AP Inter 2nd Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 14 Microbes in Human Welfare

Students get through AP Inter 2nd Year Botany Important Questions 14th Lesson Microbes in Human Welfare which are most likely to be asked in the exam.

AP Inter 2nd Year Botany Important Questions 14th Lesson Microbes in Human Welfare

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Why does ‘Swiss cheese’ have big holes. Name the bacteria responsible for it. [TS MAY-17] [AP MAR-16] [AP 20] [TS 20]
Answer:

1. Large holes in ‘Swiss cheese’ are due to the production of large amounts of CO₂ .
2. The Bacterium Propionibacterium is responsible for it.

Question 2.
What are fermentors? [TS MAY-22] [APMAY-17, 22]
Answer:
Fermentors are large vessels used to produce beverages and antibiotics on large scale.

Question 3.
Name a microbe used for statin production. How do statins lower blood cholesterol level? [TS MAY-22] [AP MAR-15] [ TS M-16]
Answer:

1. Microbe used for statin production is Monascus purpureus yeast.
2. The statins lower blood cholesterol level by competitively inhibiting enzyme which is responsible for synthesis of cholesterol.

Question 4.
Why do we prefer to call secondary wastewater treatment as biological treatment?
Answer:
During secondary waste water treatment, the aeration allows vigorous growth of useful aerobic microbes into floes. This reduces BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand).

Question 5.
What is Nucleopolyhedrovirus is being used for nowadays? [TS MAR-17] [TS 20]
Answer:

1. Nucleopolyhedroviruses are used for biological control of insect pests.
2. This is desirable in integrated pest management (IPM) programme (or) when an ecologically sensitive area is being treated.

Question 6.
How has the discovery of antibiotics helped mankind in field of medicine?
Answer:

1. Antibiotics are chemical substances which are produced by some microbes.
2. They can kill or retard the growth of other disease-causing microbes.
3. They greatly increased our capacity to treat deadly diseases like plague, whooping cough, diphtheria and leprosy which used to kill millions all over the globe.

Question 7.
Why is distillation required for producing certain alcoholic drinks?
Answer:

1. Alcoholic drinks are obtained from fermented fruits or plant juice, which have lower alcoholic concentration. But alcoholic beverages ( Whisky, brandy, rum…) require higher alcoholic concentration.
2. So distillation is required to (i) enhance alcoholic concentration (ii) to separate alcohol from other substances.
3. The fermented mixture is distilled and heated above boiling temperature of ethanol 78°C and below boiling temperature of water 100°C.

Question 8.
Write the most important characteristic that Aspergillus niger, Clostridium butylicum and Lactobacillus share.
Answer:

1. All the given are acid producers.
2. Aspergillus niger produces citric acid.
3. Clostridium butylicum produces butyric acid.
4. Lactobacillus produces lactic acid

Question 9.
Give any two microbes that are used in biotechnology.
Answer:

1. Escherichia coli: It is a plasmid used as a cloning vector in lab experiments.
2. Agrobacterium tumefacient: Ti plasmid is used as a gene transfer vector in plants.

Question 10.
Name any two genetically modified crops.
Answer:
Bt-cotton and Bt-brinjal.

Question 11.
Why are blue green algae not popular as biofertilizers?
Answer:

1. Blue-green algae (Nostoc, Anaebaena) can fix atmospheric nitrogen into organic form only.
2. Also, blue green algae have copious mucilage that make fields slippery.
3. Hence they are not popular as biofertilizers.

Question 12.
Which species of Pencillin produces Roquefort cheese?
Answer:

1. Pencillin roquefort produces roquefort cheese.
2. It is grown on Roquefort cheese to ripen it and gives a particular flavour.

Question 13.
Name any two industrially important enzymes. [AP,TS MAY-22] [AP MAR-19] [ AP, TS MAR-17]
Answer:
Amylase, Lipases, Streptokinases.

Question 14.
Name an immunosuppressive agent. From where it is obtained? [AP MAR-16] [TS MAR-19]
Answer:

1. Cyclosporin A is used as an immunosuppressive agent.
2. It is produced from the fungus Trichoderma polysporum.

Question 15.
Give an example of rod shaped virus.
Answer:
Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) is rod-shaped virus.

Question 16.
What is the group of bacteria found in both the rumen of cattle and sludge of sewage treatment?
Answer:
Methanogens

Question 17.
Why are Cyanobacteria considered useful in paddy fields?
Answer:

1. Cyanobacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen.
2. They serve as important biofertilizers.
3. They also add organic matter to the soil to increase its fertility. Ex: Anabena, Nostoc, Oscialltoric etc.
4. They help in reclamation of unproductive alkaline soils.

Question 18.
In which food you find lactic acid bacteria? Name the bacterium.
Answer:

1. We find lactic acid bacteria in Milk. It converts milk into curd.
2. The bacterium unit is Lactobacillus.

Question 19.
Name any two fungi which are used in the production of antibiotics.
Answer:

1. Pencillium notatum -Pencillin
2. Pencillin griseoflavus – Griseofulvin

Question 20.
Name the scientists who were credited for showing the role of penicillin as an antibiotic. [TS MAR-19]
Answer:

1. Alexander Fleming discovered Pencillin.
2. Ernest chain and Howard Florey established the role of penicillin as an antibiotic.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Why are floes important in the biological treatment of wastewater?
Answer:
Floes are masses of aerobic bacteria associated with fungal filaments to form mesh-like structures.
Importance of floes in biological treatment:

1. The primary effluent is passed into large aeration tanks where it is constantly agitated mechanically and air is pumped into it.
2. This allows vigorous growth of useful aerobic microbes into floes.
3. While growing, these microbes consume the major part of the organic matter in the effluent and they significantly reduce the BOD of the effluent.
4. The effluent is then passed into a settling tank, where the bacterial floes are allowed to sediment. This sediment is called activated sludge.
5. A small part of the activated sludge is pumped back into the aeration tank to serve as the inoculum.
6. The remaining part of the sludge is pumped into anaerobic sludge digesters.

Question 2.
How is Bacillus Thuringiensis helpful in controlling insect pests?
Answer:

1. The Microbial bio-control agent that controls butterfly caterpillar is Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt).
2. These are available in sachets, as dried spores which are mixed with water and sprayed onto vulnerable plants such as brassicas and fruit trees, which are eaten by the insect larvae.
3. The toxin is released in the gut of the larvae, and the larvae gets killed.
4. The bacterial disease will kill the caterpillars but leave other insects unharmed
5. Through genetic engineering method, scientists have introduced ‘Bacillus thuringiensis toxic genes into plants’. Such plants are resistant to attack by insect pests.
6. Ex: Bt-cotton, Bt-Brinjal

Question 3.
How do mycorrhizal fungi help the plants harbouring them?
Answer:

1. Fungi form symbiotic association with roots of vascular plants. This association is called mycorrhiza.
2. Many members of the genus Glomus form mycorrhiza.
3. The fungal symbiont in this association facilitates absorption of phosphorus by the plant from the soil.
4. The other benefits of this association are resistance to root-borne pathogens, tolerance to salinity and drought and overall increase in plant growth and development.

Question 4.
How was Pencillin discovered?
Answer:

1. Pencillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming.
2. Alexander Fleming while working on staphylococci bacteria observed that mould growing around his culture has retarded the growth of staphylococcus.
3. It was due to a chemical produced by the mould. He named it as penicillin after the mould
   penicillium notatum.
4. Later this chemical was produced commercially on large scale and extensively used to treat American soldiers in World War II.
5. For his work, Alexander Fleming was awarded Nobel prize in 1945.
6. After penicillin, several other antibiotics were purified from other microbes against so many diseases such as plague, whooping cough, diphtheria, leprosy etc.

Question 5.
How do bioactive molecules of fungal origin help in restoring good health of humans?
Answer:

1. Cyclosporine-A Immune suppressive drug Trichodermapolysporum
2. Statin Blood cholesterol lowering agent Monascus purpurens

Question 6.
What is the chemical nature of biogas? Explain the process of biogas production.
Answer:
Biogas comprises methane (CH₄), CO₂, traces of H₂S and moisture. It is a gas generated by the decomposition of excrete or dung of cattle (commonly called as gober), domestic waste material, industrial and agricultural sewage due to the activity of anaerobic bacteria present in them.

a) Biogas production from sludge:
A small part of the activated sludge in pumped into the aeration tank to serve as inoculum.
In the aeration tank the anaerobic bacteria called methanogens digest the bacteria and fungi of the sludge.
During this digestion, the bacteria produce a mixture of gases such as methane, hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide which form biogas.

b) Biogas production from dung:

1. The biogas plant consists of a concrete tank( 14-15 feet deep) in which biowastes are collected and a slurry of dung is fed.
2. A floating cover is placed over the slurry, which keeps on raising as the gas is produced in the tank due to this microbial activity.
3. The biogas plant has an outlet which is connected to a pipe to supply biogas to nearby houses.

Question 7.
Which bacterium is used as a clot buster? What is its mode of action?
Answer:

1. ‘Streptococcus bacterium’ is used as clot buster.
   Mode of Action:
2. It produces streptokinase enzyme which removes clots from blood vessels of heart patients who have suffered myocardial infection causing heart attack.

Question 8.
What are biofertilisers? Write a brief note on them.
Answer:
The organism that enriches the nutrient quality of the soil are called biofertilisers. Bacteria, fungi and Cyanobacteria are the main sources of biofertilisers.

1. The nodules on the roots of leguminous plants contain Rhizobium,fix atmospheric nitrogen which is used by the plant as nutrient.
2. Cyanobacteria are the autotrophic microbes. In paddy fields Cyanobacteria serve as important biofertilisers. Blue-green algae also add organic matter to the soil and increase its fertility.
   Ex: Anabaena, Nostoc, Oscillatoria.

Question 9.
What role do enzymes play in detergents that we use for washing clothes? Give examples.
Answer:
Role of Enzymes in Detergents:

• Lipases are used in detergent formulation and are helpful in ‘removing oil stains’ from laundry.
• Amylase ‘catalyses the break down of starch based stains’ to smaller segments.
• Proteases ‘break down protein stains1 such as blood, egg, gravy etc.
• Enzymes in detergents help in ‘effective washing in warm water’ and retaining the colour of fabric.

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
a) What would happen if a large voluem of untreated sewage is discharged into a river?
b) In what way anaerobic sludge digestion important in sewage treatement?
Answer:
a) Effects of untreated sewage:

1. Unwanted domestic waste, municipal waste generaged and carried in drains is called sewage.
2. Both liquid, solid wastes rich in organic matter, harmful microbes are part of sewage.
3. If the untreated sewage is discharged directly into rivers, it leads to pollution of drinking water.
4. As many microbes are pathogenic, they cause water borne diseases such as cholera, jaundice, typhoid, diarrohea etc.
5. MOEF ( Ministry of Environment & Forest) has taken up Ganga action plan & Yamuna Action Plan to save our holy rivers from pollution”.

b) Biological treatment (Secondary treatment) :

1. The primary effluent is passed into large aeration tanks where it is constantly agitated mechanically and air is pumped into it.
2. This allows vigorous growth of useful aerobic microbes into floes (masses of bacteria associated with fungal filaments to form mesh like structures.)
3. While growing, these microbes consume the major part of the organic matter in the effluent and reduces the BOD.
4. The effluent is then passed into a settling tank, where the bacterial flocks are allowed to sedement.
5. This sedement is called activated sludge.
6. A small part of the activated sludge is pumped back into the aeration tank to serve as the inoculum.
7. The remaining part of the sludge is pumped into anaerobic sludge digesters.
8. Here other kinds of bacteria grow anaerobically, digest the bacteria and fungi in the sludge.
9. During this digestion, bacteria produce a mixture of gases such as methane, hydrogensulphide and carbondioxide.

Importance of Sludge digestion:

1. These gases form biogas which can be used as a source of energy as it is inflammable.
2. The effluent from the secondary treatment plant is generally released into natural water bodies like rivers and streams.

Question 2.
Which type of food would have lactic acid bacteria? Discuss their useful application.
Answer:
Food having Lactic Acid Bacteria(LAB): Milk, fruits, vegetables, cereal grains, wine & meat.

Applications of LAB:

1. LAB converts milk in to curd.
2. LAB produces acid that coagulate and partially digest the milk protein.
3. LAB improves nutritional quality by increasing vitamin BJ2.
4. LAB checks disease causing bacteria in human intestine which led to concept of probiotics.
5. LAB is a source of anti-microbial agents, the bacteriocins .
6. LAB ferments hexose sugars and produces lactic acid.
7. LAB ferments dairy products, meat products, baking, wine making etc.

Question 3.
Write a brief essay on microbes as biocontrol agents, (or) [TS MAY-22]
Write a brief essay on mcrobes in sewage treatments.
Answer:
Large quantities of waste-water are generated everyday in cities and towns. Municipal waste water is also called sewage. Before disposal into rivers and streams, the sewage is treated in sewage treatment plants (STPs) to make it less polluting. This treatment is carried out in two stages.
1) Primary Treatment:

• It involves physical removal of large and small particles through filtration and sedimentation.
• Initially floating debris is removed by sequential filtration.
• Then the grit (soil and small pebbles) is removed by sedimentation.
• The solids that settle form the primary sludge forms the effluent.
• The effluent from the primary setting tank is taken for secondary treatment.

2) Secondary treatment or Biological treatment:

• The primary effluent is passed into large aeration tanks where it is constantly agitated mechanically and air is pumped into it.
• This allows vigorous growth of useful aerobic microbes into floes (masses of bacteria associated with fungal filaments to form mesh like-structures.)
• While growing, these microbes consume the major part of the organic matter in the effluent and reduces the BOD.
• The effluent is then passed into a settling tank, where the bacterial flocks are allowed to sedement.
• This sedement is called activated sludge.
• A small part of the activated sludge is pumped back into the aeration tank to serve as the inoculum.
• The remaining part of the sludge is pumped into anaerobic sludge digesters.
• Here other kinds of bacteria grow anaerobically, digest the bacteria and fungi in the sludge.
• During this digestion, bacteria produce a mixture of gases such as methane, hydrogensulphide and carbondioxide.
• These gases form biogas which can be used as a source of energy as it is inflammable.
• The effluent from the secondary treatment plant is generally released into the natural water bodies like rivers and streams.

Question 4.
What is organic farming? Discuss the role of plant microbes in organic farming with examples.
Answer:
Organic Farming: It is a form of agriculture that works in hormony with nature rather than against it. It is done by .using only natural and organic materials. It refers to biofertilizers and biopesticides.The use of biofertilizers in enriching nitrogen content of soil instead of chemical fertilizers is called organic farming. Ex: Bacteria, fungi, cyanobacteria!

Role of plant microbes in organic farming:
1) Bacteria as biofertilizer: Overuse of chemical fertilisers can be minimised by using biofertilisers. Biofertilisers are the organisms that enrich the nutrient quality of the soil. The main source of biofertilisers are bacteria, fungi and cyanobacteria.

The roots of leguminous plants maintain symbiotic association with Rhizobium. These bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen into organic forms, which is used by the plant as nutrient. Free-living bacteria of the soil like Azospirillum and Azatobacter enrich the nitrogen content of the soil.

2) Fungi as biofertilizers: Fungi form a symbiotic association with plants. This is known as mycorrhiza. Many members of the genus Glomus form mycorrhiza. The fungal symbiont facilitates absorption of phosphorus by the plant from the soil.

3) Cyanobacteria as biofertilizer: Cyanobacteria like Anabaena, Nostoc and Oscillatoria fix atmospheric nitrogen. In paddy fields cyanobacteria serves as an important bioferitliser.

4) Microbes can also act as biopesticides to control insect pests in plants. An example is the bacteria Bacillus thuringenesis. It is available in sachets as dried spores which is mixed with water and sprayed over crop plants like cotton, Brinjal, Brassica. These spores are eaten by insect larvae. In the gut of the larvae, a toxin is released and the larvae get killed. Similarly Trichoderma are free living fungi. They live in the roots of higher plants and protect them from various pathogens.

Exercise

Question 1.
Bacteria cannot be seen with the naked eye, but these can be seen with the help of a microscope. If you have to carry a sample front your home to your biology laboratory to demonstrate the presence of microbes under a microscope, which sample would you carry and why?
Answer:
You can see the microbes from the products of our daily life. For eg: Curd can be used as a sample. It contain numerous lactic acid bacteria (lactobacillus). These bacteria produce acids that coagulate and partially digest the milk proteins. A small drop of curd when observed under a microscope contain millions of bacteria.

Question 2.
Give examples to prove that microbes release gases during metabolism.
Answer:
The dough which is used for making foods such as dosa and idli is fermented by bacteria.

• The puffed-up appearance of dough is due to the production of CO₂ gas.
• Similarly large holes in “Swiss cheese” are due to the production of a large amount of CO₂ by a bacterium called Propionibacterium sharmanti.

Question 3.
Name the states involved in Ganga action plan.
Answer:
Bihar, West Bengal, Uttar pradesh, Haryana and Delhi are the states involved in Ganga action plan.

Question 4.
Name some traditional Indian foods made of wheat, rice and Bengal gram (or their products). Which of these foods involve the use of microbes?
Answer:
Wheat products : Bread, cake etc.,
Rice products : Idli, dosa etc.,
Bengal gram products : Dhokla, Khandvi etc.,

Question 5.
In which way have microbes played a major role in controlling diseases caused by harmful bacteria?
Answer:
Antibiotics are the chemical substances produced by some microbes and can kill other disease causing microbes. Alexander Fleming while working on staphylococci bacteria observed that mould growing around his culture has retarded the growth of staphylococcus. It was due to a chemical produced by the mould. That chemical is named as penicillin produced by the mould penicillium notatum. Later this chemical was produced commercially on large scale and extensively used to treat American soldiers in World War II. For his work Alexander Fleming was awarded Nobel prize in 1945.

After penicillin, several other antibiotics were purified from other microbes against so many diseases such as plague, whooping cough, diphtheria, leprosy etc.

Question 6.
Do you think microbes can also be used as a source of energy? If yes, how?
Answer:
Yes, microbes can be used as a source of energy.
Biogas is a mixture of gases namely methane, CO₂ and H₂. It is produced by the microbial activity and is used as a fuel. The bacterium called Methano bacterium is found in the sludge during sewage treatment. The dung of the cattle is also rich in these bacteria. The cattle dung is available in large quantities in rural areas. The biogas generation is an anaerobic process. The biogas plant consists of a concrete tank of 10 to 15 feet depth with sufficient inlets and outlets. Dung is mixed with water and thrown into the tank. The digester of the tank is filled with numerous anaerobic methane producing bacteria, which produce biogas. The produced biogas is supplied to the nearby houses through pipes and is used as a source of energy for cooking and lightening the bulbs. The left out slurry is removed from the tank through an outlet and is used as a fertiliser.

Question 7.
Microbes can be used to decrease the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides. Explain how this can be accomplished.
Answer:
Over use of chemical fertilisers can be minimised by using biofertilisers. Biofertilisers are the organisms that enrich the nutrient quality of the soil. The main source of biofertilisers are bacteria, fungi and cyanobacteria.

The roots of leguminous plants maintain symbiotic association with Rhizobium. These bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen into organic forms, which is used by the plant as nutrient. Free living bacteria of the soil like Azospirillum and Azatobacter enrich the nitrogen content of the soil.

• Fungi form symbiotic association with plants. This is known as mycorrhiza. Many members of the genus Glomus form mycorrhiza. The fungal symbiont facilitates absorption of phosphorus by the plant from the soil.
• Cyano bacteria like Anabaena, Nostoc and Oscillatoria fix atmospheric nitrogen. In paddy fields cyanobacteria save as an important bioferitliser.
• Microbes can also act as biopesticides to control insect pests in plants. An example is the bacteria Bacillus thuringenesis. It is available in sachets as dried spores which is mixed with water and sprayed over crop plants like cotton, Brinjal, Brassica. These spores are eaten by insect larvae. In the gut of the larvae, a toxin is released and the larvae get killed. Similarly Trichoderma are free living fungi. They live in the roots of higher plants and protect them from various pathogens.

Three water samples namely river water, untreated sewage water and secondary effluent discharged from a sewage treatment plant were subjected to BOD test. The samples were labelled A, B and C; but the laboratory attendant did not note which was which. The BOD values of the three samples A, B and C were recorded as 20mg/L, 8mg/L and 400 mg/L, respectively.

Question 8.
Which sample of the water is most polluted? Can you assign the correct label to each assuming the river water is relatively clean?
Answer:
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is the method of determining the amount of oxygen required by micro-organisms to decompose the waste present in the water supply. If the quantity of organic wastes in the water supply is high, the number of decomposing bacteria also will be high. As a result, the BOD value will increase. Out of the above three samples sample ‘C’ is the most polluted. Since it has maximum BOD value of 400 gm/L, next more polluted is sample ‘A’ and lastly least polluted is sample ‘B’. It should be noted as follows.

Label	BOD Value	Sample
A	20 mg/L	Secondary effluent discharged from a sewage treatment plant.
B	8 mg/L	River water
C	400mg/L	Untreated sewage water

Question 9.
Name of the microbes from which Cyclosporin A (an immuno suppressive drug) and Statins (blood cholesterol lowering agents) are obtained.
Answer:

Drug	Function	Microbe
1.Cyclosporine-A 2.   Statin	Immune suppressive drug Blood cholesterol lowering agent	Trichoderma polysporum Monascus purpurens

Question 10.
Find out the role of microbes in the following and discuss it with your teacher.
(a) Single cell protein (SCP) (b) Soil
Answer:
(a) Single cell protein (SCP): The alternate source of protein for animal and human nutrition in single cell protein. Algae, fungi, Bacteria are used in single cell protein production on industrial basis. Microbes like spirulina can be grown on materials like waste water from potato processing plants, straw, molasses, animal manure and sewage. This single cell protein serves as food which is rich in minerals, proteins, carbohydrates and vitamins for cattle. Similarly Mithylophilus and Mithylotrophus are the microbes which have a large rate of biomass production and produce large amount of protein.

(b) Soil: Soil microbes maintain soil fertility. They decompose the soil debris and form nutrient rich humus. Several species of cyanobacteria like Anaebena, Nostoc, Oscillatoria exist in a soil as free living nitrogen fixing organisms and fix the atmospheric nitrogen.

Question 11.
Arrange the following in the decreasing order (most important first) of their importance, for the welfare of human society. Give reasons for your answer. Biogas, Citric acid, Penicillin and Curd.
Answer:
The most important product is Penicillin. It is an antibiotic. It is used for controlling various bacterial diseases. The second most important product is biogas. It is a product used for the purpose of cooking. It is an Eco-friendly source of energy. The next product of importance is citric acid. It is used as a food preservati ve. The last product of importance is curd. It is obtained by the action of lactobacillus bacteria on milk. It is a food item.
Thus products on decreasing order of importance for the welfare of human society are – Penicillin- Biogas- Citric acid-Curd.

Question 12.
What is sewage? In which way can sewage be harmful to us?
Answer:
Municipal waste-water is called sewage. A major component of waste water is human excreta. It contains large amounts of organic matter and microbes. Many of these microbes are pathogenic. This w’ater should not be released into the natural water bodies like rivers and streams directly. Before disposal, the sewage is to be treated in sewage treatment plants. Treatment of waste water is done by heterotrophic microbes naturally present in the sewage.

If this waste water mixes with drinking water, it gets polluted and leads to many health problems to human and domestic cattle.

Question 13.
What is the key difference between primary and secondary sewage treatment?
Answer:
Primary sewage treatment: Physical removal of large and small particles through filtration and sedimentation is called primary sewage treatment. It is an easy process and less expensive.

Secondary sewage treatment: It is a biological treatment. The primary effluent is passed into large aeration tanks. It is a time-consuming, expensive and complicated process.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
The bacteria that convert milk into curd is
1. Thiobacilius
2. Ferrobacillus
3. Lactobacillus
4. Bacillus
Answer:
3. Lactobacillus

Question 2.
LAB (Lactic Acid Bacteria) improves the nutritional quality of curd by increasing
1. Vitamin B12
2. Vitamin B1
3. Vitamin B2
4. Vitamin B6
Answer:
1. Vitamin B12

Question 3.
The dough used for making bread is fermented using
1. Candida utilis
2. Candida lipolytica
3. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
4. Lactobacillus
Answer:
3. Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Question 4.
The dough used for making foods such as Dosa and idli is fermented by
1. Viruses
2. Protozoans
3. Bacteria
4. Algae
Answer:
3. Bacteria

Question 5.
Cheese and Yogurt are products of
1. Distillation
2. Fermentation
3. Dehydration
4. Pasteurisation
Answer:
2. Fermentation

Question 6.
The acid produced first by fermentation is
1. Fumaricacid
2. Acetic acid
3. Lactic acid
4. Oxalo acetic acid
Answer:
3. Lactic acid

Question 7.
Penicillin was discovered by
1. Edward Jenner
2. Louis Pasteur
3. Alexander Lleming
4. Waksman
Answer:
3. Alexander Lleming

Question 8.
……….. is not a beverage
1. Wine
2. Penicillin
3. Beer
4. Rum
Answer:
2. Penicillin

Question 9.
Very large vessels required for growing microbes are called
1. Stabilizers
2. Sterilizers
3. Autoclaves
4. Fermentors
Answer:
4. Fermentors

Question 10.
First discovered antibiotic is
1. Ampicillin
2. Tetracycline
3. Aureomycin
4. Penicillin
Answer:
4. Penicillin

Question 11.
Citric acid is produced by
1. Penicillium notatum
2. Aspergillus niger
3. chaetomium cellulolyticum
4. Yeasts
Answer:
2. Aspergillus niger

Question 12.
First artificially synthesized hormone is
1. Collagen
2. Inulin
3. Insulin
4. Caseir
Answer:
3. Insulin

Question 13.
Beer is obtained from
1. Rye
2. Grapes
3. Molasses
4. Barley
Answer:
4. Barley

Question 14.
Penicillin was produced by
1. Fungus
2. Bacterium
3. Algae
4. Virus
Answer:
1. Fungus

Question 15.
Identify the false statement regarding Antibiotics
1. Some persons can be allergic to a particular antibiotic
2. Each antibiotic is effective only against one particular kind of germ
3. the term ‘antibiotic’ was coined by S.Waksman
4. First antibiotic discovered was penicillin
Answer:
2. Each antibiotic is effective only against one particular kind of germ

Question 16.
Ethanol from starch is manufactured by using
1. Acetobacter
2. Azotobacter
3. Lactobacillus
4. Saccharomyces
Answer:
4. Saccharomyces

Question 17.
Vaccine is a
1. Treated algae
2. Treated fungi
3. Treated bryophyte
4. treated bacterria,virus, protein
Answer:
4. treated bacterria,virus, protein

Question 18.
The term antibiotic was coined by
1. Waksman
2. Alexander Flemming
3. Edward Jenner
4. Dr.Y.Subba Rao
Answer:
1. Waksman

Question 19.
After viral infection, the substances released by infected host cells are
1. Antigen
2. Interferon
3. Antibody
4. Interleukin
Answer:
2. Interferon

Question 20.
Scientific name of baker’s yeast ¡s
1. Candida utilis
2. Candida lipolytica
3. Chaetomium cellulolyticum
4. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Answer:
4. Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Question 21.
Statinisa
1. Blood cholesterol lowering agent
2. Clot buster
3. Removes oily stains
4. Immunosuppressive agent
Answer:
1. Blood cholesterol lowering agent

Question 22.
The enzyme that helps in removing oiiy stains ¡s
1. Urease
2. Sucrease
3. Lipase
4. Pectinase
Answer:
3. Lipase

Question 23.
BOD stands for
1. Biochemical Oxygen Demand
2. Biological Oxygen Demand
3. Biophysical Oxygen Demand
4. Biogeographical Oxygen Demand
Answer:
2. Biological Oxygen Demand

Question 24.
A major component of goba r gas is
1. Ethane
2. Methane
3. Ammonia
4. Acetone
Answer:
2. Methane

Question 25.
The bacteria used in gobar gas plant arc
1. Nitrifying bacteria
2. Denitrifying bacteria
3. Methanogens
4. Nitrogen fixing bacteria
Answer:
3. Methanogens

Question 26.
Sewage purification is done by
1. Microbes
2. Fertilizers
3. Antiseptics
4. Antibiotics
Answer:
1. Microbes

Question 27.
BacuIoiruses attack
1. Nematodes
2. Arthropods
3. Coelenterates
4. Annelids
Answer:
2. Arthropods

Question 28.
Symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacterium is,
1. Azospirillum
2. Rhizobium
3. Clostridiurn
4. Azotobacter
Answer:
2. Rhizobium

Question 29.
Biofertilizers among the following are
1. Nostoc and grasses
2. E.Coli and legume
3. Blue green algae and Azolla
4. Rhizobium and legume
Answer:
3. Blue green algae and Azolla

Question 30.
Modern farmers can increase the yield of paddy upto 50% by the use of
1. Cyanobacteria and Azolla
2. Rhizobium
3. Cyanobacteria
4. Farmyard manure
Answer:
1. Cyanobacteria and Azolla