Telangana SCERT 8th Class Social Study Material Telangana Pdf 10th Lesson Landlords and Tenants under the British and the Nizam Textbook Questions and Answers.
TS 8th Class Social 10th Lesson Questions and Answers – Landlords and Tenants under the British and the Nizam
Question 1.
Make simple questions based on each section of the chapter and ask them to your classmates. Check if the answers are correct. (Reflection on contemporary issues and questioning)
Answer:
I. Zamindars and peasants In Mughal limes:
1. Who collected land revenue on behalf of Mughal emperors?
Answer:
The Zamindars.
2. What did they receive in return?
Answer:
A share of the revenue collected
3. What is Khudkasht?
Answer:
Self-cultivated land.
II. Permanent settlement: Changes Introduced by the British.
4. Who introduced Permanent Settlement and when?
Answer:
Cornwallis introduced permanent settlement in 1793.
5. What was Permanent Settlement system?
Answer:
Amount to be paid by way of land revenue is fixed by auctions.
6. How did it affect?
Answer:
The Zamindars collected more revenue than agreed upon through action. This inadvertently converted all the peasants into tenants. The cultivators could not pay rent and deserted the lands. In long run, Zainindars became defaulters.
III. The Ryotwari system:
7. What are ceded districts?
Answer:
Bellary, Anantapur, Kurnool, Kadapa.
8. Who introduced Ryotwari system?
Answer:
Thomas Munro.
9. What is Ryotwari system?
Answer:
Collecting revenue from actual cultivators/owners of the land.
10. What were taken into consideration to fix the tax on land?
Answer:
The yield, price situation, market conditions, the crop cultivated.
IV.Developmental activities:
11. Who consisted anicut on river Godavari in 1849?
Answer:
Sir Arthur Cotton,
12. What was the defect of Ryotwari system?
Answer:
The ryots rented the lands to tenants, They collected more rent from tenants but paid less by way of revenue.
V. Commercialization and money lenders:
13. What is Ganjam famine?
Answer:
The ryots grew cotton instead of rice. So there was scarcity of food grains. Thousands of people died due to scarcity of grains.
Vi. The Zamindar’s Exploitation of the Peasants:
14. Why did the peasants not Improve the lands?
Answer:
The peasants feared that they would be evicted from their land by zamindars. So, they didn’t improve the land.
Vii. Doras and peasants of Hyderabad State:
15. What is Peshkash?
Answer:
A part of amount of revenue paid to Nizam king by chieftaincies.
16. How did the landlords exploit the village artisans?
Answer:
They enforced barbarian laws and forced the village artisans to work for their lands.
17. Write any two reasons for the famines in British rule.
Answer:
- High taxes and rents on lands.
- Artificial scarcity by large traders.
- Exporting food grains.
IX. Peasant movements:
18. Mention any two peasant movements.
Answer:
- The Deccan riots movement in 1860
- Rampa fituries in 1813,
- Moppilla agitation.
19. What were the reasons for peasants’ movements?
Answer:
- High land revenue rates.
- Oppression of the landlords and money lenders.
Question 2.
Compare the condition of tenant farmers before freedom and farmers of today. What differences do you find I (Conceptual understanding)
Answer:
The differences in the condition of tenant farmers before and after Freedom are as follows :
| Before Independence | After Independence |
| 1. The peasants paid land revenues through the Zamindars. | The peasant should pay the rent only. |
| 2. The tenants did not have any rights on the land. | The government provided the tenant’s special facilities. |
| 3. Rent was collected even during times of famine, crop failure, etc. | During conditions of famine, crop failure, etc., a deduction in the rent amount was provided. |
| 4. Extra time was not provided for payment of rent. | Government extended the period of time for paying the rent. |
| 5. The tax was to be paid by tenant. | The tax for the land was to be paid by the landlord. |
Question 3.
During the freedom movement the zamindars normally supported the Britkh, Why? (Conceptual understanding)
Answer:
The zamindars were provided special facilities during the British rule. The zamindars were given the power to collect the revenue agreed upon in auctions. Hence it was known as Zamindari settlement. In this way, zamindars found financial benefits from the British Government and hence they supported British during freedom movement.
Question 4.
What role did the moneylenders play in the lines of the peasants? In what way do you think they were supported by the British Government (Conceptual understanding)
Answer:
Money lenders lent money to peasants quite often so that they can pay their land revenue.
- If the peasants failed to repay their loans in time, the money lenders would take the help of the court to get their land auctioned to recover the loan money.
- The peasants suffered a lot as they could not earn enough to pay back the loans they had taken. The moneylenders became richer as more peasants came under their grip.
- The British supported the money lenders by implementing the rule of collecting land revenue; many peasants fell into deep debt trap.
Question 5.
What were the similarities and differences between the Doras of Telangana and the zamindars of Awadh? (Conceptual understanding)
Answer:
| Telangana Doras | Zamindars of Awadh |
| 1. They possessed large areas of land | They possessed lands of less area. |
| 2. They resided in bungalows | They resided in small houses. |
| 3. There was no compulsion that they follow the rules of the government. | They made sure that the peasants followed the rules of government. |
| 4. They made the farmers do all kinds of meager works. | They acted as intermediaries between Government and peasants. |
| 5. Many soldiers and servants served them. | They had horses and guns and a small army of soldiers. |
| 6. They had the right to provide judgement for the village disputes. | They had the right to control the nearby villages. |
| 7. The officials of nearby villages should follow the rules imposed by them. | They had no right to order the ‘officials. |
Question 6.
How did the Ryotwari settlement also give rise to Landlordism? (Conceptual understanding)
Answer:
- The revenue was to be collected from the actual cultivators or owners of the land who either worked on the land themselves or got the lands cultivated by others.
- According to this settlement, the land cultivated by peasants was identified, their field was identified and a survey number was given to every piece of land fixing the legal ownership.
- The yield, price situation, market conditions, and the crop cultivated was taken into account to decide the tax per acre.
- Hence, the above-mentioned conditions of the Ryotwari settlement gave rise to landlordism as well.
Question 7.
Why were famines caused under British rule? Do you think it was because of the failure of rains or floods? (Conceptual understanding)
Answer:
The famines caused under British rule were not fully because of failure of rains or floods. It was only partly true. Main facts were.
- Collecting heavy taxes overburdening the peasants.
- No protection to land tenants.
- No loans for purchasing seeds and fertilizers.
- Heavy rate of interest by money lenders.
- FaIl of prices for crops.
- No support from the British government.
- No concern for zamindars/landlords to improve land fertility.
B. In what way can a government help to prevent famines even in times of crop failure? (Conceptual understanding)
Answer:
- Atinnine is a widespread scarcity of food, caused by several factors including crop failure, population imbalance, or government policies. Famine can be prevented by the Government if it undertakes some necessary measures.
- The Government .ihould provide irrigation facilities for proper growth of crops in the areas where water is scarce.
- Water conservation methods should be employed in areas having a good rainfall rate.
- Foods which can be preserved for longer periods of time should be distributed by the government free of Cost to the people residing in the area affected with famine.
- The loan conditions should be made easy for the farmers and they should be given required amount of time for repaying the loan.
- The revenue/rent to be paid by the farmer in a famine-affected area should be cancelled.
- Drinking water should be provided to the people because the water in a famine affected area can lead to many diseases.
Question 9.
Imagine that you are giving a representation to a British Government Enquiry Committee. Write down the grievances of tenant farmers in the form of an appeal. (Appreciation and Sensitivity)
Bayyaram,
Dt: 14 – 02 – 1865.
To
The Chairman,
British Government Enquiry Committee,
Khammam district.
Respected Sir,
My name is Seetaiah. K. I am working as a farmer in Bayyaram. In our village. many farmers, including me, have taken land for rent from the landlords for the purpose of agriculture. The landlords are not providing any irrigation facility for the land which is making it quite impossible for us to grow crops.
However, the rent they charge for the land is very high. They are collecting the rent from us even during the time of crisis such as during famines, crop failure etc. We farmers have no right over the land and hence, we have become puppets in the hands of
landlords. I hereby request you to take this matter into serious consideration and that justice is done.
Thanking you sir,
Yours sincerely,
Seetaiah. K.
Question 10.
Locate the following in the map of India. (Mapping skills)
a) Ganjam
b) AWadh
c) Hyderabad
d) River Godavari
Answer:
Question 11.
Read the paragraph under the heading ‘Countless Collections, Cesses and Payments and answer the following. (Reading the text (given), understanding, and interpretation.)
Countless, Collections, Cesses and Payments:
The zamindars also tried to extract as much money as they could from the peasants under a variety of pretexts. The peasants also had to regularly supply ghee, milk, vegetables, gur, straw, cow dung cakes, etc., free of cost to the zamindar’s house, This was the situation in many provinces of India. Bengal, Biliar, and Uttar Pradesh had many big and powerful zamindars. Each of them owned dozens or six hundreds of villages. The peasants kept trying to resist the excesses of these zamindars.
How do we pay taxes nowadays?
Answer:
- Tax is a financial charge or other levy imposed upon a taxpayer by a state or the functional equivalent of a state such that failure to pay is punishable by law.
- During earlier days, zamindars collected money as well as supplies such as ghee, milk, vegetables cow dung cakes, etc., free of cost from the farmers in the form of tax.
- But in present scenario, the government levies tax on the farmer based on his land.
- The farmer pays the tax to the government within the given margin of time and only in the form of cash.
Projects
Question 1.
Make teams of five students and interview five elders of the village to know about how things were during the British days. At least two of them should be men, and at least one person should be from the artisans. Talk to them at length and prepare detailed reports about what they have to say.
Answer:
Report
- During British period, very few farmers had their own lands.
- Many peasants took lease of lands belonging to Zamindars and landlords and did cultivation.
- The rental value of leased lands used to be very much. If the rent was not paid, the owners used to forfeit the properties of peasants making lives miserable.
- The people living on handicrafts faced a lot of trouble from the machine-made goods imported from British as they were cheaper than hand-made goods.
- The women had no protection with regard to wages. They had to work more hours with less salaries.
Question 2.
Find out about famines in your area. What did people do in those times?
Answer:
In 1977. our area faced severe drought. No rains and hence crops get damaged. All wells and tanks got dried. Our people migrated to towns in search of jobs, Some people sold their agricultural tools and cattle to earn their dail bread.
Government implemented ‘food for work programme. Our villagers participated and removed the silt in the tanks. [hey repaired the drainage and canals. As a result, in the next monsoon, a little rain could fill our tanks and we were able to irrigate our lands.
Question 3.
Find out about families that migrated to distant places like Kuwait, Saudi Arabia from your area.
Answer:
Student activity.
Intext Questions
Textbook Page No:109
Question 1.
Did the zamindars own all the lands of the villages in the Mughal times? (Conceptual understanding)
Answer:
Zamindars did not own all the lands of the villages in the Mughal times. However, they owned lands known as ‘self-cultivated’ land or Khudkhasht land on which the labourers worked. The zamindars gave their land to peasants either for a share of the produce or a fixed rent.
Question 2.
What did the zamindars do for the Mughal government and what did they get in return (Conceptual under standing)
Answer:
The Zamindars collected land revenue from the peasants on behalf of the Mughal emperors. The zamindars received a share of the revenue collected and also had the right to collect some small local taxes. The Zamindars acted as intermediaries between the peasants and the Mughal government.
Textbook Page No:110
Question 3.
Why do you think the Zamindars kept the soldiers and small forts? (Conceptual understanding)
Answer:
The zamindars had soldiers and forts called GDI which helped them in controlling the nearby villages.
Question 4.
Do you think the Zamindars would have helped the independent cultivators in any way? Give reasons for your answer. (C.U)
Answer:
- On behalf of the government, the zamindars implemented the orders, collected taxes.
- If any peasant couldn’t pay tax, they supported the government to cease the land from the tenant.
Textbook Page No:111
Question 5.
How would the changes would affected the position of the farmers who tilled the land for several generations? (Appreciation and Sensitivity)
Answer:
The amount of revenue to be paid by the farmers to the zamindars was fixed permanently i.e., it was not to be increased in future. The Zamindars collected more revenue than agreed upon through auction. They increased the revenue continuously and changed the cultivators who did not meet the demand.
This settlement converted all the peasants into tenants and the zamindars collected rent rather than revenue from them. Because the rent collected was higher than the revenue, the cultivators could not pay and deserted the lands.
Question 6.
What is the difference between revenue and rent?(Conceptual understanding)
Answer:
Rent is defined as payment, usually of an amount fixed by contract, made by a tenant at specified intervals in return for the right to occupy or use the property of another. On the other hand, Revenue is defined as the money which comes to a person from any source (eg: property, shares), especially the money which comes to a government from taxes, etc.
Question 7.
Who do you think gained the most from the Permanent Settlement’ – the British Government, the zamindars or the peasants? Give your reasons. (C.U)
Answer:
- The Zamindars gained most from the Permanent Settlement.
- The amount of revenue to be paid by the farmers to the zamindars was fixed permanently i.e., it was not to be increased in future.
- The zamindars collected more revenue than agreed upon through auction.
- They increased the revenue continuously and changed the cultivators who did not meet the demand.
- The zamindars were supposed to pass on 90% of the amount to the Government retaining 10% of the amount as collection charges,
- The zamindars paid only the fixed revenue amount and saved the remaining amount for themselves. Hence zamindars gained most from Permanent Settlement.
Text Book Page No. 112
Question 8.
In what ways did the zamindari system fail in the objectives with which the British had introduced it? (Conceptual understanding)
Answer:
- the reasons for failure of Zamindari system were as follows:
- The company officials soon discovered that the zamindars were not investing in the improvement of land
- There were no remissions of revenue in times of crop failure and famine.
- Anyone who failed to pay the revenue lost his zamindari.
- Numerous zamindaris were sold off at auctions organized by the company.
Question 9.
How do you think it was possible for the Zamindars to keep increasing their income without increasing investments on land? (Conceptual understanding)
Answer:
Population was increasing rapidly and the zamindars could keep existing peasants and giving the land to new ones at higher rents. Thus zamindars are interested in increasing their income without increasing investments on land.
Question 10.
Do you think the Zamindars would have supported the British rule or opposed it? Give your reasons. (Conceptual understanding)
Answer:
By the terms of the Permanent Settlement, the zamindars were given the powers to collect the revenues agreed upon through auctions. They increased the revenue continuously and changed the cultivators who did not meet the demand.
The zamindars were supposed to pass on 90% of the amount to the Government retaining 10% of the amount as collection charges. Hence zamindars gained more then the Government and so they supported the British Rule.
Question 11.
When the ‘Permanent Settlement’ was introduced there was no detailed land survey. Why do you think it was needed for the ‘Ryotwari Settlement’? (Appreciation and Sensitivity)
Answer:
1. By the terms of the Permanent Settlement, the zamindars were given the powers to collect the revenues agreed upon through auctions.
2. But according to the Ryotwari Settlement, it was decided to collect revenue from the actual cultivators/owners of the land who either worked on the land themselves or got the lands cultivated by others.
3. Under the Ryotwari Settlement, the peasants cultivating the land were identified, their field was identified and a survey number was given to every piece of land fixing the legal ownership. The yield, price situation, market conditions and the crop cultivated was taken into account to decide the tax per acre.
Question 12.
Why do you think it was necessary to defeat the Palegars before the Ryotwari Settlement could be introduced? (Conceptual understanding)
Answer:
Thomas Munro was appointed as the principal Collector of the districts of Bellary, Anantapur, Kadapa and Kurnool in November 1800. There were eight pith’ gars or petty chiefs in this area. They resisted the imposition of British rule and indulged in constant war and looting. For restoring law and order, Munro first subdued the paralegals and disbanded their armed followers.
Question 13.
Imagine that you live in the, Ceded Districts find out about the palegars who fought with the British. (Information skills)
Answer:
- Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy – Koilakunta
- Dosakayala Venkata Suhba Reddy
- Raja Venkatappa Nayaka
Question 14.
In what ways did the government invest in agriculture during the early British rule’ Do you think it could have been done by farmers themselves? (Appreciation and Sensitivity)
Answer:
British Administrators believed that it was the duty of the government to invest in large-scale irrigation works because this would enable farmers to cultivate lands and grow high-value cash crops. Hence ancients were built across Godavari and Krishna rivers. The Kadapa-Kurnool canal was built in order to bring water to the dry areas of Rayalaseema. Because arranging irrigational facilities is a costly process, I don’t think it could be done by farmers themselves.
Question 15.
Who do you think would have benefited from the Ryotwari Settlement — the farmers, the landlords or the British? Give reasons. (Conceptual understanding)
Answer:
The farmers, landlords as well as British benefitted from the Ryotwari Settlement. The peasants cultivating the land were identified, their field was identified and a survey number was given to every piece of land fixing the legal ownership. The yield, price situation, market conditions and the crop cultivated was taken into account to decide the tax per acre.
The revenue to be collected from the actual cultivators/ owners of the land who either worked on the land themselves or got the lands cultivated by others benefitted the landlords. Munro made necessary advances to the ryots to purchase seeds, implements, bullocks and to repair old wells or dig new ones. This proved very effective and that year saw a bumper crop and very good revenue collection. Hence the British too benefitted from the Ryotwari system.
Question 16.
Compare these actual outcomes with what you had predicted. How similar or different was it? (Conceptual understanding)
Answer:
The actual outcome was slightly different from what I expected. The land revenue was fixed at a very high level in the Ryotwari areas whereas I expected it to be less. There was revision of the revenue after a fixed period of time which wasn’t expected. Collection of revenue by force wasn’t expected.
Question 17.
Why do you think the ryots not invest in improving agriculture or extending agriculture (Conceptual understanding)
Answer:
Under the British rule, the Ryotwari area was full of Landlords who rented out their lands to helpless tenants for very high rents, The tenants had to pay rent that was three to seven times more than the land revenue paid by the rots to the government. As a result they too did not have any interest in investing in improving agriculture but only in renting it out at higher rates.
Question 18.
Imagine and describe the condition of the landless tenants of the ryots. (C.U)
Answer:
During the time of Mughal Emperors, the peasants paid land revenues through the Zamindars. The zamindars increased the revenue frequently and hence changed the cultivators who did not meet the demand. The tenants did not have any right on the land and so the zamindars treated them as puppets.
By the Permanent Settlement in 1793, the peasants faced similar troubles a like the Mughal times. This settlement converted all the peasants into tenants and zamindars collected rent rather than revenue from them. Since rent collected was much higher than the revenue, the cultivators could not pay and sometimes deserted the lands.
Even during the present time, many farmers are facing similar troubles like those in the olden ays. Because the landless tenants do not have any rights on the land taken for lease, all the facilities are being enjoyed by the landlords provided by the government for the development of agriculture. In this way, the condition of landless tenants of the ryots can be described.
Text Book Page No. 115
Question 19.
Why did the high revenue raises prevent zamindars and farmers from improving agriculture? (Conceptual understanding)
Answer:
- The peasants were forced to work on the zamindars’ fields and many peasants could not cultivate their own fields properly. Hence they were unable to improve their fields.
- Their plight can be seen in a government report written in 1878. The report says that peasants do not try to dig well on their lands or irrigate it nor do they try to bund their fields or dig drains or use fertilizers.
- The peasants do nothing to improve their land because they fear they can be evicted from their land at any time.
- If they improve their farming, the zamindar immediately increases the share he takes from them.
- But the zamindars also prevent the peasants from improving their fields because they are afraid that the peasants would then start asserting their rights over the land.
Question 20.
How did the land revenue lead to peasants losing their lands to the money lenders’ What would the money lenders have done with the land’ (Conceptual understanding)
Answer:
Due to increase in the taxes the peasants borrowed money from the money lenders in order to pay the revenue. If failed to pay the loans on time the money lender went to court and acquired the rights over the land. The moneylenders became richer and richer and these peasants came under their control.
Question 21.
Who ultimately profited from the production for export market and why? (Conceptual understanding)
Answer:
The British got many profits due to this, With an increase in agricultural production India became the hub for supply of cotton to the international market. As a result, the farmers grew the cotton fields by taking loans in hope of getting high prices. The peasants suffered and the British reaped the benefits and profits.
Question 22.
Why did the war in America lead to increase in prices of cotton in India’ (Conceptual understanding)
Answer:
The export of many products from India was determined by international market. Due to American civil war, British made India as the huh for export ot cotton. This increased the demand and increase of the prices of cotton in India.
Question 23.
Have you heard of any similar rapid rise or decline in prices of any agricultural products in our own times? Find out about its impact on the farmers. (Conceptual understanding)
Answer:
- If there is rapid rise in the prices, the farmers may get profits.
- But attracted by the high prices, all the farmers grow the same crop leading to larger yield of crop.
- When there is larger yield, the prices automatically decline and sometimes the farmer does not get even initial amounts invested,
- If there is decline of price, the farmers will be at loss,
- In recent years, this is experienced by farmers who grew turmeric crop.
Text Book Page No. 116
Question 24.
Why do you think were the peasants unwilling to invest in their lands?(Conceptual understanding)
Answer:
The peasants used to cultivate the lands of zamindars and never cultivated their own lands as the taxes and revenue was always high. Even though if the wait to they will have to get loans and ended up giving their lands to money lenders or zamindars. Even the zamindars prevented the peasants to improve their fields because they were afraid of the peasants showing the right over the lands.
Question 25.
In what ways did the zamindars take away the produce of the tenants?(Conceptual understanding)
Answer:
The zamindars extracted as much money’ as they could from the peasants. The peasants had to regularly supply ghee. milk, vegetables. gut. strow, cow dung cake, etc., free of cost. There was lot of pressure on the peasants. Each of the zamindars owned dozens of villages. And the peasants always tried to follow the demands of the zamindars.
Question 26.
Discuss the changes in the lives of traditional crafts persons and village artists. (Conceptual understanding)
Answer:
Earlier the crafts persons and village artists used to enjoy lot of respect. Currently, the decline of village artists can be observed. At the same time, even the craftsmen also lost their significance. This happened mainly due to new scientific technologies.
And these people fled or moved to cities and started showcasing their art. And few still struggling and established in their ancestral villages only.
Text Book Page No. 117
Question 27.
How did the position of the revenue collectors change in the Nizam state? (Conceptual understanding)
Answer:
In Nizam region it was first Jagirdars and Inarndars who collected the revenue. But during the British rule, the revenue was collected by ‘Deshmukhs and it resulted In desertion of lands by the peasants and also the decline of agriculture. This situation made Nizam to form a new arrangement where the district officials collected land revenue directly. And the old landlords were compensated with an annual payment called Rusuni and also gave Patta rights i.e. full ownership of the lands.
Question 28.
Among all forms of exploitation, the peasants hated vetti” the most. Can you explain why? (Appreciation and Sensitivil’y)
Answer:
The psants Isrere forced to do Vt’UÉ which means work without wages. The landlords took utmost advantage during colonial period and made peasants as labourers II they refuse to work the soldiers usually forced them to work. They were treated badly, usually regarded as untouchable and lower-class people, and forced to work for the higher class and landlords.
Question 29.
How was a Dora different (room an ordinary landlord? (Conceptsud understanding)
Answer:
Doras are the large landlords, They lived in fortified houses called Gadi and possessed large group of servants and soldiers. They had vast lands cultivated by tenants. They even acted as money lenders in the villages. They always ensured that lower-class people work for the upper class. The were regarded as the masters and also have the right to give orders to the village, Unlike ordinary landlord, they possess more than thousand acres of the lands. En Telangana region there were 550 Doras. This is how they are different From other landlords.
Reading the Text (given), understanding and interpretation
A. “Durmg the colonial period the peasants we are forced do vetti (work without wages)
on the personal land of the’ landlords, If they refused, the soldiers used to force them to do vetti. The soldiers would even catch peasants walking on the road and force them to do vetti in the Zamindars field.’
Read the above paragraph and answer the following question.
What do you understand by ‘Vette’?
Answer:
‘Vetti’ means work without wage Landlords expanded the scope of Vetti or unpaid 1our by forcing ordinary peasants and village artisans and service costs to work on landlords’ lands.
B. “Thomas Munro realized that there were no zamindars in the south like in Northern India. Ins-toad, there were close-knit peasant communities in Andhra and Tamil country who held the land, cultivated it, and paid revenue, Recognising the importance of the peasants he devised the “Ryotwari settlement” was introduced in entire’ South Indian and later in Western India. Read the above paragraph and answer the following question.
Explain the terms ‘Ryot and Ryotwari”?
Answer:
Ryot means a cultivator, The Ryotwari means peasant tenure. Its- is decided to collect revenue from the actual cultivators or owners of the land who either worked on the land themselves or got the lands cultivated by others.
Information Skills
A. “In the Hyderabad State under the Nizam rule there were’ many forms of subordinate’ chit’fìaincies like Jagirdurs-. S.ennslhariamdars and landmarks which ruled like independent chiefs. They collected revenue from the lands under them, and gave a small part to the Nizam as ‘peshkash’ and kept the remaining with them. They were also responsible for the administration of their areas. In the’ Hyderabad state there were’ about 1500 Jagirs spread over 6535 villages and 14 Samsthanams over 497 villages. About 1400 villages were directly under the Nizam as his personal jagir (called sarf – e – khas).
Read the above paragraph and answer the following questions.
1. What is sarf-e-khas?
Answer:
Nizam’s personal jagir is known as sarf-e-khas.
2. Name the forms of subordinate chieftaincies under the Nizam in Hyderabad State.
Answer:
Jagirdars, Samsthanamdars and lnarndars.
3. How many Jagirs were there in Hyderabad State?
Answer:
1500.
4. How many villages were directly under the Nizam?
Answer:
1400.
B. The untiring efforts of Sir Arthur Cotton an anicut across the Godavari river at Dhawaleshwaram was completed in 1849. It brought immediate prosperity to the district which had suffered acutely from server famine in 1833. Similarly, an anicut was built over the Krishna at Vijayawada in 7854 which brought prosperity to the delta areas. After 1857 the Kurnool – Kadapa canal was built to bring waters to the dry areas of Rayalasema.
Read the above paragraph and answer the following questions.
1. WhIch year Dhawaleshwaram anicut completed?
Answer:
1849.
2. Which canal was built to bring waters to the dry areas of Rayalasema?
Answer:
Kurnool – Kadapa canal.
3. Across which river an anicut built in Vijayawada in 1854?
Answer:
Krishna river.
4. What is the name of English person mentioned in above passage?
Answer:
Sir Arthur Cotton.
C. Read the paragraph and answer the following questions:
In the Telangana region in Mahabubnagar and Nalgonda districts, there were 550 Doras who owned more than thousand acres of land. There were landlords who about one lakh acres like Visrwri Ramacliandra Reddy and jainareddy Pratirpa Reddy.
1. How many Doras owned more than thousand acres of land?
Answer:
550
2. Who were the landlords who owned about one lakh acres?
Answer:
Visnuri Ramachandra Reddy and Jannareddy Pratapa Reddy.
Appreciation and Sensitivity
1. Look at the pictures given below and write few a lines about them.
- The first picture describes about the King who collects tax from the Zamindar.
- The second picture describes about the Zamindar who collects tax from people and gives to King.
- The third picture describes about Zamindar who owns land and has labourers.
- The fourth picture describes about the peasant who owns land and pays tax.
Reflection ci contemporary issuesd and questioning
Question 1.
Write about famines. Make a list of the major famines occurred in the world.
Answer:
The word famine means the complete absence of food. Malnutrition, starvation. population explosions and natural disasters all have there own part in famine.
What causes famine?
Famine is caused b a great number of things such as:
- Natural disters (floods, drought, volcanic eruptions and earthquakes.)
- Overpopulated areas that are unable to Feed masses of people.
- Poor quality of health facilities.
- The aid from other countries is ven’ low.
- Governments that have poor management of resources.
Where does famine occur?
The world’s countries are divided into 3 groups: the developed (rich) countries. the developing and the undeveloped (poor) countries. The richer countries like Great Britain, France, Australia, Japan and the USA are usually referred to as the first world countries.
Those that are poorer such as Ethiopia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, and Sudan in Africa are referred to as third-world countries. A lot of the famine and starvation is in the third world countries because they don’t have enough money and resources to keep their people well fed and healthy, Even though there are still people who are starving and homeless in the first world countries, they still receive some kind of aid from the country the’ live in.
Major Famines:
| Year | Death Tolls | Where it occurred | Cause |
| 1815 | 82,000 people | Tambora, Sumbawa | Volcanic Eruption/Tsunami. |
| 1845 – 50 | 5,00,000 people | Ireland | Plague of Fungi. |
| 1991 | 2,50,000 people | Bangladesh | Cyclone and Flood, |
| 1742-46 | Unknown death toll | East India | Drought. |
| 1991 | 50,000 people | Southern Sudan (Africa) | Epidemic of Meningitis. |
One Mark Questions
Question 1.
Who introduced permanent settlement t
Answer:
Permanent settlement was introduced by Hord Corn Waltis in 1793 A.D
Question 2.
Who were known as Doras?
Answer:
The large landlords in the Nizam State were known as Doras.
Question 3.
What were ‘Gadis?
Answer:
The large fortified houses of landlords or the ‘Doras were called as ‘Gadis’.
Question 4.
What is the importance of Dhawaleshwaram anicut t
Answer:
Dhawaleshwaram anicut completed in 1849 with the efforts of Sir Arthur Cotton across the river Godavari. It enable farmers to cultivate lands and grow high value cash crops.
Question 5.
Who were the intermediaries between kings and the peasants?
Answer:
Zamindars.
Question 6.
Who introduced Ryotwari system t
Answer:
Thomas Munro introduced Rvotwari system.
Question 7.
When was the government report on peasants written?
Answer:
In 1878.
Question 8.
What does mean by Khudkhasht’?
Answer:
Cultivated lands of Zamindars,
Question 9.
Name some of the Ceded districts.
Answer:
Ballary, Anantapur, Kadapa and Kumool.
Question 10.
Explain the terms Ryot and Ryotwari.
Answer:
Ryot means a cultivator. The Rvotwari means peasant tenure.
Objective Type Questions
Question 1.
The lands owned by zamindars were called ( )
A) Gadi
B) khudkhasht
C) jagirs
D) ryotwari
Answer:
C) jagirs
Question 2.
Which of the following is the cash crop during British rule? ( )
A) sugarcane
B) wheat
C) cotton
D) indigo
Answer:
C) cotton
Question 3.
When was the permanent settlement introduced? ( )
A) 1793
B) 1800
C) 1849
D) 1854
Answer:
A) 1793
Question 4.
Who introduced Ryotwari system? ( )
A) Cornwallis
B) Arthur Cotton
C) Farmers
D) Thomas Munro
Answer:
D) Thomas Munro
Question 5.
Which was the irrigation canal built on Rayalaseema belt? ( )
A) Kurnool – Kadapa canal
B) Buckingham canal
C) Telugu Ganga
D) None of the above
Answer:
A) Kurnool – Kadapa canal
Question 6.
In which year did the civil war in America ended? ( )
A) 1861
B) 1865
C) 1862
D) 1884
Answer:
B) 1865
Question 7.
Under the Nizam rule of Hyderabad who acted as intermediaries?( )
A) Jagirs
B) Samsthanaa
C) landmarks
D) Doras
Answer:
C) landmarks
Question 8.
What are the number of villages come directly under Jagirs during Nizani rule? ( )
A)6535
B) 1500
C) 1400
D) 497
Answer:
C) 1400
Question 9.
In between 1865-66 which are the mostly affected famine area ( )
A) Kadapa
B) Kurnool
C) Ganjam
D) Awadh
Answer:
B) Kurnool
Question 10.
The revenue collected by government from zamindars ( )
A) 10%
B) 90%
C) 80%
D) 20%
Answer:
A) 10%
Question 11.
The region in LIP where the farmers revolted against zamindars in 1920 -22 ( )
A) Lucknow
B) Varanasi
C) Awadh
D) Jhansi
Answer:
D) Jhansi
Question 12.
Which of the following had given the rights to peasants during the British rule? ( )
A) Permanent settlement
B) Zamindari system
C) Ryotwari system
D) None
Answer:
C) Ryotwari system
Question 13.
In whose Governor General period the company finally introduced the permanent settlement in 1793. ( )
A) Lord Macauley
B) Lord Cornwall,
C) Lord Canning
D) Lord Mount Batter.
Answer:
B) Lord Cornwall,
Question 14.
This is not ceded district ( )
A) Bellary
B) Anantapur
C) Khamrnam
D) Kadapa
Answer:
B) Anantapur
Question 15.
……………………. was appointed as the Principal Collector of these districts in November 1800 ( )
A) Lord Atlee
B) Lord Canning
C) A.V. Alexander
D) Thomas Munro
Answer:
D) Thomas Munro
Question 16.
………………….. means peasant tenure ( )
A) Rvotwari
B) Zamindari
C) Mahelwari
D) Patwari
Answer:
B) Zamindari
Question 17.
In year Sir Arthur Cotton constructed an anicut across the Godavari river at Dhawaleswaram ( )
A) 1848
B) 1849
C) 1850
D) 1851
Answer:
D) 1851
Question 18.
In ……………. year civil wax started in America. ( )
A) 1868
B) 1866
C) 1865
D) 1861
Answer:
D) 1861
Question 19.
‘Sarf-e-Khas’ means ( )
A) Nizam as his personal Jagir
B) Jamindar as his personal Jagir
C) Pettamdar as his personal Jagir
D) Samstanaindars as his personal Jagir
Answer:
A) Nizam as his personal Jagir
Question 20.
Ganjam famine occurred during the years ( )
A) 1855-56
B) 1865-66
C) 1875-77
D) 1885-88
Answer:
A) 1855-56