Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 1st Year Sanskrit Study Material उपवाचकम् 1st Lesson कौटिल्यः Textbook Questions and Answers, Summary.
AP Inter 1st Year Sanskrit Study Material Upavachakam 1st Lesson कौटिल्यः
लघुसमाधानप्रश्नाः Short Answer Questions
प्रश्न 1.
अर्थशास्रे कति अधिकणानि सन्ति?
उत्तर:
अर्थशास्रे पञ्चदश अधिकणानि सन्ति। तेषु अध्यायः सन्ति।
प्रश्न 2.
चाणक्यः कस्य राज्ञः अमात्यः?
उत्तर:
चाणक्यः चन्द्रगुप्तस्य राज्ञः अमात्यः। सः नन्दवंशम् उन्मूल्य चन्द्रगुप्तं सिंहासने अध्यारोपयत्।
कौटिल्यः Summary in English
कौटिल्यः Introduction:
आचार्य, पुल्लेल. श्रीरामचन्द्रुडु महाशयाः २४-१०-१९२७ दिनाङ्के आन्ध्रप्रदेशस्थगोदावरीतीरे इन्दुपल्लिग्रामे सत्यनारायणशास्त्रि सत्यवतीदम्पत्योः जन्म लेभिरे। उस्मानियाविश्वविद्यालये संस्कृत विभागाध्यक्षत्वेन, संस्कृतपरिषदः सञ्चालकत्वेन च कार्यं कृतवन्तः। बहुभाषापण्डिताः एते महान्तः राष्ट्रपतिपुरस्कारेण पद्मश्री बिरुदेन च सभाजिताः। अयं पाठ्यभागः एतैः महाशयैः प्रणीतात् वैज्ञानिक षण्मुखम् इति ग्रन्थात् स्वीकृतः।
Prof. Pullela Sriramachandrudu was born on 24-10-1927 to Satyavathi and Satyanarayana in the village of Indupalli on the banks of river Godavari in Andhra Pradesh. He worked as the Head of the Department of Sanskrit at Osmania University, and as the Director of Sanskrit Academy. He received the President’s Medal and Padma Shree. The present lesson is taken from his work वैज्ञानिकषण्मुखम्।
कौटिल्यः Summary
We know that Artha is the second human goal among the four goals of Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha. There is much importance to Artha in human life. The adage “The whole world is based on money” also point to the importance of money.
Vishnugupta was the author of Arthasastra. He had other names also such as Kautilya, Chanakya etc. He became famous as Kautilya as he advised even crooked ways also to earn money. As he was the son of Chanaka, he was called Chanakya. Historians opine that he lived somewhere around 400 B.C.
Kautilya was the prime minister of Chandragupta. We find in Kamandaka’s Nitisara that Kautilya uprooted the family of Nandas and made Chandragupta Maurya ascend the throne. The influence of Arthasastra can be seen in the works of Kalidasa, Bharavi, Magha etc. The drama Mudrarakshasa presents the story of Kautilya well.
There are fifteen sections in the Arthasastra, written by Kautilya. Each section is further divided into chapters. There are a total of 150 chapters. Arthasastra which contains 6000 stanzas, was composed with easily understood small sentences resembling aphorisms. There are verses also here and there.
In the first chapter of the first section, the four knowledge streams of Anvikshaki (the science of inquiry), Trayi (the Vedic Literature, Vartha (Agriculture and commerce) and Dandaniti (Politics and Public Administration) are explained. Next a brief description of the four asramas and varnas is given. Then up to the fifth chapter, various topics such as Agriculture, cattle breeding, commerce, royal discipline and punishment, serving the elders, self-control etc.
After that appointment of ministers, the portfolios of the ministers, examination of their purity and impurity, appointment of spies etc. topics are covered. Saying that what is good for the people will be good for the king also, Kautilya says :
The happiness of the king lies in the happiness of his subjects, and his welfare is in their welfare.
What he likes is not good for the king, but what the people like is good for him.
In the second section called formation of towns, topics such as formation of villages, construction of waterways, bridges etc. are described. In the third section, the duties of the three types of the ministers of justice are prescribed. Property of the women, remarriage of the women etc. topics are also discussed in this section. In the fourth section named Removal of Thorns, capturing thieves and others, keeping agreement in business matters, protecting the people from fire, water and disease etc. have been explained. The sections that follow deal with topics related to the protection of the kingdom.
In the seventh section war and peace, and in the eighth section Remedies to the Troubles are given. In the ninth section many things that are to be considered first by one desirous of victory and facing an enemy are prescribed. In the tenth and eleventh sections, the way of war is discussed in detail. The twelfth section points out the difference of opinion regarding the surrender of the weak to the strong. In the thirteenth section the ways of seizing a fort are described. The duties of the king in protecting the fourfold division are presented in the fourteenth section. The fifteenth is the last section. In this section the plan of the treatise, and the paragraphical divisions are given in brief.
The greatness of this science is established thus :
This science sets on foot and protects also dharma, artha and kama. This science also condemns the unrighteous and uneconomical acts.
Thus, this work of Kautilya, endowed with many merits has become very famous. The topics dealt in the science are ever relevant.
कौटिल्यः Translation in English
धर्मार्थकाममोक्षाख्येषु चतुर्दा पुरुषार्थेषु द्वितीयः पुरुषार्थः अर्थः इति वयं जानीमः। मानवानां जीवने अर्थस्य प्राधान्यं विशेषेण वर्तते। ‘धनमूलमिदं जगत्’ इत्युक्तिरपि धनस्य प्राधान्यं ज्ञापयति।
We know that Artha is the second human goal among the four goals of Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha. There is much importance to Artha in human life. The adage “The whole world is based on money” also point to the importance of money.
अर्थशास्त्रस्य कर्ता विष्णुगतः। अस्यैव कौटिल्यः चाणक्यः इत्यादीनि नामान्तराण्यपि वर्तन्ते। अर्थार्जन कुटिलानप्युपायान् अयमुपदिदेश इति हेतोः कौटिल्यः इति प्रसिद्धि प्राप। चणकपुत्रत्वात् चाणक्यः इत्यप्यभिधीयते। क्रीस्तोः पूर्वं ४०० संवत्सरसमीपकाले अयं आसीदिति ऐतिहासिकः अभिप्रयन्ति।
Vishnugupta was the author of Arthasastra. He had other names also such as Kautilya, Chanakya etc. He became famous as Kautilya as he advised even crooked ways also to earn money. As he was the son of Chanaka, he was called Chanakya. Historians opine that he lived somewhere around 400 B.C.
कौटिल्यः चन्द्रगुप्तस्य महामात्य आसीत्। अनेन नन्दवंशम् उन्मूल्य मौर्यचन्द्रगुप्तः सिंहासनमधिरोपितः इति कामन्दकीये नीतिसाराख्ये ग्रन्थे दृश्यते। कालिदास – भारविमाघादिकवीनां काव्येषु अर्थशास्त्रस्य प्रभावो दृश्यते। मुद्राराक्षसनाटके कौटिल्यचरितं सम्यक् निर्दिष्टमस्ति।
Kautilya was the Prime Minister of Chandragupta. We find in Kamandaka’s Nitisara that Kautilya uprooted the family of Nandas and made Chandragupta Maurya ascend the throne. The influence of Arthasastra can be seen in the works of Kalidasa, Bharavi, Magha etc. The drama Mudrarakshasa presents the story of Kautilya well.
कौटिल्येन विरचिते अर्थशास्त्रे पञ्चदश अधिकरणानि सन्ति। एकैकमप्यधिकरणम् अध्यायरूपेण विभक्तम्। आहत्य १५० अध्यायाः सन्ति। षट्सहस्रग्रन्थपरिमितमिदमर्थशास्र अतीव हृद्यया सुबोधया रीत्या, सूत्रसदृशेषु लघुषु वाक्येषु निर्मितम्। तत्र तत्र श्लोका अपि उपनिबद्धाः।
There are fifteen sections in the Arthasastra, written by Kautilya. Each section is further divided into chapters. There are a total of 150 chapters. Arthasastra, which contains 6000 stanzas, was composed with easily understood small sentences resembling aphorisms. There are verses also here and there.
तत्र प्रथमाधिकरणस्य प्रथमेऽध्याये आन्वीक्षकी, त्रयी, वार्ता, दण्डनीतिश्चेति चतस्रो विद्याः निर्दिष्टासन्ति। तदनु चतुर्णा वर्णानाम् आश्रमाणां च संक्षिप्तं वर्णनम् दत्तम्। एवमेव कृषि-पशुपालनवाणिज्यानि, राजदण्ड विधानम्, वृद्धसेवा, इन्द्रियजयः इत्यादयः अंशाः पंचमाध्यायपर्यन्तं विशदीकृताः।
In the first chapter of the first section, the four knowledge streams of Anvikshaki (the science of inquiry), Trayi (the Vedic Literature, Vartha (Agriculture and commerce) and Dandaniti (Politics and Public Administration) are explained. Next a brief description of the four asramas and varnas is given. Then up to the fifth chapter, various topics such as Agriculture, cattle breeding, commerce, royal discipline and punishment, serving the elders, self-control etc..
ततः परम् अमात्यनियोगः, अमात्यमन्त्रिविभागः, तेषां शौचाशौचादि परीक्षणम्, गूढचराणां नियुक्तिः इत्यादयो विषयाः निरूपिताः । प्रजानां यत् हितं तदेव राज्ञेऽपि हितं भवतीति वदन्, कौटिल्यः –
प्रजासुखे सुखं राज्ञः प्रजानां च हिते हितम्।
नात्मप्रियं हितं राज्ञः प्रजानां तु प्रियं हितम् || इत्युवाच।
After that appointment of ministers, the portfolios of the ministers, examination of their purity and impurity, appointment of spies etc. topics are covered. Saying that what is good for the people will be good for the king also, Kautilya says :
The happiness of the king lies in the happiness of his subjects, and his welfare is in their welfare.
What he likes is not good for the king, but what the people like is good for him.
जनपदनिवेशाख्ये द्वितीयाधिकरणे ग्रामनिवेशनम्, जलमार्गसेत्वादीनां निर्माणम् इत्यादि विषयाः उपवर्णिताः। तृतीयाधिकरणे धर्मस्थानां त्रयाणाम् अमात्यानां कर्माणि निर्णीतानि। स्त्रीधनम्, स्त्रीणां पुनर्विवाहः इत्यादयोऽपि विषयाः अस्मिन्नधिकरणे चर्चिताः। कण्टकशोधनं नामके चतुर्थाधिकरणे तस्करादीनां निग्रहः, वाणिज्यादिव्यवहारे शुद्धिपरिपालनम्, अग्निजल-व्याध्यादिभ्यः प्रजारक्षणम् इत्येतदादीनां विवरणमस्ति। तदनन्तरेषु अधिकरणेषु राज्यरक्षणसम्बन्धिनः बहवो विषयाः निरुपिताः। सप्तमाधिकरणे सन्धिविग्रहादीनां स्वरूपम् अष्टमाधिकरणे व्यसनप्रतीकारादयः प्रोक्ताः। नवम्माधिकरणे शतृ मभियास्यता विजगीषुणा । प्रथमतः पर्यालोचनीयाः नैके विषयाः प्रतिपादिताः। दशम-एकादशाधि करणाभ्यां युद्धविधानं विस्तरेण प्रतिपादितम्। द्वादशाधिकरणे दुर्बलस्य बलवद्वशीभावे मतभेदाः प्रदर्शिताः। त्रयोदशधिकरणे दुर्गाक्रमणरीतयः वर्णिताः। चतुर्दशाधिकरणे चातुर्वर्ण्यस्य रक्षार्थं राज्ञा कर्तव्याः क्रियाः उपदिष्टाः। पञ्चदशाधिकरणम् अन्तिमं भवति। अस्मिन्नधिकरणे अर्थशास्त्रविषयाः, तत्प्रतिपादनरीतिश्च संक्षिप्य प्रदर्शिताः।
In the second section called formation of towns, topics such as formation of villages, construction of waterways, bridges etc. are described. In the third section, the duties of the three types of the ministers of justice are prescribed. Property of the women, remarriage of the women etc. topics are also discussed in this section. In the fourth section named Removal of Thorns, capturing thieves and others, keeping agreement in business matters, protecting the people from fire, water and disease etc. have been explained. The sections that follow deal with topics related to the protection of the kingdom.
In the seventh section War and Peace, and in the eighth section Remedies to the Troubles are given. In the ninth section many things that are to be considered first by one desirous of victory and facing an enemy are prescribed. In the tenth and eleventh sections, the way of war is discussed in detail. The twelfth section points out the difference of opinion regarding the surrender of the weak to the strong. In the thirteenth section the ways of seizing a fort are described. The duties of the king in protecting the fourfold division are presented in the fourteenth section. The fifteenth is the last section. In this section the plan of the treatise, and the paragraphical divisions are given in brief.
अस्य शास्त्रस्य वैशिष्ट्यम् एवं प्रतिपादितम्।
धर्ममर्थं च कामं च प्रवर्तयति पाति च।
अधर्मानर्थविद्वेषान् इदं शास्त्र निहन्ति च ||
The greatness of this science is established thus : This science sets on foot and protects also dharma, artha and kama. This science also condemns the unrighteous and uneconomical acts.
एवं बहुभिर्लक्षणैः विशिष्टं कौटिल्यरचितमिदं शास्त्र सुप्रसिद्धमस्ति। शास्त्रऽस्मिन् प्रतिपादिताः अंशाः नित्यनूतनत्वेन विराजन्ते।
Thus, this work of Kautilya, endowed with many merits has become very famous. The topics dealt in the science are ever relevant.