TS 10th Class Biology Study Material 5th Lesson Coordination

Telangana SCERT 10th Class Biology Study Material Telangana 5th Lesson Coordination Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS 10th Class Biology 5th Lesson Questions and Answers Telangana – Coordination

Question 1.
Fill in the missing sections in the following flow chart.
TS 10th Class Biology Study Material 5th Lesson Coordination 1
Answer:
TS 10th Class Biology Study Material 5th Lesson Coordination 2

Question 2.
Do you think body’s team work maintains functioning of our body? Justify your answer with an example.
Answer:

  • All our functions are carried out by an effort of several systems working together.
  • For example, while movement, we hardly ever use just the muscular system or skeletal system alone.
  • Several other systems also have their own roles to play. Even with in the muscular system, several muscles work in a sequence or at once.
  • It is a kind of pathway involving the way that our organs, tissues and cells pick up signals of change from their surroundings and respond to them that triggers different functions in our body as well as by our body.
  • For example, your eyes, ears, legs should coordinate with each other, when you are crossing a street. Otherwise you may hit another person on the street or may even come in the way of a vehicle and this may have serious consequences.

TS 10th Class Biology Study Material 5th Lesson Coordination

Question 3.
Give an example of coordination in your body where both hormonal and nervous controls function together.
Answer:
Several functions in our body as we have seen are controlled by nerves. While many of them and others are controlled by hormones.

When we are afraid, the rate of heart beat increases, the breath rate will be faster, blood pressure increases, the hair on the body becomes erect and we get goose bumps. We might not observe our pupil dilation; skin becomes more sensitive. We come to normally only after we reach a safe spot. But in the above situation the action of the nervous system is limited. All the changes in the body are carried out under the influence of a chemical called Adrenalin hormone released by Adrenal gland.

The various actions of the body are controlled by hormones and coordinated by nervous system. So in these type of conditions nervous system and endocrine system work together to bring about control and coordination.

Question 4.
Consider that you are passing by a garbage disposal area and you immediately cover your nose. Arrange the events below in a logical order by marking them from I to 5 to trace the events that happen in the nervous system from detection of foul smell (stimulus generation) to covering your nose (response).
i. At the end of the axon, electrical impulse releases chemicals
ii. Stimulus received by the dendrites of a neuron sets off chemical reaction that creates an electrical impulse
iii. Electrical impulse transmitted through cell body and axon
iv. The chemicals cross the synapse and reach the next neuron. Similarly, the electrical impulse crosses several neurons
v. Finally, the impulse is delivered from neuron to the gland that helps in recognition of the foul smell and muscle cells that help in covering the nose
Answer:
ii. Stimulus received by the dendrites of a neuron sets off chemical reaction that creates an electrical impulse

iii. Electrical impulse transmitted through cell body and axon

i. At the end of the axon, electrical impulse releases chemicals

iv. The chemicals cross the synapse and reach the next neuron. Similarly, the electrical impulse crosses several neurons

v. Finally, the impulse is delivered from neuron to the gland that helps in recognition of the foul smell and muscle cells that help in covering the nose

Question 5.
What is a synapse? How is it useful in transfer of information?
Answer:
Dendrites of one nerve cell connect to the axons of the other nerve cell through connections is called as a synapse.

Synapse is a functional region between two neurons, where information from one neuron is transmitted or relayed to another neuron.

Though these regions are of minute gaps and they do not have any protoplasmic connections between them yet information is passed from one nerve cell to the other through these gaps either in the form of chemical or electrical signals or both. These synapses are mainly found on the brain, spinal cord and around the spinal cord.

Question 6.
Distinguish between
a. Stimulus and Response
b. Afferent and Efferent nerves
c. Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
d. Receptor and effector
Answer:
a. Stimulus and Response :
Sense the changes in the environment is the stimulus of the organism. The ability to respond to such changes is the response of the organisms. Response is an effect of a change in the environment of the organism or signals of change or ‘stimuli’. All living organisms respond to stimulus. The ability to react to particular stimulus in a particular situation must be of great importance in ensuring the survival of the organism.

TS 10th Class Biology Study Material 5th Lesson Coordination

b.

Afferent nerves Efferent nerves
1. Serves coming from receptors or sense organs are called afferent nerves. 1. Nerves that carry impulses from brain or spinal cord are called efferent nerves.
2. These are also called sensory nerves. 2.These are also called motor nets.
3. Sensory nerves carry information from sensory organs like ears, eyes, nose, tongue and skin to brain and spinal cord. 3. The motor nerves carry impulses from brain or spinal cord to effector organs (muscles) and are responsible for the movement of hands and legs.
4. These are incoming nerves. 4. These are outgoing nerves.

c.

Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system
1. It consists of Brain and spinal cord. 1. It consists of nerves that arise from brain and spinal nerves.
2. Both of them have nerve cells and glial cells. 2. It has 43 pairs of nerves. Among them 12 pairs are cranial nerves and 31 pairs are spinal nerves.
3. brain and spinal cord are continuous with each other. 3. Cranial nerves take their origin from brain and spinal nerves take their origin from spinal cord.
4. brain and spinal cord receive information. 4. The cranial nerves earn’ information to the sense organs and spinal nerves from organs to spinal cord.
5. Central nervous system coordinates all neural functions. 5. These supply information required for the movement of the muscles.

d. Nervous system can sense the changes inside and outside the body through specialised cells called receptors. They receive information and generate impulses. Effector is the organ which is usually a muscle, receives information from brain or spinal cord through efferent neurons (motor) and shows the appropriate response.

Question 7.
How does Phototropism occur in plants?
Answer:

  • Auxins are phytohormones which are responsible for bending of plants m response to light. This is called phototropism.
  • Charles Darwin and his son Francis Darwin performed some experiments on phototropism and stated that when seedlings are freely exposed to lateral light some ‘influence’ is transmitted from upper to the lower part causing the plant to bend.
  • This is the chemical stimulus known as auxin, which helps the plant growing towards light.
  • The phototropism occurs in plants by the plant hormone auxin acts on bending of stem to show response to the stimulus (sunlight).

Question 8.
Give an example and explain how plants may immediately respond to a stimulus.
Answer:
Mimosa pudica (touch me not plant) leaves has pad like swellings at the base called pulvini. Here cells contain lot of water and large intercellular spaces.
Due to water pressure, pulvini hold the leaf erect. Touch me not plant shows nastic movement by touch. This is called thigmonasty. When we touch the leaves an electrical impulse is generated. This impulse acts on plant hormones.
TS 10th Class Biology Study Material 5th Lesson Coordination 3
Because of this hormone water in the puivini cells which are closer to the leaf vein migrate to other side of the cells. Then puivini loss its firmness hence, leaves become fold. After 20 to 30 minutes water comes back puivini get firm and leaves become erect. This shows plants responding to a certain stimulus.

TS 10th Class Biology Study Material 5th Lesson Coordination

Question 9.
Suggest an experiment to show how roots grow away from light in most plants.
Answer:
Roots always grow downwards. This means that plant responds positively for gravitational force. This is called geotropism

The roots are exhibiting positive geotropism (growing with gravity). Plants have organelles called statoliths which settle at bottom part of their cells.

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Plants also have a hormone called auxine which stimulates elongation and growth in plant cells. For root cells, the statoliths and auxins create downward growth of roots.

  • Take a glass jar and fill it with soil. Sow a seed near the wall of the jar.
  • This helps you to observe how root and shoot are growing. After 4-5 days you will notice seed germination.
  • Keep the jar under the sun. Observe how root and shoot grows. Shoot will grow towards sun. root will grow away from sun.
  • Then tilt the glass jar keep the plant horizontally.
  • Observe the direction of root and shoot for more than a week. Horizontal shoot grows towards sun and root towards land (away from) sun as shown diagram.

Question 10.
Give an example to show how hormones can influence visible changes in your body.
Answer:

  • Endocrine glands secrete chemical substances called Hormones directly into blood.
  • Hormones act on the cells of other organs and increase or decrease the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.
  • The external features by which the males and females can be distinguished are called secondary sexual characters are responsible by the influence of hormones.
  • For example if a dog is after us, some changes we will observe on our body. When we are afraid, the rate of heart beat increases, the breath rate will be faster, blood pressure increases, the hair on the body becomes erect and we get goose bumps.
  • All these changes are by the release of adrenalin secreted by adrenal gland to bring back our body into normal.

Question 11.
How does a neuron differ from an ordinary cell in structure? Write notes.
Answer:
A Most of the eukaryotic ceils are spherical shaped. The presence of plasma membrane and protoplasm are common to ail the ceils from bacteria to man or a plant.

Cells of these organisms have several intracellular structures known as organelles. Mitochondria, nucleus, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex are the organelles present in these cells.

Neurons are the long processes due to its function. In general, we can identify three distinct parts. They are cell body, dendrites and axon. The cytoplasm of the neuron has all the organelles like mitochondria, golgi complex, lysosomes. etc

The cell body has a large nucleus with one or two nucleoli. The most characteristic features of the cell body is the presence of large granules in the cytoplasm called Nissal Granules. These are groups of ribosomes and are made up of R.N.A and proteins.

Dendrites are the projections arising from the cell body. They are short and branched. They carry information to the cell body. Axon is also a projection from the ceil body. Each neuron has only one axon, Axon is long usually unbranched. At the end, the axon gives out several branches that end in Nerve terminals.

TS 10th Class Biology Study Material 5th Lesson Coordination

Question 12.
Is the structure of neuron suitable for transmission of impuleses? Analyse.
Answer:
Neurons are the functional units, which receive and process information and generate responses. n general, we can identify three distinct parts in all kinds of neurons. They are :

  • Cell body
  • Dendrites
  • Axon.

Cell body : This is otherwise called as Perikarya or Cyton. The cell body has a large nucleus with one or two large nucleoli. The most characteristic feature of the cell body is the presence of large granules in the cytoplasm called Nissal Granules. These are groups of ribosomes and are made up of RNA and proteins. Cell body is the centre for all the synthetic activity of the neuron.

Dendrites : These are projections arising from the cell body. The number of dendrites ranges one to several thousands. end rites are short and branched structures. They receive information from other neurons and carry this information to the cell body.

TS 10th Class Biology Study Material 5th Lesson Coordination 5

Axon : Axon is also a projection from the cell body. Each neuron has only one axon. Unlike dendrites, axons are very long and are usually unbratiched structures.

The axon is generally called as nerve fibre. At the end, the axon gives out several branches that end in Nerve terminals. These make connect with the dendrites or the axons of another neuron.

Axons are covered by a sheath called Myelin Sheath. At regular intervals, the myelin sheath leaves small gaps called Nodes of Ranvier neurons having myelin sheath are called myelinated neurons and those that do not have myelin sheath are called unmyelinated neurons.

Myelin sheath prevents the leakage of electrical currents from axon. Myelinated axons conduct impulses much faster than unmyelinated axons.

Question 13.
Man is the most intelligent animal. What could be the fact that helped us to reach such a conclusion?
Answer:
The marvellous organ we have that is the brain. Human brain is considered as the most complicated organ ¡n the animal kingdom. It has more than 10 billion neurons and 10 to 50 times more number of guai cells. Each neuron may receive about 1000 to 10,000 inputs and conduct electrical impulses at a speed of 0.6 to 120 metres / min.

The weight of the brain is about 2% of the body weight and consumes about 20% of the total oxygen consumed by the body, it is dependent slow on glucose for it’s energy requirements. The greatness of human brain is to analyse a problem and think of a solution.  The human brain has aesthetic sense to appreciate poetry, music, sculpture, paintings and the beauty of objects and nature.

Another wonderful capacity of human brain is communication through language. No other animal can pass on so much of information through sounds as a human being can. Several animals can make sounds and communicate to a very limited extent through these sounds.

TS 10th Class Biology Study Material 5th Lesson Coordination

Man has developed the ability through his brain to give a script to the sounds, so that all the information he has gathered in his lifetime is written clown and passed on to the next generation. With this skill in communication, humans have become a superior race and rule the planet. The thinking of a human brain can give peace to world or destroy the world.

Question 14.
The axon of nerve cell in hand is shorter than the axon of nerve cell in leg. Do you support this statement? Why?
Answer:
In the brain or spinal cord, it is difficult to make out the difference between dendrites and axons. But generally the sizes of the axons are not same. They may have different length. The hands are near to the spinal cord or brain than the legs. The legs are far away from the brain and spinal cord. To take and brings the information fastly, the axons of the nerve cells may have longer than the axons of the nerve cell in the hands.

The sciatic nerve is the large nerve in humans and animals. It begins in the lower back and runs through the buttock and lower limbs. It is the largest and widest single nerve in the human body.

Function : Sciatic nerve innervates the skin on the posterior aspect of the thigh and gluteal regions as well as they enter lower legs.

Question 15.
Organs respond to the external stimulus by a fraction of second. How do you feel about such controlling mechanism of human body?
Answer:
All living organisms respond to stimuli. The ability to react to particular stimulus in a particular situation must be of great importance in ensuring the survival of the organism.

There is a sequence of events that brings about responses. They start from detecting changes in environment (both external and internal) or stimuli, transmission of the information, processing of the same. Finally the response will direct and execute the appropriate action.

Question 16.
State whether the following actions are voluntary action, reflex action or conditioned reflex.
i. Blinking
ii. Cleaning the table
iii. Playing on the key board
iv. Salivating when food is put in the mouth.
v. We close our ears when we hear unbearble sound
Answer:
i. Blinking – Reflex action
ii. Cleaning the table – Voluntary action
iii. Playing on the keyboard – Voluntary action
iv. Salivating when food is put in the mouth – Involuntary action
v. We close our ears when we hear unbearable sound – Conditioned reflex

Question 17.
What will happen to the potted plant kept near window in the room?
Answer:
The potted plant which is kept near the window in the room, grows towards light. Auxins act on bending of stem to show a responsetowards the sunlight. More auxin collects on the light illuminated side of the stem. So cells on that side grow faster, on opposite side cells grow slow to make the stem bend. Auxins are the plant hormone responsible for the growing of the stem towards light. Auxins are synthesized at the tip of the stem (meristematic tissue). Bending of the plant towards light is called phototropism,by the action of auxin.

TS 10th Class Biology Study Material 5th Lesson Coordination 4

Question 18.
What happens if all functions of the human body is controlled only by brain?
Answer:
In animals, coordination between different organs in the body is brought by two methods by means of chemical substances called hormones and by nerve impulse. The stimulus is received by the receptors and Due to electrical impulse, the sensory nerves take the information to the brain. The brain analyse this information and sends orders to the particular muscle or organ through motor nerves to do the function.

The brain has to coordinate or involves all the body parts to do the functions. But if the brain will do all the functions alone but not involving the body organs, functions will not done by the organism. Only receiving and sending of information is done by the brain but it is not involving the organs or muscles to do the function, all the functions of the body will be stunned, the body organs may stay dead.

TS 10th Class Biology Study Material 5th Lesson Coordination

Question 19.
If you visit a doctor what doubts you would like to clarify about pancreas?
Answer:

  • Where is pancreas located?
  • Why is it called a mixed gland?
  • What is the role of pancreas as an endocrine gland?
  • How does it help in the digestive system as an exocrine gland?
  • What are the foods that keep pancreas healthy?
  • What are the exercises to help strengthen the pancreas?
  • Naine the disorders occur to pancreas.
  • What are the symptoms of a diseased pancreas?
  • What are the diagnostic methods to confirm disease in the pancreas?
    (You can add some more questions)

Question 20.
Take a small potted plant. Cover base portion of the plant tightly and hang the part upside down. Observe the plant for a week. Based on your observation how can you support phototropism?
Answer:
Aim : To prove that phototropism is a character that is carried by stem.

TS 10th Class Biology Study Material 5th Lesson Coordination 8

Apparatus: Potted plant, a strong small rope.

Procedure : Take a small potted plant. Cover the base portion of the plant tightly so that the plant along with soil do not fell down. Now take a rope and hang the potted plant upside down to a support firmly. Observe the plant after a week.

Observation : We observe that the end of the stem which is upside down takes ‘U’ turn and growing towards light.

Conclusion: Phototropism is a response towards light of plants that the stem grows towards light that is negatively to gravitation. Auxins are responsible for phototropism.

Question 21.
Take a cock feather touch smoothly at different parts of your body. Find out which portion of the body has high sensation. Is this similar during sleeping? Prepare a report on it.
Answer:
Aim : To prove that our body shows high sensation in different parts.

Apparatus: Cock feather.

Procedure: Take a cock feather. Touch smoothly at different parts of our body with the cock feather.

Observation : It is observed that some of the body parts like arm pits, ear lobes, under neck, palms of hands and soles of feet there is less sensation than the other body parts because the skin is thick. Some other parts where the skin is thin, the sensation is more.

Conclusion : The nerve endings are situated in the skin. These nerve endings are responsible for the sensation of the body.

Question 22.
What procedure do you follow to understand the effect of plant growth hormones (in agar medium) in the terminal portion of the tip of stem (coleoptile)?
Answer:
Aim : To show the growth of Avena coleoptile involves a chemical substance.

Apparatus: Oat seedlings (Avena sativa), coleoptile, a slice of agar, a sharp blade.

Procedure : Take some seedlings of coleoptile cut the tips by using a sharp blade. Place the tips on a slice of agar and leave them for about an hour. Cut the agar into small blocks and place a block on one side each stump of the decapitated plants. They were kept in the dark during the entire experiment. Observe the plants after one hour.

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Observation : It is observed that a distinct bending away from the side on which the agar block was placed. Agar block that had not been in contact with coleoptile tip produced either no bending or only a slight bending towards the side on which the block had been placed.

Conclusion : The coleoptile tip exerted its effect by means of a chemical stimulus such as an electrical impulse. This chemical stimulus came to be known as auxin.

TS 10th Class Biology Study Material 5th Lesson Coordination

Question 23.
Collect information on the actions controlled by spinal cord by using reference books from your school library.
Answer:
Spinal cord:

  • Spinal cord is a long and cylindrical structure. It passes through vertibral column extending all along the dorsal surface of trunk.
  • Vertebrae of the vertebral column protects the spinal cord.
  • The spinal cord has two major functions,
    a) carrying information
    b) coordinating reflexes.
  • It receives sensory information through the afferent nerves from the sensory receptors throughout the body and sends them to the brain.
  •  It also carries information from the brain through efferent fibres to the muscles and glands.
  • It coordinates reflexes without the involvement of the brain.
    Thus the spinal cord has both communicative and integrative functions.

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Reflex actions:

  • Excepting the sensory and motor functions, spinal cord controls some other important functions also. These are called as reflex actions.
  • The spinal cord does riot take any assistance from the brain. Reflex actions are automatic, unlearned, involuntary and inborn responses.
  • Therefore these actions are suddenly in nature and have a purpose of protecting the individuals or his / her organs from sudden danger.

Question 24.
Read the following sentences and compare with endocrine glands.
a. Pheromones are chemical substances secreted by organisms.
b. These act as chemical signals secreted by exocrine glands.
c. Pheromones are used as signals by the members of same species.
d. Honey bee secretes pheromones that attract other bees to the location of food.
Answer:
1) Hormones are produced and act inside the body of an organism, whereas pheromones are produced interiorly, but function outside the body.

2) Hormone changes the interior of the body and finally causes to have behavioral attractions whereas pheromones are capable of directly changing the social behaviour of others.

3) Hormones are Present in both animals and plants but pheromones are present in animals only.

TS 10th Class Biology Study Material 5th Lesson Coordination

Question 25.
Collect the information about cranial nerves. Spinal nerves from internet or from your school library.
Answer:
The peripheral nervous system is the network of spinal (31 pairs) and cranial nerves (12 pairs) that are linked to the brain and spinal cord on one end and muscles to the other.

Cranial nerves or cerebral nerves that emerge directly from fore-brain and brain stein. The brain receives information from each of the cranial nerve and issues controls the functions of various structures, primarily of head and neck.

Each of the cranial nerve is paired on the left and right in humans. There are twelve pairs which are assigned roman numerals I to XII. An additional pair of cranial nerve stermed cranial nerve zero (CNO). The cranial nerves O, I and I and II emerge from cerebrum, the remaining ten pairs emerge from the brain stem. The ten cranial nerves and their functions are as follows.

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Spinal Nerves : The term spinal nerves generally refers to a mixed spinal nerve, with carries motor sensory and automatic signals between the spinal cord and the body. Humans have left – right pairs of spinal nerves corresponding to the segment of vertebral column.

Outside the vertebral column the nerve divides int branches. Spinal nerves take their origin from spinal cord. All of them are mixed nerves having both sensory and motor fibres. The sensory fibres originate from the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. They carry information from organs to spinal cord. The motor fibres take their origin from the ventral horns of the spinal cord. These supply information required for the movement of the muscles.

TS 10th Class Biology Study Material 5th Lesson Coordination

Question 26.
Draw a picture representing connection between dendrite-dendrite, axon-dendrite. Why do they connect like that?
Answer:
The nerve cell is the structural and functional unit of nervours system consists of more then 100 billion of them, which communicate with each other in a specific manner. Dendrites of one nerve cell connect to the axons of other nerve cell through connections called a synapse.
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Question 27.
Draw a neatly labelled diagram of brain and write few points how it is protected.
Answer:
Brain is present in the hard bony box like structure called cranium. It is covered by three layers called meninges. The space between the inner layer is filled with fluid called cerebrospinal fluid. It serves a shock – absorbing medium and protects the brain against shocks/jerks along with the meninges and cranium.

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Question 28.
You are walking in the traffic suddenly you heard a loud sound. How coordination takes place in this situation among respected organs? Draw a block diagram to explain this situation.
Answer:
TS 10th Class Biology Study Material 5th Lesson Coordination 14

Question 29.
Make a model of neuron using suitable materials.
Answer:
Required materials: a chart, twine thread, fevicol, sticker.
TS 10th Class Biology Study Material 5th Lesson Coordination 15

TS 10th Class Biology Study Material 5th Lesson Coordination

Question 30.
Observe different actions performed by your classmate for a period of 45 minutes. Out of those actions which are controlled by voluntary and involuntary pathways.
Answer:
Voluntary actions:

  • standing
  • sitting
  • laughing
  • drinking
  • moving
  • clapping carrying books
  • reading
  • writing
  • talking

Involuntary actions:

  • Blinking of eyes
  • swallowing
  • breathing
  • listening, etc.

Question 31.
Its very interesting to watch a creeper entwining its tendril to the support. How do you appreciate it?
Answer:
TS 10th Class Biology Study Material 5th Lesson Coordination 16

  • A very interesting thing in plants is movement of tendrils.
  • All plants show positive response to phototropism.
  • But creepers like cucumber, bitter guard the stem is weak and thin hence plant cannot grow erect.
  • Tendrils play a vital role to make the plant erect. Tendrils are thin thread like growth on the leaves or stems of climbing plant.
  • They grow towards support and wind around them.
  • This type of response to make contact or touch is called thigmotropism.
  • Nature only finds its way to grow and survive on the earth.

Question 32.
Hormones are released at a speicific place, specific time for a specific function. Prepare a cartoon on hormones with a nice caption.
Answer:
TS 10th Class Biology Study Material 5th Lesson Coordination 17

Fill in the blanks :

1. The largest region of the brain is …………….
2. A point of contact between two neurons is …………….
3. ……………. phytohormone is responsible for cell elongation and differentiation of shoot tips and root tips.
4. Thyroxine is responsible for …………….
5. Gibberellins and auxins promote growth in plants while abscisic acid arrests the same.
Some situations are discussed here. State which hormones would be needed and why?
A. To grow a large Dahlia plant a gardener should use nutrients along with hormone.
B. To grow long branches in dwarf plants, one would use hormone.
C. Seeds are to be stored for a long time hormone can help.
D. When the apex / stem tip is cut off, to ensure growth of several lateral buds hormone has to be used.
Answer:
1. cerebrum
2. synapse
3. Auxin
4. General growth rate and metabolic rate
5.
A. Auxin
B. Gibberellin
C. Absciscic acid
D. Cytokinins

TS 10th Class Biology Study Material 5th Lesson Coordination

Choose the correct answer

Question 1.
A person has loss of control on emotions. Which part of brain stops its function?
A. Cerebrum
B. Diencephalon
C. Mid brain
D. Cerebellum
Answer:
B. Diencephalon

Question 2.
Leaf movement in mimosa helps to
A. Reduce photosynthesis
B. Protect from grazers
C. Release phytohormones
D. Regulate its growth
Answer:
B. Protect from grazers

Question 3.
Diabetes is related to this gland.
A. Thyroid
B. Pancreas
C. Adrenal
D. Pituitary
Answer:
B. Pancreas

TS 10th Class Biology 5th Lesson Coordination Intext Questions

1 Mark Question and Answers :

Question 1.
What helps us to respond to such signals of change?
Answer:
There is a sequence of events that brings about responses. They start from detecting a stimuli of changes in environment.

Question 2.
Why does the living body respond to such signals?
Answer:
The ability to react to particular stimulus in a particular situation must be of great importance in ensuring the survival of the organism.

Question 3.
What did Galen conclude after lais observations?
Answer:
After the observations of his patient, Galen a Greek physiologist concluded that nerves were of two types – those of sensation and those of action.

Question 4.
Which organ of our body was the detector and which the effector to Activity 1?
Answer:
In Activity – 1. Eye was the detector and fingers are the effector.

Question 5.
What do you think that the information carried on the afferent and efferent nerves?
Answer:
The information carried by afferent nerves is scale is falling.
The information carried by the efferent nerve is to hold the scale.

Question 6.
Which root according to you gets signals from afferent nerves?
Answer:
The dorsal root of the spinal cord gets signals from afferent nerves.

Question 7.
To which organs of the body do the nerves go from the ganglions near the vertebral column?
Answer:
The organs like heart, lungs, stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, kidneys, hand fingers of the body, the nerves go from the ganglions near the vertebral column.

TS 10th Class Biology Study Material 5th Lesson Coordination

Question 8.
What are the organs that receive nerves starling from the brain?
Answer:
Eye, mouth, tongue, salivary glands are the organs that receive nerves starting from the brain.

Question 9.
Which are the organs whose activities are influenced by the sympathetic nervous system?
Answer:
Eye – pupil, heart, lungs, blood vessels, sweat glands, digestive tract, kidneys, penis are the organs influenced by the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 10.
Which are the organs whose activities are influenced by the parasympathetic system?
Answer:
Stomach, intestines, salivary glands, reproductive organs, etc., are influenced by para sympathetic system.

2 Mark Question and Answers :

Question 1.
Why do you think Galen drew such a conclusion?
Answer:
According to him the blow ¡n the neck of his patient had damaged the nerves of sensation but had not affected its action. Then Galen concluded that nerves were of two types.

Question 2.
What other effectors would act under these circumstances?
Answer:
Withdraw our hands, when our fingers touch a hot object, closing eyes when bright light is focussed on eyes, we sneeze when something enters the nose, we cough when inhaled dust are some of circumstances.

Question 3.
What does this tell us about the association of nerves?
Answer:
In the spinal cord, the sensory nerve makes connections with other neurons in the grey matter. These neurons are called association neurons or interneurons. The association neurons process the information and generate responses.

Question 4.
According to you what would be the function of the spinal cord?
Answer:
Function of the spinal cord is receiving information from the spinal nerves (31 pairs) sending them to the brain and taking the information from the brain to various parts of the body through the motor nerves.

Question 5.
Are all functions of our body under direct control of the brain and spinal cord? What do you think so?
Answer:
There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves arising from the brain and 31 pairs of spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord.

These 43 pairs of nerves bring information from the body parts to the brain and spinal cord carrying information from brain and spinal cord to the body parts.

It is cleared that cranial nerves and spinal nerves are connecting between the body parts and brain and spinal cord to coordinate and control the functions by the brain and spinal cord.

TS 10th Class Biology Study Material 5th Lesson Coordination

Question 6.
What do you think the end of these nerves act at the muscular end?
Answer:
At the end of these nerves can either involuntary control several functions of regions like internal organs, blood vessels, smooth and cardiac muscles and is called as autonomous nervous system. It has voluntary control of muscles of some areas of skin and the skeletal muscle.

Question 7.
What do you understand about the functions of parasympathetic system?
Answer:
Parasympathetic system slows down the body functions, feed & breed, rest & digest, sexual arose, lacrimation, urination, defecation, digestion are the functions controlled by parasympathetic system.

Question 8.
What do you understand about the functions of sympathetic system?
Answer:
Sympathetic system speeds up the body functions. Dilates pupil, heart rate – increases force of contraction, lungs dilates, blood vessels contraction etc., are the functions controled by sympathetic system.

4 Mark Question and Answers :

Question 1.
Think of any action and try to make a sketch of reflex arc.
Answer:
TS 10th Class Biology Study Material 5th Lesson Coordination 18

TS 10th Class Biology 5th Lesson Coordination Activities

Activity – 1.

Holding a falling stick
Answer:
Take a long scale or stick at least around ½ meter. Keep your fingers in holding position. Ask your friend to hold the stick / scale near the end and let the other end be suspended between your fingers.

Let there be a very small gap around a centimetre between your thumb and stick/scale and fore finger. Now let your friend allow it to fall. Try to hold it.

TS 10th Class Biology Study Material 5th Lesson Coordination 19

i. Could you hold it exactly at the point where it was suspended between your fingers?
Answer:
No. I cannot hold it exactly at the point.

ii. How far up was this point from the end suspended between your fingers?
Answer:
2 cm up (nearly at the end of the scale).

TS 10th Class Biology Study Material 5th Lesson Coordination

iii. Why did this happen?
Answer:
Because it is the sudden action. To hold it tastly. The exact point went up.

iv. How fast do you think the process was?
Answer:
The process was so fast in a fraction of seconds.

v. What makes this kind of communication possible?
Answer:
Rapidity of response indicates an efficient communication system linking those parts that pick up stimuli that trigger a response is the nervous system.

Activity – 2.

Observe the permanent slide of nerve cell or neuron under microscope and try to find out its parts. Compare with the following diagram.
Answer:
Structural unit of the nervous system is the nerve cell or neuron.
Neuron is highly specialised cell. Neurons carry impulses or messages.
New nerve cells are not produced to replace the damaged or destroyed nerve cell. A neuron has three parts. They are

  • cyton
  • axon and
  • dendrites.

TS 10th Class Biology Study Material 5th Lesson Coordination 5

1) The cyton : It is the cell body. It has a large and round nucleus. In the cytoplasm of the cyton, nissi granules are present.

2) Axon: It is the long and cylindrical process that arises from the cyton. In some nerve cells, axon is surrounded by a layer of fatty material known as myelin sheath. The myelin sheath is not continuous throughout length of the axon. It is broken at regular intervals. These broken spots are called as nodes of Ranvier.

TS 10th Class Biology Study Material 5th Lesson Coordination

3) Dendrites: Arise from the cyton they are much branched, when compared to axon.

Activity – 3.

What is knee jerk reflex?
Answer:
Cross the legs, in a seated position, so that the lower half of the uppermost leg hangs freely over the other. Strike the area below the knee cap sharply, while firmly grasping the front part of the thigh with the other hand. Note the changes in shape of the thigh muscles.

TS 10th Class Biology Study Material 5th Lesson Coordination 20

i. What changes do you observe in the thigh muscle?
Answer:
The thigh muscles get contracted the muscle becomes short.

ii. What do we call this type of response?
Answer:
This type of responses are called involuntary actions. Such type of actions in the body are carried by without our involvement and our knowledge.

iii. What do we call the action of kicking a football?
Answer:
Kicking of a football is a voluntary action. These actions are within our control.

iv. How does the knee jerk action take place?
Answer:
In the knee jerk action a nerve PathwaY was involved.

v. Do you think most of the functions in our body go about in an involuntary manner? Why? Why not?
Answer:
Most of our body functions are done without the involvement of our knowledge. For example heart beating. respiration, digestion, etc. are the involuntary actions which are carried by our body.

Activity – 4.

Touch the leaves of Mimosa pudica (athipathi, touch me not) plant and observe the response of leaves.

TS 10th Class Biology Study Material 5th Lesson Coordination 3

i. Are they folding?
Answer:
When the leaves of Mimosa are touched the leaves get folding.
Touching the leaves is the stimulus and folding is the response.

ii. In which direction does the folding of the leaves take place?
Answer:
The folding of the leaves takes place inward direction.

iii) Give some examples of situations in plants responding to a certain stimulus.
Answer:
Examples: The sunflower turning to the direction of sun, the bending response of the plant when it is kept in the dark. Some leaves of the trees open at the day time and close after sunset.

TS 10th Class Biology Study Material 5th Lesson Coordination

Phototropism of stem and geotropism of roots, hydrotropism of roots of plants growing towards water and thigmo tropism where the creepers like cucumber, bitter guard take the help of tendrils and wind around the support are some of the examples of response to stimulus in plants.

Activity – 5.

Take a glass jar with soil. Sow a bean seed near the wall of the jar. After 4-5 days you will notice seed germination. Keep the jar under the sun. Observe how root and shoot grows. Then tilt the glass jar and keep the plant horizontally.

TS 10th Class Biology Study Material 5th Lesson Coordination 21

Observe the direction of the root and shoot growth for more than a week.

i. Does the shoot take a horizontal tilt after a week?
Answer:
After a week the shoot takes a horizontal tilt.

ii. Which side of the shoot may have grown more and which side less to bring about this effect?
Answer:
The shoot grown more towards the light and less where light is not falling.

iii. Do you find any difference in the shape of epidermal cells?
Answer:
The straight portions of the epidermal cells shows no bending hut the bending portions of epidermal cells shows bending.

iv. Who performed experiments on phototropism?
Answer:
Charles Darwin and his son Francis Darwin performed some experiments on phototropism.

v. What did they do in their experiment?
Answer:
Charles Darwin and his son Francis Darwin performed experiments on phototropism. They covered the terminal portion of the tip of stem (coleoptile) with a cylinder of metal foil. Exposed the plant to light coming from the side.

vi. What did they observe by that experiment?
Answer:
They observed that the bending towards the light (characteristic) of the seedling did not occur. If light was permitted to penetrate the cylinder bending occurred normally.

TS 10th Class Biology Study Material 5th Lesson Coordination

vii. What did Charles Darwin and his son Francis Darwin state on their experiment?
Answer:
They stated that when seedlings are freely exposed to a lateral light some ‘influence’ is transmitted from upper to the lower part causing the material to bend.

viii. What are the experiments of F. W. Went and how did he succeed in separating ‘influence’ from the plant?
Answer:
F.W. Went cut off coleoptile tips from oat seedlings. He placed the tips on a slice of agar and left them for about an hour. He then cut agar into small blocks and placed a block on one side each stump of the discapitated plants. They were kept in the dark during the entire experiment. Within one hour he observed a distinct bending away from the side on which agar block was placed.

ix. How did Went come to know about auxin?
Answer:
Went interpreted these experiments as showing that the coleoptile tip exerted it’s effect by means of chemical stimulus rather than a physical stimulus such as an electrical impulse. This chemical stimulus came to be known as auxin in this way the first plant hormone auxin was discovered by F.W. Went.

TS 10th Class Biology Study Material 5th Lesson Coordination 9

x. What is the meaning of auxin in Greek’
Answer:
The Greek word auxin means to increase.

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