Students can go through AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Notes 6th Lesson Biology in Human Welfare will help students in revising the entire concepts quickly.
AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Notes 6th Lesson Biology in Human Welfare
→ Association between two organisms of different species in which one partner is benefited (parasite) causing harm to the other partner host is called paratism.
→ Hosts suffer from diseases cased by parasites besides hyperplasia, hypertrophy etc.
→ Parasites show certain adaptations to line successfully in the host body.
→ Dr. Yellapragada Subba Rao is ‘the greatest Indian Biochemist’.
→ Dr. Y.S. Rao’s contribution – Anti-cancer drug Methotrexate, drugs for rheumatoid arthritis and Psoriasis drug diethyl carbamazine. DEC (hetrazan) for filariasis, drug Tetracyclin, Aureomycin, (for Cholera, plague, trench fever), isonicotinic acid hydrazide (for tuberculosis).
→ P. vivax is intracellular parasite found in the liver cells and red blood cells of humans.
→ Mode of transmission is inoculation.
→ It is a digenetic parasite.
→ The multiple fission in man is called schizogony. It can be divided into exoerythrocytic cycle, erythrocytic cycle and gametogoriy.
→ The first phase takes place in the liver cells and the remaining phase takes place in the red blood cells.
→ In exoerythrocytic cycle sporozoite enter the liver cells and become Trophozoites.
→ Micro metacryptozoits enter the blood and attack the RBC. Marco metacryptozoits again attack liver cells.
→ Merozoites feed on haemoglobin. Haematin of it becomes toxic haemozoin particles. Due to haemozoin malaria is caused in humans.
→ Merozoites enters the RBC and become two types 1. Microgametocytes and 2. Macro gametocytes.
→ The period from the entry of sporozoite first appearance of parasites in the blood of man is called pre-patent period.
→ Which transfer the infective stages of a Parasite from one main host to another is called vector.
→ Any change from the normal stage of health that causes discomfort or disability is called disease.
→ Entamoeba histolytica was discovered by Lambei. It is a histozoic parasite.
→ Trophozoites are pathogenic and also secrete histolysins that dissolve the walls of blood vessels.
→ In the center of the endoplasm a cartwheel like nucleus is present. Food vacuole contains blood cells.
→ E.histolytica is a monoxenous parasite. Trophozoites reproduce asexually by binary fission in the wall of colon and rectum.
→ In the precystic forms glycogen and chromatoid bodies are accumulated and then they are encysted. It is called cystic forms.
→ Tetranucleate cysts pass out through faeces.
→ They invade the mucosa and sub mucosa of colon and rectum and develop into Trophozoites.
→ E.histolytica causes Amoebiasis. Severe abdominal pain, motions with blood and mucous etc. are the main symptoms of it.
→ Some times it reaches the liver (rarely brain, kidneys and lungs) and causes abscesses.
→ It is controlled by individual hygiene, protecting the food and water from houseflies and other insects.
→ Before eating or consuming the fruits and vegetables must be washed thoroughly.
→ Ascaris Lumbricoides is commonly called the common round worm.
→ Infective stage of Ascaris to the human is rhabditiform larva.
→ The disease caused by Ascaris is called Ascariasis.
→ Wucheria bancrofti is parasitic in the lymph vessels of man.
→ It is commonly called filarial worm.
→ Exhibit sexual dimorphism. Males are short with curved posterior end with cloaca and
→ Females are longer with straight posterior end, separate anus and genital aperture and without pineal setae.
→ It is ovo-viviparous animal. Producing eggs that hatch within the female’s body without obtain nourishment from it.
→ Females give birth to microfilaria. They exhibit noturnal periodicity.
→ In mosquito, microfilaria undergoes two moultings, becomes infective state two and then infected to man.
→ Wucheria causes filariasis, lymphoedema and elephantiasis.
→ Culex sucks the blood from the malarial patient, microfilaria reaches the body, undergo two moultings and become infective to man.
→ By the eradication of mosquitoes, filariasis can be controlled.
→ Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi bacterium.
→ Typhoid fever can be confirmed by widal test.
→ Typhoid fever infects through contamination of food and water.
→ The pneumonia is caused by bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemo- philus influenzae.
→ Common cold is caused by Rhino virus.
→ Ringworm disease is caused by fungi Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epider- mophyton.
→ Tobacco contains nicotine posion which is injurious to health.
→ Drugs like morphine, heroin, Ganjai are injurious to nervous system.
→ Abscess : A wound consisting of a localized collection of pus surrounded by inflammed tissue.
→ Abuse : Improper or excessive use.
→ Alkaloid : Natural bases containing nitrogen, found in plants, e.g. : Quinine.
→ Alveoli of lungs : Tiny sacs for holding air in the lungs in which the exchange of gases takes place.
→ Anabolic steroids : Technically known as anabolic-androgen steroids (AAS) or colloquially as ‘steroids’, are the drugs that mimic the effects of ‘testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in the body’. They increase protein synthesis within cells, which results in the buildup of cellular tissue (anabolism), especially in muscles.
→ Anaemia : Deficiency of red blood cells or haemoglobin.
→ Appetite : A feeling of hunger.
→ Clinical symptoms : Noticeable symptoms of a disease.
→ Cloaca : The cavity at the end of the digestive tract into which the intestinal, genital and urinary tracts open in the case of vertebrates (only intestinal and genital ducts open in the case of invertebrates).
→ Constipation : Irregular and infrequent or difficult egestion.
→ Coprophagous : Feeding on faecal matter.
→ Cosmopolitan : Occurring in many parts of the world.
→ Emaciation : Extreme leanness.
→ Epidemic : Spreading of an infectious disease, affecting many people over a wide area.
→ Epidemiology : The branch of medical science dealing with the transmission and control of disease.
→ Euphoria : A temporary feeling of an exaggerated joy, well-being, pride and optimism associated with drugs and alcohol; or an absence of depression.
→ Faeces : Solid indigested product discharged through anus.
→ Filiform : Resembling a thread.
→ Folk-medicine : Treatment given by some aged local people (naatu vaidyam in Telugu).
→ Giddiness : A feeling that you are about to feel; a reeling sensation.
→ Groin : The junction of the inner part of the thigh with the trunk together with the adjacent region and often including the external genitals.
→ Hallucinations : Illusionary perception; a sensory experience of something that does not exist outside the mind, caused by physical and mental disorders.
→ Hoarseness : Harshness of the throat.
→ Inflammation : A response of body tissues to injury or irritation, characterized by pain, swelling, redness and burning sensation.
→ Instinct : Inborn pattern of behaviour.
→ Intravenous : Direct injection into the vein using a needle and syringe.
→ Lesion : An injury to living tissue.
→ Liver sinusoids : Tiny blood filled spaces in the liver.
→ Masculinisation : Development of features like those of males.
→ Moultings : Periodic shedding of the cuticle or the outer skin in some animals or larval stages. Nasal congestion : Blockage of nose.
→ Neuro-transmitter : A neuro-chemical that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse.
→ Ovo-viviparous : Producing eggs that hatch within the body but the juveniles do not draw any nourishment from the mother.
→ Pathogen : Any disease-producing agent.
→ Peer : A person who is of equal standing with another in a group; a friend or a classmate.
→ Phasmids : Caudal sensory organs present in nematodes.
→ Pronucleus : Nuclei of the sperm and ovum before their union to form synkaryon.
→ Quagmire : A soft wet area of low-lying land that sinks underfoot (quag means oobi/ oobi nela in Telugu).
→ Rituals : The prescribed procedure for conducting religious ceremonies.
→ Sausage shaped : More or less a long- brinjal shaped.
→ Schizogony : A type of multiple fission that occurs in many apicomplexan protozoans during asexual cycle.
→ Snorting : An act of forcible inhalation of drugs.
→ Splenomegaly : An abnormal enlargement of the spleen.
→ Stool : Faecal matter.
→ Synkaryon : Nucleus of the zygote.
→ Thrive : Live / grow vigorously.
→ Tranquilizers : A drug used to reduce stress or tension without reducing mental clarity.
→ Tropical sprue : A chronic disorder that occurs in both children and adults;nutrients are not properly absorbed; symptoms include foul-smelling diarrhoea and emaciation.
→ Ulcer: A circumscribed inflammatory lesion on the skin or an internal mucous membrane resulting in the necrosis of tissue.
→ Vaccine : Immunogen consisting of a suspension of weakened or dead pathogenic cells injected in order to stimulate the production of antibodies in the host body.
→ Vandalism : Deliberate destruction, defacement or damage of public or other peopled property.
→ Vermiform : Long, thin and cylindrical or resembling a worm.
→ Vesicular nucleus : Nucleus with a nucleolus and large amounts of euchromatin.
→ Vicious circle : One trouble leads to another that aggravates the first.
→ Vulnerable : Susceptible to attack or temptation.
→ Welfare : Something that aids or promotes.
→ Biological knowledge is very useful to human welfare, medical field, agriculture.
→ Biology helps us to face various types of parasitic, bacterial, viral, fungal and other infections.
→ Biology educates people on the abuse of tobacco, drugs, alcohol etc.,
→ Parasitism is intimate association of two individuals of which one is benefited and the other is harmed. [IPE]
→ A parasite which lives on the body of the another parasite is called hyper-parasite. [IPE]
→ Degeneration of gonads (testis) of the host due to presence of a parasite is called parasitic castration. Ex: Sacculina causes degeneration of ovaries in the crabs. [IPE]
→ Incubation period: The period between the entry of sporozoites into blood of a man and appearance of clinical symptoms of malaria is called incubation period. It is about 10-14 days.
→ Migration of sheathed microfilaria larva from deeper vessels to peripheral blood vessels during night sleeping time between 10.00 PM and 4 AM is referred to as nocturnal periodicity. [IPE]
→ Tobacco contains Nicotine which stimulates adrenal glands. [IPE]
→ TDA stands for Teenage Drug Abuse.
→ The proverb, ‘Prevention is better than cure’ holds true in case of TDA abuse. [IPE]
→ Life cycle of E histolytica: (i) Trophozoite stage (ii) Precystic stage (iii) Cystic stage. [IPE]
→ Life cycle of Plasmodium in man: [IPE]
(a) Hepatic schizogony: (i) Pre-erythrocytic cycle (ii) Exo-erythrocytic cycle (iii) Prepatent period
(b) Erythrocytic schizogony: (i) Gogli cycle (ii) Incubation period (iii) Formation of Gametocytes
→ Life cycle of Plasmodium in mosquito-Ross cycle: [IPE]
1. Gametogony: (i) Formation of male gametes (ii) Formation of female gamete
2. Fertilization 3. Formation of Ookinetie & Oocysts 4. Sporogony
→ Structure and Life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides: PPE]
- Common round worm lives in the intestine of man (mostly children)
- Mode of infection is through contaminated food and water.
- In both males and females, the body is elongated and cylindrical.
- In both forms mouth is at the anterior end surrounded by Chitinous lips.
- After copulation in the small intestine the female releases about two lakh eggs daily.
- Each egg is surrounded by a rippled protein coat and hence it is called mammillated egg.
- Pathogenicity: Ascaris causes ascariasis.
→ MALT constitutes about 50% percent of the lymphoid tissue in human body. [NEET-2017]
→ Cholera and tetanus is caused by bacteria. [NEET-2017]
→ Grafted kidney may be rejected in a patient due to cell-mediated immune response. [NEET-2015]
→ Immunoglobulins IgA does constitute the largest percentage is human milk. [NEET-2015]
→ HIV that causes AIDS, first starts destroying helper T-lymphocytes. [NEET-2015]
→ The active form of Entamoeba histolytica feeds upon erythrocytes, mucosa and submucosa of colon. [NEET-2015]
→ The cell-mediated immunity inside the human body is carried out by T-lymphocytes. [NEET-2013]
→ Infection of Ascaris usually occurs by drinking water containing eggs of Ascaris. [NEET-2013]
→ Drug called Heroin is synthesized by acetylation of morphine. [NEET-2019]
→ Widal test is carried out to test Typhoid fever. [NEET-2010] [2012]
→ Ringworm in humans is caused by fungi. [PMT] [2010]
→ The letter T in T-lymphocyte refers to thymus. [PMT] [2010]
→ Common cold is not cured by antibiotics because it is caused by a Virus. [2011]
→ Ringworm in humans is caused by Fungi. [NEET-2010]
→ The infectious stage of Plasmodium that enters the human body is Sporozites. [NEET-2020]