TS 10th Class Social Study Material 18th Lesson Emerging Political Trends 1977 to 2000

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TS 10th Class Social 18th Lesson Questions and Answers – Emerging Political Trends 1977 to 2000

Question 1.
Match the following.
i) Economic liberalisation A) Restriction in foreign import tax
ii) Arbitrary dismissal B) Of state governments by central government
iii) Ethnic cleansing C) Towards people who are different from themselves
iv) Federal principle D) Greater autonomy for state governments
Answer:
i) A
ii) B
iii) C
iv) D

Question 2.
Identify the major changes in party system during the second phase of Independence.
Answer:
During the second phase of Independence Indian parties and the party system have undergone remarkable changes. The changes are not simply in the number of parties or their relative strength. There has been a qualitative transformation in the manner in which each party perceives its role in politics and in its interaction with other political parties.

The nationalist fervour of the aftermath of independence has given way to the real politic of governance, involving all the features of bargaining, negotiation and compromise.

The pluralistic nature of India’s federal polity began to assert itself to the party domain. Suddenly we found how dependent national parties are on regional and small parties. From a time when the term regional party was considered not a very respectable one, now they are much sought after.

From a time when the national parties declared the state leaders and changed the Chief Ministers at will, the regional parties now decided who the Prime Minister should be. They gained a voice national politics. They demanded for a more federal government and more autonomy to the states.

TS 10th Class Social Study Material 18th Lesson Emerging Political Trends 1977 to 2000

Question 3.
What are the major economic policies of various governments at the centre and the state discussed In this and the previous chapters? How are they similar or different?
Answer:

  1. Major economic policies that were discussed in the previous chapter were five-year plans.
  2. Three types of land reforms were contemplated abolition of zamindari system. tenancy reforms and land ceilings.
  3. The government gave importance to agricultural cooperatives and local self-governments.
  4. The nationalisation of many banks (private) and abolishing of princely purses were followed.
  5. In this chapter, India was forced to accept economic liberalisation.
  6. Government cut the subsidies to farmers, expenditures and public health etc., and reduced restrictions and taxes on import of foreign goods.
  7. Foreign goods were brought into India and India’s business was forced to complete With global manufacturers.
  8. It also led to the setting up of industries and buiness by foreign companies In India.

Question 4.
How did regional aspirations lead to the formation of regional parties? Compare the similarities and differences between the two different phases.
Answer:

  1. Demise of Nehru
  2. Emergency proclamation
  3. Formation of Janata Party movement.

These three events showed that Congress supremacy can be defeated and people began thinking that Congress and the Janata Dal as the organizations are not necessary for their upliftment. They realised that they need a leader of good qualities to lead them rather than following an organization, they started voting leaders who promised good future. This started the formation of regional parties.
(OR)
The actions of both the ¿anata Party and Congress governments weakened the federal principles and backed a more centralising position. This was accompanied by some serious challenges to national unity too, The people of many states felt alienated and wanted either greater autonomy from the centre or even wanted to go separate from India Itself. The non-Congress regional parties (like SAD and DMK) meanwhile attempted
to come together to form a common front in support of greater say in national-level decision-making, greater financial autonomy, lower interference in State matters and stopping the misuse of the powers of the Governor and arbitrary imposition of President’s Rule.

Question 5.
In order to form governments. It becomes necessary for political parties to attract people from different sections of society. How did different political parties realise these objectives in the second phase after independence?
Answer:

  1. The Janata party: The Janata Party came to power promising a restoration of democracy and freedom from authoritarian rule.
  2. T.D.P. In combined Andhra Pradesh: It said that the TDP stood for the honour and sell respect of the Telugu-speaking people. (Teluguvan atma gouravam). It introduced sale of rice Rs. 2/- per kg to the poor, and liquor prohibition.
  3. The BJP: The concept of Hindutva has a special place in its ideology. The party is pledged to build up India as a strong and prosperous nation.
  4. The Communist Party of India: This party remains firmly wedded to the goal of a just socialist society in which equal opportunities for all and a guarantee of democratic rights will clear the way for ending all forms of exploitation, including caste, class and gender and exploitation of man by man.
  5. The CPM: Its aim is socialism and communalism through the establishment of the state of the dictatorship of the proletariat.

Question 6.
What were the developments that weakened the Inclusive nature of Indian polity? How Is the ability to accommodate different communities and regional aspirations changing?
Answer:

  1. There were a few developments that weakened the inclusive, nature of Indian polity.
  2. After emergency, the victorious Janata Party dismissed nine Congress governments the states.
  3. in 1980 when Congress came to power, it dismissed nine Janata governments in the states.
  4. The actions of both these weakened the inclusive nature of Indian polity.
  5. The people of marty states felt alienated and wanted either greater autonomy or decision-making.
  6. They demanded centres lower interference in state matters. stopping the misuse of the powers of Governor and irrposìtion of President’s Rule arbitrarily.

Question 7.
How do different types of regional aspirations draw from cultural and economic dimensions?
Answer:
The political tendency that seeks to build our nation based on identity of the majority of the population.

Question 8.
In the first half of the period after independence, there was a lot of Importance. given to planned development. In the later part, emphasis was given to Ilberallsation. Discuss and find out how does it reflect political ideals.
Answer:
The twentieth century closed with an India which was drawn into the world market, an India which seemed to have a thriving democracy in which voices of different sections of the population were making themselves heard and n which divisive and communal political mobilisation were threatening to destroy social peace. It had stood the test of time for over fifty years and had built a relatively stable economy and deeply rooted
Democratic politics.

It still had not managed to solve the problem of acute poverty and gross inequality between castes, and communities. regions and gender. This was the legacy which 50 years of post. independence period left for 21st-century India.

TS 10th Class Social Study Material 18th Lesson Emerging Political Trends 1977 to 2000

Question 9.
Study the newspapers and magazines to Identify at least one example each of moderation In policies due to coalition and how do different political parties In coalition emphasise their regional demands?
Answer:
The complexity and nature of national coalition politics in India means that support from regional parties are often instrumental in not only forming governments but deciding the outcome of policies which are of national significance.
e.g.: The regional parties have played a major role in the functioning of the current Congress-led UPA coalition government since 2004.

Regional parties that are not part of an alliance have also had their way and shared a good rapport with New Delhi. The Peoples Democratic Party, an ally of the Congress party, functioned in sync. with the BJP-led NDA. This enabled it to get its demand for a bus route connecting Sri Nagar and Muzzafarabad on the Pakistani side of Kashmir. This bus route was inaugurated in 2005 by current Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh.

Question 10.
Prepare an album by collecting the photos of Prime Ministers of India and write their specIalities.
Answer:
TS 10th Class Social Study Material 18th Lesson Emerging Political Trends 1977 to 2000 1

Question 11.
Read the para under the title ‘Andhra Pradesh’ from “In combined Andhra Pradesh office of the Congress party” of page 258 and comment on It.
In combined Andhra Pradesh, the frequent change of Chief Ministers by the central Congress leadership and the imposition of leaders from above created a bad taste. There was a feeling that the Andhra Pradesh leadership was not getting respect from the national Congress leadership. This was perceived as an insult to the pride of the Telugu people.

N T Rama Rao (NTR), popular film actor, chose to take up this cause. He began the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) on his 60th birThday in 1982. He said that the TÐP stood for the honour and sell respect of the Telugu-speaking people (Teluguvari at magauravam). He argued that the State could not be treated as a lower office of the Congress party.
Answer:
According to this paragraph, the Congress policy of appointing Chief Ministers is not appropriate In modern democracy. Self-respect is not given to Telugu people. It was treated as an insult to these people.

Many people say that Congress party is only concentrating on high command only In true democracy, the people’s voice is to be given respect. The Chief Minister is to be appointed by election process, voted by legislators As the high command orders, the readers follow. This process or procedure is undemocratic. NT. Rama Rao came forward to protect the self-respect of the Telugu people. He stood for the honour of the people.

True democracy lies in true spirit of the voice of the corwnon people. N.T. Rama Rao tried to prove this. He implemented Various welfare schemes for the upliftment of downtrodden people. In every country. In a democracy voice of the people and respect of the people are important.

Question 12.
What are the effects of changes of the ‘Telecom Revolution’ on the human lifestyles?
Answer:
Former Prime Minister of India, Relv Gandhi initiated ‘Telecom Revolution in India and spread the network of telephonic communication using satellite technology. Now people can manage to do all their work over phone. Access know different positions like availability of sources, hikes in market prices. etc. Internet is available on phone.

SMS, e-mail, reading material from google, watching various videos in Youtube made many citizens as netizens. The advanced phones are used for GPS and in new places, one can find the destination easily. e-library is maintained on a phone. It is time-consuming.

The cost of call is decreasing day by day as connection increases. There is a negative side also. What are the states to be watched and what not is the problem. Any electronic device is useful when it is properly used There should be an awareness programme about this.

Discussion:
Is it the responsibility of Government or Society to face extremism, terrorism? Conduct a debate. What is its Impact on human life. Discuss the experiences.
Answer:
The frustrated people and the helpless Oniliants turn as extremists and terrorists. They create threats for human beings. Dilsukh Nager, Gokul Chat and Lumbini Park bomb blasts are the best examples for this. So I think it Is the responsibility of the Government or society to face extremism and terrorism.

TS 10th Class Social Study Material 18th Lesson Emerging Political Trends 1977 to 2000

TS 10th Class Social 18th Lesson Emerging Political Trends 1977 to 2000 Intext Questions

Page No. 254

Question 1.
Write a brief summary of the political events discussed in the previous chapter on Independent India.
Answer:

  1. Congress partys dominance in politics In first three general elections.
  2. Planning Commission introduced five-year plans to bring soclo-econonic change in the country.
  3. Land reforms, and agriculture cooperatives arid local self-governments served the purpose.
  4. First challenge was demand for reorganisation of states on the basis of language.
  5. Have to face a few wars with Pakistan and China.
  6. Green Revolution marked substantial growth in food production.
  7. There was a tendency for regional movements and regional parties.
  8. This phase ended with the imposition of emergency.

Page No. 255

Question 2.
Do you think ‘single party democracy’ would have been a better alternative to multi-party democracy?
Answer:
Single-party dominance brings with It other negative features, such as the burning of boundaries of state and party. Its ambition to extend increasing control over state and society by further ceritrahsation, So I think single-party democracy would have not been a better alternative to multi-party democracy.

Question 3.
In what ways does a multi-party democracy create favourable conditions for social movements of protest and change?
Answer:
If the government acts against the welfare of the people, the other parties show the way to protests and strikes to change the views of the government. The parties in a multi-party system think tot the welfare of the people. e.g.: Protects against the construction of dams, nuclear power pro, acts, etc.

Page No. 257

Question 4.
There have been many Instances in which governments at centre removed governments at the state If they are from different political parties. Discuss how does it violate democratic principles.
Answer:
This act negates the federal character of the Indian political system. It also militates against the democratic doctrine of popular sovereignty, since an elected government is suspended. Thus, It violates democratic principles.

Page No. 258

Question 5.
Discuss the importance. of the following factors in the politics of NTR:
i. Background of being a film hero
ii. Fight for the self-respect of the state
iii. Popular welfare schemes for the poor.
iv. Alliance with other regional parties
Answer:
i) Being a film hero he gained much popularity in combined AP. Hiš characters of Lord Rama and Krishna made the combined A.P. people his fans. This image helped him a lot.

ii) This advocated the forming a closer bond between the government and the common people.

iii) Prohibition of liquor, Rice for Rs. 2/per kg to the poor worked out well. These populist schemes made him more popular.

iv) The NDA led by BJP. and included several regional parties. TDP supported it from the outside, Thus, TDP maintained a good relationship with other regional parties.

Page No. 260

Question 6.
In what ways do you think the Assam movement is similar or different from the movement of NTR in Andhra Pradesh?
Answer:
The Assam Movement: Assam agitation was against illegal infiltration of illegal migrants
from neighbouring Bangladesh.
The movement of NTR in A.P.: The movement was led for the Aatma Gouravam’ of the Telugu people in the nation.

Question 7.
Organise a debate In your class on the following themes:
Only one community should live In a region and all posts and trade business should be In the hands of the people of that specific community only.
(OR)
All people of India should be free to move from one part to another and settle and work In places of their choice.
Answer:
India is not an association of confederation of states, It is a Union of state and there is only one nationality that is Indian. Hence every Indian has a right to go anywhere in India. to settle anywhere, and work and do business of his choice in any part of India peacefully.

Question 8.
Will an open policy of free movement of people cause rich and powerful outsiders to buy up all land and resources and leave the original people of a locality poor and Impoverished?
Answer:
An open policy of free movement of people may cause rich and powerful outsiders to buy up all land and resources. But it will not leave the original people of a locally poor and impoverished. It creates the employment opportunities to the poor. This involves their standard of living.

Page No. 262

Question 9.
What was the role of anti-Sikh riots of Delhi in 1984 in fuelling Sikh separatism and extremism?
Answer:

  1. The assassination triggered fulminant violence against Sikhs across the north of India,
  2. The ruling party. Congress (I) maintained that the violence was due lo spontaneous riots,
  3. Many Sikhs felt that they were being discriminated against and their religious rights were being suppressed.
  4. These events were followed by a decade of violence and conflict in Punjab.
  5. There was a dramatic rise in radical state militancy In Punjab.
  6. The Khalistan-related militant activities continued in the 1990s, as the preparators of the 1984 riots remained unpunished.

Question 10.
Compare the similarities and differences between Assam and Punjab movements. What kind of challenges did they pose to our political system?
Answer:
Assam Movement: A similar but much stronger demand for autonomy was also taking place in Assam. In the late 1970e, this general fooling of unhappiness was transformed into a social movement. Besides culture and demographics, there was also an economic dimension. The political transition did not resolve the long-term problems which gave rise to the movement.

The governments kept alive the tensions instead of solving them. The government sent the army to solve the problem as it thought that it was the only way to bring about peace in the area.

Punjab movement: This movement was led for the autonomy of the state, Here to the difference in language and religion of the dominant population became a point of mobilisation. It was believed that the state had received an unfair bargain when it was
created.

Punjab calmed new capital, more water and greater recruitment of Sikhs in the army. They demanded to amend the Constitution to give more powers to the states and ensure greater decentralisation of powers. The government used very harsh methods for the suppression of militancy In Punjab, many of which were seen as violations of the Constitutional rights of citizens.

Challenges:

  1. Such violations of Constitutional rights and human rights were justified as the constitutional machinery was on the edge of collapse due to militancy activity.
  2. Even judiciary Is also afraid of passing adverse judgements on the militants for fear of reprisals by them.
  3. It developed into a complex nature conflict in a very sensitive area.

TS 10th Class Social Study Material 18th Lesson Emerging Political Trends 1977 to 2000

Question 11.
Did the way the government handled the two problems, strengthen our democratic polity or weaken It?
Answer:
Both the ways of the government handled the two problems and called the conditions. So we can say that It strengthened our democratic polity.

Page No. 263

Question 12.
Looking back from the present, what do you think were the lasting contributions of Rajiv Gandhi to the country?
Answer:

  1. Rajiv Gandhi felt that to ensure the participation of the mass of the people in governance by activating the Panchayati Raj Institutions.
  2. In the economic sphere too Rajiv Gandhi attempted to chart a different course. His government’s first budget in 1985 moved towards a more liberalised system by removing some of the checks and controls that were in place.
  3. He was also convinced that India needed to adapt itself to the new technologies emerging in the world, especially computer and telecommunication technologies.
  4. He initiated what is called the ‘telecom revolution’ in India which speeded up and spread the network of telephonic communication In the country using satellite technology.

Question 13.
Discuss in your class why the poorest people often do not get to benefit from schemes intended for them. What long-term steps should be taken to ensure that such benefits really reach the poor?
Answer:
Due to illiteracy and ignorance, the poorest people often do not get to benefit from schemes intended for them.

Long-term steps to be taken to ensure that such benefits really reach the poor:

  1. The poor should be educated about the schemes,
  2. The employers at the root level should help the poor in reaching the fruits.

Question 14.
Find out and list all the benefits students of your school are entitled to. Do they manage to get them properly? Discuss in both the class and outside the school In your homes or playground.
Answer:
Benefits of our school:

  1. Free textbooks
  2. Free uniform
  3. Library facility
  4. Playground facility
  5. Lab facilities
  6. Mid-day meals.

They do manage to get them properly,

Page No. 264

Question 15.
Reed the statement and answer the questions that follow.

The Prime Minister’s Apology
Dr. Manmohan Srngh’s statement in the Rajya Sabha …….. Four thousand people were killed in this great national tragedy that took place In 1984. This should be an occasion for introspection, how working together as a united nation, we can find new pathways to ensure that such ghastly tragedies never again: take place in our country. … I have no hesitation in apologising not only to the Sikh community but the whole Indian nation because what took place In 1984 is the negation of the concept of nationhood and what is enshrined in our Constitution.

So, I am not standing on any false prestige. On behalf of our Government. on behalf of the entire people of this country, I bow my head In shame that such a thing took place. But. Sir, there are ebbs, there are tides in the affairs of nations. The past Is with us. We cannot rewrite the past. But as human beings, we have the willpower and we have the ability to better future for all of us…. (media.nic.in/RS%20speech.pdf) Aug 2005.

1. What is the most important message In this speech?
Answer:
We cannot rewrite the past. But as human beings we have the ability to write better future toi ail of us.

2. What signals does this speech send out?
Answer:
The government has committed a crime and worked against the ideology of our Constitution.

3. Why is It important that the Prime Minister make this speech?
Answer:
It was a negation of the concept of nationhood and what s enshrined in our Constitution. So it Is Important.

TS 10th Class Social Study Material 18th Lesson Emerging Political Trends 1977 to 2000

Page No. 266

Question 16.
While some people feel that coalition politics has weakened the government, others feel that It has prevented one party from steamrolling its agenda on the country. Discuss this with examples.
Answer:

  1. A coalition government leads to more consensus-based politics, in that a government comprising differing parties would need to concur in regard to governmental policy.
  2. These kinds of governments have a tendency to be fractions and prone to disharmony.
  3. Another difficulty might be the ability of minor parties to play ‘Kingmaker and, particularly In close elections, gain tar more their support than their vote would otherwise indicate. e.g.: The Congress politics in the formation of Telangana.
  4. The political ideologies and programmes of a number of parties had to be accommodated and a coercion agreement had to be arrived at. Thus the party could pursue its extreme agendas and had to tone down their approaches.
  5. Sometimes policy paralysis also causes.

Page No. 267

Question 17.
Compare the land reforms in West Bengal and the land reforms in Vietnam or China. In what ways were they similar or different?
Answer:

  1. Both the land reform programmes were to break the power of the traditional village elite, to form a new class of leaders, and redistribute the wealth to create a new class that has no ownership.
  2. Both were the elements of the Communist revolution and were similar.

Question 18.
Why do you think did the protection of sharecroppers lead to an increase in production?
Answer:
As a result of Operation Barga, the landlords were largely prevented from forcibly throwing the bargadars off the land. In fact, the bargadar rights were made hereditary and thus perpetual.

Secondly, the State guaranteed that the bargadars would receive a fair share of the crop (75 per cent if the bargadar provided the non-labour inputs and 50 per cent if the landlord provides those inputs). In all, approximately half of rural households in West Bengal have received land reform benefits. As a result of these measures agricultural production in West Bengal increased.

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