TS 10th Class Social Study Material 14th Lesson National Movement in India–Partition & Independence: 1939-1947

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TS 10th Class Social 14th Lesson Questions and Answers – National Movement in India–Partition & Independence: 1939-1947

Question 1.
Make a table and show how different groups and individuals ¡n India responded to World War II. What dilemmas were faced by these groups?
Answer:

Group	Their response/dilemmas
The Congress leaders	“Should they help the British in fighting war against I Germany. Japan and over Axis forces?”
The Muslim League	Supported the British war effort, was allowed to function, and gained strength.
Subhash Chandra Bose	He said that India’s Independence was of utmost importance and we should take the help of the Japanese to throw out the British.

Most Congress leaders were opposed to Hitler. Mussolini and the ideology of Facism. They were determined to resist the Fascist drive to conquer other sovereign nations. The Congress expected that the British would see their double standards in the expectation that locals should support them in fighting fascists but not giving India full freedom.

Question 2.
Given the brutal manner In which particular communities like Jews and others were treated In Germany. do you think it would have been morally right to support Germany or Japan?
Answer:

1. I think ‘morality’ has least respect in politics.
2. According to ‘Chanakya’ ‘enemy to our enemy is our friend’. So Germany or Japan are our friends as they and we were opposing Britain.
3. So it was right to support Germany or Japan.

Question 3.
Make a list of Various reasons for the Partition of the country.
Answer:

1. Anti-thinking of the Muslims
2. Activities of the Muslim League.
3. Congress’s policy of Appeasement.
4. Communal reaction.
5. Congress’s policy of strengthening India.
6. Formation of weak Pakistan In the minds of Indian leaders.
7. Development transfer of power.
8. Provisions of the Indian Independent Act

Question 4.
What were the different ways In which power sharing among different communities was organized before Partition?
Answer:

1. The lack of confidence in the Muslim League among the Muslim population was to be dramatically reversed in the 1946 elections.
2. The intervening years saw the use of Jinnah and the League to political provenance.
3. The rejuvenated League skilfully exploited the communal card.
4. The ensuing communal violence, after Direct Action Day, put pressure on the British government and Congress to accede to his demands for a separate homeland for Mushi.
5. The arrival of Mountbatten brought with it an agenda to transfer power as quickly and efficiently as possible.
6. The resulting negotiations saw the deadline for British withdrawal brought forward.
7. Mass migration occurred across the new boundaries as well as an estimated loss of a million lives r the communal blood baths involving Hindus, Muslims, and also Sikhs in Punjab.

Question 5.
How did British colonialists practice their ‘divide-and-rule policy In India? How was It similar or different from what you have studied about Nigeria?
Answer:

1. In the Indian context, the basic truth is that the British did rule and, they did try to divide the opposition.
2. The idea that Divide and Rule was such a set and evil strategy that it actively, logically led on to partition is a continued and untenable idea.
3. To solve the minority question, the British inebriants, implementing their policy of divide and rule, separated the continent into a Hindu and a Muslim state. This was done with aid of the political competition between the two main political parties – The Indian Congress and the Muslim League.

In Nigeria, in 1939 the British separated the Yoruba arid regions into Western and Eastern Nigeria and encouraged competition and conflict between the three major tribal groups so as to be able to ‘divide and rule the country.

Question 6.
What were the different ways in which religion was used In politics before Partition?
Answer:

1. The growth of Muslim separation from the late 19th century and the rise of communal violence from 1920s to the virulent outbreaks of 1946-1947.
2. Muslims, as a religious community comprised only 20% of the population and
   represented great diversity in economic, social, and political terms.
3. From the late 19th century. some of Its political elites In northern India felt increasingly threatened by the British devolution of power. Due to this, the logic of numbers would mean the dominance of the majority Hindu community.

Question 7.
How were workers and peasants modified during the last years of freedom struggle?
Answer:
People were restless with food shortages, rationing of food, high noes, black marketeering, and hoarding. Workers were angry about low wages. Railway and postal employees and other government employees were planning to go on India wide strike against prices.

On 18th February 1946. the guards or Ratings of the Royal Indian Navy in Bombay harbour came out on hunger strike to protest against bad food and behaviour of their British officers. The strike rapidly spread to other naval men on the Bombay shore and to all the naval bases in India. The rebelling men put up the tricolor, the crescent, and the hammer and sickle flags jointly on the mast of the ship.

A Naval Central Strike committee was elected with MS Khan at its head. The stake committee demanded better food, equal pay for white and Indian sailors, release of INA and other political prisoners, and withdrawal of Indian troops from Indonesia.

The year 1946 was a year of strikes and work stoppages in factories and mills in many parts of the country. CPI and the Socialist parties were active in these movements. The countryside was also on the boll.

An agitation was started in Bengal by small and poor peasants who took arid of the bigger landowners to cultivate. They demanded that their share of harvest should be increased to two portions out of three instead of half or even less, that was given to them at that time. This was called the Tebhaga movement and was led by the Provincial Kisan Sabha. Thus, the workers and peasants were mobilized during the last years of freedom struggle.

Question 8.
How did Partition affect the lives of ordinary people? What was the political response to mass migration following Partition?
Answer:
With the creation of a Muslim nation, Pakistan. a painful and unimaginable situation arose before many people. Most Hindus living on one side of the newly drawn border became insecure and felt forced to leave. So did many Muslims living on the other side of this newly drawn border.

Not all may have wanted this, not all may have understood why this was happening. They felt anger and hatred against each other for being forced to move out of their homes, villages, and cities. Around 1.5 crore people, both Hindu and Muslim. were displaced. They killed, looted, and burnt. Between two to five lakh people, both Muslim and Hindu were killed. They became refugees, lived in relief camps, and moved out on trains to find new homes. At the initiative of Gandhiji and Nehru, the Congress passed a new resolution on the
rights of minorities”.

Question 9.
Integration of various princely states into the new Indian nation was a challenging task. Discuss.
Answer:
The very first challenge which came immediately after independence was the integration of Princely states into the Indian Union. The integration process was as usual not smooth and had various difficulties such as:

1. At the time of independence It was announced by the British that with the end of their rule over India, paramountcy of the British crown and princely states would also lapse.

2. As a result, British government took the view that all these states were free to join either India or Pakistan or remain independent If they so wanted. This was a very serious problem and could threaten me very existence of a United India.

3. Another problem arose very soon. First of all, the ruler of Travancore announced that the state had decided on independence. The Nizam of Hyderabad and trie Nawab of Bhopal also made the similar announcements.

4. This response of the rulers of the princely states meant that after independence there was a very real possibility that India would be further divided into a number of small countnes. This was a strange situation since Indian independence was aimed at unity, self-determination as well as democracy.

Question 10.
Locate the following In the political map of India.
a) Kashmir
b) Hyderabad
c) Junagadh
d) Bengal
e) Travancore
Answer:

Question 11.
Which qualities do you like in Subhash Chandra Bose? Why?
Answer:
Subhasti Chandra Bose collected ICS and selected for that post. He didn’t want to discharge his duties as a servant to the Britishers. He wanted to sacrifice his whole life to make India free. He didn’t follow non. violence, According to him, violence is the answer to the violent Britishers.

He led the Indian National Army and encouraged the Army to fight against the British. At The end, he met with plain crash and his followers were punished. I also want to follow him in serving the nation. I always worry for strengthening our country. He rs a role model to all.

TS 10th Class Social 14th Lesson National Movement in India–Partition & Independence: 1939-1947 Intext Questions

Page No. 198

Question 1.
Do you think Indians should have felt grateful to the British government for the powers given by the Act of 1935?
Answer:

1. Indians had increasingly been demanding a greeter role ¡n the government of our country since late 19th century.
2. It was the result of the effort of the Indians during First World War.
3. So, I think Indians should not have felt grateful to the British government for the powers given by the Act of 1935.

Question 2.
Do you think the rise of Hitler was such a big threat to the freedom of humanity that Indians should have set aside their tight for freedom from the British and concentrated on the tight for a free world?
Answer:
The main cause of the Second World War was ‘The Versailles Treaty and Hitler’s racial discrimination. indians were already in the threat of the British. So Indians should not have set aside their fight for freedom from the British and concentrated on the fight for free world. But Indians had to do that as a part of their freedom struggle.

Question 3.
According to you, what would b. the reasons for and against supporting the British in the World War II?
Answer:
Reason for supporting the British:
Sir Stafford Cripps on his first mission to India made on behalf of the British government made his offer of independence after the war in exchange for cooperation in the Second World War. As India had no other choice it was better to support the British.

Reason against supporting the British:
The British were fighting against imperialism in the war. But it was itself an imperialist and caused suffering to India. So we need not support the British.

Page No. 200

Question 4.
Do you think the Congress could hay, taken some other steps to protest against the attitude of the British?
Answer:
The Congress could have continued the protests In the country against the attitude of the British.

Question 5.
Why did the British not make the promise and win the support of the Indians? After all, In 1939, only a promise was being asked for? Discuss together In class.
Answer:
The British did not like to lose the Indian territory. It wanted to continue Its rule tdI the possible end. So the British did not make the promise and win the support the Indians.

Question 6.
When ministers resign, who continues to conduct the day-to-day affairs of governance?
Answer:
When ministers resign, the executive continues to conduct the day-to-day affairs of governance.

Question 7.
Read the passage and answer the following question.
Through 1940 and 1941, the Congress organized a series of individual satyagrahas to pressurize the British to promise freedom once the war had ended. No major mess protest was launched at this time”.

Imagine what would happen If Congress leaders increased their protests against the British government at this point of time? Would It make the fight for freedom stronger?
Answer:
If Congress leaders increased their protests against the British government at this point of time, it would punish the leaders severely. It wouldn’t make the fight for freedom stronger.

Page No. 201

Question 8.
Discuss the Importance of addressing the concerns of minorities. Why is it felt that majority-based elections are not enough to help minorities?
Answer:
The traditional notion of democracy has always upheld the voice of the majority over the minority. So it is the fundamental importance that the minority is protected against discrimination and exploitation.

Basically, India is a democratic state. In any democracy, there is always a danger that the interest of majority conflicts with the interest of minorities. It may not be also. If there is such a conflict, it is the interest of majority which will override the interest of the minority even Il it happens to an unjust interest. So it is felt that majority-based elections are not enough to help minorities.

Question 9.
Separate electorate was one method to protect minority interests. Can you think of some other methods that can be helpful for this purpose? For example, would It help If there was a rule that a non-Muslim member of a council must consult the Muslim population of his/her constituency before voting on an Issue that concerned them? When would such a method work and under what conditions would It fail to be effective?
Answer:
a) The Indian Constitution paved a way – reservations to the minorities. It is a wonderful solution for the problems of minorities.
b) It would not help.
c) Such a method would work in small village panchayats. In minorities also there may be differences of opinion.

Page No. 203

Question 10.
How would people assess the possible benefits from the politics of Muslim League? Would they have any doubts? What kind of questions would they have? Discuss.
Answer:
1. From 1940 to 1946, the League was able to convince Muslim masses of the benefits and need for a separate nation. Peasants could think of a state where Hindu zamindars and moneylenders did not exploit them. Traders, businessmen, and job seekers could think of a state where competition from Hindu traders, businessmen, and job seekers would not be there.

There would be greater religious freedom. There would be freedom for the Muslim elite to run the government the way they wanted. From 1942 to 1945, with most Congress leaders jail, the League made use of the me to bid its mass base.

2. They doubted that an independent India would be donated by Hindus.
3. a) Their future in the Independent India!
b) How would be their conditions as minorities? etc.

Page No. 204

Question 11.
Why did the Japanese allow Bose to recruit soldiers whom they had imprisoned?
Answer:
Japan and Southeast Asia were major refuges for Indian nationalists living in exile before the start of World War – II. Japan sent intelligence mission to gain support from the Indian movement. These missions were successful in establishing contacts with local nationalists in exile supporting the establishment and organization of the Indian Independence league.

At the outbreak of World War – II, in Southeast Asia, 70,000 Indian troupes were stationed in Malaya and later imprisoned by Japan after the fall of Malaysia and Singapore.

From these prisoners of war, the first Indian National Army was formed and received considerable Japanese aid and support. In 1943 the Japanese invited Bose to lead the Indian Nationalist Movement In East Asia. Bose accepted and reached Japan and took the lead.

Question 12.
Why did the Indian soldiers join INA?
Answer:
Different historians have cited other reasons for the INAs recruits volunteering to serve with the Japanese enemy. These included both the high ideal of patriotism, the inevitable desire not to be interned in the POW (prisoners of war) camp, as well as ambition.

Question 13.
Why were Indian soldiers not scared of losing the war and falling into the hands of the British? What would the British do to them?
Answer:
They had a feeling of devaluation. So the Indian soldiers were not scared of losing the war and falling into the hands of the British. The British would punish them or declare them as war criminals.

Question 14.
Review the period between 1942-45. How can you say that the resistance of Indian people to the British rule had become more powerful than ever before?
Answer:
In 1942 Cnpps Mission was failed. After the failure of Cripps Mission, Quit India campaign was begun in August 1 942 The British responded with much force, yet it took more than a year to suppress the rebellion. The victories of Japan against the Americans and Europeans created a strong impression on the people in India that they also would fight and win the British. At that time, the Indian National Army was found, It was an armed force formed by Indian nationalists in 1942 n Southeast Asia during World War – II.

The INA fought along with the imperial Japanese army against the British and Commonwealth forces in the campaigns of Burma, Imphal. and Kohima. The war was lasted for almost three years. Gandhi ji did not agree with Bose and felt that Japanese cannot be the liberators of India. But Subhash persisted In his chosen path. Those were daring, dramatic, and difficult times indeed. INA was defeated by the British army. The time was set for another round of negotiations on the question of Indian Independence.

Page No. 205

Question 15.
Imagine the tragic turn of events and how these must have affected the lives of these people.
Answer:
The soldiers of INA were imprisoned and the British decided to punish them. A trial of INA soldiers was begun-to court martial thorn for being traitors to the army arid hanging them to death in punishment.

Unrest and unhappiness and discontent kept erupting in different parts of India as the INA trials proceeded. In this popular upsurge of nationalist consciousness, the issue of Hindu- Muslim Identity and separatist politics often became unimportant.

People were restless with food shortages, rationing of food, high prices, black marketing, and hoarding. Workers were angry about low wages. Railway and postal employees and other government employees were planning to go on India wide strike against prices.

Question 16.
What horror would the other Indians have felt at the thought that the INA soldiers who were like heroes to them were being tried and hanged as traitors by the British?
Answer:
The trials attracted much publicity and public sympathy for the defendants who were perceived as patriots wi India. The forces of INC and ML were aligned together. Both the flags were flown together at protests. In spite of this widespread and aggressive opposition, the court martial was carried out, and all the defendants were sentenced to deportation for life. This sentence was never carried out as the immense public pressure of the
demonstrations and riots forced to release them. Within three months. 11,000 soldiers of INA were released.

Page No. 206

Question 17.
Review the actions of ordinary masses In the country. What were they demanding?
Answer:
They were demanding:

1. No exploitation.
2. No competition.
3. Religious freedom.
4. Own government.
5. Freedom in all aspects.

Question 18.
It was noted that religious divisions were not Important In many of these mass movements mentioned above. What could be the reason for the unity of the people in these movements?
Answer:
The spirit of freedom and nationalism could be the reasons for the unity of the people in these movements.

Question 19.
What were the demands of the Muslim League that were not acceptable to the Congress? Do you agree with the reasons of the Congress?
Answer:
The 1946 Cabinet Mission to India for planning the transfer of power from the British Raj to the Indian leadership proposed an initial plan of composition of the new dominion of India and its government. However soon an alternative plan to divide the British Raj into a Hindu- majority India and a Muslim-month Pakistan was propped by the Muslim League, Jinnah unrelentingly demanded that League should have an absolute right to choose all the Muslim members of the Executive Council. The Congress rejected the alternative proposals outright Yes, I agree with the reasons of the Congress.

Question 20.
According to you, what did the election results of 1946 indicate about public mood?
Answer:
I think that the country was mentally divided into two nations.

Page No. 208

Question 21.
Newspaper report on Indian independence. What different items can you identify in It ? Discuss.
Answer:

1. This was the first page of The statesman newspaper, dated Friday, August 15. 1947.
2. There Is political freedom for one-fifth of Humeri race as Two donations are born.
3. Nehru’s reply to Mr. AttIse that there will be Olas ‘friendship with Bntian.
4. The excellency Mr. C. Rajagopala Chan sworn as first Governor of West Bengal.
5. We care see joyful scenes In Calcutta celebrations by Hindus and Muslims.
6. First cabinet of India begins to function headed by Pandit Nehru.
7. The meeting of Mahatma was stained without interruption.
8. And some ad like OMEGA watch Is seen here.

Question 22.
Various scenes of partition Descrlbellmagine the experiences of these migrants.
Answer:

1. The partition of India in 1947 was the division of British India into two independent dominions states. The Union of India is today the Republic of India, the Dominion of Pakistan is today the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
2. The two self-governing countries of India and Pakistan legally came into existence at midnight on 14-15 August 1947.
3. The partition displaced between 10-12 million people along religious lines, creating over whelming refugee crises In the newly constituted dominions.
4. There was large-scale violence.
5. The violent nature of the partition created an atmosphere of hostility and suspicion between India and Pakistan that plagues their relationship to the present.