TS Inter 1st Year Political Science Model Paper Set 4 with Solutions

Thoroughly analyzing TS Inter 1st Year Political Science Model Papers Set 4 with Solutions helps students identify their strengths and weaknesses.

TS Inter 1st Year Political Science Model Paper Set 4 with Solutions

Time: 3 Hours
Max. Marks: 100

Section – A
3 x 10 = 30 Marks

Note: Answer any ThREE of the following questions in not exceeding 40 lines each. Each question carries 10 Marks

Question 1.
Define Political Science and explain its scope.
Answer:
Introduction: Political Science is a premier social science. It is mainly concerned with the study of the state in its relation with Society, Citizens, Associations and the world at large. Aristotle is regarded as the Father of Political Science. He wrote famous book THE POLITICS”.

Meaning: The word politics is derived from the ancient Greek word TOUS” meaning city State and polity from ‘Poletieia’ meaning government of constitution. Politics came to mean the study of state and government and the Institutions of the state.

Definitions: Political Scientists gave various definitions on Political Science.
They are as follows:

1. J.W GARNER: ‘Political Science begins and Ends with the State”.
2. R.G. GETTIE: “Political Science is” The historical investigation of the state in the past, an analytical study of the state of present and what the state ought to be in the future”.
3. ROBERT DAHL: “Political Science is the Scientific study of importance of power, Authority, and influence.”
   Scope of Political Science: The scope of Political Science means the subject matter covered by it or the topics which are included in its study.It may be explained in the following ways:

i) Study of man in relation to the Society, State and Government: Political science is concerned with the perennial and central issue of establishing proper relationship among state, society and government with individual. Aristotle stated that Man is a social and political animal as well.

ii) Study of State: Political science explains the origin, evolution and purpose of the state and its intimate relationship between the state and the citizens. It explains the various theories of the origin of the state and it also studies the nature, functions and various theories of the state.

iii) Study of the Government: Scope of political science includes the study of government. Political science explains the
relationship between state and government. The state realises it’s aims and objectives through the government. Government formulates various policies, programs and their implementation for well-being of the people. Political science also studies various forms and structures of the government and their merits and demerits.

iv) Study of Associations and Institutions: There are several associations and institutions which influence the life of the individual. Political science studies various associations, institutions and their relationship with the state. Political science explains structure, nature, and functions of the various associations and institutions. It also studies voluntary organisations and their role in the political processes.

v) Study of Rights and Duties: Scope of Political Science includes the study or rights and duties of citizens. In recent times, issues relating to civil rights, human rights and civil society got significance in the, study of political science.

vi) Studies of National and International Issues: The scope of Political science comprises the study of national and international affairs. The political science deals with the matters relating to nation-state, territorial integrity and it’s sovereignty. It also studies international aspects like armaments and disarmaments, balance of power, defence and security studies. It also covers international law, international organisations etc.

vii) Study of Comparative Government and Polities: The importance of the comparative study of government and politics has been increased in recent times. Political science covers the study of various world governments, their structures and functions. It studies the relationship among the different political systems in the world.

viii) Study of Modern Political Analysis: The 20th-century political science is regarded as a study of sharing and shaping of power, and it’s execution in a day-to-day political process. Political science studies the modern concepts like, political socialisation, political participation. political development, political culture and political communication.

ix) Study of Public Policies: Modern political scientists like David Easton, Gabriel A. Almond, Charles Merriam argued that political science is a policy science’. They considered political science as the study of formulation, execution and evaluation of public policies. They also emphasised the study of political parties, pressure groups, mass media and organs of the governments and their influence in the formulation of the public policies. It also studies major polices like Agriculture policy, Industrial policy, Environmental policy, Reservation policy and Education policy etc.

Thus, the scope of political science has, in recent times, extended tothe study of above concepts and theories and has become one of the most relevant social sciences.

Question 2.
Discuss pluralistic theory of Sovereignty.
Answer:
Pluralism or pluralistic theory of sovereignty was proposed and popularized as an attack on monism. Elements like democracy, federal spirit, individual freedoms, separation of powers, decentralization of authority etc. are considered as the factors which influenced the proponents of pluralism. This theory finds its origin during the middle age.

Main Principles: Pluralism comprises the following main principles:

1. The state is one of the many orgrnizations in society, it is not the only organization having supremacy. it has no different features, status and significance apart from other organizations.
2. The state has not created the society or any organization. The various cultural, economic, religious and political associations were not created by the state. State cannot dissolve the above organizations. It has no such power.
3. Society is federal in structure. State too must distribute its powers on the basis of federal principles.
4. Sovereignty is not the exclusive possession of the state. The state is not supreme over all other organizations.
5. Sovereignty is not absolute, unlimited and unquestionable. It has some internal arid external limitations. While the customs and traditions of the people will act as internal limitations, international covenants and agreements will impose some restrictions on the sovereignty of the state.
6. Sovereignty is not discretionary in nature. It has to be enforced keeping in view the various constitutional acts and covenants. it will not vest in the state alone.
7. It is not correct to say that the commands of the sovereign are laws. Sovereignty has to be exercised keeping in view the customs, traditions and the constitutional provisions.
8. Pluralists criticized that Austin’s theory assigned more importance to the state. ‘This may threaten the very origin, existence, survival and progress of the remaining associations in human society. Hence Krabbe and Laski pointed out that it is better to ignore the criticism of sovereignty.

Criticism:
1. The pluralist’s contention that sovereignty is possessed by all associations along with the state has been condemned by the critics. The critics expressed their apprehension stating that the pluralist’s ideas may lead to the creation of anarchy and instability in the state.

2. The pluralist’s assumption of similarity of state and other associations in regard to their aims objectives, and aspirations is not appropriate.

3. The pluralist failed to identify the distinction between the community, society, and state. There prevails more similarity rather than differences between the state and society. Both the state and society are independent in their sphere. They are more heterogeneous in their nature.

4. The critics viewed pluralism as unreal and impractical. They felt that it is not possible to achieve coordination between the state and associations.

Conclusion: Inspite of the above criticism, pluralistic theory of sovereignty is recognized as very important in political science. Similarly, the concept of state and Monistic theory of sovereignty have acquired special place in political science.

Question 3.
Define Justice and describe various types of Justice.
Answer:
Introduction: Justice is a dynamic concept in the contemporary society It has received the attention of several political philosophers, social reformers, economic thinkers and psychological experts. They have considered the basic instinct of individuals belonging to the various sections residing in several parts of the world. Besides, almost all states, irrespective of their political and economic doctrines, have been striving to achieve justice and to establish a society based on justice.

Meaning: The word “Justice” is derived from a Latin word “Jus” which means “to bind”.
Definitions: We may advance some of the definitions of Justice in the following lines.

1. Plato: “Justice is giving to every man his due. It is a combination of reason, courage, appetite and will in terms of the state.”
2. Aristotle: “Justice is no other than each and every individual in society discharging his moral duties.”
3. Caphalous: “Justice means speaking the truth and paying one’s debts”.
4. Polymarchus: “Justice means to help friends and harm enemies.”
5. Barker: “Justice means a combination and coordination political values.”

Types of Justice: There are different types of Justice. They relate to Natural, Social, Political and Legal spheres. Let us analyse these types of Justice.

1. Natural Justice: Natural Justice is based on the notion that every person in the world possesses some rights for availing the natural resources. Natural resources provide support to the life of each and every creature on Earth. As the human beings are the only rational creatures, it is their responsibility to see that natural resources have to be judiciously exploited. Human beings must keep in mind the requirements of future generations in this regard.

2. Social Justice: Social Justice envisages a balance between rights of individuals and social control. It facilitates the fulfillment of the legitimate expectations of the individuals under the existing laws.

It ensures several benefits and extends protection to the individuals against the interference or encroachment from others, in society. It is consistent with the unity and the integrity of the nation. It fulfills the needs of the society.

Social Justice enforces the principle of equality before law. It also ensures eradication of social evils like poverty, unemployment starvation, disease etc. It also extends protection to the downtrodden and weaker sections of society. Ultimately it provides those conditions essential for the all round development of individuals.

3. political Justice: Political Justice symbolises political equality. It implies provision of political rights to all the adult citizens in a state. It facilitates free and fair participation of the citizens in the governance of the country. It is manifested to the full extent in times of elections. It allows the citizens for their active participation in day-to-day administration. It is based on the premise that everyone is counted as one and none for more than one. It may be noted that political justice prevails in the State when the following conditions are prevalent

• Rule of law
• Independent Judiciary
• Popular elections to the representative bodies.
• Political parties.
• Freedom of press and assembly
• Democratic rule etc.

4. Economic Justice: Economic Justice refers to the absence of economic discrimination between individuals on irrational and unnatural grounds. It stands for the equal treatment of individuals irrespective of differences in the income, money, wealth, property etc.

In its positive aspect, it implies payment of adequate emoluments to the workers strongly abhorring disparities in the distribution of wealth and incomes. It does not allow exploitation of the weaker sections. It sees that nobody is deprived of the basic necessities of life. It hints out that everyone must be provided with adequate food, clothing, shelter and other minimum needs. it conceives just economic order in the society. It supports the principle ‘from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.”

5. Legal Justice: Legal Justice is manifested in the laws of the state. It is supplemented by customs of the society. It is embodied in the Constitution and Legislative enactments in a state. It determines the legal contours of Justice. Legal Justice basically has two implications. Firstly, it implies that there is just application of the laws in society on the basis of rule of Law. There will be no discrimination between individuals in the applications of laws. Secondly. laws are made in consonance with the principles of natural justice.

Question 4.
Write an essay on basic Ideas of Gandhism.
Answer:
Gandhism – basic ideas:
Gandhi – A brief biography: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born at Porbandar in Gujarat in 1869. He was called the Mahatma. (The Great Soul) by Rabindranath Tagore. He was the father of our nation. He applied age old ancient Indian ideals like Truth, Non-violence and Satyagraha as political weapons and won the freedom not by late but by loving the enemy. He preached only whatever he practiced.

Basic ideas of Gandhism:
1. Meta Physical idealism: The Upanishadic concepts like The Divine”. The universal soul, manifested in all living and non-living things of the entire universe, or ‘The Divine light illuminating everywhere’ are the basis for the Gandhian Philosophy. His metaphysical idealism was a unique combination of the values based on Non-violence, ethics, Vedanta, Spiritual: Mcta Physical, Jam, Buddhist, and Vaishnava.

2. Ethical absolutism: Gandhi believes the superiority of moral and ethical values. The roots of his ethical absolution can be traced in the “Rita’ of the vedanta. This Rita is universal, omnipresent and ethical in values is ruling the Men and the Gods.

3. Doctrine of Non-Violence: The literal meaning of Non-violence is “not doing violence”. In a Nutshell it means “Not to kill”. “Not to do harm” is its wider meaning. . ‘

He applied nonviolence as a means and a weapon in politics. Truth and fearlessness are the essential conditions of Non-violence. Gandhi regarded and equated non-violence on par with self-torture of the Soul, Mercy, Love, Fearlessness, innocence, Soul force, kindness, Selflessness and nonindulgence.

Gandhi used non-violence as a potent weapon not only against the British colonialism but also in the movements waged against all types of deeply entrenched evils of the society.

4. Doctrine of Satyagraha: Gandhi explained Satyagraha not as a philosophical doctrine, but as a means to fight against the foreign rule and to achieve social and economic justice.

Gandhi formulated the word satyagraha when he was in South Africa. He called satyagraha as ‘Love. Force” and “Soul Force. Truth cannot tolerate violence. Even the guilty should not be punished with violence. A sin for one may not be to the other At once, the search for truth must be only on non-violent means. We have to try to remove the holds on untruth, and injustice from his ways by inflicting suffering upon himself. By satyagraha means, Gandhi said that inflicting suffering not on the evil-doer but upon himself.

Question 5.
What is Federal Government? Examine its characteristics.
Answer:
The term, federation is derived from Latin word Foedus meaning treaty or agreement. A federal polity comes into existence, either as a result of centripetal or centrifugal forces. The instrument by which a federation is brought about by the nature of a treaty or agreement between independent states and the new units of government, national or central which they agree to create. A new federal State is thus created to which sovereign states surrender their sovereignty and agree to become its component parts, for example, United States of America, Australia, India, Canada, etc.

Definitions of Federal Government: Several political scholars have defined federation in different ways. Some definitions are the following.

Montesquieu: Federation is a convention by which several parties agree to become members of larger on which they intend to establish.

Herman Finer: ‘Federal states are one in which part of the authority and powers are vested in the local areas while another part is vested in a central institution deliberately constituted by an association of the local areas’.

A.V. Dicey: A federal state is a political set-up intended to reconcile national unity and powers with the maintenance of state sights’.

J.W. Garner: ‘Federal government is a system in which the totally of government power is divided and distributed between the centre and the states by the national constitution.

K.C. Where: ‘A Federal government is a method of dividing power. So that the regional and central government Independent.

Features of Federal Government:

• Written Constitution: For a federal government the constitution must almost necessarily be a written constitution which determines the relation between the central and provincial regional governments.
• Rigid Constitution: The natural corollary of the supremacy of the constitution and it being a written document, is that it should not be altered either by the central Legislatures or by Regional Legislatures under their ordinary law-making procedure.
• Division of powers: In a federal political system, there is an essential feature of distribution of powers between central and regional governments under the constitution. Major sectors ore vested with union/central and National and Provincial important things are vested with regional governments. For example, external affairs, exports and ports, and education, agriculture health are exercised by union and state governments respectively.
• Bicameralism: Bicameralism is another important character of the federal government. In federal government, there should be two Chambers representing people and states such as House of People and House states respectively.
• Dual citizenship: In a federal political system, constitution provides for dual citizenship to the citizens. Accordingly; the citizens have membership in both the centre and states simultaneously.
• Independent Judiciary: In a federal political system, independence of judiciary and intensity of judicial system is another important feature. Independence of judiciary will safeguard the minimum rights of people against the acts of Legislature and administrative authorities.

Section – B
8 x 5 = 40 Marks

Note: Answer any EIGHT of the following questions in not exceeding 20 lines each. Each question carries 5 Marks.

Question 1.
Write a brief note on Evolution of Political Science.
Answer:
The beginning of a study of politics (or political thinking) is traced to the ancient Greek philosophers like Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Among these, Aristotle is regarded as the father of Political Science because of his objective and systematic (scientific) study of the affairs of the government and politics. Aristotle used the term ‘politics’ to designate the science of the state. He called ‘politics’ a ‘Master Science’ as it covered almost all the activities of individuals in society that includes political and social institutions.

In fact, politics was a comprehensive concept for the Greeks. However, the Greek concept of politics underwent changes over the centuries. In other words, the Greek concept of politics is no more valid today. The study of politics has acquired a wider meaning in the modern times.

As a matter of fact, with the evolution of the systems of production through different stages (e.g., hunters and food-gatherers, to agriculture and then to industry/factory) social and economic institutions become important, and so also political organizations evolved and progressed. This resulted in a distinction between three spheres of human activities, namely, ‘politics, social and economics’. Henceforth, Political Science came to be defined as ‘science of state and government. Thus, the detailed study of the evolution of the State, its functions and the government constituted the subject matter of the study of Political Science.

With the influence of the study of Behaviourism in natural Sciences, the behavioural Movement has been initiated in Social Sciences. After the Second world war, the behavioural movement which had emerged in 1920’s, became very popular movement in 1950’s. This movement was led by American Political Scientists like Charles Mamum, Gabriel Almond, David Easton etc. Behaviouralism emphasises on the study of political behaviour, perceptions of the individuals towards their own political system. Hence the study of political science confined itself to the study of political behaviour in an organised society. The study area of political science also extends to policy formulation, implementation, and evaluation of the political systems. Hence, the political science is also called as policy science. The concept of policy science was propounded by J. Lasswell.

Question 2.
Explain John Austin’s theory of sovereignty.
Answer:
Introduction: John Austin was a great English jurist of eighteenth century He published a famous book Letures on Jurisprudence in 1832. Austin was the chief exponent of the monistic theory or legal theory of sovereignty. He was influenced by the writings of Hobbes and Bentham.

Main features of John Austin’s Theory:
1. It is Determinate: Sovereignty is a determinate person or a body of persons. The sovereign need not be a single person alone. The state is legal order wherein there must be a determinate authority. This determinate authority acts as the final source of the power.

2. Sovereign receives habitual obedience: That the determinate human superior receives habitual obedience from the bulk of society. The obedience should come from the bulk of the society, where the habitual obedience from the bulk of the society is not forthcoming there is no sovereign power.

3. Sovereign is indivisible: That the sovereign power is not divisible. It is a unified one and therefore cannot be divided. There is no limitation on his sovereignty and it cannot be divided.

4. Sovereignty is essential: Sovereign power is essential to every political society. A non-sovereign society is neither political nor independent.

5. Law is a command: Law is a command of the sovereign and whatever may be command is Law. Since it is a command, failure to obey law is to be punished.

6) The subjects have no right against the state: Rights are those which are legally permitted by the sovereign and upheld by him.

Question 3.
What are the differences between Nation & Nationality?
Answer:
The concepts of Nation and Nationality laid formidable foundations to several modern political systems.
Nation: ‘Nation is a nationality which has organised itself into a political body either independent or desring to be independent.
Nationality: “Nationality is a population having the common bonds of race, language, religion, traditions and history”.

Differences between Nation and Nationality:

Nation	Nationality
1. Nation is a political concept.	1. Nationality is a psychological feeling.
2. Nation is always a politically organised state.	2. Nationality is always an unorganised and flexible feeling.
3. Nation is always independent.	3. Nationality is not independent.
4. There can’t be a nation without nationality.	4. There can be nationality without a nation.
5. People who form into a nation should obey the laws of the state.	5. Until the people of nationality form into a nation. There can’t be constitutional laws. But they oblige certain common rules in their best interests.

 

Question 4.
Write about any three sources of Law.
Answer:
Definitions: The English word Law originates from the ancient Teutonic word ‘Lag’ which means ‘something that lies fixed or uniform”. Political thinkers defined law in different ways which are listed below:

1. “Law is the command of the sovereign”. – John Austin
2. “Law is the system of rights and obligations which the state enforces”. – T.H. Green

Sources of Law:
1. Customs, Practices and Traditions: These are one of the important sources of law. In primitive societies, there were no laws in written form. All disputes were settled in accordance with social customs and traditions. Customs regulated the social life in the early societies. Customs and traditions cannot be laws in political sense. But, when the State recognises certain traditions, they in turn become laws. Ex: The laws relating to marriage, divorce etc., found in our country are based on traditions, the common law of England.

2. Religion: In ancient times customary laws and religious laws were intermixed. The religious teachers enjoyed unlimited
powers in those times. Their decisions were treated on par with laws.

The primitive men believed that the judgements of the religious teachers had divine sanction. The ancient Roman laws were merely the religious laws. The Hindu and Muslim laws derived inspiration mainly from religion.

3. Judicial Decisions I Adjudication I Judgement of the Courts:
The Judgement of the judges also serve as a source of law. Generally, judges interpret laws, apply them to particular cases and deliver judgements. Their judgements become precedents and are usually followed by other judges in similar cases. In course of time such judgements acquire the status of law. In this way judges add to the law of the country. There are many instances that new laws have evolved by way of interpretation. Many of the laws in Britain, America and India have originated from the judgements of the Judges of the respective countries.

Question 5.
Write a brief note doctrine of Non-Violence.
Answer:
The literal meaning of nonviolence is not doing violence. In a Nutshell it means “Not to kill”. “Not to do harm” is its wider meaning.

He applied non-violence as a means and à weapon in politics. Truth and fearlessness are the essential conditions of Non-violence. Gandhi regarded and equated non-violence on par with self torture of the Soul, Mercy; Love, Fearlessness, innocence, Soul force, kindness, Selflessness and non-idulgance.

Gandhi used non-violence as a potent weapon not only against the British colonialism but also in the movements waged against all types of deeply entrenched evils of the society.

In his opinion either Swaraja or Democracy can not be achieved through violence because we cannot completely defeat anyone with violence. Individual freedom does not mean violence. Individual freedom is a reality only in the state of non-violence.

Gandhi observed four reasons for the existence of violence. They are:

1. Organized authority and power.
2. Civil strife (internal conflicts).
3. Foreign invasions.
4. Family system.

Question 6.
Write the objectives and classification of Human Rights.
Answer:
Definition of human rights: “Human Rights are Freedom to all irrespective of place, sex, religion, language etc. – U.N.O.
Objectives of human rights: The following are the various

Objectives of human rights.

1. Provision of independence to the people against discrimination.
2. Freedom from poverty.
3. Freedom for availing the latent abilities of individuals.
4. Freedom from feat.
5. Freedom of protection.
6. Freedom from injustice.
7. Freedom of speech and expression.
8. Freedom of protection.
9. Freedom of association.
10. Freedom for carrying one’s activities on dignified lines.
11. Freedom against exploitation.

The United Nations General Assembly declared 1995 – 2005 as the International decade of human rights. The ultimate objective of human rights relates to the provision of human rights to all people of the world.

Classification of human rights: Human rights are broadly
classified into two categories

• Civil and Political Rights
• Economic, social, and cultural rights.

In the first category, civil rights occupy a prominent position. Civil rights include Several rights like right to lifer liberty and security of individuals, freedom from slavery and torture, equality before law, protection against arbitrary custody etc. They also assure the individual for a right to fair trial, right to own property, right to marriage etc. Besides they comprise several freedoms like freedom of speech, expression, association, assembly, movement, residence etc. Political rights include right to vote, right to contest as candidates in elections to various offices, right to assume power, right to criticise, right to petition etc.

The second category of human rights include several economic, social and cultural rights. Economic rights include right to work, right to equal payment of salaries to equal work, right to form and join in trade unions, right to adequate standard of living etc. Social rights include right to education, right to health, right to entertainment etc. Respecting the civilization, arts, culture etc., are included in the categoty of cultural rights.

Question 7.
Explain the various qualities of a good citizen.
Answer:
According to Aristotle good citizens make good state. This is due to the fact that good citizens imbibe many noble qualities. Lord Bryce cited three qualities of a good citizen, namely, conscience, intelligence and self-control. On the whole, a good citizen will have the following qualities.
1. Good Character: Good character is essential for a good citizen. A good citizen should be courageous, just, helpful, kind-hearted, sympathetic, truthful and virtuous in letter and spirit.

2. Sound health: A good citizen should have good health and strength. Healthy citizens make the nation healthy. Only a sound body will have a sound mind. Sound body and mind of a citizen paves the way for the progress of the state in many spheres.

3. Intelligence and education: Proper education is another quality of a citizen. The citizen should be well-enlightened, fully aware and informed of his rights and responsibilities. He must be intelligent enough to identify good and bad. He will not be emotional in examining the events. In this regard education enables him to play a proper role in the society. An intelligent citizen will be able to understand the problems of the state in a proper way.

4. Self-control: A good citizen will have moderate temperament. He will have self-control in his public activities. Self-control and confidence make him to lead a disciplined life. He will not indulge in inhuman activities.

5. Public spirit: A good citizen should have broad and liberal outlook. He should be ready to take active part in public affairs. He should be intelligent in enjoying his rights and responsibilities. He should have active participation in the social activities. He should have public spirit and ready to offer his services for the collective welfare of the society

6. Self-sacrifice: A good citizen must possess self-sacrifice. He must subordinate his self-interest to the interests of the community. He must be imbibed by the spirit of service and devotion to the society, government, and state.

7. Honest exercise of franchise: Honest exercise of one’s franchise is another essential quality of a good citizen. Self-interest or sectional interest in terms of class, religion or community act as a hurdle to good citizenship.

8. Sincere performance of obligations: A good citizen performs his obligations sincerely and faithfully. He extends cooperation to the authorities in the discharge of their obligations. He pays his taxes to the various governmental organizations promptly and properly.

9. Right ordering of loyalties: A good citizen brings about a right ordering of his loyalties to the family; class, caste, club, trade union, region, and nation. He avoids conflicts between various associations by assigning priorities. He sacrifices his self-interest for the sake of wider purposes. When there arises a conflict between the interests of the family and the locality one must sacrifice the interests of the family for the sake of the locality.

Question 8.
What is Democracy and mention its demerits?
Answer:
Demerits: Democracy has the following demerits.
1. Expensive Government: Democracy is the most expensive type of government. A lot of money is spent on election propaganda. Millions of money is spent on the sessions of the national and provincial legislatures. Carlyle said the parliament as a Talking shop’. Italian dictator Mussolini could, therefore, correctly say that democracy is not suited to a poor country.

2. Weak and unstable Government: Democracy is a weak and instable type of government. In those countries where there are multiple party systems, the coalitions fall frequently and bring instability in the government. For ex; In India 1977 to 79; 1989 to 1991; 1996 to 1999 coalition governments failed to rule the government with stable.

3. Government by the minority: In practical Democracy does not represent majority opinion. Actually Democracy is said to be government by the majority This claim on behalf of democracy is not sustainable. In every state a large number of people never exercise their vote. Besides, in most democratic states the first-past-the-post electoral system prevails (majority vote system).

Under this system, it often happens that the party securing a minority vote is returned to power. The number of votes secured by the party in power is less than those obtained by the opposition. Democracy thus ceases to be government by the majority.

4. Discouragement to culture, civilization and intellectual development: Democracy is the government by masses and always have conservative outlook. They show no interest in the development of literature, art and architecture. In Democracy intellectuals always keeps distance from elections. So many examples are in history defeat of intellectuals in direct elections.

5) Slow decision-making: Democracy is slow decision-making government. Because it takes lot of time to take decision. It delays the work. Legislature process, party system, opposition parties, coalition politics plays key role in decision-making in Democratic governments.

Question 9.
Describe the Secularism and Secular state.
Answer:
Secularism is one of the characteristic feature of a modern state. Secular state explains the relation between the state and religion. The concept of secularism was popularised by the state authority to control the religion and religious aurhority over the state affairs. Secularism is an important social and political phenomenon. Many states of the contemporary world have adopted secularism as their policy in public matters. Secularism is essentially an advocacy in independent, separate or distinct ideologies separate from religion.

Secular state is wholly non-religious in the sense that it has no official Religion of its own is totally indifferent to all the religions followed by its citizens in their private life. It grants every individual the freedom to follow any religion or non religion in his personal life. It does not compel him to promote any religion by paying taxes for its propagation or by any other means. The state will not have any religion of its own. i.e., it will promote any religion and at the same time it interfere with none.

Question 10.
What are the merits and demerits of a Written Constitutions?
Answer:
Written Constitution: A written constitution is formulated and adopted by a Constituent Assembly or a Convention. It comprises several principles and rules of the Government in a written form or document. The Constitution of India is an example of written constitution.

The American Constitution is the first written constitution in the world.

Merits: .

1. A written constitution cames more simplicity. It gives no scope for confusion and ambiguity among the people in understanding the structure and organization of various institutions.
2. It protects the fundamental rights of the people.
3. It puts limitations on the powers of the Government.
4. it renders political stability due to it is rigid nature.
5. It embodies the aspirations of the people. It cautions the Government about the importance of the accomplishment of popular needs.
6. It maintains equilibrium between the center and the states by allocating powers in a judicious manner.
7. it safeguards the sanctity and spirit of a federation.

Demerits:

1. A written constitution cannot provide a better Government as it impose some stipulated conditions on the party in power.
2. It makes the judiciary a predominant one.
3. Its provisions cannot be changed according to the needs and wishes of the people. So, the progress of the nations lags behind.
4. Its rigid nature is not helpful to the development of the state.
5. It gives scope for conflicts among the governmental organs.
6. It may not be conductive to the formation of a welfare state.

Question 11.
Write note on Rule of Law.
Answer:
Rule of law is a unique feature of British constitution. It at first originated in England later many states like India and the United States have adopted this feature. Rule of law is purely based on the principle of common law. It denotes that law should be general in form. It should be uniformly applicable to all the citizens living in a state. There should not be different types of law for various sections of the community.

In other words the government must treat all the citizens equally as per the law. The governance and administration in a particular state should be carried on in accordance with the laws. A.V. Diceý in his “Law of the Constitutions” (1885) gave a precise explanation of the rule of law.

According to him, rule of law stands for equality before the law. This implies equal subjection of all classes including the officials or common man. Law makes no discrimination between individuals. AN. Dicey says that ‘Every. official from Prime Minister to the attendee, all are equal before the law”.

Therefore, Rule of law is helpful to all the citizens in protecting their responsibilities in a more effective manner. The constitution of India too recognizes the Rule of law as a basic feature of India constitution. The Supreme Court of India time and again declared Rule of law as a basic structure of Indian Constitution. Articles 14 to 21 of the Indian Constitution have incorporated the spirit of this concept.

However, the scope of this concept is gradually shrinking owing to the overburdening of legislative work with enormous functions. On the whole, the cardinal virtue of Rule of law is that “All are equal before law and no one must arbitrarily be punished constitutes the core value of any democratic system in the world.

Question 12.
Write a note on merits and demerits of Unitary from of Government.
Answer:
Merits of Unitary Government:

• Powerful Administration: In unitary government, all the powers of the government are vested in the hands of central government. It helps to take decisions fast and work timely and to maintain internal peace, laws and order.
• Simple and less Expressive: The unitary system of government easy and less in expressive for administration.
• Flexible in Administration: The administration of a unitary state is flexible and can easily adapt itself to the changing social needs and environment. Because it can amend the Constitution as and when required.
• Suitable for small states: a unitary form of government as it is simple and less expressive suitable for smalls states.
• Quick decisions: It can be very useful in meeting emergencies. Being a unitary governments is provincial in nature and can take all necessary decisions quickly and implement with full force.
• National integration: In unitary government, there is a simple citizenship which shows no discrimination among its people and helps to national unity integrity and solidarity among its people.

Demerits of the Unitary Government:
a) Fascist Powers: In unitary government, all powers are vested with single government and there is a scope for Fascist or dictatorial attitude.

b) Centralization of administration: In unitary government, all powers are concentrated with the single government and no scope for distribution of powers between union and provincial government and it leads to more burden on the central government to manage whole nation.

c) Unsuitable for Larger States: unitary governments are suitable for smaller states whereas it is not suitable for larger state which has vast land larger population. Because such states have multi religions, racial and cultural people and unitrny government cannot tackle with such society.

d) Neglect of local initiatives: In unitary governments with centralization of powers and with sanctioning of limited powers to provincial governments, it discourages local governments from making their own policies.

e) Scope for growth of inefficiency: In unitary government, with centralization of powers, each and every aspect of the society should be administered by the single administrative unit and it leads to inefficiency in providing provisions for its people.

Section – C
15 x 2 = 30 Marks

Note: Answer any FIFTEEN of the following questions in not exceeding 5 lines each. Each question carries 2 Marks

Question 1.
Master Science.
Answer:
Aristotle used the term Politics to designate the science of the state. He called Politics a ‘Master Science as it covered almost all the activities of Individuals in Society that includes Political and Social Institutions.

Question 2.
How Political Science is different from Economics?
Answer:
Political Science differs from Economics in many respects which are as follows:

1. Political Science is normative whereas economics is descriptive
2. Political Science deals with values whereas Economics deals with prices.
3. Political Science is concerned with people whereas economics is concerned with things.
4. The scope of Political Science is much wider than that of Economics
5. Political Science tries to secure social welfare through administration whereas economics through better distribution of wealth.

Question 3.
What is Government?
Answer:
Government: Government is the third essential element of the state. There can be no state without government. State enforces its authority through the government. Government consists of 3 organs namely
Legislature – which makes laws
Executive – which implements laws and
Judiciary – which interprets laws.

Question 4.
What is the importance of Nationalism?
Answer:
Nationalism is an effective force in modern politics and it played prominent role fri the world Affairs. Its importance can be analysed from the following points.

1. Nationalism inspired the people and created deep hatredness among the people.
2. It helped in liberalising the people from oppressive rule.
3. It became a deciding factor in the breakup of many empires and states.

Question 5.
Mention any four Safeguards of Liberty.
Answer:

1. Democratic rule
2. Written and rigid constitution
3. Independent judiciary
4. Rule of laws
5. Fundamental rights.

Question 6.
Define Justice.
Answer:
“Justice is giving to every man his due. It is a combination of reason, courage, appetite and will in terms of the state”

Question 7.
Individualism.
Answer:
Individuaflsm is an important theory of state activity which advocates maximum individual freedom and minimum interference of the state in individual matters. This theory gained more significance during the last quarter of 18e” century and the first quarter of 19th century This theory was also known as Laissez-faire which means “Le alone”. It has been advocated by political writers like Adantcmith, Ricardo, Maithus, Herbert Spencer, J.S.Mill, Bentham and others.

Question 8.
Trusteeship.
Answer:
The society of Gandhian dreams was like the State of Rama (Rama Rajya) in which the welfare of all (Sarvodaya) w111 bloom. In such society, the individuals treat their personal property, industry. Land and business as trusteeship. They received what they need and give the rest to the deserving is the fundamental principle of the concept of trusteeship of Gandhi. Gandhi proposed trusteeship theory as an alternative to the revolutionary communism.

Question 9.
Moral Duties.
Answer:
Moral Duties: Moral Duties are those which bound the individuals together on moral grounds. They may not be upheld and supported by the laws of the state. They are based on the moral beliefs of the people. They are sanctioned by the community based on some customs, traditions, and usages. Any violation of moral Duties does not lead to punishment. Helping the needy and the sick is regarded as an example of moral Duties.

Question 10.
What do you mean by Jus Sanguinis?
Answer:
Acquiring citizenship by kinship or blood relation is called Jus Sanguinis. According to Jus Sanguinis, a child acquires the citizenship of the parents irrespective of its place of birth. Blood relation alone determines the citizenship in Jus Sanguinis method.

Question 11.
What is public opinion?
Answer:
Public opinion occupies an important place in democratic states. People express their opinions in times of elections or through the legislatures. They obey and follow those laws which are formulated in accordance with the public opinion. If the government acts against the wishes of people it has to face the consequences. Public opinion keeps the government responsible and responsive. It keeps the government alert and vigilant in its functioning.

Question 12.
Define Democracy.
Answer:
Abraham Lincoln: “Democracy is a government of the people, by the people, and for the people”.
JR. Seeley: Democracy is a government in which everyone has a share.”
Lord Bryce: ‘Democracy is that form of government in which the ruling power of the state is vested not in a particular class but in the members of the community as a whole”.

Question 13.
How does rule of Law promotes Secularism?
Answer:
Secularism accords recognition to the concept of Rule of Law. A state following, secularism will enact laws and implements them keeping in view the interest of not a particular religious denomination, the people belonging to all religious denominations. It will not take into account the religious dogmas while making laws. Similarly, it makes no discrimination between the people on the grounds of religion in the matters of legislation enforcement and adjudication of laws.

Question 14.
What is an Unwritten Constitution?
Answer:
An unwritten constitution is one whose provisions are not written in a single document. It includes several customs and traditions which are manifested in the form of Laws. The constitution of Britain is the best example of an unwritten constitution.

Question 15.
What is meant by the theory of Separations of Powers?
Answer:
Montesquieu stated that concentration of powers in one person or a body of persons would result in despotism and negate individual liberty. He suggested separation of powers among the three organs of government in a balanced manner. Every organ must check the misuse of powers of other organs. Then only individuals enjoy their liberties without fear from the governmental interference.

Question 16.
Parliamentary Executive.
Answer:
A parliamentary System of government means that the Executive branch of government has the direct or indirect support of the parliament. This support is usually shown by a vote of confidence. The Relationship between the executive and the Legislature in a parliamentary system is called Responsible government. According to this system, there is a President who is the formal Head of the State and the Prime Minister and the council of ministers, which run the government.

Question 17.
Collective Responsibilities.
Answer:
Collective Responsibility is a salient feature of Parliamentary government. The Ministers are collectively Responsible to the lower house of the Legislature. They take policy decisions collectively under the Leadership of the Prime Minister. The Council of Ministers cease to hold office when loses it the confidence of the lower house of the legislature A Minister may express his dissent towards the policy during unforeseen is discussed in the cabinet meeting. But ‘he ‘has to defend and support the cabinet decision. He is also Individually and jointly responsible to the Legislature for Omissions and Commissions made in his department.

Question 18.
Cheques and Balances.
Answer:
The Principle of checks and Balances is most important feature of presidential government. In the presidential system, every organ enjoys autonomy and exercises powers independently. At the same time, every organ acts as a check against the executive authority of the other organs.

The legislature must give its consent to all the appointments made by the president. Similarly, the President must give his assent on all the Bills approved by the Legislature. Judiciary reviews all the constitutional cases. It declares the Presidential warrants and Legislative enactments as ultra vires when the latter are made against the letter and spirit of the constitution.

Question 19.
What is Bi-cameralism?
Answer:
‘Bi’ means two and Camerai means house or chamber. If a Legislature consists of two houses or chambers, it is called a Bi-cameralism legislature and such an arrangement is called Bi-cameralism. Bi-cameralism legislature is necessary in a federal government as the second chamber gives representation to the states. In a Bi-cameral setup, the upper house is less powerful than the lower house. Ex.: Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha in India Senate and House of Representatives in America.

Question 20.
Who propounded Elite Theory of Power?
Answer:
Elite theory of power was propounded by three famous sociologists. namely Pareto, Mosca, and Michels in early twentieth century. This theory regards competence and aptitude is responsible for the division of society into elites and masses. The elite exercises and influences political power. This theory believes in that the division, becomes natural and functional and it will have little prospects of a thoroughgoing change in such position.