{"id":24853,"date":"2023-09-12T10:55:52","date_gmt":"2023-09-12T05:25:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/?p=24853"},"modified":"2023-09-12T18:10:51","modified_gmt":"2023-09-12T12:40:51","slug":"ap-inter-1st-year-botany-notes-chapter-9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/ap-inter-1st-year-botany-notes-chapter-9\/","title":{"rendered":"AP Inter 1st Year Botany Notes Chapter 9 Cell: The Unit of Life"},"content":{"rendered":"

Students can go through\u00a0AP Inter 1st Year Botany Notes<\/a> 9th Lesson Cell: The Unit of Life will help students in revising the entire concepts quickly.<\/p>\n

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Notes 9th Lesson Cell: The Unit of Life<\/h2>\n

\u2192 Unicellular Organisms are capable of independent Existence and performing the essential functions of life.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Anton von Leeuwenhoek first saw and described a live cell. .<\/p>\n

\u2192 Schleiden and Schwann together formulated cell theory.<\/p>\n

\u2192 R.Virchow, defined cell theory as, All living organisms are composed of cells and products of cells. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Mycoplasmas, the smallest cells are only 0.3 \/\u03bcm in length.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The largest Isolated single cell is the egg of an ostrich.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The Prokaryotic cells are represented by bacteria, blue-green algae, mycoplasma and PPLO.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The four basic shapes of Bacteria are coccus (spherical) Bacillus (rod shaped) Vibrio (comma) and spirillum (spiral).<\/p>\n

\u2192 There is no well defined nucleus in Prokaryotic cell.<\/p>\n

\"AP<\/p>\n

\u2192 The genetic material is maked, not enveloped by nuclear membrane and is called nucleoid.<\/p>\n

\u2192 In Prokaryotic cells, In addition to genomic DNA, a small circular DNA is present called plasmids. \u2018<\/p>\n

\u2192 Bacterial flagellum is composed of three parts namely filament, hook and basal body.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Pili and Fimbriae are surface structures of the Bacteria but do not play a role in motility.<\/p>\n

\u2192 70s type of Ribosomes are present in. Prokaryotic cell.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Reserve food materials are in the form of phosphate granules, Cyanophycean granules and Glycogen granules.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Eukaryotic cells have a well defined nucleus.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Cell wall i a non-living rigid structure and forms an outer covering for the plasma membrane of fungi and plants.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Cell wall is made up of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins and proteins.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Endoplasmic Reticulum, golgi complex, lysosomes and vacuoles together called endomembrane system.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes is called Rough ER and without ribosomes is called smooth ER.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Cell organelle which involves in the synthesis of cell wall materials is golgi complex.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Cell organelles Causes autolysis of cells are lysosomes.<\/p>\n

\"AP<\/p>\n

\u2192 Vacuoles play an Important role in osmoregulation.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Leucoplasts which store Carbohydrates are called Amyloplasts which store proteins are called aleuroplasts and which store fats are called Elaioplasts.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Chloroplasts are the organelles involved in photosynthesis.<\/p>\n

\u2192 80 s type of ribosomes are present in Eukaryotic cells.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The centrioles forms spindle fibres during cell division.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Nucleus, dynamic centre of the cell or Master Cell organelle controls all metabolic activities of the cell.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Chromatic contains DNA and some basic proteins called Histones.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Peroxysomes and Glyoxisomes are called Microbodies.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Active transport : Transmembrane transport requiring energy mostly as ATP.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Antibiotics : Antimicrobial substances produced by some microbes.<\/p>\n

\"AP<\/p>\n

\u2192 Axoneme : The core part of a cilium or flagellum that consists of microtubules in a typical 9 + 2 array.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Carotenoids : Terpenoid pigments abundant in chromoplasts that impart yellow, orange or red colour.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Chromatin : Thread like coloured material of the eukaryotic nucleus.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Cytoskeleton : Elaborate network of filamentous proteinaceous structures found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Glycocalyx : A layer outside bacterial cell wall usually made of polysaccharides.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Histones : Basic proteins associated with DNA.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Kinetochore : Disc shaped structures located in the centromeric part of the chromosome.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Mesosome : Membrane infolding in some bacteria that helps in cell wall formation and DNA- replication.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Passive transport : Transmembrane transport not requiring energy i.e., Movement down the concentration gradient.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Plasmids: Small circular DNA found outside genomic DNA in many bacteria.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Satellite : A round terminal part of the chromosome present beyond the secondary constriction in some chromosomes.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Endomembrane System : A group of cell organelles with coordinated functions (ER, Golgi, lysosomes and vacuoles).<\/p>\n

\u2192 Thylakoids : Flattened membranous sacs present inside chloroplasts.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Cell is the basic unit of life and structural, functional unit of an organism.<\/p>\n

\"AP<\/p>\n

\u2192 All living organisms are made of cells or aggregates of cells.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Cells vary in shape, size and functions.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Cell theory was proposed by Schleiden and Schwann and later by Rudolf Virchow.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Cell theory; (i) All living organisms are composed of cells and their products.
\n(ii) New cells arise from pre-existing cells.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Types of cells: (i) Prokaryotic cells (ii) Eukaryote cells<\/p>\n

\u2192 Vacuoles play an important role in osmo regulation 0f plant cells. [IPE]<\/p>\n

\u2192 Meta centric chromosome has middle centromere forming two equal arms of the chromosome.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The satellite chromosome contains a small segment called satellite which is separated from the main body of the chromosome by a secondary constriction.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Middle lamella js a layer made up of calcium pectate. It holds the neighbouring cells together.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The cell organelles which contain chlorophyll pigment are called chloroplasts. [IPE]<\/p>\n

\u2192 Mitochondria are the power houses of cell. [IPE]<\/p>\n

\u2192 Structure of Nucleus consists of four main parts:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Nuclear envelope<\/li>\n
  2. Nuclear matrix<\/li>\n
  3. Chromatin material<\/li>\n
  4. Nucleolus<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \"AP<\/p>\n

    \u2192 Types of chromosomes (based on the position of centromere):<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Metacentric<\/li>\n
    2. Sub metacentric<\/li>\n
    3. Acrocentric<\/li>\n
    4. Telocentric<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \u2192 Nucleosome is a structural unit of eukaryotic chromosome, consisting of a length of DNA coiled around a core of histones. [IPE]<\/p>\n

      \u2192 A cell organelle containing hydrolytic enzymes is lysosome. [NEET-2017]<\/p>\n

      \u2192 Lysosomes cell organelles is enclosed by a single membrane. [NEET-20I6]<\/p>\n

      \u2192 Microtubules are the constituents of spindle fibres, centrioles and cilia. [NEET-2016]<\/p>\n

      \u2192 Cellular organelles with membranes are lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria. [2015]<\/p>\n

      \u2192 The chromosomes in which centromere is situated close to one end are acrocentric. [NEET-2015]<\/p>\n

      \u2192 The structures that are formed by stacking of organised flattened membranous sacs in the chloroplasts are grana. [NEET-2015]<\/p>\n

      \u2192 Nuclear envelope is a derivative of rough endoplasmic reticulum. [NEET-2015]<\/p>\n

      \u2192 DNA is not present in ribosomes. [NEET-2015]<\/p>\n

      \u2192 The motile bacteria are able to move by flagella. [NEET-2015]<\/p>\n

      \u2192 ”The concept of “Omnis Cellula -e-Cellula” regarding cell division was proposed by Rudolf Virchow. [NEET-2019]<\/p>\n

      \u2192 The shorter and longer arms of a submetacentric chromosome are referredto as p-arm and q-arm respectively. [NEET-2019]<\/p>\n

      \"AP<\/p>\n

      \u2192 Pair of organelles which do not contain DNA are Lysosomes and Vacuoles. [NEET-2019]<\/p>\n

      \u2192 In metacentric chromosome, the centromere is situated in the middle of two equal arms of chromosomes. [NEET-2021]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Students can go through\u00a0AP Inter 1st Year Botany Notes 9th Lesson Cell: The Unit of Life will help students in revising the entire concepts quickly. AP Inter 1st Year Botany Notes 9th Lesson Cell: The Unit of Life \u2192 Unicellular Organisms are capable of independent Existence and performing the essential functions of life. \u2192 Anton … Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":39186,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Chapter-9-Cell-The-Unit-of-Life.png","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24853"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=24853"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24853\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":50139,"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24853\/revisions\/50139"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/39186"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=24853"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=24853"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=24853"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}