha passed the Bill and President Pranab Mukerjee had signed the AP Reorganisation Bill 2014 which become an Act on 15th March 2014. The Government of India declared than on 2nd June, 2014 the Act would come into force. By this the Telangana state was formed on 2nd June, 2014 as the 29th” State in the Union of India.

Emergence and formation of Telangana State: The AP Reorganisation Act 2014 has the following sailent features.
A State of Telangana: A new Telangana state with 10 districts has emerged as the 29th State of the Indian Union.

A State of Andhra Pradesh: The State of Andhra Pradesh has 13 districts after the division of the state. Hyderabad as a common capital Hyderabad remains as the common capital for the states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh for a period not exceeding 10 years.

Common Governor: There shall be a common Governor for both the states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. The Governor is vested with same special duties.

Members of Rajya Sabha: According to the Act there are 17 members from the state of Telangana in Lok Sabha while the state of Andhra Pradesh will have 25 members.

Legislative Assembly: The following is the composition of members in the State Legislative Assembly.
a) Telangana – 119
b) Andhra Pradesh – 175

Legislative Council: According to the Act the Telangana State shall have 40 members and Andhra Pradesh shall have 50
members respectively.

Other provisions: The AP Reorganisation Act 2014 has provided various other provisions like Separate High Courts, provisions for SC’s and STs, distribution of revenues, etc. The long cherished demand for a separate statehood for Telangana was achieved after a long.

Struggle 2nd June 2014 is a memorable day for the people of Telangana who always maintain self-respect and cultural identity. Several leaders in the post struggled for more than six decades and contributed significantly to the cause. The dynamic role of K. Chandra Sekhar Rao in the Telangana Movement and the emergence of Telangana State altered the course of Telanganites. The relentless efforts of Mrs. Sonia Gandhi and the support given by BJP and other Political parties cannot be ignored in this regard.

Let us hope that the newly created Telangana State would become a model state in Indian Federation. May the dream of
Telangana people to realise Bangaru Telangana become a reality. For this, the people of Telangana have to travel many miles to translate their aim into a reality.

Question 5.
Describe the role of TRS in Separate Telangana State Movement.
Answer:
Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) was formed by Shri K.Chandra sekharRao on April 27th 2001 with a single-point agenda to carry out a political movement for the creation of separate Telangana State. TRS galvanized people’s support for the movement by highlighting various injustices meted out to Telangana region. TRS spearheaded the Telangana State movement with various master strategies and protest programmes. The Telangana ideologue Late Sir. Prof. K. Jaya Shanker extended intellectual support to the Telangana Movement led by TRS. The Telangana Rashtra Samithi succeeded in many of its strategies and claimed itself as a genuine party of the Telangana Movement.

The strategies employed by (TRS) to achieve statehood for Telangana can be understood in two phases.
These are

• first phase (2001-2009) and
• second phase (2009-2014).

During the first phase of the movement, TRS employed both electoral strategy and protest programmes strategy. The leader of TRS, K. Chandra Sekhar Rao known for tenacity, perseverance and sense of timing, attained admiration even from his critics by employing various strategies of coalition alliances and electoral understanding with other political parties.

This has compelled the other parties to favour for the creation, of separate Telangana State. He has influenced the leadership of the Indian National. Congress as a coalition partner of United Progressive Alliance (UPA) and made the issue of Telangana as part of its Common Minimum Programme (CMP).

During the second phase of its movement from 2009-2014, TRS has resurrected the movement from its lapses. The “Fast-Unto Death indefinite strike by TRS leader K. Chandra Sekhar Rao from 29th November 2009 to 9th December 2009 culminated in a successful declaration by the Home Minister that process for the formation of Telangana would be initiated.

Mass Mobilization Strategy: The Telangana Rashtra Samithi has undertaken various mass mobilisation programmes such as Jana Chaitanya Yatra, Palle baata, Poru baata and.so on. During the course of these programmes, the leaders and workers of the TRS party made direct contact with different sections of people and vigorously explained the need for the creation of separate Telangana State. TRS has also utiised the culture and cultural symbols to propagate ideals of Telangana. The literary prowess of writers, artists and critics were unleashed to detail the dignity and self-respect of the people in cultural programmes like Dhoom Dham and Vanta Vaarpu (Cultural Congregations and Community dining). On the sidelines of this strategy, TRS has strongly built its organizational structure to carry out its programmes at ail levels from village to state.

Unique Methods of Movement: The Telangana Rashtra Sainithi has employed certain unique methods of protest in the
separate state movement which were unprecedented in the history. The methods of the movement are aimed at widening the social base of the movement. These methods include

• Spreading Telangana sentiment by making an urge for self-rule.
• Using Dhoom-Dham, Vantaa-Vaarpu, Bathukamma and so on in the movement to gorily the cultural values, customs and traditions, social cohesion and others.
• Opposing the injustices meted out to Telangana by demanding fairly with presentation of flowers to officials, keeping flowers on ear tops etc.
• Mobilising youth against suicides by conducting mass orientation programmes, community oaths against suicides and glorify the Martyrs who laid down their life for Telangana.
• Alerting the Telangana Resources centre and sensitive citizens (including NRIs) to lend helping hand to farmers, handloom workers, beedi leaf workers who committed suicide.
• Mobilising public opinion at the national level by constantly interacting with UPA coalition partners, NDA coalition partners, print and electronic media to bring pressure on the national Government to take a favourable decision for Telangana and
• Closely associating with political JAC and obediently followed the protest programmes such as Manavaharam, Sagara Haaram, Million March, Sakala Janula Samme and Non-cooperation.

Capabilities to Garner support the National level: The Telangana Rashtra Samithi showed its full-scale capabilities to demonstrate the Telangana issue at the National level. Firstly, it has evolved protest programmes at the national level at Jantar Mantar in Delhi to draw attention of the Central Government for the cause of Telangana. Secondly, the TRS leaders have maintained continuous contacts with powerful national and regional leaders who can influence the decision making processes at the Central Government and pleaded for support on Telangana. Thirdly, the TRS leaders have also widely interacted with both print and electronic media at the national level to create space for debate on Telangana issue. In the process, the concerted efforts of all these resulted in the declaration of separate State of Telangana.

Successes of Telangana Rashtra Samithi: Telangana Rashtra Samithi met with resounding successes in its determined fight to achieve separate statehood to Telangana. The successes of TRS (Telangana Rashtra Samithi) emanate from the unflinching support from the masses to the cause of Telangana. With all its efforts bearing fruit, Telangana emerged as a separate state in the Indian Union. Further, during the General Elections held for Telangana State Assembly in 2014, TRS won a decisive number of seats and formed the First Government in Telangana. The TRS leader and Chief Minister Sri K. Chandra Shekar Rao declared his noble objective of establishing a Golden Telangana and actively initiated its reconstruction.

Section – B
8 x 5 = 40

Note:

• Answer any eight of the following questions in 20 lines each.
• Each question carries 5 marks.

Question 6.
What are the various programmes adopted during the Non-Co-operative movement?
Answer:
Gandhiji started the Non-cooperation Movement on 1st August, 1920. The Nagpur session of the Congress in 1920 ratified it. The programme of the Movement was as follows.

1. Boycott of foreign goods and use of Swadeshi goods.
2. Surrender of titles and honorary offices and resignation from nominated seats in local bodies.
3. Boycott of Government and State-aided schools and colleges and establishment of National schools and colleges.
4. Boycott of elections to the new Councils and refusal by the voters to vote at the elections.
5. Refusal to attend official Durbars.
6. Gradual boycott of British courts by lawyers and citizens.
7. Refusal by soldiers, clerks and working people to serve in Mesopotamia.

The Non-cooperation Movement, in short, aimed at the boycott of colleges, courts, councils and Government jobs. Besides the boycott measures, the Congress also adopted a constructive programme. It included the opening of national educational institutions, the setting up of panchayats as a substitute of British courts, the popularisation of chakra palying etc.

Question 7.
Write about Functions of Supreme Court of India?
Answer:
The Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court may be categorised as original, appellate and advisoiy
i) Original Jurisdiction: Under this jurisdiction the Supreme Court can seffle disputes

• Between the centre and one or more states.
• Between the centre and any State or states on the one side and or other states on the other or
• Between two or more states.

ii) Appellate Jurisdiction: Under the appellate jurisdiction the Supreme Court can hear appeals on the following cases.

• Constitutional Cases: An appeal can be made to the Supreme Court in cases which relate to the interpretation of the Constitution.
• Civil Cases: In a civil case also, an appeal can be made to the Supreme Court against a decision of a High Court. In these cases, the High Court must certify that the case involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution.
• Criminal Cases: An appeal can be made in the Supreme Court against any Judgement, final order. or sentence is given by a High court In criminal matters ordinarily, the High Courts are the final courts of appeal. But the Supreme Court has been given the special power by the Parliament to hear appeal against the decisions of high courts in criminal matters.

iii) Advisory Jurisdiction: The Supreme Court has some advisory powers also. The President of India can seek the opinion
of the Court if there is a question of law or fact where the interpretation of the Constitution is involved. The Supreme Court may give its opinion on the President’s question but It is not binding on any party.

iv) Miscellaneous Cases:

• Court of Record: The Supreme Court also acts as the Court of records. The judgements of the Supreme Court are recorded and considered as authoritative and serves as cases, laws and proceedings. There records have great evidence value for future cases.
• udicial Review: The Supreme Court has been given the power to decide whether a law passed by the Parliament or the State. Legislatures and the executive decisions taken by the Central or State Governments is constitutional or not. If such a law or executive decision is found unconstitutional, then it can be declared as invalid.

Question 8.
Write a note on the state Legislative Assembly.
Answer:
Legislative Assembly is the popular; democratic, powerful and directly elected House of the State Legislature.
Composition: There will be a Legislative Assembly for every state. The Legislative Assembly represents the people of the state. Its membership varies between 60 and 500. The members are directly elected by the voters of various constituencies in the state. The membership of the House is proportionate to the population of the state. some of the seats are reserved for scheduled castes and Scheduled tribes. The Governor has the power to nominated a member of the Anglo-Indian community in case he finds that the community has inadequate representation in the Legislative Assembly.

Qualifications: A person who wishes to contest for the membership of the State Legislative Assembly must possess the
following qualifications.

• He must be a citizen of India
• He must have completed the age of 25 years
• He must not hold any office of profit
• He must possess such other qualifications as prescribed by an Act of the Parliament.

Tenure: The Nonnal tenure of Legislative Assembly is 5 years. It can be dissolved by the Governor at any time. It can be suspended or dissolved by the President under Article 356. The tenure of the Legislative Assembly may be extended for a period not exceeding six months by an Act of Parliament during the emergency. Later elections must be held without delay within six months duration.

Presiding Officers: The Presiding Officer of Assembly is known as Speaker. He is elected by the members of the Assembly. The Assembly also elects a Deputy Speaker to conduct the business of the House in the absence of the Speaker.

Quorum: According to Article 188, The quorum for conducting the State Legislative Assembly meeting was fixed at 1/10th of the total membership.

Question 9.
Any two legislative powers of the Governor.
Answer:
The President of India performs the following Legislative powers.

1. He summons and prorogues the meetings of the Parliament.
2. He dissolves the Lok Sabha.
3. He inaugurates the first session and annual session of the Parliament.
4. He nominates two (2) Anglo-Indian members to the Lok Sabha and twelve (12) members to the Rajya Sabba.
5. He convenes of joint sitting of the two houses in case of a disagreement on a bill.
6. He proclaims ordinances during the interval of Parliament.

Question 10.
Discuss the powers and functions of District Collector.
Answer:
The District Collector is the Head of the district administration. He occupies a predominant position in the district. He
belongs to the ¡AS cadre and plays an unparalleled role in the administration of the district.
i) Powers and functions of District Collector: The District Collector enjoys vast powers and performs multifarious functions in the district. Some of them are:

• Revenue Functions: The most important function of the District Collector is to look after the collection and recovery of land revenue and other dues of the Government. He is responsible for the matters of survey and land records. He is assisted by Joint Collector, M.R.Os, Revenue Inspectors etc., to carry on these activities.
• Magisterial Functions: The District Collector has magisterial functions. He is responsible for the maintenance of law and order in the district.
• Electoral Functions: The District Collector acts as the Chief Electoral Officer of the district. He is responsible fot
  conducting the elections in fair and impartial manner.
• Coordinating Functions: The District Collector is the Chief Coordinator of various departments in the district, such as agriculture, irrigation, labour affairs etc. The Head of the departments in the district are answerable to him.
• Functions of Census Operation: The District Collector takes steps for holding census operations in the district for every ten years on behalf of the Union and the State Governments.
• Miscellaneous Functions: The District Collector has many more functions like attending the meetings of the Panchayat Raj Institutions and Urban local body institutions, looking after the development activities of the district, mobilising the human, material, and financial resources in the district, and implementing the directives of the Union and the State Governments.

Question 11.
Write an essay on Nirbhaya Act.
Answer:
The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 2013, popularly known as the Nirbhaya Act had increased the quantum of punishment for crimes against women. The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 enacted by the Indian Parliament which camera into existence on 3rd April 2013 provides for amendment of Indian Penal Code (IPC), Indian Evidence Act, and Criminal Procedure Code on laws related to sexual offences.

Background: A Female para-medical student Nirbhaya (Name Changed) of Delhi was beaten and gang raped Delhi on 16th December 2012 who died 13 days later although she received treatment in India and Singapore.

The incident was covered by National and International media and was condemned by the international organizations such as UNO and UNHRC. Public protests took place in Delhi and throughout India where thousands of protesters clashed with security forces. Six days after the incident, central government appointed a judicial Committee headed by J.S. Verma, a former Chief Justice of India, to suggest Amendments to Criminal Law particularly to deal with sexual assault cases. The Committee included justice Leila Seth, a retired judge and Gopal Subramanyam a popular advocate.

The Committee submitted its report on 23rd” January 2013. The Committee considered the suggestions and petitions received from jurists, lawyers, NGO’s and women associations. The union government issued an Ordinance, for giving effect to the changes in law as suggested by the Verma Committee report.

The Ordinance was subsequently replaced by a Bill, which was passed by the Parliament and came into force on 3rd” April 2013.

Offences/Punishments: The new Act explicitly recognised certain acts as offences which were dealt under related laws. The offences like acid attacks, sexual harassment, voyeurism, stalking, etc have been incorporated into the WC, CrPC, and Indian Evidence Acts.

The Act provides severe punishments for the above offences which range as follows.
Acid Attack: Imprisonment not less than ten years but may extend to imprisonment for life and with fine.
Attempt to Acid Attack: Imprisonment not less than five years, which my extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine.

Sexual harassment: Imprisonment up to three years and fine.
Voyeurism: In case of first conviction, imprisonment not less than one year, but which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine. In case of second conviction, imprisonment not less than three years which may extend to seven years.

Stalking: Imprisonment Act less than the year; which may extended to three years. and shall also be liable to fine.
Rape/Gang Rape: Seven imprisonment not lees than 2 years and also fine.

The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 2013 has been criticized by several human rights and women’s rights organizations for riot including certain suggestions recommended by the Verma Committee report like marital rape, reduction of age of consent, amending Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act; so that no sanction is reeded for prosecuting Armed Force personnel accused of a crime against women. The Government of India replied that it has not rejected the report completely but made changes after proper discussion. Any how this Act is a good step towards the protection of Women against assaults/victimization.

Question 12.
Explain in brief the Industrial Pollution in Patancheru (Telangana).
Answer:
Patancheru in Medak District of Telangana is one of the largest industrial areas of the state. Industrialisation process in
patancheru area has begun in early 1970s and within a span of two decades it emerged as the thickest industrial zones in the state.

Several hundreds of industries particularly some of the biggest bulk drug and pharmaœutical industries sprung up in the area without proper waste disposal facility or effluent treatment plants until recently This had adversely affected the surrounding land, irrigation fields and surface water bodies.

The Environmental destruction has the direct pad on human health in the area. A study brought out by the Indian. Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad states that people residing in the contaminated areas are exposed to high levels of arsenic pollution that has resulted in various unknown diseases in the area.

The formation of civil society groups such as the Citizens Against Pollution (CAP) and the Patancheru Anti-Pollution Committee (PAPC) took the issues of pollution to the state and national level. A number of petitions were filed by the in the Local State and nation-level judiciaries. All these have finally resulted in the Supreme Court of India giving direction to solve the problems of pollution in the area this compelled the authorities to initiate pollution control measures, regulate the industrialization process, establish proper waste disposal and effluent treatment mechanisms in the area, and provide compensation for the farmers and supply drinking water to the affected villages.

Question 13.
Write a note on Tribal Movement in Telangana.
Answer:
The total Scheduled Tribe (Si) population in 10 districts of Telangana is 27,50,000 comprising 9% of the entire Telangana
population. The original Adivasi inhabitants of the forests- The Andh, Koyas, Nayakpodu, Konda Reddy, Kollam, Chenchu, Thoti, Mannevar, and Pardhan – have become a minority since 1977, when the Lambadas, who were historically a nomadic pastoral community were notified as a ST in A.P. This led to a large influx of Lambadas from Maharastra to Telangana area.

Ramji Gond Revolt 1857 -1860: Ramji Gond was an autonomous ruler who ruled Asifabad area with Nirmal and Adilabad as its important areas. This area was popularly known as Jangoan. Since the princely state of Hyderabad viewed this as a strategically important area, the Nizani made plans to annex this area into his princely state.

Meanwhile, in 1853, a Treaty was concluded between the Nizam and East India Company in which Nizam transferred Berar to British. As a result the British soldiers intruded into this area and forced the people into bonded labour. They have also assaulted Tribals who challenged it and violated a number of women. These developments angered Ramji Gond and made him to challenge their dominance. British suppressed the Ramji Gond rebellion which consisted cf Rohilla, Maratha and Gond Soldiers.

Ramji Gond- and his followers employed traditional weapons and courageously fought the British on one side and Nizam on the other side. However, the violent assault held on April 9th, 1857 by Nizam witnessed the killing of hundreds of Gonds. Ultimately, Ramji Gond was caught as a captive and was awarded with hanging punishment. Though he succumbed to heinous assaults of British, Marsukola Ramji Gonds rebellion signifies the self-respect of Gonds. Though the magnitude and extent of Ramji Gond Rebellion was construed as limited, its significant influence on prospective generations in terms of self-respect is undeniable.

Komaram Bheem Revolt 1940 -1950: Komaram Bheem is a prominent Tribal leader who organised the Tribal communities, mostly the Gonds the Adilabad against the Nizam and his Jagirdari rule. The Gonds of Adilabad witnessed some problems during the early part of the 20th century which included the problem of land alienation, high rates of taxation, vetti or the bonded labour, socio-cultural suppression, economic exploitation, and others. The local Muttedars and Jagirdars forced the Gonds to pay heavy taxes failing, whicht heir lands were confiscated. The people who challenge these trends are met with severe punishments. Women members of the families faced atrocities and sexual assaults. The nexus between Nizam-Muttedar Jagirdarinch landed gently angered Komaram Bheem. He organised the Gonds against the misrule and atrocities of Jagirdars and their henchmen. Ultimately, there was an armed assault on Komaram Bheem led by Talukdar Abdul Sattar and his 90 Policemen.

Komaram Bheem and his followers encountered the assault with traditional arms such as bows, arrows, swords, and spears. In the ensuring revolt Komaram Bheem succumbed to Nizam Police and secured a place in the history as a veritable deity of Gonds. Komaram Bheem gave the slogan of Jal, Jungle, and Jameen. It means, people who live in forests should have rights on all resources of the forest, especially; water and forest Land.

morder to identify the pathetic problems of Tribals in Adilabad regarding violation of their land rights, etc, the Nizam VII appointed Prof. C.F. Haimendorf to look into their issues. On account of Haimendorf taking up the issues of Tribals in general, and that of Gonds in particular; he is regarded as the Father of Tribals among the Gonds.

Further, the Tribal communities inhabiting in plain areas are demanding the extension of all safeguards ad facilities. They
are also demanding the protection of environment and are opposed to the construction of big dams that would create ecological imbalance and large-scale displacement. As a result, the Tribal movements are also expressing concern for ecological issues.

Thus, the Tribal land right were violated under the Nizams rule in Telangana region. However, at the sametime, the Tribals were given legal pattas for their lands. The non-tribals from coastal Andhra encroached several acres of Tribal land in Adilabad and some parts of. Karimnagar Warangal, and Khammam including banks of Godavari. The coastal Andhra settlers were very much attracted to the black cotton soil in these areas, which was fertile for cultivation of cotton, chilly, tobacco and other cash crops.

Since these settlers had a vast experience in cultivating the mentioned crops, along with a ready commercial market, they were keen in encroaching the Tribal lands in Telangana. Due to the heavy influx of coastal Andhra people into Telangana, the Supreme Court of India passed the Samatha Judgment in 1995. With the intervention of Supreme Court, all legal controversies regarding the protection of Tribal lands and the ambiguity that the previous governments have exploited earlier were removed.

The government of Andhra Pradesh set up a Commission by J.M.Girglani, IAS (Retd), to study the issues of Tribal land rights. Girgiani submitted his first report on 16 August 1995. Later, this commission observed and analyzed the injustice faced by the Tribals for the last 53 years and decided to submit a detailed report to the President of India annually. The report dealt exclusively with the violation of Tribal rights in Telangana and advised that this kind of violations need to be shunned immediately.

Question 14.
Explain the provisions of Gentlemen’s Agreement.
Answer:
In order to clear the doubts among the people of Telangana that the visalandhra may obstruct their interests, the Gentlemen’s Agreement took place on 20th February; 1956 at Delhi basing on the recommendations of Fazal Mi Commission. It was attended by Sri Bezawada Gopala Reddy the then chief minister of Andhra State, and his Colleagues Sarvasi Neelam, Sanjeeva Reddy, Gouthu lanchana, Alui Satyanarayan Raju from Andhra Region.

Sri Burgula Ramkrishna Rao the then chief minister of Hyderabad state and his colleagues savaging K.VRanga Reddy, Mari Channa Reddy, J.V. Narsinga Rao from Telangana Region. They had signed on the Agreement which contains the following aspects.
1. The administrative expenditure of the state shall be contributed in proportion of both Andhra and Telangana should be confined for its development up to five years and it may be extended for another five years at the request of Telangana legislators.

2. The educational opportunities which are in Telangana shall be provided for them only more development is to be extended. Technical education and seats in Universities shall be allocated up 1/3 for Telangana students.

3. The vacancies arise in Future shall be allocated to both regions in proportion to their population.

4. 12 Years of Residency is must for Andhra people to get job in Telangana.

5. Regional Development council shall be constituted for overall development of Telangana.

6. In Council of ministers there shall be 60% from Andhra and 40% from Telangana respectively there must be one Muslim from Telangana part.

7. If the Chief Minister is belongs to Andhra region, the deputy chief minister must be from Telangana region and vice versa. At least 2 poof folios must be given to Telangana oút of Home, Finance, Revenue, Planning, Devélopment, Commerce and Industry.

Question 15.
Elucidate various types of Terrorism in Indian context.
Answer:
Terrorism is the systematic use of force or threat of use of force (Violence) to achieving political religious or ideological goals. Terrorism posed the greatest danger and threat to many countries in the world and created law and Order problem. The temples, mosques, churches, markets, railway stations, multistoried buildings and other places where people densely move, are the targets of terrorism.

Types of Terrorisms: The Second Administrative Reforms Commission in India, in its report in 2008 classified Terrorism into 5 types based on different goals and objectives of Terrorist groups.
They are

• Ethno-Nationalist Terrorism
• Religious Terrorism
• Ideology-oriented Terrorism
• State-sponsored Terrorism
• Narco Terrorism.

On the basis of the methods used by terrorists the other type also emerged such as

• Environmental Terrorism (bio Terrorism)
• Cyber Terrorism
• Suicide Terrorism and so on.

i) Ethno – Nationalist Terrorism: Terrorist groups resort to violence demanding secession from Indian Union or the
creation of a new state in the Indian Federation. Demands for Khalistan, Jammu, and Kashmir, and Greater Nagaland are some of the examples. The insurgent tribal groups in North East India also indulge in this sort of terror.

ii) Religious Terrorism: This terrorism is perpetuated in the name of religious fundamentalism. The terrorist attacks n
Mumbai on 26 November 2008 and other attacks in different parts of the country by ISI of Pakistan are acts of Religious
Terrorism. This is popularly known as Jehadi Terrorism.

iii) Ideology-oriented Terrorism (Left wing extremism): This form of Terrorišm is also known as Left wing extremism
which condemns the economically exploitative and socially suppressive nature of the society. It aims at revolutionary change through violence and terror. The ideology of Karl Marx, Mao Zedong, Lenin and others are considered as the basis for this type of extremism.

iv) State-sponsored Terrorism (cross-border Terrorism): This type of Terrorism is a type of warfare by proxy emanating
from neighbouring countries. The terrorist groups are allowed to make frontal attacks on nations across the border to create insecurity in neighbouring countries. India has been facing this problem from Pakistan since independence. Terrorist groups in India are supported by Pakisthan ISI and other agencies.

v) Narco Terrorism and Sandalwood Terrorism: This form of Terrorism focuses on indulging in prohibited trade of narcotics and sandalwood. The attempts to make illegal traffic zones in North, West India and Jammu & Kashmir and ensuring Terrorism by illegal traders on officials is an example. Similarly, the sandalwood smugglers in reserve forest areas of Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka resort to Terrorism against forest officials and police.

Based on means employed by terrorists, terrorism can be further classified as:
a) Environmental Terrorism (Bio-terrorism): Environmental terrorism is a premeditated damage caused to the nature and natural resources. Using weapons of mass destruction, chemical weapons, and biological weapons to create insecurity and massacre in the society Sometimes, the deliberate use of viruses, bacteria, or other germs (agents) to kill people, animals, and plants and destroy natural resources is called bioterrorism. There are instances of Terrorists using these techniques unsuccessfully.

b) Cyber Terrorism: The criminal activities perpetuated by the use of computers and telecommunications capabilities resulting in violence, destruction, and disruption of services to create fear and confusion among people. Spreading misinformation and lies, harassing women, posting sensitive comments on individuals, and incidents with Facebook, Twitter e-mail and so on (social media) come under their purview.

c) Suicide Terrorism: Terrorist groups resort to this type of Terrorism by employing suicide bombers to create large-scale
massacre in the society. The first suicide attack by the Fedayeen was on July 13, 1991 on Border Security Post. The attacks on Jammu and Kashmir Assembly complex in October 2001, Indian Parliament in Dec 2001 and storming of Akshardham Temple in Gujarat in 2002 are some of the examples. In fact, the former Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi along with 18 others was assassinated in May 1991 by a suicide bomber employed by LTTE.

Though the aims and objectives, means and methods differ, all the Terrorist groups have a unanimous intention of creating fear, violence, insecurity, and confusion among Indians.

Terrorism and Insurgency: There is a very little thin layer of difference between Terrorism and Insurgency. While Insurgency is confined within the National boundary and directed against ones own Government, Terrorism an transcend the National boundary and ‘may be directed against one’s own country as well as Other countries.

Question 16.
What is E-Governonce? Explain maturity.
Answer:
E-Governance means Electronic Governance. It can also be called as Paperless Governance. Under this, the government
functions on the basis of utilization of Information Technology.

Definition: According to the former President of India, Late Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, E-Governance in the Indian context means, “A transparent Smart E-Governance with sëamless access, the secure and authentic flow of information crossing the inter-departmental barrier and providing a fair and unbiased service to the citizen”.

Merits of E.Governance:

1. Informing consulting the citizen
2. Reforming the process of Governance
3. Access to information
4. To improve quality services for citizens
5. Simple rules
6. Efficiency
7. Accountability
8. Transparency
9. Quality service for more citizens.

Demerits of F-Governance:

1. High cost of implementation and maintenance
2. Lack of integrated services
3. Poor infrastructure
4. A weak legal framework and poor laws
5. Need to reform legal, administrative, police, and judiciary
6. Difficulty in understanding the citizen’s needs and linguistic barriers
7. Poor Public Financial Management System
8. Denial of role and participation by the civil society in public decision-making.

Question 17.
Explain any two Features of Indian Foreign policy.
Answer:
Opposes Colonialism and Imperialism: India’s foreign policy mainly opposes colonialism and imperialism. India expressed her solidarity with the people living in the colonies of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. It strongly condemned the policy of suppression of the people in colonies. It rendered all types of assistance-political, diplomatic, and economic for achieving independence of these colonies. It also opposed the imperialist, strategy adopted by the superpowers.

Opposes Racial Discrimination: India since a long time has opposed all kinds of discrimination based on race, culture, etc. It has aptly highlighted the problem of racial discrimination at international level. It has severely criticized the policy of racial segregation of the Governments of South Africa and Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe).

Section – C
15 x 2 = 30

Note:

• Answer any fifteen of the following questions in 5 lines each.
• Each question carries 2 marks.

Question 18.
Moderates.
Answer:
The moderate stage is also described as reforms era Eminent National leaders like Gopala Krishna Gokhale, Dadabhai Nauroji played an important role in this stage. They expressed complete faith in liberalist policies of the Britishers. The Moderates appealed the British Government to introduce certain reforms. i.e.., Extension of powers of the Indian Legislative Councils, separating judiciary from executive, and more representation to Indians in Legislative Councils.

Question 19.
Any two differences between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles.
Answer:

Fundamental Rights	Directive Principles
1) The concept was borrowed from the American Constitution.	1) The concept was borrowed from Irish Constitution.
2) These aim at establishing a political democracy in the country.	2) These aim at establishing a social and economical democracy in the society.
3) These are justicable and then enforced by the consits.	3) These are non-justicable and cannot be enforced by the courts.
4) These are personal and individualistic in nature.	4) These are societarian and socialistic in nature.

Question 20.
Any four Fundamental Duties.
Answer:

1. To Abide by the Constitution, Respect its ideals and Institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem.
2. To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national movement.
3. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.
4. To defend the country and render National Service when called upon to do so.

Question 21.
Mention any four powers of Lok Sabha Speaker.
Answer:

• The Speaker presides over the meetings of the Lok Sabha.
• He exercises his vote in case of a tie over a bill.
• He presides over the joint session of the Parliament.
• He has a privilege of determining whether a bill is Money Bill or Not.

Question 22.
National Emergency.
Answer:
If the President is satisfied that a grave emergency exists in the country or any part of its territory and threatened by war or external aggression or armed rebellion, he may impose National Emergency as per Article 352 of the constitution on the written advice of the Union Council of Ministers. This type of emergency was imposed in 1962, 1965, 1971 and 1975.

Question 23.
Discretionary Powers of the Governor.
Answer:
The Governor exercises these powers without the aid and advice of the State Council of Ministers headed by the Chief
Minister. The discretion any powers are listed as follows:

• Selection of the Chief Minister.
• Dismissal of the Ministry.
• Dissolution of the Legislative Assembly.
• Advising the President to impose President’s Rule in the State.
• Seeking instructions from the President before promulgating ordinances on some matters.

Question 24.
State Executive.
Answer:
Article 153 to 167 of Indian Constitution deal with the matters relating to the State Executive. The State Executive consists of the Governor and the Council of Ministers headed by a Chief Minister. Besides, there are some administrative personnel who assist the ministers in the functioning of state government.

The Governor is the constitutional head of the State Government where as the council of ministers is the real executive. The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the State Legislature.

Question 25.
Grama Sabha.
Answer:
There will be a Grama Sabha in every Panchayat. It comprises all the adult citizens who have been entitled to vote. It meets at
least twice a year usually after Rabi and Kharif crops are harvested. It discusses and approves the administrative and audit reports. It identifies the beneficiaries of development schemes. It takes steps for mobilizing voluntary labour for community welfare programmes.

Question 26.
Municipal Corporation.
Answer:
Municipal Corporation is an important category of urban local government. It is the highest local government institution working in each large urban area. It is constituted by a special Act of the State Government. The State Government can declare the transformation of a Municipality into a Municipal Corporation when the population is at least three lakhs and annual income is four crore rupees.

Composition:
The Number of member of each Municipal Corporation is determined on the basis of the population of the city concerned by the law passed state legislature. Every Municipal Corporation consists of four organs, namely

• Corporation Council,
• Mayor,
• Commissioner and
• Standing Committees.

Question 27.
Who are Minorities?
Answer:
The government of India Notified Six Religious Communities as minorities. They are Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Parsis and Jains.

Question 28.
Rajender Singh Sachar Committee.
Answer:
The U.P.A government led by Prime Minister Dr.Manmohan Singh appointed a Seveñ Member Committee headed by Justice Rajender Singh Sachar in 2005. The main aim of the Committee was to plug the information gap on the social, economic and educational status of Muslims. The Committee submitted its report in 2006.

Question 29.
Who were the Razakars in Telangana?
Answer:
The Ittehad-ul-muslimeen developed a cadre of volunteers who were called Razakars who began to rouse the feelings of Muslims against Hindus. The growing militancy and power of the Majlis Ittehad were. evident in the activities of the Razakars, a parliamentary voluntary force organized by Kasim Razvi, the leader of the Ittehad. As the peasant resurrection spread in Rural Telangana, The Nizam government sent batches of Razakars. The Razakars resorted to large-scale terrorism and even took violent methods such as murder, arson and rapes.

Question 30.
Write about Chakali Ailamma’s Incident in Telangana.
Answer:
Vishnu Ramachandra Reddy, a Deshmukh of Jangaon in Warangal district tried to forcibly take possession of land belonging to Chakali Mamma. She was physically, tortured along with her husband and children. However, with the support of the sangham, she fought relentlessly and acquired her land.

Question 31.
Jai Andhra Movement in 1971.
Answer:
In 1972-73 when Mr PV. Narasimha Rao was the Chief Minister, Andhra Pradesh witnessed another agitation. It emerged
from the Andhra region. The aim of Jai Andhra agitation was that the Mulki rules and Telangana regional committee be scrapped.

An unconditional Andhra Pradesh or a Separate Andhra State was clearly stated in all their pronouncements. On December 5th 1972 students observed an Andhra Bandh and from December 7, 1972, the Andhra Non-Gazetted officers resorted to an indefinite strike.

Large-scale destruction of public property and arson was reported from Andhra districts to bring political normalcy, the Chief Minister inducted 8 Ministers into his cabinet on January 7th, 1973, but soon president rule was imposed in the state. Gradually the movement lost its vigour on March 5th 1973, NGO’s called off their strike.

Question 32.
Hyderabad as common capital.
Answer:
According to the AR Reorganization Ac, 2014, Hyderabad remains as the common capital Ior the states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh for a period not exceeding 10 years.

Question 33.
Kulasanghala JAC.
Answer:
The emergence of Kula Sanghas (Caste associations) and forming in the Joint Action Committee (JAC) in a novel phenomenon in the Telangana Movement. All the subaltern caste groups and occupational groups such as dalit bahujans, other backward classes (OBCs) minorities and so on come together as a Joint Action Committee to actively participate in the movement.

Question 34.
Powers of corruption.
Answer:
The World Bank defines corruption as using “Public office for private profit”. There are different forms of corruption which include bribery; extortion, embezzlement, favouritism, nepotism, communalizes, undue influence etc. The Prevention of Corruption Act 1988 declares the act of bribery, misappropriation, obtaining pecuniary advantages, abasing official position, possessing assets disproportionate to known sources of income etc, are corruption practices and punishable under law. The most recent phenomenon in the forms of corruption in India is “quid pro quo corruption”.

This means political leaders and high-ranking officials take decisions in favour of corporate houses and high-profile business people who inturn make inflated investments into the industrial units, business undertaking and NGO’s owned and managed by the family members of concerned leaders and officials. In other words, it is an exchange of benefits by both the leaders officials combine and corporations. The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is investigating many cases of quid pro quo corruption scandals.

Question 35.
What is Accountability?
Answer:
Accountability means the officials (public servants or civil servants) are accountability for their decision and actions to the public. Henceforth, they are subjected to public scrutiny. In a wider sense, it includes the bodies/civil society organisation! stakeholders/ organisations as well. Rule of law and transparency can ensure accountability.

Question 36.
Characteristics of Terrorism.
Answer:
Many studies on Terrorism pointed out ce1ta)L similarities or patterns in the acts of terrorism. They are:

1. Terrorism in an organised, planned, and deliberate act If violence carried out by a handful of people.
2. Terrorism is directed against innocent civilians or a particular community, police officials, armed personnel or government employees of state or central.
3. Terrorism is a motivated violence to challenge the social and political order of the society.
4. Terrorism engages itself in an unofficial war with the Government and political system.
5. Terrorism is a weapon of blackmail and coercion. It aims to highlight its demands with violence.
6. Terrorism is always unlawful, inhuman, and anti-democratic.

Question 37.
List the main organs of UNO.
Answer:
The United Nations Organization functions through six principal organs. They are:

1. General Assembly
2. Security Council
3. Economic and Social Council
4. Trusteeship Council
5. International Court of Justice and
6. Secretariate