\n1)\u00a0\u00a0 It is the host in which parasite undergoes development (or) sexual maturity (or) sexual reproduction. \n2)\u00a0\u00a0 It is a primary host. \n3)\u00a0\u00a0 Ex : Man for wuchereria bancrofti, female anopheles for plasmodium.<\/td>\n | 1) It is the host in which parasite undergoes larval (or)immature (or) asexual reproduction. \n2) It is a secondary host \n3) Ex : Man for plasmodium, female culex for wuchereria<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\nQuestion 4. \nDistinguish between vector and a reservoir host. \nAnswer:<\/p>\n \n\n\nVector<\/td>\n | Reservoir<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n1) Vector is an organism that transfers the infective stages of a parasite from one host<\/td>\n | 1) Reservoir is the host that lodges the parasitic stages without getting infection.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n2) Ex: Houseflies, Cockroaches.<\/td>\n | 2) Ex: Monkey for plasmodium, African antelope for Trypanosoma<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n Question 5. \nDistinguish between mechanical vector and biological vector. \nAnswer:<\/p>\n \n\n\nMechanical vector<\/td>\n | Biological vector<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n1) Mechanical vector is a simple carrier of infective stage of parasite. \n2) Ex:Housefiles and Cockroaches for Entamoeba.<\/td>\n | 1) Biological vector is an organism in which part of life cycle of parasite takes place. \n2) Ex: Female culex for wuchereria<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\nQuestion 6. \nWhat is a hyper-parasite? Mention the name of one hyper-parasite. [TS M-22] \nAnswer:<\/p>\n \n- A parasite which lives on the body of the another parasite is called hyper- parasite.<\/li>\n
- Ex: Nosema notabilis is parasite on sphaerospora polymorpha which is a parasite in the urinary bladder of toad fish.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Question 7. \nWhat do you mean by parasitic castration? Give one example.! APM~I7,20|[TSM-16,20| \nAnswer:<\/p>\n \n- Degeneration of gonads of the host due to presence of a parasite is called parasitic castration.<\/li>\n
- Ex: Sacculina (a crustacean parasite) causes degeneration of ovaries in the crabs.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Question 8. \nWhat are the ‘parasite adaptations’ observed in Ascaris lumbricoides? \nAnswer: \nParasite adaptations in Ascaris:<\/p>\n \n- Ascaris develops a ‘protective cuticle’ to withstand the action of the digestive enzymes of the host.<\/li>\n
- It lives as a facultative anaerobe. It lives as anaerobic form in the absence of oxygen and in aerobic form in the presence of oxygen.<\/li>\n
- Ascaris produces a large number of eggs nearly 2,00,000 per day. This is to ensure that the infection of the parasite to definite host and also to perpetuate their races.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
<\/p>\n Question 9. \nWhat are the endo-parasitic adaptations observed in Fasciola hepatica? \nAnswer: \nThe endoparasitic adaptations in Fasciola hepatica (sheep liver fluke) are:<\/p>\n \n- Two Suckers (one oral, another ventral)<\/li>\n
- Protective cuticle<\/li>\n
- Reproductive system is highly developed.<\/li>\n
- Life cycle is complex with many larval stages, (miracidium, sporosyst, redia, cercaria)<\/li>\n
- Polyembryony<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Question 10. \nDefine neoplasia. Give one example. [TS M-22J [AP M-19,22] \nAnswer:<\/p>\n \n- Neoplasia: Abnormal growth of the host cells in a tissue to form new structures is called neoplasia. Some times it leads to cancer.<\/li>\n
- Ex: Carcinoma caused by virus.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Question 11. \nDefine the most accurate definition of the term \u2019health\u2019 and write any two factors that affect the health. \nAnswer: \n1) Health is state of complete physical, mental and social well being, not merely absence of any disease or absence of physical fitness.<\/p>\n 2) The factors affect that health are<\/p>\n \n- Genetic disorders<\/li>\n
- Infections<\/li>\n
- Life style<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Question 12. \nDistinguish between infectious and non-infectious diseases. Give two examples each. \nAnswer: \n1) Infectious diseases: The diseases that are easily transmitted from one person to other are called infectious diseases. They are caused by pathogens. \nEx: Amoebic dysentery, Malaria, Typhoid, Common cold, Ringworm etc.<\/p>\n 2) Non-infectious diseases: The diseases that are not transmitted from one person to other and not caused by pathogens. \nEx: Heart problems, Kidney problems and genetic disorders.<\/p>\n Question 13. \nWhen can you diagnose a healthy person as unhealthy? \nAnswer: \nA healthy person is treated as an unhealthy person when<\/p>\n \n- The functioning of one (or) more organs (or) system of the body is adversely affected.<\/li>\n
- The disease is characterized by various signs & symptoms.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Question 14. \nWrite any two diagnostic features of trophozoite of Entamoeba histolytica? \nAnswer: \nDiagnostic features of trophozoite of Entamoeba:<\/p>\n \n- Presence of cart wheel shaped nucleus<\/li>\n
- Food vacuoles with RBC.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Question 15. \n‘Entamoeba histolytica is an obligatory anaerobe’. Justify. \nAnswer: \nEntamoeba histolytica is an intestinal parasite causing amoebic dysentery. Mitochondria are not present in their body. Oxygen is not available in intestine of man, so they are obligate anaerobes.<\/p>\n Question 16. \nDistinguish between precystic stage and cystic stage of E.histoiytica, \nAnswer:<\/p>\n \n\n\nPrecystic stage<\/td>\n | Cystic stage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n1)It is spherical, non-motile form. Not , surrounded by cystic wall. \n2) It has single nucleus, which doesnot undergo any division.<\/td>\n | 1) It is round and surrounded by delicate thin walled resistant cyst wall. \n2) Its nucleus undergoes successive mitotic divisions.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\nQuestion 17. \nWhat is the reserve food in the precystic and early cyst stages of Entamoeba histolytica? \nAnswer: \nGlycogen and chromatoid bars are reserve food of cystic and precystic stages of Entamoeba histolytica.<\/p>\n Question 18. \nWhat is a metacystic form with reference to Entamoeba histolytica? \nAnswer: \nThe excysted tetranucleated Entamoeba in the luman of the small intestine is called metacystic form.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Question 19. \nA person is suffering from bowel irregularity, abdominal pain, blood and mucus in stool, etc., Based on these symptoms, name the disease and its causative organism. [TS M-15] \nAnswer:<\/p>\n \n- The disease showing the given symptoms is amoebic dysentery.<\/li>\n
- The causative organism is Entamoeba histolytica.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Question 20. \nOn the advice of a doctor, a patient has gone to a clinical laboratory for the examination of a sample of faeces. The lab technician, on observing the stool of the patient diagnosed that the patient was suffering from amoebiasis. Write any two characteristic features based on which the technician came to that conclusion. \nAnswer: \nAmoebiasis indicators in stools are (i) Tetranucleate cysts (ii) Blood corpuscles.<\/p>\n Question 21. \nDefine ‘asymptomatic cyst passers’ with reference to Entamoeba histolytica. \nAnswer: \nAsymptomatic cyst passers are people who lodge the parasite ‘Entamoeba histolytica’ in their intestine without exhibiting any symptoms of amoebiasis. They are just carriers.<\/p>\n Question 22. \nDistinguish between primary amoebiasis and secondary amoebiasis? \nAnswer:<\/p>\n \n\n\nPrimary amoebiasis<\/td>\n | Secondary amoebiasis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n1) Formation of abscesses in the wall of ‘large intestine’ results in stool with blood and mucous. \n2)\u00a0\u00a0 It is also known as ‘amoebic dysentry’ or ‘intestinal amoebiasis’. \n3)\u00a0\u00a0 Symptoms : Stool with tetranucleate cysts.<\/td>\n | 1) Trophozites enter the blood stream by repturing the wall of capillaries and reach the liver to cause abscesses. \n2)\u00a0It is also known as ‘extra – intestinal amoebasis’. \n3)\u00a0 Symptoms: Heart, lungs, brain, kidneys, gonads etc., exhibit abscesses in their parts.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\nQuestion 23. \nWhat are the stages of Plasmodium vivax that infect the hepatocytes of man? \nAnswer: \nThe stages of plasmodium that infect liver cells are (i) sporozoites (ii) Cryptozoites<\/p>\n Question 24. \nWhat are the stages of plasmodium vivax that infect the RBC of the intermediate host? \nAnswer: \nThe stages of plasmodium vivax that infect the RBC of the intermediate hosts are<\/p>\n \n- Cryptozoites (or) 1st generation merozoites.<\/li>\n
- Micro – meta cryptozoites<\/li>\n
- Hypnozoites<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Question 25. \nDefine prepatent period. What is its duration in the life cycle of plasmodium vivax? \nAnswer:<\/p>\n \n- Prepatent period: The duration between first entry of sporozoites into blood and second entry in the form of cryptozoites is called prepatent period.<\/li>\n
- The duration of life cycle of plasmodium vivax is nearly 8 days.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
<\/p>\n Question 26. \nDefine incubation period. What is its duration in the life cycle of plasmodium vivax? \nAnswer:<\/p>\n \n- Incubation period: The period between the entry of sporozoites into blood of a man and appearance of clinical symptoms of malaria is called incubation period.<\/li>\n
- Its duration is about 10-14 days.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Question 27. \nWhat are Schuffner\u2019s dots? What is their significance? \nAnswer:<\/p>\n \n- Schuffner’s dots are small red coloured dots, appear in the cytoplasm of RBC when the parasite is in schizont stage of erythrocytic cycle.<\/li>\n
- They are supposed to be the antigens released by plasmodium. The parasite develops immunity against these antibodies.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Question 28. \nWhat are haemozoin granules? What is their significance? \nAnswer:<\/p>\n \n- The malaria parasite digests the globin part of the ingested haemoglobin and converts the soluble haem into an insoluble crystalline haemozoin granules.<\/li>\n
- When erythrocyte bursts, haemozoin is released into blood, it causes malaria fever.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Question 29. \nDistinguish between schizogony and sporogony? \nAnswer:<\/p>\n \n\n\nSchizogony<\/td>\n | Sporogony<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n1) In the life cycle of plasmodim in man, the asexual reproduction is called schizogony. \n2) It occurs both in liver cells and RBC.<\/td>\n | 1) In the life cycle of plasmodium in mosquitoes the formation of sporozoites in the oocysts is called sporogony. \n2)\u00a0It occurs in stomach wall of female Anopheles mosquito.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\nQuestion 30. \nWhat is exfiagellation and what are the resultant products called? \nAnswer:<\/p>\n \n- Exfiagellation: The process of liberation of male gametes from the cytoplasm of microgametocyte by exhibitting lashing movements like flagella is called exfiagellation.<\/li>\n
- The resultant products are called male gametes.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Question 31. \nWhy is the syngamy found in Plasmodiu m called anisogamy? \nAnswer:<\/p>\n \n- In plasmodium, the male and female gametes are dissimilar in size.<\/li>\n
- Hence, the process of fusion is called Anisogamy.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Question 32. \nWhat is ookinete? Based on the ‘sets of chromosomes’ how do you describe it? \nAnswer:<\/p>\n \n- Long, slender, motile vermiform structure of Plasmodium formed in the lumen of crop of female Anopheles mosquito during sexual life cycle of plasmodium is called ookinete.<\/li>\n
- Ookinete is a diploid stage which contains two sets of chromosomes.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Question 33. \nWhat is tertian fever, with reference to the types of malaria you have learnt about? Give the name of the causative species of the pathogens concerned? \nAnswer: \nTertian fever: A fever which occurs on every third day is called ‘Tertian fever’. \nCausative species of pathogens and types of malaria: \na) Plasmodium vivax causes ‘Benign tertian malaria’. \nb) Plasmodium falciparum causes ‘Cerebral malaria’ (or) ‘Malignant tertian malaria’. \nc) Plasmodium Ovale causes ‘Mild tertian malaria’. \nd) Plasmodium malariae causes ‘Quartan malaria’.<\/p>\n Question 34. \nWhat is the significance of hypnozoites with reference to malarial fever? \nAnswer:<\/p>\n \n- Significance: Initiating fresh erythrocytic cycle is the significance of hypnozoites with respect to malaria. This is referred as ‘relapse of malaria’<\/li>\n
- Hypnozoites are the ‘dormant stage’ of the macro-meta cryptozoites.<\/li>\n
- These may survive for a long period in liver<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Question 35. \nA person is suffering from chills and shivering and high temperature. These symptoms are cyclically followed by profuse sweating and return to normal body temperature. Based on these symptoms, name the disease and its causative organism. \nAnswer: \nThe disease is malaria. The causative organism is plasmodium.<\/p>\n Question 36. \nDescribe the methods of biological control of mosquitoes. \nAnswer: \nMethods of Biological control of mosquitoes:<\/p>\n \n- Spraying insecticides like DDT, BHC at mosquito breeding places.<\/li>\n
- Introduction of larvivorous fishes like Gambusia.<\/li>\n
- Introduction insectivorous plants like utricularia.<\/li>\n
- Spraying of kerosene, pyrethrum oil on stagnant waters.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
<\/p>\n Question 37. \nThe eggs of Ascaris are called ‘mammillated eggs’. Justify. [AP,TS M-19] \nAnswer: \nThe eggs of Ascaris have a protein outer coat which has papillae hence looks rippled. So it is called mamillated egg.<\/p>\n Question 38. \nWrite the route of extra intestrial migration followed by the juveniles of Ascaris lumbricoides. \nAnswer: \nSmall intestine \u2192 Hepatic portal vein \u2192 Liver \u2192 Post caval vein \u2192 dieart \u2192 pulmonary arteries\u2192Lungs \u2192 Bronchi \u2192 trachea \u2192 daiynx \u2192 glottis \u2192 pharynx \u2192 oesophagus \u2192 stomach \u2192 Small intestine.<\/p>\n Question 39. \nWrite any two difference between male and female worms of Wuchereria bancrafti \nAnswer:<\/p>\n \n\n\n1) It is shorter than female.<\/td>\n | 1) It is longer than male.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n2) It’s posterior end is curved with a cloacal aperture.<\/td>\n | 2) It’s posterior end is straight with Anus.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n3) A pair of unequal, chitinous copulatory spicules are present<\/td>\n | 3) ‘Pineal Spicules’ or ‘Copulatory species’ are absent.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n Question 40. \nWhat is meant by nocturnal periodicity with reference to the life history of a nematode parasite you have studied? [TS Mar, May-17) |AP M-15| \nAnswer: \nMigration of sheathed microfilaria larva from deeper vessels to peripheral blood vessels during night sleeping time between 10.00 PM and 4 AM is referred to as nocturnal periodicity.<\/p>\n Question 41. \nDistinguish between lymphadenitis and lymphangitis? \nAnswer:<\/p>\n \n- Inflammation of lymph glands is Lymphadenitis.<\/li>\n
- Inflammation of lymph vessels is known as Lymphangitis.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Question 42. \n‘Elephantiasis is the terminal condition of filariasis\u2019. Justify. \nAnswer: \nElephantiasis is caused by filarial parasite. It is the last stage of the disease. \nThe stages are<\/p>\n \n- Headache, depression and rise of temperature.<\/li>\n
- Lymphangitis.<\/li>\n
- Lymphadenitis.<\/li>\n
- Blocking of lymph vessels.<\/li>\n
- Elephantiasis is the ultimate stage.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Question 43. \nMention the pathogens that cause ringworm. \nAnswer:<\/p>\n \n- Ringworm is an infectious disease in man caused by fungi.<\/li>\n
- The pathogens that cause ring worm are Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Question 44. \nExplain any three preventive measures to control microbial infections. \nAnswer: \nPreventive measures to control microbial infections:<\/p>\n \n- Immunization by using vaccines. This eradicates diseases like small pox, polio, diptheria, pneumonia & tetanus.<\/li>\n
- Use of antibiotic and other drugs to treat infectious diseases effectively.<\/li>\n
- Use of newer and safer vaccines developed by biotechnological methods.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Question 45. \nMaintenance of personal and public hygine is necessary for prevention and control of many infectious disease”. Justify the statement giving suitable examples. \nAnswer:<\/p>\n \n- Use of ‘boiled and filtered water\u2019 prevents some infectious disease like cholera.<\/li>\n
- Washing hands, fruits and vegetables properly prevent infectious diseases like ascariasis, amoebiasis.<\/li>\n
- Using septic tank toilets prevents ‘Amoebiasis’.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Question 46. \nDiseases like amoebic dysentery, ascariasis, typhoid etc are more common in over crowded human settlements. Why? \nAnswer:<\/p>\n \n- In over crowded human settlements the given diseases spread easily due to poor sanitation.<\/li>\n
- Drinking water is only available from water sources like tanks, lakes and ponds where cleaning of cattle, washing of clothes is also done.<\/li>\n
- Due to these conditions the contaminated water, food and air spread the diseases like typhoid, ameobic dysentery and Ascariasis.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Question 47. \nIn which way does tobacco affect the respiration? [AP May-17] \nName the alkaloid found in tobacco. \nAnswer:<\/p>\n \n- Tobacco effects the respiration because when tobacco is smoked then smoking increases the carbon monoxide level and reduces the oxygen level in the blood.<\/li>\n
- Alkaloid found in tobacco is Nicotine.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
<\/p>\n Question 48. \nDefine drug abuse. [AP M-22] \nAnswer:<\/p>\n \n- Drug abuse is taking of a drug in excess for a purpose other than its medicinal use.<\/li>\n
- It leads to physical, psychological disturbances. Sometimes irrepairable damage to the body.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Question 49. \nFrom which substances ‘Smack* and ‘Coke’ are obtained? [AP M-16] \nAnswer:<\/p>\n \n- Smack (Heroin) is obtained by the acetylation of morphine.<\/li>\n
- Coke (Crack) is obtained from Cocaine.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Question 50. \n‘Many secondary metabolites of plants have medicinal properties. It is their misuse that creates problems’. Justify the statement with an example. \nAnswer:<\/p>\n \n- Secondary metabolites show various medicinal properties.<\/li>\n
- When they are misused, they can create problems in physical or psychological functions of the person leading to mental illness like depression, insomnia etc.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Question 51. \nWrite the scientific names of any two plants with hallucinogenic properties. \nAnswer:<\/p>\n \n- Atropa belladonna & Datura<\/li>\n
- Erythroxylum coca<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Question 52. \nWhy are cannabinoids and anabolic steroids banned in sports and games? \nAnswer:<\/p>\n \n- Cannabinoid and anabolic drugs are called steroid drugs.<\/li>\n
- They mimic the effect of testosterone and dihydro testosterone. They increase protein synthesis which develop muscular tissue enhancing the performance of sportsmen. So they are banned.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Question 53. \nMention the names of any four drugs which are used as medicines to treat patients with mental illness like depression, insomnia, etc. that are often abused. \nAnswer: \nDrugs used to treat mental illness are<\/p>\n \n- Lysergic acid diethyl amide(LSD)<\/li>\n
- Benzpdiazepines(tranquilizers)<\/li>\n
- Barbiturates (sleeping pills)<\/li>\n
- Amphetamines<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Short Answer Questions<\/span><\/p>\nQuestion 1. \nWhat, is the need for parasites to develop special adaptations? Mention some special adaptations developed by the parasites. [TSM-19] \nAnswer:<\/p>\n | | | | | | |