Class 7

SCERT AP Board 7th Class Social Solutions 8th Lesson Industrial Revolution Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Solutions 8th Lesson Industrial Revolution

7th Class Social Studies 8th Lesson Industrial Revolution Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
Correct the false sentences:
Under the putting-out system:
a) Spinners took cotton to the weavers.
Answer:
Correct statement: A cloth trader purchased cotton from a supplier and carried it to the spinners.

b) Unlike in the guild system traders controlled what product was to be made.
Answer:
Correct statement: Unlike in the guild system the capitalists controlled what product was to be made.

c) All work was done by the same group of people.
Answer:
Correct statement: Different activities could be done in different parts of the country by different groups of people.

Under the Guild system:
a) All small farmers were allowed to learn to weave.
Answer:
Correct statement: All small farmers were forced to learn to weave.

b) Weavers determined the prices and quality of the products.
Answer:
Correct statement: Capitalists determined prices and quality of the products.

Question 2.
Putting out a system is better than factory-based production of textiles. Do you agree?
Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
Every system has its own merits and demerits.
Inputting out system different activities of the production could be done in different parts of the country. It consumes a lot of time and it is very much expensive. But in factory system production is carried on in one place called factory. This factory system is time-saving and less expensive when compared to the putting-out system. Inputting – out system every worker and craftsman get employment. But in factory system machines can do the work of several workers at the same time and therefore lakhs of people are expelled from the factories. Thus it leads to unemployment and unrest among the people. In putting out a system the craftsmen and workers control the whole process of production. But in the factory system, the factories are owned and managed by the capitalists. This widens the financial gap between the capitalists and owners. Thus it leads to unrest among the labourers.

Question 3.
If Kruthika argues “Railways in India were built only for the benefit of the people by the colonial rulers”, how can you counter this statement?
Answer:
No. It is not true. The English built railways not only for the benefit of Indian people, but to transport raw material to Indian ports and manufactured goods of England from Indian ports into the country. To transport cheap labour from villages to cities, and to transport their troops fast and easily to the nooks and corners of the country to link up all their trading centres in all parts of the country British established railways in India.

Question 4.
How will an increase in the wages of the workers affect industrial production?
Answer:

1. The workers cannot work with complete skills if they are not paid properly.
2. They cannot satisfy their basic needs with meagre wages.
3. If their pay is increased they can work for more time with enthusiasm.
4.  It results in an increase in production.
5. Then the capitalists won’t mind the increase in their expenditures.
6. Thus the increase in wages leads to an increase in production.

Question 5.
Why did factory owners pay low wages and force workers to work for long hours?
Answer:
Nowadays all facilities of production are owned and managed by capitalists. They invested money in workers, raw materials and machines. In this system, workers worked for wages. When the machines were introduced very few people were required to work on machines, all the rest would be expelled. So there are a lot of surplus workers available at hand for the capitalists. And the labourers are prepared to work even with meagre wages. Thus the capitalists who are aimed to get more and more profits to force the workers to work at low wages and they are forced to work for long hours under the whip.

Question 6.
Why do you think the working conditions in factories should be improved?
Answer:
The following steps are necessary for labourers.

1. Working hours should be reduced.
2. Minimum wages should be fixed.
3. An insurance scheme should be launched.
4. Holidays must be given to the labourers and industrial workers. In 1881 steps were taken for the welfare of the labour class and industrial workers.
5. Major changes swept industries with the coming of machines.
6. Machines could be worked by even unskilled persons. Thus skilled artisans were no longer required.
7. In their place, a large number of women and children were employed and made to work for meagre wages.
8. These conditions should be improved.

Question 7.
Why is it necessary for the government to enact laws to improve the working conditions in factories?
Answer:
The early factories were dreadful places of work. Industrial work had to face several hardships. They are

1. They had to work for more than 12 hours a day.
2. Machines could be worked by even unskilled people. So they were expelled from their jobs.
3. A large number of women and children were employed and made to work for meagre wages.
4. The children under 14 years of age were given hard jobs like pulling and pushing heavy loads and working near dangerous machines.
5. The workers were forced to live in makeshift houses and shelters.
6. Their areas of residence had little sanitation and their houses lacked proper ventilation and health facilities.
7. Accidents, diseases and epidemics were common in their slums.

So it is very much necessary for the governments to enact laws to improve the working conditions.

Question 8.
Why are children not allowed to work in factories?
Answer:
The Indian Constitution provides the Right against exploitation as a fundamental right.
Article 24 prohibits the employment of children in hazardous work as in some factories and mines. The Directive Principles prescribe that

1. the tender age of the children shall not be abused.
2. children are not forced by economic necessity to enter vocations unsuited to their age and strength.
3. children are given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity and
4. childhood is protected against exploitation. Under the Children’s Right to Protection, the children are free from all forms of exploitation, abuse, inhuman or degrading treatment and neglect. So the children should not be employed in factories.

Question 9.
The transport system helps the industry justify this statement in the context of Industrialisation.
Answer:
Yes. It is true. The transport system helps the industry. Cheap and proper transportation is one of the most necessary infrastructures for Industrialisation. After the Industrial revolution industrial production increased so much. They needed raw material in large quantities. The countries did not have the raw material needed for the industry. For example, the cotton needed for producing cloth was grown in India and America. So the English had to import the cotton. In the same way, industrial production increased so much that it had to be sold in other countries. Thus transport is needed to import raw materials and export the manufactured goods to other countries. To carry the cheap labour from the villages to the urban areas the transport is needed. Thus we can justify the above statement ‘Transport system helps the industry’.

Question 10.
Locate the following places on the world map.
a) England b) Portugal c) France d) Spain
Answer:

Question 11.
Read the para ‘Urbanisation and slums on page 82 and comment on it.
Urbanisation and slums: Industrial revolution led to a gradual shift of people from villages to towns. Industries and other urban activities gave people livelihood. As people moved to towns that were newly emerging, they settled down in makeshift houses and shelters which were cramped and had little sanitation or other facilities. Accidents, diseases and epidemics were common. Most workers’ residential areas lacked proper ventilation, health and sanitation facilities. Slums became a common scenario in towns and cities, especially near the factories and mines. At the same time, distinct quarters came up for the rich and the powerful which were well provided in terms of open spaces, sanitation, water supply, roads and other facilities. Slowly people fought for civil rights and the conditions of the worker’s quarters also improved.
Answer:
Industrialisation led to urbanisation. Slums are caused due to urbanisation. It is very difficult to provide health, sanitation, and shelter facilities to the growing population in urban areas. Public amenities like water, roads, and education are also should be provided. The same condition is present in urban areas even today also.

Project Work

Question 1.
You may recall the lesson on agriculture and trade in Class VI. Compare the nature of farmers and traders in Andhra Pradesh with traders in Britain or Europe. You can use a few criteria and tabulate.
Answer:
The traders in Europe were international traders. They earned many profits. They purchase raw materials and market finished goods.
But our traders are local traders. They earn small profits. They purchase the finished goods and sell them with a little margin.

Question 2.
Do you know any child working in a factory or shop? If you find, how do you respond?
Answer:
Yes. If I find it, I will immediately respond to the concerned authorities to take action against child labour.

SCERT AP Board 7th Class Social Solutions 7th Lesson Handicrafts and Handlooms Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Solutions 7th Lesson Handicrafts and Handlooms

7th Class Social Studies 7th Lesson Handicrafts and Handlooms Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
Do you think people have enough earnings from work like basket making and weaving?
Answer:
No. I think people do not have enough earnings from work like basket making and weaving.

Question 2.
Prepare a list of goods that could have substituted the basket. Discuss with your parents before preparing the list.
Answer:
List of goods which could have substituted the basket: Plastic basket, Plastic tray, Bamboo tray, Bamboo stand, Plastic bucket, Plastic bags, Woollen baskets and bags.

Question 3.
Many new products have replaced handicrafts – identify them and find out where they are produced. Discuss how this could affect the lives of handicrafts persons.
Answer:
a) Basket making:

1. Baskets made of bamboo and eetha chettu leaves require simple investment.
2. Basket makers are using very few materials mostly made of natural sources.
3. But many plastic industries produce goods like baskets with cheap rates.
4. So the demand for such products has reduced considerably.

b) Handloom weavers in Dharmavaram :

1. Dharmavaram sarees one traditionally woven in the interlocked weft technique.
2. Dharmavaram silk sarees are a benchmark in the traditional craft industry.
3. They are very famous for striking colour combinations with contrast pallu and border woven with exquisite brocade gold patterns.
4. Dharmavaram weavers face stiff competition from power loom and mill made cloth.
5. These are cheaper as they are produced on machines.
6. So weavers are not getting many rates for Dharmavaram sarees.

Thus the lives of basket makers and handloom weavers are getting worse.

Question 4.
Why did Polaiah’s family come to Kandukuru? Why does he have no right to vote in Kandukuru?
Answer:

1. Polaiah’s family came to Kandukuru to sell baskets and earn money.
2. a) Polaiah lives in a slum that does not have proper drainage, emits a foul smell and breeds mosquitoes and flies.
   b) The Municipal Corporation officials sometimes evict Polaiah and another basket
   maker families’ huts but they build them again.
   c) So these people like Polaiah don’t have any identity or proof of residence.
   d) In this way Polaiah have been denied voting rights and ration cards in this city

Question 5.
You may find crafts persons like Polaiah producing goods other than baskets. Meet two such persons, collect the following details and discuss them in the class. One sample is given for you.
Answer:

Name of the craftsperson	Goods produced	One or two important raw materials used	Source of raw material
Polaiah	Baskets	Spokes of data palm leaves	Shankavaram- native village
Pochaiah	Bommalu	Wood and paints	Kondapalli-native village
Mallesham	Chairs, Tables, Stools	Wood, nails and paints.	Near forest village at Nandyala

Question 6.
Why do you think patenting Dharmavaram silk saree weaving would help weavers in and around Dharmavaram?
Answer:

1. Dharmavaram is a small town in Ananthapur district in Andhra Pradesh.
2. The weavers here produce unique sarees called silk sarees, which are world-famous.
3. Dharmavaram Sarees are traditionally woven in the interlocked-weft technique.
4. Dharmavaram silk sarees are a benchmark in the traditional craft industry.
5. They are very famous for their striking colour combinations with contrast pallu and border woven with exquisite brocade gold patterns.
6. Recently Dharmavaram sarees received the patent right.
7. This means, no other handloom saree producers in the world can sell sarees in the name of “Dharmavaram silk sarees.”
8. Only those produced in Dharmavaram and its surrounding villages can be sold with this brand name.
9. These sarees are sold in India and abroad at high prices.

Question 7.
Should weavers procure raw materials, weave silk sarees and sell them directly to the people? What are the challenges in it?
(or)
Handloom weavers are facing a serious problem. They face stiff competition from power loom and mill made cloth, these are cheaper as they are produced on machines and also because they use synthetic yarn which is cheaper than cotton or silk even though it is popular due to its high quality and unique beauty, the Dharmavaram saree seems to be expensive. But weavers do not get a good rate due to middle men’s involvement.
Comment on the problems of weavers.
Answer:
Handloom weavers are facing many problems.

1. They face stiff competition from power loom and mill made cloth. Because these are cheaper as they are produced on machines.
2. The weavers are not getting their cost rate due to middle men’s involvement.
3. Their buyers are spread all over the world and they do not have direct contact with them.
4. Fashions in the cities change fast.
5. It is difficult for the weavers to know what kind of design are in demand.
6. Therefore they have to rely on middlemen to know about the designs.
7. Raw materials like cotton or silk yarn are produced in faraway centres.
8. So the weavers have to depend on middlemen for getting raw materials.

Question 8.
Prepare the flow diagram depicting the organisation of production in basket making and handloom textile weaving.
Answer:

1. The flow diagram for basket making:
   
2. The flow diagram for handloom textile weaving:
   

Question 9.
Compare the similarities and differences between basket making and Ikkat saree weaving and fill in the following table.

Work	Raw materials used	Tools used	How goods are sold
Basket making
Handloom weaving

Answer:

Work	Raw materials used	Tools used	How goods are sold
Basket making	Wild date palm leaves,	Knife	Sells directly to the customers
Handloom weaving	Silk yarn, colour, zari	Maggam, Stones, Punched Jacquard cards	Sold to the middlemen

Question 10.
List various handicrafts with locations in Andhra Pradesh and prepare a chart.
Answer:

Handicrafts & Handlooms	Location
Handi Crafts	Uppada, Pochampalli, Chirala, Siddipeta.
Handlooms Industry	Narayanpet, Guntur, Venkatagiri, Gadwal pullampet and Madhavaram.
Carpets and blankets	Eluru.
Kalamkari	Machilipatnam & East Godavari district.
Coirgoods	Konaseema in East Godavari district.
Bangles	Srikalahasthi, Simhachalam and Gajulapalli.
Toys	Kondapalli.
Mats	Nellore.
Agarbathis	Eluru, Vetapalem.
Musical instruments	Pithapuram, Bobbili, Jaggayyapet and Nuzividu.
Laces	Narsapur and Palakollu.

Note: Please prepare a chart above the matter.

Project Work

Question 1.
Invite a craftsperson to your classroom or visit their workplace. Make a wallpaper showing different processes of their production.
Answer:
Student Activity

Question 2.
Meet different artisans in your village/locality fill in the following table and discuss in the classroom.

Answer:
Student Activity

SCERT AP Board 7th Class Social Solutions 6th Lesson Africa Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Solutions 6th Lesson Africa

7th Class Social Studies 6th Lesson Africa Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
From Europe, which sea does one have to cross to reach northern Africa?
Answer:
One has to cross the Mediterranean sea from Europe to reach northern Africa.

Question 2.
State three difficulties that the Europeans faced in reaching the interior parts of Africa.
Answer:
The three difficulties that the Europeans faced in reaching the interior parts of Africa are:

1. Besides attempting to build their colonies in Africa, the Europeans continued to explore the interior of the continent.
2. They travelled to the source of the Nile in the north.
3. In the west, they explored the entire valley of the Niger and in the south, they moved northwards from Cape Town.
4. There they explored the region around the river Zambezi.

Question 3.
Name the two large deserts of Africa.
Answer:

1. The Sahara Desert is in Africa. It extends to Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Chad, Sudan, Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Egypt, Ethiopia and Somalia.
2. The Kalahari Desert extends in Namibia, Botswana and Angola in South – West of Africa. These deserts are not suitable for agriculture due to scanty rainfall and infertile soils.

Question 4.
a) The zone between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn is the zone of ………… climate.
Answer:
Hot.

b) The main vegetation of Savanna lands is …………
Answer:
Grass.

c) The two main rivers emptying themselves into the Atlantic ocean are ………. and ………….
Answer:
Congo, Nigeria.

d) The regions in Africa to the north of the Tropic of Cancer and to the south of the Tropic of Capricorn are of …………. climate.
Answer:
Cold.

Question 5.
Two political maps of Africa have been given in the chapter. Compare the two to find out which European country controlled the present day countries of Nigeria and Zimbabwe?
Answer:
Britain controlled the present day countries of Nigeria and Zimbabwe.

Question 6.
Name two countries of Africa where equatorial forests are found.
Answer:

1. Republic of Congo, Gabon
2. Cameroon.

Question 7.
What goods did Europeans trade with Africa? What kind of agricultural products did they promote for trade purposes?
Answer:

1. Gold, copper and diamonds were the Europeans traded with Africa.
2. Tea, coffee, rubber, tobacco were the agricultural products they promoted for trade purposes.

Question 8.
Who benefited from the slave trade? Why did America need slaves?
Answer:
In the 16th century, many Europeans began migrating to America and started cultivation there. There was plenty of land in America, but not enough people to work in the fields. It was to fulfil this need for additional working hands in America that the slave trade from Africa began. America benefited a lot from the slave trade.

Question 9.
How can you say that the slave trade is highly heinous?
Answer:
The slave trace (Trans Atlantic Slave Trade) is one of the most heinous crimes committed against people over the course of more than 400 years. Millions of Africans were turned from their homes, were deported to the American continent and sold as slaves.
The slave trade resulted in the loss of human life. The savage nature of the slave trade led to the destruction of families, individuals and cultures and the vestiges of the immense loss of human capital to the African continent are still felt to this present day.

Question 10.
Read the last para of this lesson Africa and comment on it.
The foreign companies do bring in new technologies and investments into the mining and processing industries, thus creating employment for the local people. However; they use cheap labour to make huge profits which are taken away from the African people most of these companies are also careless about environmental protection and have caused immense damage to the natural environment. This has affected the quality of land and life of the people adversely.
Answer:

1. Africa is very rich in minerals like coal, copper, tin, etc.
2. So many of the European countries and their companies to this day control much of the mineral resources of even the independent African countries.
3. The foreign companies do bring in new technologies and investments into the mining and processing industries, thus creating employment for the local people.
4. They are using their cheap labour to make huge profits and exploiting the mineral resources.
5. Most of these companies have caused immense damage to the natural environment which has affected the quality of land life of the local people adversely.
6. Thus, we can say that the foreign companies are exploiting the mineral wealth of Africa irrespective of the local people’s welfare.

SCERT AP Board 7th Class Social Solutions 5th Lesson Europe Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Solutions 5th Lesson Europe

7th Class Social Studies 5th Lesson Europe Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
The Atlantic Ocean has a deep impact on the climate of Europe as well as on the life and livelihood of the people of Europe. Collect relevant information and write an essay on the theme.
Answer:
Europe has four dominant types of climate-maritime in the south and mountain in the lands. The maritime climate has moderate temperatures in both summer and winter.
The climate of western Europe is far more moderate due to the marine influences of the relatively warm waters of the North Atlantic Drift, which are brought onshore by the prevailing Westerly winds. The major air pressure systems include the Icelandic. low, dominant in winter but influential all year, which is the origin of cyclonic storms. So impact in the changing weather conditions in western and northern Europe.
The North Atlantic drift brings warmer weather to Europe. Temperatures on the European continent are about 15°F warmer than other areas of the same latitude.

Question 2.
Answer these questions with the help of the maps given in the lesson:
a) Which of the following is not a landlocked (surrounded by land) country?
(Hungary/Romania/Poland/Switzerland)
Answer:
Switzerland.

b) Which mountains lie between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?
(Alps/Caucasus Mountains)
Answer:
The Caucasus.

c) Which countries are on the shores of the Arctic Ocean?
(Russia/Germany/Sweden/Norway)
Answer:
Norway, Sweden, and Russia.

d) Can a ship sail from the Black Sea to the Atlantic Ocean? If yes, trace the route it will have to take.
Answer:
Yes, a ship can sail from the Black Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. The route is – the Black Sea to waters between Turkey and Bulgaria → to the Mediterranean Sea → Atlantic Ocean.

Question 3.
Why are harbors built-in deep gulfs or bays?
Answer:

1. Bays and gulfs are parts of the sea enclosed by land on three sides.
2. In a bay, the land curves inwards and the mouth of the bay is usually wide as in the Bay of Bengal.
3. A gulf is a narrow inlet of the sea and has a narrow mouth.
4. Since the bays and gulfs are protected from the storms of the high seas they are very useful for building harbors where ships can be safely anchored and cargo loaded or unloaded.
5. Deep gulfs or bays are preferred for building harbors as Large ships can be anchored in them.
6. Ships need deep waters so that their bottoms do not touch the seafloor.

Question 4.
Why are the winters less severe in Western Europe than in Eastern Europe?
Answer:

1. Besides its distance from the Equator, the climate of Europe is influenced by another factor – the Atlantic Ocean and the winds blowing from it.
2. This impact is felt more by the regions along the Atlantic Ocean than the ones which are far inland.
3. In the winters it is quite cold in Western Europe but it is even colder in Eastern Europe,
4. Thus countries like Poland and Russia have severe winters while France and Great Britain are comparatively warmer.
5. Russians winters are so cold that the rivers and even the nearby seas freeze
6. However, this does not happen in the countries of West Europe along the sea coast.
7. This difference must be because of the nearness of Western Europe to the Atlantic Ocean.

Question 5.
Name four countries on the coast of the Black Sea.
Answer:
The following are the countries on the coast of the Black Sea.

1. Ukraine
2. Romania
3. Bulgaria
4. Turkey

Question 6.
How do the Westerlies benefit the people of Western Europe?
Answer:
The Westerlies, which blow throughout the year also bring ample moisture to Northern and Western Europe. Since these winds blow from the sea they carry a lot of moisture and regularly cause rainfall. This is why it rains throughout the year in Northern and Western Europe. While it rains only for a few months in our country, there are light showers all around the year in Western Europe. The skies there are usually clouded. While we, in India, eagerly await cool showers, the people of Western Europe long for bright sunny days.
Western Europe also benefits in other ways from the Gulf Streams. The warm currents are very good for fish breeding as they contain ample food materials ic’- the fishes. As a result, the fishery industry is very well developed in the North Sea near Britain. This part of the North Sea is called ‘Dogger Bank’. Fish is an important part of the food of the Europeans and fishing is a very important industry in Europe.

Question 7.
What are the characteristics of the Mediterranean climate? Name the countries which have a Mediterranean climate.
Answer:
The countries of Southern Europe have the Mediterranean Sea to their south. They are called ‘Mediterranean Countries’. The lands along the Mediterranean Sea have a distinct climate called the ‘Mediterranean climate’.
The Mediterranean countries are the southernmost countries of Europe. As a result, the winters here are not too cold and summers are warm. It does not rain all through the year as in Western Europe. The Westerlies blow here during the winter months only. These winds bring rain to the Mediterranean countries. In other words, it rains here only in winter. Such rainy winters and dry summers are termed as a Mediterranean climate. Several regions in other continents too have a Mediterranean climate. This climate is very good for growing juicy fruits.
The Mediterranean type of climate is found in Portugal, Spain, France, Monaco, Italy, Croatia, Yugoslavia, Albania, Greece and Ukraine.

Question 8.
What are the factors that limit European agriculture?
Answer:
A very large part of Europe is mountainous and not suitable for agriculture. In eastern and northern Europe, it is not possible to cultivate land in winter, due to extreme cold. As a result, it is possible to rain only one crop in a year.

Question 9.
Name the important crops of southern Europe.
Answer:
Wheat, barley, oats, rye, sugar – beet, potato, and fruits are the important crops in southern Europe.

Question 10.
How can you say that trade and cultural relations have been developed among the countries due to the discovery of new sea routes by European sailors?
Answer:

1. Europeans overseas expansion led to the contact between the old and new worlds producing the Columbian exchange, named after Columbus.
2. It involved the transfer of goods unique from one hemisphere to another.
3. It led to the age of Imperialism, where European colonial powers came to control most of the planet.
4. The European appetite for trade commodities, empires, and slaves greatly affected many other areas of the world.
   So I can say that trade and cultural relations have been developed due to the discovery of new sea routes by European sailors.

Question 11.
Read the last para of this lesson and comment on it.

Industrial Revolution in Europe

The industrial revolution as you know started in England around 1750 and soon factory production spread to France, Holland, Germany, Spain, Russia, etc. Countries like England and Germany, which had large reserves of coal and other minerals, took lead in developing new industries.
However, as times changed, European countries began to use less and less of their own mineral resources and relied on imports from other countries. The old mining towns and old factories were closed down and new factories grew in new areas. Industrialization also enabled the European countries to import agricultural goods from other countries. Thus, they relied less on the agriculture of their countries for their food and raw material requirements. Hence, Europe became dependent upon trade with other countries. Initially, this trade was with their colonies in Asia, Africa, and America. However as the colonies became independent, they had to develop new ways of trading with them.
Answer:

1. The industrial revolution started in England around 1750 and soon factory production spread to France, Holland, Germany, Spain, Russia, etc. Countries like England and Germany which had large reserves of coal and other minerals took lead in developing new industries. –
2. However, as times changed, European countries began to use less and less of their own mineral resources and relied on imports from other countries.
3. The old mining towns and old factories were closed down and new factories grew in new areas.
4. Industrialization also enabled the European countries to import agricultural goods from other countries.
5. Thus they relied less on the agriculture of their countries for their food requirements and raw material requirements.
6. Hence Europe became dependent upon trade with other countries.
7. Initially, this trade was with their colonies in Asia, Africa, and America.
8. However as the colonies became independent, they had to develop new ways of trading with them.

Question 12.
How is agriculture similar or different in Europe from that of our country?
(OR)
How are agricultural practices similar or different in Europe from those practiced in India? Explain.
Answer:
Indian agriculture is quite different from European agriculture.

1. Seasons: In our country, we have three seasons winter, summer, and rain.
2. In Europe, they have four seasons winter, spring, summer, and autumn.

Agricultural seasons:

1. In our country, we have two agricultural seasons Rabi and Kharif mean winter and monsoon. Crops are grown nearly eight to 10 months a year.
2. Summer is the season of agriculture in Europe. There is no need for irrigation as the occasional showers are sufficient for the crops. The cultivation is possible only for 6 to 7 months.
3. A very large part of Europe is mountainous and not suitable for agriculture.
4. In India as much as 55% of the land is cultivable.

SCERT AP Board 7th Class Social Solutions 4th Lesson Oceans and Fishing Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Solutions 4th Lesson Oceans and Fishing

7th Class Social Studies 4th Lesson Oceans and Fishing Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
Does Bhavanapadu look like the place you live in? What differences and similarities can you think of? Compare them on the following aspects,
a. Sources of livelihood
b. Types of employment
c. Water sources
d. Agriculture practices
Answer:
No. Bhavanapadu is a village on the coastline of Andhra Pradesh. Ours is a village Nandamaru, Unguturu Mandal in West Godavari district.

	Comparison	Bhavanapadu	Our village Nandamuru
a.	Sources of livelihood	Fishing, Agriculture	Agriculture
b.	Types of employment	Laborers in fields salt pans, brokers	Agricultural laborers, shop owners, vegetable vendors, etc.
c.	Water sources	Ocean water	River, canal, and well water.
d.	Agriculture practices	Old systems	Old and modern systems.

Question 2.
How many types of ocean movements are there? Which of them is useful to the fishermen
Answer:
The water of the oceans is never still. There are different kinds of movements of water.
Ocean waters have three kinds of movements. They are:

1. Waves: When the water on the surface of the ocean rises and falls, they are called waves. They are formed when gentle winds scrape across the ocean surface. The faster the wind, the bigger will be the waves.
2. Currents: In the oceans, water is found to move from one part to another in big streams. These streams flow constantly in a definite direction on the surface of the ocean a called ocean currents. The ocean currents are of two types – The warm currents and the cold currents. The warm currents flow from the equatorial region towards the poles. The cold currents flow from the poles to towards the equatorial regions.
3. Tides: Tides are the rhythmic rise and fall in the level of the water in the oceans every day. All places on the coast experience some hours of low tide and some hours of high tide. Tides do not rise to the same height every day. When the tide is high water comes up to the coast for some distance. Then as the low tide begins, the water moves back from the land. The tides are of great help to fishing. Tides at some places take away the mud brought down by rivers and prevent silting.

Question 3.
What is the difference between fishing with Mechanical boats and that of Karrateppa?
Answer:

Mechanical boats	Karrateppa
1. It is a costly boat. It costs around Rs. 6 lakhs.	1. It is a country-made boat. So it is very cheap.
2. It has a capacity of 20 members. It has far more risk of life.	2. It has the capacity of a few members. It has not had many risks compared to Marapadava.
3. Rs. 5000/- needed for a trip for diesel, wages, and other things.	3. It does not need much money.
4. They can go far off places in the sea and can fish for a long time.	4. It can cover very short distances.
5. In case of emergency, it is difficult to swim over to the shore.	5. In case of emergency, it is easy to swim over to the shore.

Question 4.
Write the process of getting a mechanical boat ready for fishing?
Answer:
The boat is made ready the day before with all the necessary things properly loaded. Before launching into the sea :

1. The fishermen check the engine.
2. They also check the rope puller.
3. The additional stock of diesel is kept in the boat.
4. They keep their food packages in the boat.
5. They pray to the goddess in whom they have a strong faith.

Question 5.
What does the tool kit of fisherman contain?
Answer:
The fisherman has a special tool kit for repairing the nets which consists of Nulukarralu (net remaining fork), Nulukanda (thread), and a flattened stick that determines the net ring size.

Question 6.
What are the similarities that you find between the surface of the earth and the bottom of the sea?
Answer:
The floor of the ocean is just like the surface of the earth. The bottom of the sea is not a flat surface. It consists of hills, mountains, plateaus, plains, and trenches, etc.

Question 7.
Collect information about the aquifers of your village/town and fill in the table. Analyze the benefits.

Answer:

S.No.	Name of the aquifer	Uses	Limitations
1.	Confined aquifer	Drinking water	The aquifer and vulnerability maps can assist with the planning process. In order to assist in the correct interpre­tation and use of the maps, SEPA alerts the user to the following limitations.
2.	Unconfined aquifer	Cultivation	Higher vulnerability ratings do not necessarily mean that all activities are unsuitable. Groundwater vulnerability is only one component of risk.
3.	Semi confined aquifer	Domestic use	The maps will be updated as new geological information becomes available. Maps of receptors will he added, identifying the location of known groundwater abstrac­tions and groundwater-dependent ecosystems.

Question 8.
Make an album that reflects the life of fishermen.
Answer:
These pictures express the life of fishermen.

Question 9.
Locate the coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh and write them down.
Answer:

1. P.S.R. Nellore
2. Prakasam
3. Guntur
4. Krishna
5. East Godavari
6. West Godavari
7. Visakhapatnam
8. Vizianagaram
9. Srikakulam

Question 10.
What solutions do you show to the fishermen for not depending on the middlemen for money?
Answer:
The fishermen should form themselves as an association or should open a cooperative bank. The association or bank should act as middlemen for the sake of money.

Question 11.
Across the last 4 chapters, we studied many different aspects of water. Here is more information about the availability of water on our Earth. Look at them carefully and explain the availability of water resources on the Earth.

Answer:
71% of our Earth is covered with water.
a) Out of the total water on earth, 97% is saline water and 3% is freshwater.
b) Out of the total freshwater, icecaps and glaciers are 68.7%, groundwater 30.1%, surface water is 0.3% and other is 0.9%.
c) Out of the total fresh surface water, lakes are 87%, swamps are 11% and rivers are 2%.

Question 12.
How do you support the statement ‘The life of fishermen is tied up with seas’.
Answer:
I supported the following statement. The life of fishermen is tied up With seas, why because he doesn’t know any other work. From childhood days onwards he depends on the sea to catch the fish and continue his life. He earns money for his family through fishing only. He has no capacity to live in either village or town because he has no assets and large lands. His main occupation is fishing only. He felt that the sea or Ocean is god and world to him also.

Question 13.
Read the first para of page 32 and comment on it.

Fishing Village on the Coastal Plains

Ocean water is always saline. It contains several mineral salts dissolved in it. The oceans are the main source of rainfall. Oceans are storehouses of fish and other seafood. They are the main source of salts. Oceans provide natural highways for international trade. Let us visit Bhavanapadu, a fishing village near the coast of Andhra Pradesh, and study the life of people living near the ocean.
Answer:
The oceans are useful to us in many ways

1. We get salt from the ocean water.
2. Seas abound in mineral wealth.
3. Oceans provide us with large quantities and a variety of marine foods such as fish, shrimp, oysters, and crabs, etc.
4. The oceans serve as water transport systems from one continent to another continent. It is cheaper to transport heavy cargo through navigation.
5. Pearls are found in oysters.

Project

Read some writings which reference the lifestyle of fishermen. Eg: Samajanv Musalodu, Aatu-Potu (Janjhavathi Kathalu)
Answer:
Students’ Activity.

SCERT AP Board 7th Class Social Solutions 3rd Lesson Tanks and Ground Water Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Solutions 3rd Lesson Tanks and Ground Water

7th Class Social Studies 3rd Lesson Tanks and Ground Water Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Correct the incorrect sentences:
a) Water flows from the plains to the plateau. (✕)
Answer:
Water flows from the plateau to the plains.

b) There is a thick deposit of sand and gravel in the plains. (✕)
Answer:
There is a thick deposit of alluvium in the plains.

c) Groundwater will never dry. (✕)
Answer:
Groundwater will dry sometime.

d) It is easy to dig wells in Rajahmundry. (✓)
Answer:
Correct

Question 2.
The wells shown in this figure are situated on the plains of the Godavari. But there seems to be a mistake in the figure. Can you correct it?

Answer:
The water level should be the same.

Question 3.
In which of these places do you expect maximum percolation to take place?

Answer:
B

Question 4.
When the owners of some wells in Pallerla started using high-powered motors to draw water from the wells, the owners of other wells noticed that their wells were drying up. Discuss the possible solution to the problem.
Answer:
The owners of other wells should resist that owner from using high-power motors. And the owner also should take necessary preventive steps to store rainwater/ underground water.

Question 5.
In areas where there is a shortage of groundwater, should there be any restrictions on digging tube wells? Why?
Answer:
The areas which have a shortage of groundwater are stated as notified areas by Central Ground Water Authority. In these areas, there is permission for only one tube well to meet the drinking and domestic purpose of water, its diameter should be 100 mm, and the capacity of the pump should not exceed 1 HP. It should have a rainwater harvesting system on the premises. Otherwise, the ‘holding capacity in the matter inside the earth will be lessened.

Question 6.
Think about the ways to restore the groundwater in your area?
Answer:
In our area also people draw more water from the ground, so the groundwater is decreasing over time. I think the following steps are useful to enhance groundwater

1. Vegetation like trees and grasses and bunds are used to enhance groundwater.
2. We follow watershed development projects.
3. Under these projects trees and grasses are planted on the hill slopes from where a stream starts and small bunds are built across streams to stop the flow of water.
4. I suggest the people store rainwater in tanks and not dig wells too deep in the ground.
5. I think tanks should be developed in our village which helps the people not only in giving them and their animals drinking water, but also irrigating their fields in such a way that even in drought years people could raise at least some crops.

Question 7.
Observe the following picture and compare it with your locality.

Answer:
Our village is ‘Kalisipudi’ village in West Godavari District. There are no hills around our village like here. We have two water tanks – one is for drinking water and the another is for cultivation. Rainwater is saved in one tank. Water from* the canal, which was dug from the river Godavari, will be turned to another tank. Our farmers use tractors for ploughing. Our residences are far away from our fields. Draw the map of your village and locate the water resources of your village in it.

Question 8.
Draw the map of your village and locate the water resources of your village in it.
Answer:
A village picture – (with well, water tank)

Question 9.
Read the third para of page 27 and write a comment on it.
Water quickly flows into streams and into rivers. However, if the flow of the j rainwater were to be checked by vegetation or bunds, then there would be a greater possibility of the water percolating into the soil to join the groundwater.
Answer:
After runoff comes the last step of the water cycle, percolation.
Percolation occurs when the water on the earth’s surface in the run-off stage seeps underground. That is why in the old days they used wells to retrieve water.

Project

Collect the following information about the tanks/kuntas.

Answer:
Students’ Activity.

SCERT AP Board 7th Class Social Solutions 2nd Lesson Rain and Rivers Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Solutions 2nd Lesson Rain and Rivers

7th Class Social Studies 2nd Lesson Rain and Rivers Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Explain how water changes into water vapour and how clouds are formed from it.
Answer:

1. The story of rain begins with water vapour. When we dry our wet clothes in the open, we see that the water disappears after a while, and the clothes dry.
2. Similarly, if we keep some water on a plate, it dries up in a couple of days.
3. Actually, water in the cloth or in the plate becomes water vapour and mixes with the air through a process called ‘evaporation’.
4. So even when water is not boiling there is evaporation.
5. There are several water bodies on the earth’s surface – oceans, rivers, lakes, etc.
6. There is constant evaporation of water from these water bodies.
7. In fact, wherever there is moisture, like on a wet cloth, there is evaporation.
8. There is evaporation from our bodies, from trees, plants, and soil.
9. When water vapour rises with hot air and reaches high up in the sky, it gets cooled.
10. With the cooling, water vapour is transformed into tiny water droplets.
11. These droplets gather around minute dust or smoke particles in the air and v gradually increase in size.
12. These small drops of water gather to form the clouds.

Question 2.
Where do evaporation and cloud formation take place on a large scale?
Answer:

1. There are several water bodies on the earth’s surface – oceans, rivers lakes, etc.
2. There is constant evaporation of water from these water bodies.
3. Since evaporation takes place all over the earth’s surface, clouds are also being formed all over.
4. However, it is on the surface of the oceans that maximum evaporation and cloud formation take place.
5. After all, oceans are vast water bodies extending up to thousands of kilometres.
6. As a result, it also rains very heavily on the oceans.
7. Clouds travel inland for thousands of kilometres to bring rain to us.

Question 3.
How do the clouds reach deep inland?
Answer:
Clouds travel inland for thousands of kilometres to bring rain to us. These winds come all the way from the Arabian sea and the Bay of Bengal and they transport the rainy clouds. They are called “Monsoon winds’. They are also called ‘South West Monsoon winds, as they blow from that direction. Their winds blow only in the summer.
There are two arms of the monsoon winds: One blows from the Arabian sea and the other from the Bay of Bengal.
When the South-West monsoon sets around the beginning of June the winds carrying the clouds also reach Andhra Pradesh. These winds reach the Rayalaseema districts of Chittoor and Kurnool first. However they bring very little rain as most of the moisture in the clouds falls down in rain in the Western Ghats and only dry clouds and winds, reach Rayalaseema. The mountain ranges like the Western Ghats in the path of a rain-bearing wind cause them to rise. Rising air cools down and water vapour condenses faster. Further ascent leads to rainfall.

Question 4.
Where does it rain maximum? Choose the right option.
A) sea coasts that are in the direction of the winds.
B) Mountains that are in the direction of the winds.
C) Lands far away from the seas.
Answer:
Sea coasts that are in the direction of the winds.

Question 5.
Fill in the blanks choosing the correct options (bank, tributaries, flood-plain river valley)
a) A river flows through the …………… .
b) Streams or rivers joining a larger river are called the …………… of the main river.
c) The entire valley of a river which is filled with water during the floods is called the …………… of the river.
Answer:
a) river valley
b) tributaries
c) flood – plain.

Question 6.
The Godavari flows from the west to the east. Why?
Answer:
The plain through which the rivers in Andhra Pradesh flow is high in the North – West. It slopes towards the South-East. The rivers originate in the West. Hence they naturally flow towards the South-East and finally join the Bay of Bengal.
Rivers like the Krishna and the Godavari start from the Western Ghats which receive heavy rains. The rainwater slowly percolates into the ground and flows into the river all through the year.

Question 7.
Describe the main stages of the water cycle. (or)
Describe the different stages of the water cycle.
Answer:
Main stages of the water cycle:
Humidity: The amount of invisible water vapour present in the atmosphere is known as humidity.
Evaporation: The transformation of water from liquid to gas phases as it moves from the ground or bodies of water into the overlying atmosphere due to solar radiation.
Condensation: The transformation of Water vapour to liquid water droplets in the air, creating clouds and fog.
Precipitation: Condensed water vapour that falls to the earth’s surface.

Question 8.
There may be streams and rivers flowing near your village or town. Find out about them and fill in the table below.

Answer:

No.	Name	Source	Which river does it join?	Which sea does it meet?
1.	Krishna	Rainwater/ Western Ghats	Itself it is a river.	Bay of Bengal
2.	Godavari	Rainwater / W. Ghats	Itself it is a river.	Bay of Bengal

Question 9.
Do the rivers in your area contain water throughout the year? Find out from elders if they had more water in earlier times.
Answer:
No, the rivers in our area do not contain water throughout the year; Our elders also expressed the same.

Question 10.
How can people be prepared to face the disasters? (or)
What can the Government do to help the people meet the challenges of disasters like cyclones and floods?
Answer:

1. Cyclones and floods are seasonal phenomena. During the cyclone listen to radio or TV weather reports and in case of a cyclone/flood warning, ensure that everyone is alerted. This is usually done through loudspeakers or by going from door to door.
2. Keep an emergency kit ready at home. These kits should contain important papers, some food, some money and emergency telephone numbers.
3. The nearest available place where refuge could be sought in case of a cyclone
   should be identified in advance.
4. Wherever necessary, the walls of the house, roofing, doors and windows should be strengthened.
5. When you get a cyclone warning, store adequate drinking water and food grains in waterproof bags.
6. Do not venture outside, especially into the sea during and after the warning has been sounded.
7. Close doors and windows and stay indoors.
8. Move to a pucca building if you feel your house is not strong enough.
9. If the cyclone strikes while you are in a vehicle, stop but keep away from the seashore, trees, electric poles and other objects that may be uprooted during the gale.
10. If the cyclone wind suddenly drops, do not go out, as it could be the eye of the cyclone. Wait till the official all-clear declaration is made officially.
11. Listen to Radio / TV for updates on the situation.
12. Even after all-clear has been sounded take necessary precautions while moving to or out of your house. There may be partially uprooted trees or poles.
13. Look out for snakes that may have come out of their holes. Do not enter floodwaters. They may be too deep.
14. As a student group, you can play a very significant role in spreading awareness about the above precautions.

Question 11.
Collect the pictures showing cyclones and floods and prepare an album.
Answer:

Question 12.
Make a poster on the devastation of the flood.
Answer:

Floods Devastation

Climate change has contributed to a rise in extreme weather events. Climate change v/ill increase the frequency of heavy rainstorms/ puffing many communities at risk for devastation from floods.
As rains become heavier, streams, rivers and lakes can overflow, increasing the risk of waterborne pathogens flowing into drinking water sources. Downpours can also damage critical infrastructure.
Flooding can cause a range of health impacts and risks, including death and injury, contaminated drinking water, hazardous material spills increased populations of disease-carrying insects and rodents, mouldy houses and community disruption and displacement.
Local communities across the country can prevent floods and heavy rains from devasting their homes, buildings and agricultural land by updating the safety methods.

Project

Observe in your village/locality where the water is being wasted, furnish the details in a table, discuss the reasons, suggest the ways how water can be saved.

Answer:

Sl. No	The place where the water is being wasted	Reason	Ways to prevent/save the water
1.	Near washing clothes	Negligency	Use small buckets instead of large tubes.
2.	While washing animals	Negligency	Use small mugs.
3.	While carrying water from the tank to the house.	Weight	Use small utensils instead of large ones.

SCERT AP Board 7th Class Social Solutions 1st Lesson Reading Maps of Different Kinds Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Social Studies Solutions 1st Lesson Reading Maps of Different Kinds

7th Class Social Studies 1st Lesson Reading Maps of Different Kinds Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Why are the levels of all the seas equal in the world?
Answer:
All heights on the land are calculated from the sea level. Since all seas in the world are connected to each other, more or less the sea level (the top surface) all over the world is taken to be roughly the same.
We can easily observe this in the picture given below.

The temple is 100 meters high above sea level. The top of the hill is 150 meters high from sea level.
Thus we can say the levels of all the seas are equal in the world.

Question 2.
How is the sea level measured?
Answer:
The level of the sea keeps changing. So the level of the sea is carefully measured at frequent intervals and the mean level of the sea is calculated. A tidal gauge is used to measure the rising and falling of the sea.

Question 3.
What are the uses of maps showing heights?
Answer:

1. These maps help us to understand the nature of the terrain, where the mountains are, where the valleys are, etc.
2. If we look at the physical map of Andhra Pradesh, we can identify the coastal plains that run along the coast of the Bay of Bengal.
3. If we travel westwards from the coast, we will reach hills that form the “escarpments” to the plateau region.
4. The plateau region itself is cut by many rivers like the Krishna and the Godavari which form deep and broad valleys in them.
5. Maps showing heights are very essential when roads or dams have to be constructed.
6. If we have to lay roads in an undulating region between two places, such maps help us in deciding the route to be taken by the road.
7. Similarly, when dams are planned it is necessary to know how much land will be submerged by the water of the dam.

Question 4.
What differences do you find between the lifestyle of people living on high altitudes and low altitudes?
Answer:
Difference between the people living on the high and low altitudes:

People of High Altitudes	People of Low Altitudes
1) They live in mountainous regions.	1) They live in plains.
2) They are economically backward.	2) They are economically well developed.
3) They wear woolen clothes.	3) They wear cotton and silk clothes.
4) They enjoy insecure life.	4) They enjoy secure life.

Question 5.
How are maps helpful to people?
Answer:

1. The map is a representation or a drawing of the total or a part of the earth’s surface drawn on a flat surface according to a scale.
2. Maps help us to study a part of the earth.
3. Maps provide more information than a globe.
4. Maps are easy to carry and take the measurement too.
5. Some maps tell us about how high or low the places are, some tell us about how much it rains there or how hot or cold it gets there.
6. Some maps tell us about crops that grow there or the kinds of forests there are.
7. By studying them we can know much about a place.

Question 6.
Read the para ‘Contour Lines’ and comment on it.
Contour Lines
A contour is a line joining the places with equal heights. On the map of Nimpur you would have seen that there is a line passing through the village, this is the 50-meter contour line. All places on this line will have the same height of 50 meters. Contour lines will be in irregular shape depending upon the landform. These cannot cut with each other. The distance between two contour lines will depend upon the landscape. If the land has a steep climb then the contour lines will be near to each other. If the slope of the land is gentle, then the contour lines will be quite far from each other.
Answer:
A contour line of a function of two variables is a curve along which the function has a constant value. In cartography, a contour line joins points of equal elevation above a given level, such as mean sea level.
Contour lines are curved, straight or a mixture of both lines on a map describing the intersection of a real surface with one or more horizontal plains.

Question 7.
Observe the physical map of Andhra Pradesh and list out the districts which are above 150 M.S.L.?

Answer:
The following districts are above 150 mts Mean Sea level.

1. Chittoor
2. Visakhapatnam
3. Kurnool
4. Anantapur.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 17 Changes Around Us Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Science Solutions 17th Lesson Changes Around Us

7th Class Science 17th Lesson Changes Around Us Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Why do we paint wooden doors and windows?
Answer:
We paint wooden doors and window to protect them from moisture, white ants and other insects.

Question 2.
Some deposits were observed in water preserved in Aluminium containers after two to three days. What could the deposit be? What is the reason for the formation of these deposits?
Answer:

1. When water was preserved in Aluminium containers some deposits were observed in the containers after two to three days.
2. This is because salts and minerals present in water form scales on the Aluminium containers.

Question 3.
When a candle is burnt, what type of changes take place? Give another example of a similar process.
Answer:

1. When a candle is burnt both physical and chemical changes take place.
2. Burning of candle giving heat and light and reducing its size is a chemical change.
3. The wax melted during burning again condenses to solid wax is a physical change.
4. Part of the candle burnt is a permanent change and it cannot be reversed.
5. Due to the burning of the candle, carbon dioxide and water vapour are produced.
   Examples:
   1) Burning of LPG in our kitchen.
   2) Liquid state of LPG in the cylinder is converted into a gaseous state when comes out This is a physical change.
   3) When LPG burns in air heat is produced, this is a chemical change.

Question 4.
How is an iron gate prevented from rusting?
Answer:

1. Iron gate when-exposed to moisture and air gets rusted.
2. To prevent rusting of Iron gates it should be painted with a paint.

Question 5.
Between coastal and dry land areas, where is rusting of iron objects faster? Give reasons.
Answer:

1. Rusting of iron objects is faster in coastal areas.
2. In coastal areas there is humidity in the atmosphere (water vapour is present in the air)
3. This water vapour is responsible for the rusting qf iron objects faster.
4. In dry land areas, the humidity in the atmosphere is relatively less.

Question 6.
Classify the changes involved in the following processes as Physical, Chemical or both.
a) Burning of Coal
b) Melting of Wax
c) Beating Aluminium to make Aluminium foil
d) Digestion of food
e) Boiling of Egg
f) Photosynthesis
g) Cutting of Wood
Answer:

Physical change	Chemical change
1) Melting of wax 2)  Beating Aluminium to make Aluminium foil 3)  Cutting of wood.	1)  Burning of coal 2)   Digestion of food 3)   Boiling of egg 4)   Photosynthesis.

Question 7.
Which of the following processes are chemical changes? Give reasons.
a) Making a Salt Solution.
b) Adding Hydrochloric Acid to Marble stone.
c) Evaporation of water.
d) Adding phenolphthalein indicator to acid solution.
e) Respiration
f) Ripening of a Mango
g) Breaking of Glass.
Answer:
Physical changes:
a) Making a salt solution
c) Evaporation of water
g) Breaking of glass
Chemical changes:
b) 1) Adding Hydrochloric acid to Marble stone.
2) New Substances are formed so it is a chemical change.
d) 1) Adding phenolpthalein indicator to acid solution.
2) Phenolpthalein indicator in acid solution is colourless.
3) It turns pink in basic solution.
4) This is a chemical change because there will be a structural change in phenolpthalein.
e) 1) Respiration is also a chemical change.
2) There will be exchange of gases in this process.
f) Ripening of a Mango: This is a chemical change. Ripening can not be reversed back.

Question 8.
Identify the incorrect statements among the following and rewrite them correctly.
a) Formation of manure from leaves is a physical change.
b) Iron pipes coated with Zinc do not get rusted.
c) Setting of curd is a physical change.
d) Condensation of steam is not a chemical change.
e) Burning of Magnesium in air is a chemical change.
Answer:
a) 1) Formation of manure from leaves is a physical change (Incorrect)
2) Formation of manure from leaves is a chemical change (correct)
b) Iron pipes coated with zinc do not get rusted (correct)
c) 1) Setting of curd is a physical change (Incorrect)
2) Setting of curd is a chemical change (correct)
d) Condensation of steam is not a chemical change (correct)
e) Burning of magnesium in air is a chemical change (correct)

Question 9.
Fill in the blanks in the following statements.
a) The chemical name of vinegar is …………
b) Changes in which only ………… properties of a substance change are called physical changes.
c) Changes in which new substances are formed are called ………… changes.
d) Magnesium + Oxygen → …………
e) Copper Sulphate + Iron → …………
Answer:
a) Acetic acid
b) Physical
c) Chemical
d) Magnesium oxide
e) Iron sulphate + copper

Question 10.
Answer the following questions.
I) The gas we use in kitchen is in the form of liquid in the cylinder. When it comes out from the cylinder it becomes a gas (step-I) then it burns (step-II). Choose the correct statement from the following.
a. Only step – I is a chemical change.
b. Only step – II is a chemical change.
c. Both steps – I & II are chemical changes.
d. Both steps – I & II are physical changes.
Answer:
a) Step – I – is a physical change (not a chemical change)
b) Step – II – is a chemical change (It is correct)
c) Both steps I & II – are chemical changes.
This is not correct.
Step – I – Physical change and
Step – II – Chemical Change is correct.
d) Both steps I & II – are physical changes – This is not correct.
Step I – Physical change
Step II – Chemical change.

II) Bacteria digest animal waste and produce biogas (step – I). The biogas is then burnt as fuel (step – II). Choose the correct statement from the following.
a) Only step – I is a chemical change.
b) Only step – II is a chemical change.
c) Both steps – I & II are chemical changes.
d) Both steps – I & II are physical changes.
Answer:
a) 1) Only step – I is a chemical change This is not correct.
2) Both step – I and step – II are chemical changes – This is correct.
b) 1) Only step – II is a chemical change – This is not correct.
2) Both step – I and step – II are chemical changes – This is correct.
c) Both steps I & II – are chemical changes – This is correct.
d) 1) Both steps I & II – are physical changes – This is not correct.
2) Both steps I & II – are chemical changes – This is correct.

III) A piece of paper was cut into four pieces. What type of change occurred in the property of the paper?
A) Physical change B) Chemical change C) Both changes D) No change
Answer:
A) Physical change

IV) Aryan stretched a rubber band. What does it represent?
A) Chemical change B) Physical change C) Both changes D) No change
Answer:
B) Physical change

V) Which of the following changes are reversible or irreversible?
a) Rise of water from ground to the overhead tank …………
b) Setting of cement …………
c) Absorption of water by a sponge …………
d) Migration of birds …………
e) Rise in temperature during summer …………
Answer:
a) Rise of water from ground to the overhead tank is a reversible change.
b) Setting of cement is an irreversible change.
c) Absorption of water by a sponge is a reversible change.
d) Migration of birds is a reversible change.
e) Rise in temperature during summer is a reversible change.

Question 11.
Sudheer wants to make his vessels, which are made of Brass and copper, clean and shiny. What suggestions you would like to give him?
Answer:

1. Brass and copper vessels when exposed to air we find a greenish coat on them.
2. This greenish coat is formed when copper or brass reacts with oxygen and carbon dioxide present in air.
3. This coat protects copper from getting further corroded.
4. To keep them clean and shiny they must be used regularly washing them with cleaning powders.
5. In case if they are not used regularly grease on than to prevent direct contact of these metals with oxygen and water vapour in the air.

Question 12.
Does Anurag appreciate the changes in ripe mango as “How nice its colour and taste are” ? Give some examples of changes that makes you feel happy, or wonder.
Appreciate them in your own words.
Answer:

1. When mango ripens, the contents present in the fruit gives good taste. The change in colour indicates that the fruit is ripend.
2. Similar situations we experience with many fruits like banana, guava, papaya, pine apple … etc.
3. In fact fruits are a gift to human beings as they give instantaneous energy when eaten.
4. Nature is so kind to us to provide such ready made safe foods.

Question 13.
The changes like, chicks came out of eggs, blossoming flowers, etc. are very pretty to see. List out such type of changes around you which make to feel happy on observation.
Answer:

1. A cow giving birth to a calf
2. Plants producing vegetables
3. A new born baby trying to search for milk.
4. These are all wonderful changes we feel happy to observe in the nature.

Question 14.
Match the following.

Answer:

Question 15.
Collect information on changes taking place in the food during the process of digestion. [From the school library/internet and display your observations on
the bulletin board].
Answer:
1. The digestion of food in human beings starts from mouth.
2. The digestive system of human being consists of mouth, buccal cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus.
Summary of the digestive enzymes of various glands with their secretions and/end products of digestion in man

Question 16.
Collect information on the process of artificial ripening of fruits in fruit markets and discuss whether it is useful or harmful.
Answer:

1. Calcium carbide is more commonly known as “masala” is used for the artificial ripening of fruits.
2. It is very harmful to health.
3. Calcium carbide is a carcinogenic agent.
4. The most important precaution to avoid eating such artificially ripened fruits is to go in for fruits and vegetables which are not unseasonal.
5. Always wash the vegetables and fruits properly before consuming them.

Question 17.
Ravi prepared carbon – dioxide using baking soda and vinegar. Carbon – dioxide changed lime water into milky white. Represent this experiment in a diagram with labelling.
Answer:

Question 18.
When you burn a piece of wood different changes take place. Analyse the following.
a) Predict possible changes and list them all.
b) Are there any physical changes among them?
c) How many forms of energy are released in the change?
d) What chemical changes do you notice? Explain briefly why these occur.
Answer:
a) During burning.

1. Heat is produced
2. Sound and light is also produced.
3. Wood turns into ash
4. Chemical change.

b) No physical changes are there in the list.
c) Heat energy, light energy, sound energy are produced.
d) Wood turns into carbon dioxide and ash.
(wood) carbon + (Air) Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + ash.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 16 Forest: Our Life Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Science Solutions 16th Lesson Forest: Our Life

7th Class Science 16th Lesson Forest: Our Life Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
How can you say forest is a habitat for people?
Answer:

1. Forests have been a home of people from ancient times.
2. In various forest areas of Andhra Pradesh, we find people still living there and making it their home.
3. They usually live in places in the forest where water is available.
4. These people, aadivasis, never harm the forest in any way.
5. They never cut green trees for fuelwood and for domestic purposes. They collect only dry wood.
6. They also hunt only small animals like lizards and rabbits for their food.
7. While collecting tubers that they eat, they leave a part of them in the soil for the plants to grow again.
8. They earn money by selling forest products in the weekend markets (santha)

Question 2.
What variations do we see in forest types?
Answer:
1) There are two types of forests. They are:
a) Forest of hot and humid areas. (Equatorial forests)
b) Forest of cold areas (Alpine forests)

Equatorial forests	Alpine forests
1) These forests have green trees of all types.	1) These forests have mostly ice and plants that grow in cold atmosphere.
2) The climate in these forests is hot and humid.	2) The climate in these forests is cold.
3) We find different types of trees like teak, sal, neem, tamarind, amla, soap nuts etc.	3) These forests consists of alpine trees and thorny bushes.

Question 3.
How do we depend on forests?
Answer:

1. Forests keep the surroundings cool.
2. We get different varieties of timber from forests.
3. We get honey, tamarind, bamboo from the forests.
4. Forests provide us the rains, fresh air and fresh water.
5. We get medicinal plants from the forest.
6. The forests help us in getting food, shelter and clothing.

Question 4.
How can you say forests are lungs of our earth?
Answer:

1. Forests take up a large amount of Carbon dioxide and some other harmful particles
   and gases and keep the air clean.
2. They serve as lungs of our earth.

Question 5.
List the things that we use in our daily life which are made from wood.
Answer:
We use in our daily life the following which are made of wood.

1. Windows
2. Doors
3. Tables
4. Chairs
5. Stands
6. Bench
7. Cot
8. Cradle
9. Sofa
10. Almirah
11. Counter
12. Cup – Board etc.

Question 6.
What is deforestation? How can it be stopped?
Answer:

1. Deforestation is cutting down forests for replacement of industries or for timber or for other economic needs, croplands etc.
2. People destroy the forests for their own economic purposes. For example, earning by selling trees and thus excessive cutting down of trees or deforestation is taking place.
3. Deforestation can be stopped by the following steps.
   a) The forest officials should make good efforts with voluntary organisations to save forests.
   b) People should be continuously educated about the adverse effects of deforestation.
   c) Plantation of trees should be encouraged.

Question 7.
This is not a forest product.
A) Soap nut B) Plywood C) Matchstick D) Kerosene
Answer:
D) Kerosene

Question 8.
If you want to develop social forestry in your village which type of plants would you like to grow. Why?
Answer:
1) If we want to develop social forestry in our village, we would like to grow the following plants.

1. Bamboo
2. Karaka
3. Rose wood
4. Nallamadi
5. Tamarind
6. Usiri
7. Jafra etc.

Question 9.
Collect the pictures of forest products and stick them in your scrap book.
Answer:
The student can prepare the scrapbook.

Question 10.
Write a note on livelihood of forest tribes of our state.
Answer:

1. Tribals like ‘Chenchu’ are living in the forests of our state.
2. The forest tribes, walk through the forests for nearly 30 km. every day and has thorough knowledge of forest, its flora, fauna and birds with in a radius of around 15 km.
3. They collect various food products like soap nuts, honey, tamarind, bamboo etc and sell them’ in Santha (a weekend market) and purchase materials like clothes etc.
4. They also collect medicinal plants from the forest for which they are well known through- out the state.
5. These people never cut green trees for fuel wood and for domestic purposes.
6. They also hunt only small animals like lizards and rabbits for their food.
7. While collecting tubers, that they eat, they leave part of them in the soil for the plants to grow again.
8. They have very little needs and happily go about their daily lives.

Question 11.
Collect some songs / stories / poems about conservation of trees.
Answer:
Poem: 1
See the leaves that fall from trees.
Watch then fall to ground with grace.
Carried by the winds of nature.
They never stay in just one place.
Poem: 2
See the leaves that fall from trees.
They grow from branches nice and quick.
A seasons when they live their life.
Full and short poisoned sick.

Question 12.
We can see animals not only in the forests but also in the Zoo. Write some similarities and differences between the conditions in which animals are found in the zoo and the forest.
Answer:
a) Similarities:

1. Both the animals in the forest and in the zoo appear in the same way.
2. They continue their food habits.
3. The nature of these animals do not change.
4. They give birth to the off spring.

b) Differences:

1. The animals in the forest feel independence. The animals in the zoo do not feel it.
2. The animals in the forest struggle to get their food. The animals in the zoo get their food in fixed times without any effort.
3. There is difference in the conceivement of forest animals and zoo animals. Zoo animals are facing inconvenience.
4. Forest animals can wander freely where as zoo animals cannot wander freely. This has an effect on their Biological system.

Question 13.
Charita said “forest is good habitat” How can you support her?
Answer:

1. By harboring greater variety of plants the forest provides greater opportunities for food and habitat for the herbivores.
2. Larger number of herbivores means increased availability of food for a variety of carnivores.
3. The wide variety of animals help the forests to regenerate and grow.
4. Forests provide habitat to a wide variety of plants and animals.

Question 14.
Draw or collect pictures of forests. Discuss with your friends. Write about fate of forests in your state and what steps you would take to conserve them.
Answer:
The student can collect pictures of forests available.
The fate of Forests:

1. In many parts of our country, the deforestation has been on a large scale and the consequences are being faced by men.
2. Flood situations, drought, soil erosion, land slides etc. are very common problems due to deforestation.
3. People are clearing forest land for cultivation, construction of houses, roads, factories and dams.
4. Extinction of many animals and living organism result of this deforestation.

Steps for conservation:

1. We must make efforts to save forests by planting plants like Karaka, Rosewood, Nallamadi, Usiri etc.
2. We should conserve soil moisture by making bunds along edges of plantation areas, digging trenches etc.
3. We should see that no one harms trees.
4. We should Start growing forests once again.

Question 15.
Find out about state of forests in India and write a brief report on it.
Answer:

1. In our country the area of the forests is decreasing due to deforestation.
2. This has already shown its effect on our environment.
3. Several types of organisms already disappeared due to this deforestation in our ‘ country.
4. There are forests only on 19.3% of the geographical area of our country.
5. Forests play an important role in the maintenance of ecological balance.
6. Conservation of forests is the need of the hour in our country.

Question 16.
Plant a tree on your birthday or during any celebration in the family.
Answer:
Every student, parent, teacher, and citizen should follow this suggestion.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 15 Soil: Our Life Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Science Solutions 15th Lesson Soil: Our Life

7th Class Science 15th Lesson Soil: Our Life Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
How can you say soil is a precious resource? Give reasons.
Answer:

1. Soil is a precious resource.
2. It is the basis for growth of plants.
3. It is habitat for micro organism, animals, reptiles etc.
4. Soil is used for various purposes.
5. Almost all the things in our surroundings directly or indirectly depend on soil.

Question 2.
Which type of soil is suitable for growing cotton?
Answer:

1. Black soil is suitable for growing cotton.
2. Black soil is sticky in nature. It retains water for a long time.
3. This soil is suitable for the growth of cotton, sugarcane and paddy.

Question 3.
Give reasons for low percolation rate of clayey soil as compared to sandy soil.
Answer:

1. Clayey soil mainly contains clay.
2. Only small percentage of sand and slit are present in the clayey soil.
3. Humus is also present in this soil.
4. The components having good percolation capacity are not present in the clayey soil in the desired proportion.
5. So clayey soil has low percolation rate as compared to sandy soil.

Question 4.
Why is top soil more useful for us?
Answer:

1. The top organic layer of soil, made up mostly of leaf litter and humus (decomposed organic matter).
2. This layer is soft and porus. It contains nutrients which help in the growth of plants.
3. To soil is capable of retaining water in it.
4. It is a good habit at for many living organism.

Question 5.
What types of soils are there in your village? Make a. list of crops grown on these soils.
Answer:

1. Types of soil differ from village to village.
2. For guidance, a village in Krishna District is identified and details are given here.
3. There is black soil in the village. This soil can retain water for a long time.
4. Here farmers grow cotton, sugarcane and paddy.

Question 6.
If a farmer wants to improve water holding capacity of his sandy soil field what will you suggest to him?
Answer:

1. In sandy soi] the proportion of larger sized particle is more.
2. This soil will have more percolation rate.
3. If a good proportion of fine particles are added to the sandy soil, these fine particles hold the water.
4. So the farmer is advised to mix clay soil, having fine particles, with the sandy soil, to improve water holding capacity.

Question 7.
Do you think rotting vegetation and animal remains are important for the soil? In what way?
Answer:

1. Rotting vegetation and animal remains make up the humus rich in fertility.
2. They contain nutrients, natural manure which give good support to the growth of plants.

Question 8.
Roots of grasses hold soil particles. This conserves the
Answer:
Soil

Question 9.
Which of the following statements is correct? Correct the wrong one.

• Soil form from sand.
• Crop rotation protects soil fertility.
• Clay soil can’t hold water for a long time.
• Upper layers ofsoild are made of rocks.

Answer:

• Soil form from sand. …….. This, is wrong.
• Crop rotation protects soil fertility. ……… This is correct.
• Clay soil can’t hold water for a long time. …….. This is wrong.
• Upper layers of soild are made of rocks. …….. This is wrong.

Correct statements:
a) Soil is formed slowly as rock erodes into tiny pieces near the Earth’s surface.
b) Statement is correct.
c) Clay soil contains more fine particles. So its water holding capacity is more.
d) The upper layers of soil is made up of humus mixed with mineral particles.

Question 10.
Collect soil from your school ground. Try to make a ring with that soil. Write down your observations. What type of soil is it?
Answer:
The student can do it.
The soil changes from school to school. So the student with the help of the teacher can make the observations.

Question 11.
Take a boiling tube. Put two spoons of soil in it. Heat it on a spirit lamp and cover it.
a) Do this experiment and write your findings.
b) Do you find any moisture in the soil?
c) How can you say that?
Answer:
a)

1. This soil is found to contain minerals like salts of sodium, calcium and magnesium.
2. Traces of potassium chlorides, sulphates and carbonates are also observed.

b) I found moisture in the soil.
c)

1. As the boiling tube is covered, on the bottom of the cover, water drops condensed
   are found.
2. Due, to heat the moisture in the soil got evaporated and the vapours were condensed on the bottom of the cover.

Question 12.
Nazmal’s grandmother said “Human beings always depends on soil”. Is she correct? How do you support her statement?
Answer:

1. Nazmal’s grandmother is correct. I support her statement.
2. Soil is one of the most important natural resources. It supports the existence of living organisms.
3. We use soil for different purposes in our daily life. Almost all things in our surroundings directly or indirectly depend on soil.
4. The soil supports all plants, animals and microorganism.
5. We grow our food components in this soil.

Question 13.
“If you sow a seed in the soil it will give birth to a tiny plant which grows bigger and bigger. “It is the wonder of soil” Swetha said. How do you express your appreciation of soil like Swetha?
Answer:

1. Soil always support plants to grow.
2. It is plants that grow life long.
3. Soil supplies the necessary water and nutrients to the plant throughout its life period.
4. The plant makes it own food using, solar energy and the gases in the atmosphere with the help of water supplied by the soil.
5. It is one of the wonderful things we observe in the nature.

Question 14.
Write a dialogue between seed and soil and perform a small play using your own script.
Answer:
Soil : Who are you?
Seed : I am as eed.
Soil : What do you want from me?
Seed : I want water, minerals and nutrients.
Soil : Why do you need all those things?
Seed : As I want to germinate and become a big tree I need all those things.
Soil : Definitely I will supply all that things needed to you to become a big tree.

Question 15.
If you have a chance to talk with a soil scientist, what questions would you like to ask him about soil?
Answer:
I shall ask the following questions.

1. How can you test the soil for its acidity?
2. Is it possible to change the basic nature of the soil?
3. How can the water holding capacity of the soil be increased at a low cost.
4. Suggest methods to improve the fertility of the soil.
5. What can be done with the black cotton soil when a building is to be constructed?
6. As black cotton soil yields, and the building cracks, suggest preventive measures for it.

Question 16.
Do you find any relationship between the chapters “Soil” and “Nutrition in plants”. What are they?
Answer:

1. Plants get their nutrition from the soil where they grow.
2. All plants cannot grow in every soil. We have to select plants to seed suited to the soil available.
3. By taking proper steps, we can improve the quality of soil for a good growth of the plants.

AP State Syllabus AP Board 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 14 Water – Too Little To Waste Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 7th Class Science Solutions 14th Lesson Water – Too Little To Waste

7th Class Science 14th Lesson Water – Too Little To Waste Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks and give reasons.
a) Cleaning of water is a process of removing …………
b) Waste water released by houses is called …………
c) Dried ………… is used as manure.
d) Drains get blocked by ………… and …………
Answer:
a) Impurities – This is to remove the wastage to get purified water.
b) Sewage This is a liquid waste which causes harmful bacteria and other microbes.
c) Sludge – The soft wet earth or subtances which are used as manure.
d) Oil and fat The impurities stagnated in water which releases some oil and fats like fossil fuels.

Question 2.
What is sewage? Explain why it is harmful to discharge untreated sewage into rivers or seas?
Answer:

1. All the waste water released by homes, industries, hospitals, offices and other users are collectively called Sewage.
2. Sewage is a liquid waste.
3. Most of it is water, which has dissolved and suspended impurities, disease-causing bacteria and other microbes. These impurities are called contaminants.
4. If this is discharged into canals, it causes a lot of harm to animals, human beings, aquatic animals and plants if this water used.

Question 3.
Why should oils and fats not be released in the drain? Explain.
Answer:

1. Oils and fats should not be released in the drain.
2. If they are released they do not dissolve in water and at the same time attach themselves to the walls of the drain.
3. These catch other material and finally obstruct the flow of drain water.
4. This makes the drain water stagnate causing new sanitation problems.

Question 4.
Describe the steps involved in getting clarified water from wastewater.
Answer:

1. Wastewater is passed through bar screens. Large objects like rags, sticks, cans, plastic packets, etc are removed by this.
   
2. Water then goes to a grit and sand removal tank.
   The speed of the incoming wastewater is decreased to allow sand, grit and pebbles to settle down.
3. The water is then allowed to settle in a large tank which is sloped towards the middle.
   
4. Solids like faeces settle at the bottom a removed with a scraper. This is the sludge.
5. A skimmer removes the floatable solids like grease. Water so cleared is called clarified water.

Question 5.
What is sludge? Explain how it is treated.
Answer:
Sludge:

1. Waste water is passed through bar screens.
   After removal of large objects, water goes to a grit and sand removal tank. Here water is allowed to settle in a large tank which is sloped towards the middle.
   
2. Solids like faeces settle at the bottom and are removed with a scraper. This is the sludge.
3. The sludge is transferred to a separate tank where it is decomposed by an aerobic bacteria.
4. The biogas produced in the process can be used as fuel or can be used to produce electricity.
5. Air is pumped into the clarified water to help aerobic bacteria to grow.
6. Bacteria consume human waste, food waste, soaps and other unwanted matter still remaining in clarified water.
7. After several hours, the suspended microbes settle at the bottom of the tank as activated sludge. The water is then removed from the top.
8. The activated sludge is about 97% water. The water is removed by sand drying beds or machines.
9. Dried sludge is used as manure, returning organic matter and nutrients to the soil.

Question 6.
Untreated human excreta is a health hazard. Explain.
Answer:

1. If the human excreta is left untreated it reaches the canals through rain water.
2. The canal water is contaminated with this.
3. People who use this canal water are prone to many diseases.
4. Thus it is a health hazard.

Question 7.
Name two chemical used to disinfect the water.
Answer:

1. Chlorine and
2. Ozone are the two chemicals used to disinfect the water.

Question 8.
Explain the function of bar screens in a waste water treatment plant.
Answer:
Large objects like rags, sticks, cans, plastic packets… etc in waste water are removed by the bar screens in a waste water treatment plant.

Question 9.
Explain the relationship between sanitation and disease.
Answer:

1. Sanitation plays a major role in keeping good health for the public.
2. If the sanitation is poor* both water and air becomes polluted.
3. Public depend upon these two items for their healthy living. If they are contaminated public health becomes a big threat.
4. Neglected sanitation leads to diseases in the people living nearby.

Question 10.
Outline your role as an active citizen in relation to sanitation.
Answer:

1. I shall educated the members of my house to keep the house and surroundings clean and neat.
2. I request the neighbours not to throw away their house hold wastes on roads or at any place of their choice.
3. I shall suggest them to separate organic and inorganic wastes and hand over to the people who collect these waste materials.
4. I propagate the importance of sanitation by mouth and also with my friends.
5. I cooperate with all organisations who work in this direction.

Question 11.
What would, you do to motivate people in your street to utilise toilets?
Answer:

1. I explain the people about the importance of using toilets.
2. I shall emphasize how one is prone to get hookworm if goes for defecation in the open.
3. Further such things lead to the contamination of air and water which causes a threat to the health of the people living nearby.
4. If toilets are used the waste materials go deep into the earth and become soil in course of time without creating any problem.
5. Defecation irt the open, attracts mosquitoes, house flies and other insects which inturn transmit diseases.

Question 12.
What would happen if there were no microbes that break down wastes in sewage?
Answer:

1. Microbes are doing a lot of service in breaking down the complex organic compounds in waste materials to simple structured substances.
2. These substances ultimately becoming a manure.
3. If there were no microbes, our life will be in danger.
4. All the waste organic material remain as it was and pollute air and water posing a big problem to our survival.

Question 13.
What point would you like to address in the letter for your panchayat officer about drainage system in your village/town?
Answer:

1. The drainage system in our town is very poor. The drains were not cleaned regularly by the sanitary people.
2. The drain walls (or pipes) in some places were broken and the drain water is not freely flowing due to obstacles
3. When it rains, all the drain water along With the rain water is occupying the roads making it very unhygienic.
4. We therefore request you to attend to this drainage repair work.

Question 14.
Go to a nearby railway station/bits station/ hospital/ industry. What type of sewage is released? List out where and how.
Answer:

Place	Type of sewage	From where and how
Railway station	eatable items, plastic bottles tea cups etc.	People throw half of eatable items empty pet bottles, cups etc.
Bus station	“	“
Hospitals	used syringes, cotton, bandages etc.,	Due to accidents and certain operations
Industry	ash, chemical waste water etc.	Some chemical substances are obtained in the process of preparation

Question 15.
Fresh water is scarce. What is your contribution to make your family members aware of the need to save water?
Answer:
I shall see that my family members follow the following methods of using water.

1. Pick up water that is reqired for drinking. Donot throw away the water left out in the glass.
2. Water used for cleaning rice and vegetables will be sent to the garden in the backyard.
3. For bath, required water is to be used.
4. I suggest the members to use mild soaps as the water after bath can be sent to plants in the garden of the house.
5. No spill out of water from the tap must be seen by every family member.
6. ‘Think’ before you use every drop of water is the suggestion I put before the family members.

Question 16.
Prepare atleast 5 slogans on “Don’t waste water”. (OR)
Write 4 slogans on “conservation of water ”
(OR)
Write any 4 slogans on Conservation of water and wastage of water. J&JAMlIrM
Answer:
5 slogans on’Don’t waste water’.

1. ’Water is our currency. Use it with care’
2. ‘Water is our life. Save it’.
3. ‘Water is precious. Use it but donot throw it’.
4. ‘Save water. Never become a partner for its shortage’.
5. ‘Water is life. Life is not water’.

Question 17.
Make a writeup for your project on preservation of rain water.
Answer:

1. If villagers take up the activity of sludge removal in tanks, more: water can be stored in them. Government should take up the renovation of lakes / tanks from time to time.
2. Groundwater increases if check-dams are built over rivers, streams and riverets. This water can be used for all purposes.
3. The rain water which flows from roof tops cap be diverted into a pit or a big Tank in the surroundings of the house, and this water can be used for few days.

Question 18.
Is there a check dam or any other water conservation unit in your village? Write a note on it.
Answer:
We have a water tank in the middle of the village, near to the Z.P. High school.
All people of Our village get water from that tank in the morning and evening.

Question 19.
Have you got any doubt about diseases caused by untreated water? List them out.
(OR)
Ashok wants to know the effects of “drinking” contaminated water. Which questions may he ask the doctor?
Answer:

1. What are the diseases caused by using untreated water?
2. What are the steps to be taken to treat the untreated water?
3. What are the different methods used to treat the untreated water?

Question 20.
If you see water running off from a public tap what would you do about it?
Answer:

1. If I see water running off from a public tap immediately I turn off the tap and stop the run of water.
2. If the control system of the tap is not there, I shall take measures to close the way out of water and report the same to the authorities.