AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Important Questions Chapter 1 Diversity of Living World

Students get through AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Important Questions 1st Lesson Diversity of Living World which are most likely to be asked in the exam.

AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Important Questions 1st Lesson Diversity of Living World

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define the term metabolism. Give any one example.
Answer:

1. All the chemical reactions that take place in the body of an organism are collectively called metabolism. Metabolism is the distinctive character of living beings.
2. Ex: Digestion, Assimilation, Respiration, Photosynthesis etc.,

Question 2.
How do you differentiate between growth in a living organism and non-living object?
Answer:
Increase in size is called growth.

1. In living beings, growth takes place by increase in number of cells from inside the body. Hence it is growing from inside. In animals growth is limited whereas in plants it is unlimited.
2. In non-living objects, growth takes place by the accretion of matter from outside.

Question 3.
What is biogenesis? [AP M-22][TS M-22J
Answer:

1. Biogenesis is a theory of evolution which says ‘life begets life’.
2. Thus living beings are produced from living beings only but not from non-living matter.

Question 4.
Define the term histology. What is it otherwise called? [APM-19J
Answer:

1. Histology: Histology is the study of microscopic structure of different tissues.
2. It is also known as Microanatomy.

Question 5.
Distinguish between embryology and ethology. [APM-22] [TSM-17]
Answer:

Embryology	Ethology
1) Embryology is the study of development of an embryo.	1) Ethology is study of behaviour of animals.
2) It involves fertilization, zygote formation, cleavage (early divisions of zygote) and development of organs from zygote.	2) It involves observation, recording, analysis of functions of animals in relation to ecological, physiological and evolutionary aspects.

Question 6.
In a given area, remains of animal that lived in the remote past are excavated for study. Which branch of science is it called?
Answer:
Paleontology. (Specifically Paleozoology)

Question 7.
‘Zoos are tools for classification’ Explain.
Answer:

1. Zoo is place where wild animals and birds are kept under the care of man with restricted movement.
2. It helps to study external characters, feeding habits, behaviour of the animals. It helps to determine their systematic position in animal kingdom. Hence zoos are tools for classification.

Question 8.
Where and how do we preserve skeletons of animals, dry specimens etc?
Answer:

1. Skeletons and dry specimens are kept in museum.
2. The skeletons are cleaned, bleached and articulated, whereas the specimens are stuffed (Taxidermy) before exhibition.

Question 9.
What is trinomial nomenclature? Give an example. [AP M-15] [TS M-16]
Answer:

1. Trinomial nomenclature: Naming an organism with three words, for genus, species and subspecies is called trinomial nomenclature. It is used to name the subspecies of an organism.
2. Ex: Homo sapiens sapiens

Question 10.
What is meant by tautonymy? Give two examples. [AP M-16,17][IPE-14][TS May-17]
Answer:

1. The practice of naming animals in which the generic name and specific name are the same is called tautonymy. [TS M-20,22]
2. Ex-1: Naja naja- The Indian cobra Ex-2: Axis axis- Spotted deer

Question 11.
Differentiate between Protostomia and Deuterostomia. [APM-22] [TSM-17]
Answer:

Protostomia	Deuterostomia
1)  Protostomia are eumetazoans in which the blastopore develops into mouth. 2)   Ex: Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca	1)    Deuterostomia are eumetazoans in which anus is formed from or near the blastopore. 2)     Ex: Echinodermata,Hemichordata, Chordata

Question 12.
‘Echinoderms are enterocoelomates’, comment.
Answer:
In echinoderms the coelom is formed as outpouches from archenteron and hence called enterocoelomates. Echinoderms are first formed enterocoelomates.

Question 13.
What does ICZN stand for?
Answer:
ICZN stands for International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

Question 14.
Give the names of any four protostomian phyla.
Answer:

1. Platyhelminthes
2. Nematoda
3. Annelida
4. Arthropoda

Question 15.
Nematode is a protostomian but not a eucoelomate. Justify the statement.
Answer:

1. In nematodes the blastopore becomes the mouth and hence protostomia.
2. The coelom is not a true coelom because it develops from blastocoel (cavity of blastula) and not surrounded by mesoderm. It is a pseudocoel.

Question 16.
What is ecological diversity? Mention the different types of ecological diversities.
Answer:

1. Ecological diversity is diversity at the level of Ecosystems.
   Ex: Deserts, Rain forests, Mangroves.
2. Types of Ecological diversities:
   a) Alpha diversity – based on number of species or taxa.
   b) Beta diversity – based on endemic species between two adjacent ecosystems.
   c) Gamma diversity- overall diversity of various ecosystems in an ecological region with natural boundaries.

Question 17.
Define species richness. [TSM-22] [AP M-17]
Answer:

1. Species richness: It is the number of species per unit area.
   More species indicates more species richness.
2. Formula: Log S = Z log A + log C (In the form y=mx+c)
   Here, S= Species richness, A= Area, Z= Slope of the line( rate of increase), C= Y-intercept

Question 18.
Mention any two products of medicinal importance obtained from Nature.
Answer:

1. Reserpine- from Rauwolfia – used to treat high Blood Pressure.
2. Quinine- from bark of Cinchona – used to treat Malaria.
3. Vinblastin- from Vinca rosea- Anti cancer drug.

Question 19.
Invasion of an Alien species leads to extinction of native species. Justify this with two examples.
Answer:

1. The introduction of Nile perch in ‘lake Victoria’ caused the extinction of 200 species of cichlid fishes.
2. Introduction of’African catfish’ reduced the number of indigenous cat fish.
3. The cichlid fishes and indigenous cat fishes could not stand in the competition of alien species.

Question 20.
List out any four sacred groves in India.
Answer:
Sacred groves are small group of trees in an area venerated by local people.

1. Khasi and Jaintia hills – Meghalaya
2. Aravalli hills – Rajasthan and Gujarat
3. Sarguja, Bastar – Chattisgarh
4. Chanda – Madhyapradesh

Question 21.
Write the full form of IUCN. In which book threatened species are enlisted.
[APM-20][TS M-19]
Answer:

1. IUCN stands for International Union for Conservation of Nature and natural resources.
2. Threatened species are enlisted in ‘Red Data Book’ of IUCN.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain the phylogenetic system of biological classification.
Answer:

1. Phylogenetic system of classification is introduced by Ernst Haeckel.
2. It is based on common Ancestry.
3. Two basic terms in this classification are (i) Phylogeny (ii) Clade.
4. The ‘evolution history’ of a group of genetically related organisms is called Phylogeny(life tree).
5. A Phylogeny is represented by a tree diagram and is called Phylogenetic tree.
6. Clade is a ‘group of organisms’ that includes a common ancestor species and all its descendants.
7. It includes all ancestor species and their descent species with genetic distance.
8. Clade represents a single branch on the Phylogeny(life tree).
9. Cladestic characters: (i) Analogous characters (based on function):
   Ex: Wings of birds and butterflies, wings of sparrows and patagia in flying squirrels.
   (ii) Homologous characters (inherited from common ancestor).
   Ex: Forelimbs of birds, forelimbs of whales.

Question 2.
Explain the hierarchy of classification.
Answer:

1. Classification is a grouping of similar living organisms.
2. Hierarchial classification is introduced by Carolus Linnaeus.
3. Taxonomy Hierarchy consists of 7 categories. They are
   (i) Kingdom (ii) Phylum (iii) Class (iv) Order (v) Family (vi) Genus (vii) Species
4. Kingdom includes all multicellular, heterotrophs.
5. Phylum includes one or more related classes.
6. Class includes one or more related orders.
7. Order includes one or more related families.
8. Family includes one or more related genera.
9. Genus includes one or mope related species.
10. Species is the basic unit of classification which includes similar type of interbreeding animals.
11. Domain is a category above the level of kingdom.
12. There are some other inter categories like sub-family, sub-class etc.,

Question 3.
What is meant by classification? Explain the need for classification.
Answer:

1. Classification is arrangement of related living forms in groups for convenience of study.
2. These groups are called Taxa. The process of grouping into Taxa is Taxonomy.
3. Basic processes of Taxonomy:Characterization, identification, nomenclature, classification.
4. Essential criteria for classification: External form, internal organization, cell structure developmental processes and ecological information of the living forms.
5. Need for classification:
   (i) There are millions of organisms and it is impossible to study them as they are.
   (ii) So, they are grouped into convenient categories based on similar characters.

Question 4.
Define species. Explain the various aspects of ‘species’. [TS M-16,17][IPE-14]
Answer:

1. Species is the basic unit of classification of living organisms. [APM-20,22]
2. John Ray described species on the basis of common descent(ancestors)
3. Species: Species is an interbreeding groups of similar individuals, sharing a common gene pool and producing fertile offspring- Buffon
4. Various aspects of Species:
   (i) Species is a breeding unit, as it isolates reproductivity of individuals.
   (ii) Species is an ecological unit, as its shares the same ecological niche
   (iii) Species is a genetic unit, as it shows similarity in the karyotype.
   (iv) Species is an evolutionary unit, as it exhibits similar structural and functional characters.
   (v) Species is dynamic, as it reflects continuous tendency for change.

Question 5.
What is genetic diversity and what are the different types of genetic diversity? [TSM-20]
Answer:
1) It is the diversity of genes within a species.

2) A species may show a high genetic diversity when it is distributed over wide range of areas.
Ex-1: The rice we eat show genetic diversity with more than 50,000 different strains.
Ex-2: Rauwolfia Vomitoria is a medicinal plant, which grow in Himalayas.
They produce reserpine which is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.
The potency and concentration of reserpine change variously in different regions.

3) Types of genetic diversity depend upon

1. wide range of areas causing gene variation
2. Number of different alleles in the genes of a species
3. Frequency in which they appear.

Question 6.
What are the reasons for greater biodiversity in the tropics? [TSM-22] [APM-19]
Answer:

1. Tropics are the regions on either side of equator.
2. Tropical latitudes remained undisturbed for millions of years.
3. Tropics had long undisturbed evolutionary time.
4. This long duration helped speciation and species diversity.
5. Tropical climate are more constant which promoted niche speciation and greater biodiversity.
6. Solar energy and water are abundant in nature. Hence food production also leads to greater biodiversity.
7. The tropical amazon rain forest in South America has the greatest biodiversity on the Earth.

Question 7.
What is the ‘evil quartet’? [TSM-22] [AP,TS M-15] [APM-16]
Answer:
The ‘evil quartet’ refers to ‘four major threats’ of biodiversity. They are

1. Habitat loss and fragmentation
2. Over exploitation.
3. Invasion of Alien species
4. Co-extintions

1) Habitat loss and fragmentation:
a) Deforestation leads to habitat loss for many species.
b) Conversion of forest land to agriculture land also leads to habitat loss.
c) Pollution degrades habitat because it changes the quality of land.
d) Defragmentation division of main land to small lands leads to population decline.

Over Exploitation: When need turns to greed, it leads to over exploitation.
Steiler’s sea cow and passenger pigeons are extinct due to over exploitation by man.

Invasion of Alien Species: When alien species are introduced into a habitat, they turn invasive and establish themselves at the cost of native species.
Ex: Nile perch introduced into lake Victoria

Co-extintion: It is an obligate association between a plant and an animal. If a plant becomes extinct, the animal also becomes extinct.
Ex: Host and parasite, plant and pollinator.

Question 8.
Explain in brief ‘Biodiversity Hot Spots’. [AP M-19]
Answer:

1. The concept of ‘Biodiversity Hotspot’ was proposed by Norman Myers.
2. Biodiversity hot spot is a ‘Biogeographic region’ with a significant reservoir of biodiversity that is under threat of extinction from humans.
3. They are the earths biologically richest and most threatened terrestrial Ecoregions.
4. There are about 34 biodiversity hotspots in the world.
   Ex: Western ghats and Srilanka, Indo-Burma and Himalayas.
5. Ecologically unique and biodiversity rich regions are legally protected in
   (i) Biosphere Reserves (ii) National parks (iii) Sanctuaries (iv) sacred groves.

Question 9.
Explain’Rivet Popper’hypothesis. [TS M-19][AP Mar, May-17] [TS May-17,22]
Answer:

1. ‘Rivet Popper hypothesis’ explains the consequences that happen when some species are lost in an ecosystem.
2. Rivet Popper Hypothesis:
3. An aeroplane is taken as an example for ecosystem.
4. Various rivets of the plane are considered as various species.
5. Removing a rivet (species) from a seat (minor important part) may not damage the plane, but removal of rivet from a wing (critical part) can result into a crash.
6. So, removal of one rivet of various parts can slowly damage the Plane.
7. Likewise, removal of’Critical Species’ may affect entire community which affects the entire ecosystem.

Question 10.
Write short notes on In-situ conservation.
Answer:

1. ‘In-situ conservation’ is the protection of species in their natural habitat.
2. Biodiversity hot spots: Conservationists identified certain regions which are species rich and endangered. They are called biodiversity hot spots.
   Ex: Westemghats and Srilanka, Indo-Burma and Himalayas.
3. Biosphere reservoirs: These are areas less disturbed. There are 17 reservoirs all over India. Latest one is Seshachalam hills.
4. National parks: National parks have diversity of terrain, fauna and flora.
   Ex: Jim Corbett national park, Kaziranga national park, Kasu Brahmananda Reddy national park, Mahavir Harina Vanasthali national park, Keoladeo Ghana national park.
5. Sanctuaries: Endangered faunal species are well protected here. Eco tourism is permitted. Ex: Koringa sanctuary1, Etumagaram sanctuary, Papikondalu sanctuary.
6. 6) Sacred groves: Small group of trees of religious importance which are totally protected by law and local people.
   Ex: Khasi and Jaintia hills- Meghalaya, Aravalli hills- Rajasthan and Gujarat, Western ghats- Kamataka and Maharashtra, Sarguja and Bastar- Chattisgarh, Chanda.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Artificial system of classification was first used by
1. Linnaeus
2. de Candolle
3. Pliny the Edler
4. Bentham and Hooker
Answer:
1. Linnaeus

Question 2.
Basic unit of structure and function of an oraganism is
1. Cell
2. Neuron
3. Nephron
4. Sacomere
Answer:
1. Cell

Question 3.
Cells with distinct nucleus are called
1. Prokaryotic
2. eukaryotic
3. viruses
4. bacteria
Answer:
2. eukaryotic

Question 4.
Dogs belong to the order
1. primates
2. cetacea
3. chiroptera
4. carnivora
Answer:
4. carnivora

Question 5.
Extinction of stellar sea cow and passenger pigeon is due to
1. invasion of alien species
2. overexploitation
3. co-extinction
4. habitat loss and fragmentation
Answer:
2. overexploitation

Question 6.
Fundamental organising principle of life is
1. Evolution
2. Inheritance
3. acclimatization
4. death
Answer:
1. Evolution

Question 7.
Genetic deversity is related to
1. types of species within a community
2. types of communities in an area
3. gene based diversity
4. diversity and evolution of species with a genus
Answer:
3. gene based diversity

Question 8.
Hyenas belong to the family
1. Hominidae
2. Ursidae
3. Hyaenidae
4. carnivora
Answer:
3. Hyaenidae

Question 9.
Indefinite growth is exhibited by
1. plants
2. animals
3. sponges
4. mammals
Answer:
1. plants

Question 10.
Jim Corbett national park is located in
1. Assam
2. Rajasthan
3. Uttharakhand
4. Andhra Pradesh
Answer:
3. Uttharakhand

Question 11.
Keoladeo Ghana national park is located in
1. Assam
2. Rajasthan
3. Uttharakhand
4. Andhra Pradesh
Answer:
2. Rajasthan

Question 12.
Latest 17th biosphere reserve in India is located at
1. Silent valley
2. Sunderbans
3. Seshachalam hills
4. Nallamala forest
Answer:
3. Seshachalam hills

Question 13.
Medicine used to treat cardiac problems is
1. reserpine
2. vinblastin
3. digitalin
4. parthenin
Answer:
3. digitalin

Question 14.
Nematodes posses
1. pseudocoelom
2. eucoelom
3. schizocoelom
4. heamocoelom
Answer:
1. pseudocoelom

Question 15.
Only one phylum included under Parazoa is
1. Platyhelminthes
2. Nematoda
3. Porifera
4. Annileda
Answer:
3. Porifera

Question 16.
Phylogenetic system of classification is based on
1. morphological features
2. chemical constituents
3. floral characters
4. evolutionary relationships
Answer:
4. evolutionary relationships

Question 17.
Radial symmetry is exhibited by ,
1. Hydra
2. tapeworm
3. starfish
4. earthworm
Answer:
1. Hydra

Question 18.
Scientific name of lion is
1. Panthera leo
2. Panthera tigris
3. Homo sapiens
4. panthera pardus
Answer:
1. Panthera leo

Question 19.
The first name in binominal nomenclature indicates the name of
1. Genus
2. Species
3. Subspecies
4. Family
Answer:
1. Genus

Question 20.
Wild life protection society of India and Zoological survey of India are at respectively
1. Kolkata and Dehradun
2. Dehradun and Kolkata
3. Chennai and Hyderabad
4. Hyderabad and Chennai
Answer:
2. Dehradun and Kolkata

Question 21.
Zoological Survey of India is located at
1. Kolkata
2. Bangalore
3. New Delhi
4. Dehradun
Answer:
1. Kolkata

Question 22.
The Book written by Charles Darwin was
1. Systema naturae
2. PhilosphieZoologique
3. Origin of Species
4. Fall of a Sparrow
Answer:
3. Origin of Species

Question 23.
The fundamental source of energy for all biological systems is (are)
1. Moon
2. Stars
3. Sun
4. Comets
Answer:
3. Sun

Question 24.
The conversion of solar energy to chemical energy is accomplished by
1. Animals
2. Viruses
3. Plants
4. Fungi
Answer:
3. Plants

Question 25.
The molecule that is considered as chemical basis of inheritance is v;.
1. mRNA
2. DNA
3. tRNA
4. rRNA
Answer:
2. DNA

Question 26.
The chief energy carrier in metabolic reactions is
1. DNA
2. RNA
3. ATP
4. AMP
Answer:
3. ATP

Question 27.
Binary fission is a reproductive process in
1. plannarians
2. sponges
3. protozoans
4. coelenterates
Answer:
3. protozoans

Question 28.
Hydra reproduces asexually by
1. budding
2. conjugation
3. multiple fission
4. plasmotomy
Answer:
1. budding

Question 29.
The process of ageing is called
1. senescence
2. death
3. mortality
4. aestivation
Answer:
1. senescence

Question 30.
Science that deals with function of body is called
1. taxonomy
2. histology
3. physiology
4. cytology
Answer:
3. physiology

Question 31.
Father of taxonomy and founder of modern systematics is
1. Carolus Linnaeus
2. Ernst haeckel
3. Carl Woese
4. Hyman
Answer:
1. Carolus Linnaeus

Question 32.
Wings and patagia represent
1. analogous organs
2. homologous organs
3. vestigeal organs
4. rudimentary organs
Answer:
1. analogous organs

Question 33.
Wings of sparrow and finches represent
1. analogous organs
2. homologous organs
3. vestigeal organs
4. rudimentary organs
Answer:
2. homologous organs

Question 34.
Number of obligate categories in taxonomy is
1. 7
2. 6
3. 5
4. 4
Answer:
1. 7

Question 35.
Whales belong to the order
1. primates
2. cetacea
3. chiroptera
4. carnivora
Answer:
2. cetacea

Question 36.
Bats belong to the order
1. primates
2. cetacea
3. chiroptera
4. carnivora
Answer:
3. chiroptera

Question 37.
Scientific name of man is
1. Panthera leo
2. Panthera tigris
3. Homo sapiens
4. panthera pardus
Answer:
3. Homo sapiens

Question 38.
The Naming pattern in binominal nomenclature is guided by
1. IUCN
2. WWF
3. ICZN
4. IUPAC
Answer:
3. ICZN

Question 39.
Naja naja is the scientific name of
1. Cobra
2. Spotted deer
3. Fowl
4. Parrot
Answer:
1. Cobra

Question 40.
The book ‘Natural History’ was written by
1. Buffon
2. John Ray
3. Carolus Linnaeus
4. Carl Woese
Answer:
1. Buffon

Question 41.
Common gene pool is shared by the members of
1. genus
2. species
3. family
4. order
Answer:
2. species

Question 42.
The reserve food material in animals is
1. Glycogen
2. Glucose
3. Paramylum
4. Starch
Answer:
1. Glycogen

Question 43.
Which of the following is referred to as animal starch?
1. Glycogen
2. Glucose
3. Paramylum
4. Starch
Answer:
1. Glycogen

Question 44.
Animals without tissue organisation are
1. insects
2. star fishes
3. tapeworms
4. sponges
Answer:
4. sponges

Question 45.
Biotic community in a large area is called
1. niche
2. ecosystem
3. biome
4. sere
Answer:
3. biome

Question 46.
Alkaloid used to treat hyper tension is
1. reserpine
2. vinblastin
3. digitalin
4. parthenin
Answer:
1. reserpine

Question 47.
Anti cancer drug is
1. reserpine
2. vinblastin
3. digitalin
4. parthenin
Answer:
2. vinblastin

Question 48.
The most important threat to biodiversity is
1. Over-exploitation
2. Habitat loss and fragmentation
3. Invasion of alien species
4. Co-extinctions
Answer:
2. Habitat loss and fragmentation

Question 49.
Biologically, richest and the most threatened regions on earth are known as
1. sanctuaries
2. biodiversity hotpots
3. national park
4. niche
Answer:
2. biodiversity hotpots

Question 50.
World summit on sustainable development was held at
1. New Delhi
2. Johannesburg
3. Rio de Janiero
4. Newyork
Answer:
2. Johannesburg

Question 51.
‘The term ‘Biology’ was coined by
1. Lamark
2. Deyries
3. Darwin
4. Haeckel
Answer:
1. Lamark

Question 52.
The statement ‘Life comes only from life and not from non-living substances’, refers
1. abiogenesis
2. spontaneous generation
3. natural selection
4. biogenesis
Answer:
4. biogenesis

Question 53.
The statement ‘The study of the developmental processes after birth’, refers
1. Embryology
2. Anatomy
3. Organic Evolution
4. Developmental biology
Answer:
4. Developmental biology

Question 54.
The term ‘Genetics’ was introduced by
1. Johannsen
2. Hugo de Vries
3. William Harvey
4. William Bateson
Answer:
4. William Bateson

Question 55.
A tautonym is
1. Non-latinised name
2. same name for genus and species
3. common name used as acientific name
4. Unscientific explanation of a phenomenon
Answer:
2. same name for genus and species

Question 56.
The term ‘species’ was coined and defined by
1. Darwin
2. John Ray
3. Huxley
4. Linnaeus
Answer:
2. John Ray

Question 57.
The term ‘Biodiversity’ was papularised by
1. Rosen
2. Edward wilson
3. Jhonson
4. Magers
Answer:
2. Edward wilson

Question 58.
In the formula logS = logC + Z logA, Z refers
1. Y-intercept
2. Area
3. Species ricnness
4. Regression coefficient
Answer:
4. Regression coefficient

Question 59.
The number of species per unit area is.called
1. species richness
2. species eveness
3. species-area relationship
4. species diversity
Answer:
1. species richness

Question 60.
Lungs of the Earth are
1. Western ghats
2. Gulf ofmannar
3. Amazon rainforest
4. Nilagiries
Answer:
3. Amazon rainforest

Question 61.
Introduction of Nile Perch in Lake Victoria of South Africa is resulted in
1. excessive growth of water weed
3. elimination of many species of cichlid fish
2. elimination of water weeds
4. excessive growth of cichlid fish
Answer:
3. elimination of many species of cichlid fish

Question 62.
Plant-pollinator mutualism explains
1. invasion of alien species
2. overexploitation
3. co-extinction
4. habitat loss and fragmentation
Answer:
3. co-extinction

Question 63.
Which one is not included under in situ conservation?
1. National Park
2. Sanctuary
3. Botanical garden
4. Biosphere reserve
Answer:
3. Botanical garden

Question 64.
Germplasm conservation at liquid nitrogen temperature (-196°C) is
1. scarification
2. stratification
3. cryopreservation
4. none of these
Answer:
3. cryopreservation

Question 65.
First ‘Earth Summit’ at Rio-de-Janeiro (Brazil) held in 1992 was related to
1. soil fertility
2. soil erosion
3. prevention of afforestation
4. conservation of environment
Answer:
4. conservation of environment