{"id":24115,"date":"2022-06-15T17:30:56","date_gmt":"2022-06-15T12:00:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/?p=24115"},"modified":"2023-06-15T17:33:20","modified_gmt":"2023-06-15T12:03:20","slug":"ap-inter-2nd-year-zoology-notes-chapter-5a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/apboardsolutions.com\/ap-inter-2nd-year-zoology-notes-chapter-5a\/","title":{"rendered":"AP Inter 2nd Year Zoology Notes Chapter 5(a) Human Reproductive System"},"content":{"rendered":"

Students can go through AP Inter 2nd Year Zoology Notes<\/a> Lesson 5(a) Human Reproductive System will help students in revising the entire concepts quickly.<\/p>\n

AP Inter 2nd Year Zoology Notes Lesson 5(a) Human Reproductive System<\/h2>\n

\u2192 The sex organs of the Male Reproductive System in the pelvic region are a pair of testes, accessory ducts, glands and external genitalia.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Testes are suspended within a pouch called scrotum.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Scrotum maintains temperature of 2-2.5\u00b0C, necessary for spermatogenesis.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Scrotal sac is connected to abdominal cavity through ‘inguinal canal’.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Testis is held in position in the scrotum by the ‘gubernaculum’.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Testis is enclosed in a fibrous envelope called ‘tunica albuginea’.<\/p>\n

\u2192 A pouch of serous membrane \u2019tunica vaginalis’ covers testis.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Seminiferous tubules are present in the lobules of testis.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Spermatogonial mother cells of seminiferous tubules play an important role in spermatogenesis.<\/p>\n

\"AP<\/p>\n

\u2192 ‘Nourishing cells’ or ‘sertoli cells’ provide nutrition to spermatozoa.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Leydig cells produce ‘Testosterone’ hormone, that controls secondary sexual characters and spermatogenesis.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Epididymis is a storage organ of sperms and gives the sperms time to mature.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Urethra is the shared terminal duct of the reproductive arid urinary systems. It opens into penis through a opening called ‘urethral meatus’.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Penis is the copulatory organ of male and the enlarged, bulbous end of penis is called glans penis, and is covered by a foreskin or prepuce.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Seminal vesicles produce seminal fluid which contains nutrients for the nourishment of sperms.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Prostate gland’s secretion activates the spermotozoa and provides nutrition to them.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The secretion of bulbourethral glands acts as a flushing agent that washes out the acidic urinary residues that remain in urethra, before the semen is ejaculated.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The Female reproductive system consists of a pair of ovaries, a pair of oviducts, uterus, vagina and external genitalia.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Ovaries are enveloped by outer germinal epithelium and inner tunica albuginea.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The ovarian stroma is divided into an outer cortex and inner medulla. Cortex is more dense due to ovarian follicles and medulla is abundant with blood and lymphatic vessels and nerve fibres.<\/p>\n

\"AP<\/p>\n

\u2192 Fallopian tube is the site of fertilization which conducts ovum or zygote towards the uterus by peristalsis.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Uterus is a muscular pear-shaped structure and carries foetus, it is also known as womb.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Uterus opens into the vagina is called the cervix. The cavity of cervix is called cervical canal.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Bartholin’s glands lubricate vagina and are homologous to the bulbourethral glands of the male reproductive system.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Skene’s glands secrete a lubricating fluid when stimulated and are homologus to the prostate gland.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The nourishment of newborn baby is provided by milk produced from mother’s mammary glands.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Gametogenesis in. male is called Spermatogenesis and that in a female is called Oogenesis.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Spermatozoa is composed of head, neck middle piece and tail.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The cap like structure on the head of spermatozoa is called acrosome.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The middle piece of sperm contains mitochondria that produce energy for the movement of tail.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Ovum is produced from modified secondary follicle called Graafian follicle.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Ovum is sorrounded by a membrane called Zona Pellucida.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Corpus luteum secretes Progesterone for the maintenance of pregnancy.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The menstrual flow results due to breakdown of endometrial lining of the uterus and its blood vessels.<\/p>\n

\u2192 During follicular phase, primary follicles mature into Graafian follicles and produce gonadotropins LH & FSH.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Rupture of Graafian follicle by LH results in the release of ovum.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The enzyme hyaluronidase from acrosome of a sperm dissolves hyaluronic acid of the follicle cells thus making easy penetration of sperm into a ovum.<\/p>\n

\"AP<\/p>\n

\u2192 The nuclear union of sperm and ovum results in the formation of synkaryon or zygotic nucleus.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Implantation of blastocyte occurs on the 6th day of fertilization.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The extra embryonic or foetal membranes are chorion, amnion, allantois and yolk sac.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The sclerotome of enlbryo forms vertebral column.
\nThe myotome fonns voluntary muscles.
\nThe dermotome forms dermis of skin and other connective tissues.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The notochord and neural tube are formed by the converge and involution of chorda mesodermal cells through the Hensen’s node.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The placenta of human is called chorioallantoic placenta as allantois fuses with the chorion in the process of vascuralisation.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Placenta is deciduous, because during parturition placenta is Cast off causing extensive haemorrhage and there by bleeding.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Progesterone secreted by placenta is essential for the maintenance of preganancy after 4th month.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) presence is used as a test in the detection of pregnancy.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The gestation period in humans is 266 days or 38 weeks.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Most of the major organs are formed by the end of first trimester and by the end of nine months of pregnancy, the foetus is fully developed.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Oxytocin acts on the uterine muscle during parturition and causes stronger uterine contractions.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Mammary glands produce milk after the birth of pregnancy, called lactation.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Breast feeding is recommended by doctors for bringing up a healthy baby.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The primary aim of life is procreation (reproduction)<\/p>\n

\u2192 Sexual reproduction starts with formation and fusion of male and female gametes.<\/p>\n

\u2192 The process of formation of gametes is known as gametogenesis.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Fertilisation is the complete and permanent fusion of two gametes from parents to form a diploid zygote. This process is also called syngamy. [IPE]<\/p>\n

\u2192 The Testes produce sperms and male hormones (Testosterone) called androgens. [IPE]<\/p>\n

\u2192 The ovary produces ova and female hormones estrogen and progesterone. [IPE]<\/p>\n

\"AP<\/p>\n

\u2192 Human female sex organs present in the pelvic region are as follows: [IPE]<\/p>\n