AP Inter 2nd Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 7 Bacteria

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Students get through AP Inter 2nd Year Botany Important Questions 7th Lesson Bacteria which are most likely to be asked in the exam.

AP Inter 2nd Year Botany Important Questions 7th Lesson Bacteria

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Write briefly on the occurrence of micro organisms.
Answer:

  1. Micro organisms like bacteria and viruses occur in all climatic conditions.
  2. So they are omni present.

Question 2.
Define Microbiology.
Answer:
Micro biology is a branch of biological science which deals with micro organisms like Bacteria, Virus and Protozoans.

Question 3.
Name the bacteria which is a common inhabitant of human intestine. How is it used in biotechnology?
Answer:

  1. Escherichia coli is a common inhabitant of human intestine.
  2. It is used in rDNA technology.

AP Inter 2nd Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 7 Bacteria
Question 4.
What are pleomorphic bacteria? Give an example, [AP MAY-17] [TS 20]
Answer:

  1. The bacteria which are capable of changing their shape depending on the environmental conditions, nutrition are called pleomorphic bacteria.
  2. Ex: Aceto bacter.

Question 5.
What is sex pilus? W hat is its function?
Answer:

  1. The process of conjugation in bacteria requires conjugation tubes or sexpilus.
  2. The donar cell F+ produces the pilus and makes contact with the recipient cell known as F– cell.

Question 6.
What is a genophore? |APMAY-22||AP MAR-19]
Answer:
Genophore: The main genetic material of bacteria is called genophore (Bacterial chromosome).

Question 7.
What is a plasmid? What is its significance? [TS MAR-19] [TS MAY-17]
Answer:

  1. Plasmid: The self-duplicating, naked, circular, double-stranded DNA moles is called plasmid.
  2. Significance: They are used as vectors in genetic engineering technology.

Question 8.
What is conjugation? Who discovered it and in which organism? [AP MAR-17]
Answer:

  1. Conjugation:The transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells through direct contact is called conjugation. The donar bacteria cell directly transfers DNA to the recipient cell.
  2. It was discovered by Lederberg and Tatum in Escherichia Coli.

Question 9.
What is transformation? Who discovered it and in which organism? [AP 20]
Answer:

  1. Transformation is the uptake of naked DNA fragments from the surroundings environment.
  2. This is an acquired character which is previously lacked.
  3. Frederick Griffith discovered it in streptococcus pneumonia.

Question 10.
What is transduction? Who discovered it and in which organism? |AP MAR-16]
Answer:

  1. Transduction: The transfer of genetic material from one bacteria to another, through bacterio
    phase is known as Transduction.
  2. It was discovered by Lederberg and Zinder in Salmonella typhimurium.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain the importance of microbiology.
Answer:

  1. Microbes biologically decompose dead bodies of plants and animals (biodegradation) and enrich the soil by farming fertile humus with nutrients. Bacteria and fungi are involved sewage disposal (scavenger of nature)
  2. Microbes are used economically in food industry for preparation of curd, enzymes, aminoacids, vitamins, alcohol and other flavouring agents.
  3. Commercially they are used in retting of jute, curing of tobacco and preparation of many vaccines, antibodies and medicines.
  4. Microbes are used in extraction of uranium from rocks which is called Bio-mining.
  5. DNA components of bacteria are used as Biosensors that can detect biologically active pollutants.
  6. In production of biogas, microbes cause anaerobic decomposition of organic dung.
  7. Microbes help in nitrogen fixation, there by increasing fertility of soil.
  8. They are also used in exploration of life in outerspace called exomicrobiology.
  9. In field of biotechnology, microbes are used for DNA recombinant technique by which genetic make up can be altered and cultured on a large scale for commercial purpose.

Question 2.
How arc bacteria classified on the basis of morphology?
Answer:
Based on morphological characters, bacteria are classified as follows:
1) Cocci (singular coccus): Spherical bacteria are called cocci. Based on the number and arrangement of cells, cocci are divided into six types.
a) Monococcus: A single spherical coccus.
b) Diplococcus:A pair of spherical bacteria.
c) Tetracoccus: A group of four spherical bacteria.
d) Streptococcus: A chain of spherical bacteria arranged in a single row.
e) Sarcina:Cocci arranged in cubes of eight. .

2) Bacilli (Singular Baeillus):Rod shaped bacteria are called bacilli. The bacilli are three types.
a) Monobacillus: A single rod shaped bacillus, also called micro bacillus.
b) Dip!obacilius: Rod shaped bacteria arranged in pairs.
c) Streptobacillus: A chain of rod shaped bacillus.

3) Spiral forms:
a) Vibrioid: Cells having less than one comlete.
b) Spirillum: Cells having more than one complete twist in a distinct helical shape.
c) Spirochete: Cells are slender, long and cork screw shaped.

AP Inter 2nd Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 7 Bacteria

4) Pleomorphs: The bacteria capable of changing their shapes depending upon the type of environment and nutrients available. This phenomenon is called pleomorphism
Ex: Aceto bacter.
AP Inter 2nd Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 7 Bacteria 1

Question 3.
How are bacteria classified on the basis of number and distribution of flagella? [TS MAR-16]
Answer:
Based on the number and distribution of flagella bacteria are classified into four types.

  1. Monotrichous: A single flagella is present on one side of the cell. Ex: Xanthomonas
  2. Lophotrichous: A tuft of flagella on one side of the cell. Ex: Vibrio
  3. Amphitrichous: Tufts of flagella on either end of the cell. Ex: Nitrosomonas.
  4. Peritrichous: Many flagella are distributed all over the cell surface. Ex: Escherichia.

Question 4.
What are the nutritional groups of bacteria based on their source of energy and carbon.
[AP MAR-15]
Answer:
There are four nutritional groups of bacteria based on the source of energy and carbon.

Type Energy
Source		 Carbon
Source		 A
Examples
1) Photoautotrophs Light CO2 Chromatium, Chlorobium
2) Chemoautotrophs inorganic
compounds		 CO2 Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter Beggiotoa, Methanogens
3) Photoheterotrophs Light CO2 Rhodospirillum
Rhodopseudomonas.
4) Chemoheterotrophs
a)   Saprophytes
b)   Parasites		 organic compounds organic compounds Bacillus
Xanthomonas, Salmonella

Question 5.
Write briefly about chemoheterotrophs and their significance?
Answer:

  1. Chemoheterotrophs derive both energy and carbon from organic compounds. They are classified into two types.
  2. Saprophytes: They feed on dead and decomposing organic matter. Ex: Bacillus
  3. Parasites: They feed on tissues of hosts. Ex: Xanthomonas, Salmonella
  4. Significance: They have biomedical importance. Bacteria called Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus grows as a parasite on some harmful bacteria and is responsible for microbial purity of ganges water.

Question 6.
Explain the conjugation in bacteria. [TS MAR-15]
Answer:

  1. Conjugation: The transfer of genetic material (DNA) between two live bacteria is called conjugation.
  2. This process was first observed in Escherichia coli bacteria.
  3. In E.Coli bacteria, a small circular DNA strand called ‘F plasmid’ occurs in the cytoplasm.
  4. The cell wdth F plasmid is called FTcell and without F plasmid is called F– cell.
  5. During conjugation, F+ and F– cells bind with each other with the help of sex pilus which forms a bridge between them.
  6. The F plasmid replicates and the replicated DNA passes through bridge to the F– cell.
  7. The F– cell becomes F+ cell as it receives the F plasmid.
  8. After conjugation, the two cells separate from each other.
  9. Conjugation is a very conservative process.
  10. In conjugation, the donar bacterium retains a copy of the genetic material being transferred.

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain different methods of sexual reproduction in bacteria.
Answer:
I) Sexual reproduction in Bacteria: True sexual reproduction is absent in bacteria. However, the exchange of genetic material (genetic recombination) which is the essence of sexual reproduction takes place in three ways. They are 1. Conjugation 2. Transformation 3. Transduction.
Conjugation:

  • Transfer of genetic material (DNA) directly from donar bacterium into the recipient bacterium through a conjugation tube is called conjugation.
  • This process was first observed in 1946 by Lederberg and Tatum in Escherischia coli.
  • The process of conjugation requires special conjugation apparatus called sex pilus.
  • For cell to cell contact, the donar cells F+produces the pjlus, 4.
  • It makes contact with the recipient cell called F– Cell.
  • After the establishment of contact, the pilus shortens to bring bacteria close together.
  • The F plasmid then begins replicating.
  • The replicated DNA passes through the bridge formed by the pilus to the recipient cell.
  • Conjugation is a very conservative process.
  • In that process, the donar bacterium retains a copy of the genetic material being transferred.

2) Transformation: It was discovered by Frederick and Griffith in streptococcus pneumoniae Transformation is the uptake of naked DNA fragments from the surrounding environment and the expression of that genetic cell has now acquired a characteristic that it has previously lacked.

3) Transduction: The transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another through bacterio phase is known as transduction. It was discovered by Ledenberg and Zinder in Salmonella typhimurium

AP Inter 2nd Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 7 Bacteria

Question 2.
“Bacteria are friends and foes of man”- Discuss.
Answer:
Bacteria are known to cause plant, animal and human diseases. Many bacteria are directly or
indirectly beneficial to humans. Hence they are considered both as “Friends and foes of man”.
1) Beneficial activities:

  • Microbes are now used in extracting valuable metals like uranium from rocks. The process is known as Bio-mining. The use of microbes in mining reduces the cost of production more than 50%
  • DNA components from bacteria are used as biosensors, that can detect biologically active toxic pollutants.
  • In medical diagnostics, food and fermentation operations bacteria are used.
  • The genetic make of bacteria can be altered through genetic engineering which is a mile stone in the field of Biotechnology.
  • Bacteria help in recycling of nutrients and also clean the environment. So they are called Scavengers of nature.
  • Bacteria play an important role in Ammonification, nitrification and nitrogen fixation, thus help in improving the fertility of the soil.
  • In curing of tobacco, retting of jute and curding of milk bacteria are beneficial.
  • We can produce methane (or) gobergas by fermenting the dung.
  • Vaccines against diphtheria and pneumonia are produced from bacteria.
  • A large number of antibiotics like streptomycin and neomycin are produced from bacteria.

2) Harmful activities:

  • Food Poisoning:Clostredium botulinum produces a harmful toxin called “botulin” which causes botulism, a type of food poisoning.
  • Human diseases:Bacteria like Salmonella typhi causes typhoid fever, Mycobacterium leprae causes leprosy in man. So many other genera of bacteria also cause several diseases in man.
  • Animal diseases: Anthrax disease of sheep, Tuberculosis of dogs, cattle by Mycobacterium
    tuberculosis are some of the animal diseases by bacteria.
  • Plant diseases: Blight disease of rice by xanthomones oryzae, citrus canker disease by xanthomonas axonopodis citri are some of the plant diseases by bacteria.

Exercise

Question 1.
Many people believe that bacteria do little more than cause human illness and infectious diseases. Mow does the information in this chapter help you correct that misconception?
Answer:
Bacteria are known to cause plant, animal and human diseases. Many bacteria are directly or indirectly beneficial to humans. The beneficial aspects overcome the harmful aspects. Thus bacteria can be considered both as “Friends and foes of man”.
1. Beneficial activities:

  • Microbes are now used in extracting valuable metals like uranium from rocks. The process is known as Bio-mining. The use of microbes in mining reduces the cost of production more than 50%.
  • DNA components from bacteria are used as biosensors, that can detect biologically active toxic pollutants.
  • In medical diagnostics, food and fermentation operations bacteria are used.
  • The genetic make of bacteria can be altered through genetic engineering which is a mile stone in the field of Biotechnology.
  • Bacteria help in recycling of nutrients and also clean the environment. So they are called Scavengers of nature.
  • Bacteria play an important role in Ammonification, nitrification and nitrogen fixation, thus help in improving the fertility of the soil.
  • In curing of tobacco, retting of jute and curding of milk bacteria are beneficial.
  • We can produce methane (or) gobergas by fermenting the dung. .
  • Vaccines against diphtheria and pneumonia are produced from bacteria.
  • A large number of antibiotics like streptomycin and neomycin are produced from bacteria.

Harmful activities:

  • Food Poisoning:Clostredium botulinum produces a harmful toxin called “botulin” which causes botulism, a type of food poisoning.
  • Human diseases :Bacteria like Salmonella typhi causes typhoid fever, Mycobacterium leprae causes leprosy in man. So many other genera of bacteria also cause several diseases in man.
  • Animal diseases: Anthrax disease of sheep, Tuberculosis of dogs and cattle by Mycobacterium tuberculosis are some of the animal diseases by bacteria.
  • Plant diseases: Blight disease of rice by xanthomonas oryzae, citrus canker disease by xanthomonas axonopodis pv.citri are some of the plant diseases by bacteria.

Question 2.
An Organism is described as a perilrichous bacillus. How might you translate this bacteriological language into a description of the organism.
Answer:
Rod shaped bacteria are called bacilli (singular bacillus)
Peritrichous means a many flagella’e distributed all over the surface of the body.
Flagellae – are locomotory in function.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
An antimicrobial agent produced naturally by a bacterium or a fungus is called
1. Vaccine
2. Antibiotic
3. Antibody
4. Antigen
Answer:
2. Antibiotic

Question 2.
The principle that microorganisms cause diseases is known as
1. Germ theory of diseases
2. Pasteurization
3. Symbiosis
4. Vaccination
Answer:
1. Germ theory of diseases

Question 3.
A biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease is called
1. Antibiotic
2. Antibody
3. Vaccine
4. Vector
Answer:
3. Vaccine

AP Inter 2nd Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 7 Bacteria

Question 4.
The most abundant organisms on earch are
1. Algae
2. Fungi
3. Bryophytes
4. Bacteria
Answer:
3. Bryophytes

Question 5.
‘Father of Bacteriology’ is
1. Robert Koch
2. Leeuwenhoek
3. Louis Pasteur
4. Ehrenberg
Answer:
3. Louis Pasteur

Question 6.
The coomon inhabitant bacterium in human intestines is
1. Rhizobium
2. Treponema
3. Mycobacterium
4. E.Coli
Answer:
4. E.Coli

Question 7.
The shape of a bacterial cell is determined by
1. Cell membrane
2. Mesosome
3. Flagellum
4. Cell wall
Answer:
4. Cell wall

Question 8.
The bacteria that keep on changing their shape are called
1. Vibriod
2. Spirochete
3. Pleomorphic
4. Sarcinae
Answer:
3. Pleomorphic

Question 9.
Identify the bacteria that occurs individually but not in groups
1. Tetra cocci
2. Diplobacilli
3. Sarcinae
4. Spirillum
Answer:
4. Spirillum

Question 10.
The bacteria which obtain energy from light and carbon from organic sources are called
1. Photoautotrophs
2. Chemoautotrophs
3. Chemoheterotrophs
4. Photoheterotrophs
Answer:
4. Photoheterotrophs

Question 11.
The bacteria which derive nutrients from the cells or tissues of a host are called
1. Symbionts
2. Saprophytes
3. Parasites
4. Chemoautotrophs
Answer:
3. Parasites

Question 12.
Bacteria are normally reproduced by
1. Conjugation
2. Transformation
3. Transduction
4. Binary fission
Answer:
4. Binary fission

Question 13.
Transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another through bacteriophage is known as
1. Transduction
2. Transformation
3. Conjugation
4. Crossing over
Answer:
1. Transduction

Question 14.
The mode of bacterial recombination was discovered in
1. Escherichia coli
2. Salmonella typhimurium
3. Streptococcus pneumoniae
4. Xanthomonas oryzae
Answer:
3. Streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 15.
The discovery of DNA as the genetic material was baaed on
1. Conujugation experiments
2. Transformation experiments
3. Binary fission experiments
4. Transduction experiments
Answer:
2. Transformation experiments

Question 16.
The Scientist who coined the term ‘Bacteria* was
1) Ehrenberg
2) Louis pasteur
3) Robert Koch
4) Leeuwenhoek
Answer:
1) Ehrenberg

Question 17.
Slender, long & cork-screw shaped spiral bacteria are
1) Vibrioid
2) Spirillum
3) Spirochaete
4) Bacillus
Answer:
3) Spirochaete

Question 18.
Animalcules name was used for bacteria by
1) Louis Pasteur
2) Robert Koch
3) Robert Brown
4) Leeuwenhoek
Answer:
4) Leeuwenhoek

AP Inter 2nd Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 7 Bacteria

Question 19.
Length and breadth of bacteria are respectively
1) 2.0 to 5.0 pm and 1.0 – 2.0 pm
2) 5.0 to 2.0 pm and 0.5 -1.0 pm
3) 2.0 to 5.0 pm and 0.5 – 1.0pm
4) 0.5 * 1.0 pm and 2.0 to 5.0 pm
Answer:
3) 2.0 to 5.0 pm and 0.5 – 1.0pm

Question 20.
In Whittaker’s five kingdom classification, bacteria are positioned in
1) Protista
2) Monera
3) Plantae
4) Animalia
Answer:
2) Monera

Question 21.
An example for pleomorphic bacterium is
1) Agrobacterium
2) Nitrobacter
3) Nitrosomonas
4) Acetobacter
Answer:
4) Acetobacter

Question 22.
Number of spherical bacteria in sarcina is
1) 2
2) 4
3) 6
4) 8
Answer:
2) 4

Question 23.
Which of the following is not caused by bacteria
1) Whooping cough
2) Dy sentry
3) Plague
4) Meningitidis
Answer:
4) Meningitidis

Question 24.
Genophore stands for bacterial
1) Genes on plasmids
2) Nucleoid
3) Cytoplasmic genes
4) None
Answer:
2) Nucleoid

Question 25.
Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter are
1) Chemolithotrophs
2) Photolithotrophs
3) Chemo – heterotrophs
4) Chemo – auto trophs
Answer:
4) Chemo – auto trophs

Question 26.
Bacterial genome consists of
1) DNA and histones
2) DNA and non – histones
3) DNA only
4) RNA, histones and non – histones
Answer:
1) DNA and histones

Question 27.
Chemo – heterotrophs derive carbon and energy from
1) Minerals
2) Glucose
3) Aminoacids
4) 2 & 3
Answer:
4) 2 & 3

Question 28.
Identify the pair that does not belong to the same type based on the nutrition
1) Chromatium and Chlorobium
2) Rhodomicrobium and Rhodopseudomonas
3) Salmonella and Nitrobacter
4) Thiobacillus thiooxidans and Beggiotoa
Answer:
3) Salmonella and Nitrobacter

Question 29.
Plasmid is a
1) self replicating, circular, naked ssDNA
2) self replicating, circular, naked ssRNA
3) self replicating, circular, naked dsDNA
4) self replicating, circular, naked dsRNA
Answer:
3) self replicating, circular, naked dsDNA

Question 30.
The process by which a piece of DNA is introduced into the host bacterium is known as
1) Transformation
2) Transcription
3) Translation
4) Transduction
Answer:
4) Transduction

Question 31.
A bacterial population showing repeated binary fission for every 20 minutes, took 2 hours to fdl half of the cup. How much time it requires to fill the entire cup ?
1) 3 Hours
2) 4 hours
3) 2 hours 20 minutes
4) 3 hour 20 minutes
Answer:
3) 2 hours 20 minutes

Question 32.
Bio sensors are
1) RNA components of certain viruses
2) RNA components of certain bacteria
3) DNA components of certain bacteriophages
4) DNA components of certain bacteria
Answer:
4) DNA components of certain bacteria

AP Inter 2nd Year Botany Important Questions Chapter 7 Bacteria

Question 33.
Part of bacterium used in r-DNA technology as vector is
1) Linear
2) Single stranded
3) Non-genomic DNA
4) not replicatable
Answer:
3) Non-genomic DNA

Question 34.
Gram +ve and Gram -ve bacteria mainly differ in
1) Composition of cell wall
2) Nucleoid
3) Composition of cell membrane
4) Nutrition
Answer:
1) Composition of cell wall

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