Inter 1st Year

Self-assessment with TS Inter 1st Year Sanskrit Model Papers Set 8 allows students to take charge of their own learning.

TS Inter 1st Year Sanskrit Model Paper Set 8 with Solutions

Time : 3 Hours
Max Marks : 100

सूचना : प्रथमद्वितीयतृतीयप्रश्नान् विहाय सर्वे प्रश्नाः संस्कृतभाषायैव समाधातव्याः ।
Note : Except Q. Nos. 1,2 & 3 all other questions should be answered in Sanskrit (Devanagari Script) only.

I. एकं श्लोकं पूरयित्वा तस्य भावं लिखत | (1 × 6 = 6)

1. कुसुमस्तबकस्येव ………………… एव वा ।
जवाब:
कुसुमस्तबकस्येव द्वयी वृत्तिर्मनस्विनः ।
मूर्ध्नि वा सर्वलोकस्य शीर्यते वन एव वा ॥

Substance: There are only two ways for a noble-minded person just as for a bunch of flowers – to be on the head of the world or to wither away in the forest.

2. संपत्सु महतां ………………… कर्कशम् |
जवाब:
संपत्सु महतां चित्तं भवत्युत्पलकोमलम् ।
आपत्सु च महाशैलशिलासंघातकर्कशम् ॥

Substance: The heart of the noble becomes soft like the lotus in prosperity. It is hard like a mountain rock during adversity.

II. एकं निबन्धप्रश्नं समाधत्ता । (1 × 6 = 6)

1. रामः कः ? सः किमर्थं चित्रकूटं अगच्छत् ? तत्र किमभवत् ?
Who is Rama? Why did he go to Chitrakuta ? What happened there ?
जवाब:
Introduction : The lesson रामो विग्रहवान् धर्मः is taken from the first canto of Balakanda in the Ramayana, written by sage Valmiki. Here Narada briefly narrates the story of Rama to Valmiki.

Valmiki’s question: Once sage Valmiki asked Narada whether there was any person at that time who was virtuous, strong, followed dharma, grateful, truthful and resolute. Narada said that Rama who was born in the family of the Ikshvakus was such a person. He was benevolent to the people, pure, self-restrained and endowed with wisdom.

Dasaratha’s desire: His father wanted to install him as the crown prince in the interest of the people. But his wife Kaikeyi asked the boons of banishment of Rama and the coronation of her son Bharata. पूर्वं दत्तवरा देवी वरमेनमयाचत । The truthful Dasaratha was bound by the bond of duty, and sent Rama to forest. Lakshmana followed his brother showing his brotherly affection. तं ब्रजन्तं प्रियो लक्ष्मणोऽनुजगाम ह | Sita, the daughter of king Janaka, and the virtuous wife of Rama also followed her husband.

Meeting with Guha : At Stringiberapura, Rama sent his charioteer. There he met Guha, the lord of the foresters. Rama reached Chitrakuta, and stayed there at the command of Bharadwaja. Dasaratha died weeping for his son. Bharata rejected the kingdom offered to him by Vasishtha and others, and went to the forest to plead with Rama. नियुज्यमानो राज्याय नैच्छद्राज्यं महावलः ।

Gift of the Padukas : When Bharata requested him to be the king, Rama declined. He gave his padukas to Bharata as deposit. Bharata installed them on the throne and ruled from Nandigrama.

In the Dandaka forest: Rama went to the Dandaka forest. There he killed Viradha, and visited sage Sarabhanga and Agastya. He received from Agastya the bow of Indra, a sword and a pair of quivers with inexhaustible arrows.

The promise to the sages: The sages living in the Dandaka forest met Rama, and requested him to kill the demons. Rama promised them that he would kill the demons in the forest, and also in the war.

Rama killed fourteen thousand demons: There the demoness Surpanakha was disfiguered. Rama killed Khara, Trisiras, Dushana and their followers who were instigated by Surpa-nakha. He killed fourteen thousand demons while living in the forest. रक्षसां निहतान्यासन् सहस्राणि चतुर्दश ।

2. ग्राहग्रस्तं गुरुं अर्जुनः कथं अरक्षत् ? गुरुः तस्मै किं अदात् ?
How did Arjuna save his teacher caught by the alligator? What did the teacher give him?
जवाब:
Introduction: The lesson : is an extract from the 126th chapter of the Adiparva of the Mahabharata written by Veda Vyasa. The lesson narrates Drona’s testing the shooting skills of his disciples.

The artificial bird: Drona wanted to test the archery skill of his disciples. He arranged an artificial bird on the top of a tree as the target. He asked his disciples to stand with their bows drawn aiming at the bird.

Drona’s Questions: Drona first went to Yudhisthira. He asked him whether he saw the bird. Yudhishthira replied in affirmative. Then Drona again asked him whether he saw the tree, his brothers and himself. Yudhishthira again answered in affirmative. Drona was dissatisfied and told Yudhishthira that he could not hit the target, and asked him to go back.

Then he put the same question to Duryodhana and his brothers. Later he asked Bhima and others, and the princes from other kingdoms. When all of them said that they saw everything, he reproached them.

Arjuna’s reply: Later Drona told Arjuna that he should hit the target. प्रहर्तव्यम् एतल्लक्ष्यं निशम्यताम् | He asked him to draw his bow and wait for his word. Arjuna stood drawing his bow in a circular fashion. When Drona asked him, Arjuna said that he saw the bird only. The pleased Drona again asked him to describe the bird. But, Arjuna answered. “I see the head of the bird only, and not its body.” शिर: पश्यामि भासस्य न गात्रम् ।

At Drona’s word, Arjuna released the arrow and felled the head of the bird. Drona embraced him with happiness. तस्मिन्कर्मणि संसिद्धे पर्यष्वजत फल्गुणम् ।

Drona caught by crocodile: Later, after some days, Drona went to the Ganga to take bath, along with his disciples. While Drona was taking bath, a crocodile caught him. Drona asked his disciples to kill it, and save him g g & 414 | Arjuna shot five arrows at it, and killed it.

The powerful astra: Drona then gave Arjuna the astra named Brahmasiras. He said that it should not be used against humans. It will burn the worlds if used against persons of low energy. जगद्विनिर्दहेदेतत् अल्पतेजसि पातितम् | There was nothing equal to it in the world. It could be used against any non-human enemy in a battle. Arjuna promised him that he would use it wisely.Drona blessed Arjuna saying, “There will be no other archer like you in this world ever.”

III. एकं निबन्धप्रश्नं समाधत्त । (1 × 6 = 6)

1. दयालोः नागार्जुनस्य दानशीलताम् उपवर्णयत ।
जवाब:
प्रश्नोयं पि.वि.काणे पण्डितेन विरचितात् संस्कृतगद्यावलिः इति ग्रन्थात् ‘ दयालुः दालशीलः नागार्जुनः’ इति पाठात् स्वीकृतम् ।

The essay ‘दयालु दानशीलः नागार्जुनः’ was taken from the संस्कृतगद्यावलिः which was written by Sri. P. V. Kane.

Once upon a time, there was lived a king Chirayu. He had a minister Nagarjuna who was very kind, altruistic and full of knowledge. He made a medicine which made Chirayu the king and himself without senility and death. In the past Nagarjuna lost his dearest son at an early age. He was moved by this situation and decided to make elixir to make people death free.

By knowing this king Indra ordered the God of medicine – Aswinidevatas to convey his words. They made nearer to Nagarjuna and conveyed the order to him. After listening Nagarjuna withdraw the work of making elixir. After that Aswinidevatas explained Indra what was happened there.

Mean while the king Chirayu made his son Jeevahara prince. When the prince Jeevahara came to take the blessings from his mother Dhanapara, she said, go to the house of Nagarjuna and ask his head. This is the only way for you to become king. Jeevahara decided to make his mother’s words true.

The next day Jeevahara went to Nagarjuna’s home asked him to give his head. By listening his wish Nagarjuna made his neck available to cut. King Chirayu came to stop Nagarjuna from giving his head, but he couldn’t do stop it. After that situation Chirayu felt desolated and tried to kill himself.

While doing this an unknown voice spoke “Dear Chirayu, don’t feel bothered. Your friend Nagarjuna got salvation as Buddha got.” By listening these words he changed his mind, went to forest and got noble place. Jeevahara became king. The sons of Nagarjuna, who didn’t digest the death of his father, made the king- dom scattered and killed Jeevahara. Dhanapara also died who couldn’t digest the death of her son.

2. पितृसेवापरः श्रवणकुमारः इति पाठ्यांशस्य सारं लिखत ।
जवाब:
The present story पितृसेवापरः श्रवणकुमार : ” was taken from the book साहित्य सुधा ” which was written by charudeva Sastry.

Once upon a time the king Dasaratha of Surya vamsa went to forest alone to know the goods and bads of the saints. At that time he heard something being dipped into river. He thought it was an elephant and immediately shot an arrow in the direction of that sound.

There after he heard some person’s loud voice with the words “O’Father! O’ Mother”. by listening these words the king realised that he aimed a human not an elephant. Immediately the king reached that human and asked all the details of him and for which purpose that person is here.

He said “My name is Sravana. I came here to get water for my parents who were very thirsty. You shot me with your arrow without any reason. With this I am going to die. But I am thinking about my parents who are old, blind also. They are wait- ing for return of mine and for water.

So, you go to him without late, tell him what had happened and console them and let me die with this arrow in my body. Then Dasaradha takes out the arrow from Sravana’s body and immediately after that Sravana passed away.

The king Dasaradha realised what he did. He started hating himself and was afraid that the parents would curse him. With these thoughts he went to the blind couple’s place. Hearing the sound of his feet Sravana’s father asked why he was late and where was the water.

With this Dasaradha shamefully with shivering voice replied “O” saints ! I am not Sravana. I am the sinful person who killed your son Dasaradha, the king of Ayodhya”. And also told the reason behind the killing of the saint’s son. Eventhough Dasaradha tried to console them in so many ways, nothing worked. Then, king took them to the place where Sravana died. After reaching that place they cried breathlessly for a very long time and became unconscious.

After sometime they regained their consciousness and realised that their son was died. Then they cursed the king Dasaradha “You killed our only son. You will also die from sadness caused by your son without any reason.” After cursing they also died there.

Then the king placed a pyre for them and sent to heaven. But, the curse given by Sravana’s father was remained in his heart forever. When Rama was going to forest he remembered all of it again. He died of the sadness that Rama was leaving him. The curse was gotten real.

IV. चतुर्णां प्रश्नानां समाधानानि लिखत । (4 × 2 = 8)

1. कुण्डनपत्तने धनपालकः नाम श्रेष्ठी किं करोति ?
जवाब:
कुण्डिनपत्तने धनपालको नाम श्रेष्ठी आत्मानम् आश्रितवद्भ्यः वृद्धिं विना मूलधनं दत्वा तान् वाणिज्ये व्यापारयतीति साहायं करोतिस्म ।

2. हीरलाले परिवर्तने आगते सः किमकरोत् ?
जवाब:
हीरालाले परिवर्तने आगते सः आलस्यं परित्यज्य प्रजानां हितकर्मणि आत्मानं नियोजितवान् ।

3. सर्वे भ्रातरः मात्र । कथिते विषये विश्वासं कृत्वा किं चिन्तितवन्तः ?
जवाब:
सर्वे भ्रातरः विश्वसितवन्तः, चिन्तितवन्तः च एतादृश्यः अन्याः अपि पेटिकाः भूमे अन्तः तया निक्षिप्ताः ःइति ।

4. संन्यासिनः कथनस्य आशयम् अवगत्य राजा तं नमस्कृत्य कि प्रार्थितवान् ?
जवाब:
महात्मन् मम कार्यस्य अशाश्वतता अवगता मया । इतः परं मया किं करणीयम् इति उपदिश्यतां कृपया इति प्रार्थितवान् ।

5. संजीवस्य पिता किमभिधाय राजीवं अभ्यनन्दत् ?
जवाब:
साधु वत्स ! साधु ! ईदृशा एव प्रशस्याः । अस्माकं देशे यदा सर्वे जनाः ईदृशाः भविष्यन्ति, तदा राष्ट्रोन्नतिः सुनिश्चिता” इत्यभिधाय परं प्रीतः सन् पुनः पुनः तमभ्यनन्दत् ।

6. अब्दुल कलामेन कृतां वैज्ञानिकी अभिवृद्धिं विशदीकुरुत ।
जवाब:
अब्दुल कलामः पृथ्वी, आकाश, त्रिशूल, नाग इत्यादीनां प्रक्षेपास्त्रणां प्रयोगेन भारतस्य वैज्ञानिकशास्त्रवैदूष्यं समस्तविश्वाय दर्शितवान् ।

7. हीरालालः मात्रा दत्ताः रोटिकाः कि अकरोत् ?
जवाब:
हीरालालः एकां रोटिकां खादित्वा अपराः तिस्रः रोटिकाः पाथेयरूपेण अङ्गवस्त्रे बद्ध्वा वृत्तेः अन्वेषणाय नगरीं प्रस्थितवान् |

8. राजा सुकृतशर्मा एकदा किं अचिन्तयत् ?
जवाब:
एकदा राजा अचिन्तयत् – मम नाम जनानां जिह्वासु यथा नृत्येत् तथा भव्यः कश्चन प्रासादः निर्मातव्यः इति ।

V. द्वयोः ससन्दर्भ व्याख्यां लिखत । (2 × 3 = 6)

1. पूरा दत्तवरा देवी वरमेनमयाचत ।
जवाब:
कविपरिचयः – वाक्यमिदं महर्षि वाल्मीकिना विरचितात् श्रीमद्रामायणे बालकाण्डात् प्रथमसर्गात् रामो विग्रहवान धर्मः इति पाठात् गृहीतम् ।
सन्दर्भः – दशरथेन कृतान् रामस्य अभिषेकयत्नान् दृष्ट्वा भार्या कैकेयी दशरथं प्रति एवं जगाद |
भावः – महाराज ! पुरा भवता मां प्रति दत्तौ वरौ इदानीं याचितुम इच्छामि ।

2. शिरः पश्यामि भासस्य न गात्रम् ।
जवाब:
कविपरिचयः – वाक्यमिदं वेदव्यासेन विरचितात् महाभारत ग्रन्थात् लक्ष्यशुद्धिः इति पाठात् गृहीतम् ।
सन्दर्भः – लक्ष्यवेधने द्रोणेन नियुक्तः अर्जुनः द्रोणं वाक्यमिदं जगाद ।
भावः – पक्षिणः शिरः एव पश्यामि । शरीरं न पश्यामि ।

3. जलमाविश्य तं हत्वा नापश्यदुदरेऽर्भकम् ।
जवाब:
कविपरिचयः – वाक्यमिदं वेदव्यासेन विरचितात् श्रीमहाभागवत पुराणात् श्रीकृष्णस्य गुरुदक्षिणा इति पाठात् गृहीतम् ।
सन्दर्भ: – बलरामकृष्णाभयां पंचजनो हतः । इति कविः वर्णयति ।
भावः – गुरुदक्षिणा प्रदानार्थं गतौ रामकृष्णौ समुद्रेणोक्तौ जले प्रविश्य पंचजननामकं राक्षसं हत्वापि तस्य उदरे बालकं न अपश्यताम् ।

4. ततो विहाय मां गत्वा वैकुण्ठं पृच्छतं युवाम् ।
जवाब:
कविपरिचयः – वाक्यमिदं श्री सन्निधानं सूर्यनारायण शास्त्रिणा विरचितात् पूर्णपात्रम् इति पुस्तकात् ”गानपरीक्षा’ इति पाठात् स्वीकृतम् ।
सन्दर्भः – स्पर्धमानौ नारद-तुम्बुरौ ब्रह्मा वाक्यमिदं जगादः ।
भावः – नारदो मे पुत्रः । अतः तारतम्यं वक्तुं न अहं अर्हः । अस्मिन् विषये विष्णुः प्रष्ठव्यः इति भावः ।

VI. द्वयोः ससन्दर्भ व्याख्यां लिखत । (2 × 3 = 6)

1. नित्यरुदिते दुर्भगे मङ्गलोज्झिते कि चिरं रोदिषि ।
जवाब:
कविपरिचयः – वक्यमिदं पि.वि. काणे पण्डितेन विरचितात् संस्कृतगद्यावलिः इति ग्रन्थात् ‘वीरवनिता कीर्तिसेना’ इति पाठात् गृहीतम् ।
सन्दर्भ: – कीर्तिसेनायाः श्वश्रूः तां प्रति कोपं प्रदर्शयन् एवं अवदत् ।
भावः – नित्यरुदिते, अदृष्टहीने, अमङ्गलरूपिणी बहुकालात् रोदनकार्यं किं करोषि ।

2. राज्यलोभः बान्धवस्नेहं अतिवर्तते ।
जवाब:
परिचयः – वाक्यमिदं पि.वि. काणे पण्डितेन विरचितात् संस्कृत गद्यावलिः इति ग्रन्थांत् ‘दलायुः
दानशीलः नागार्जुनः’ इति पाठात् स्वीकृतम् ।
सन्दर्भः – कविः कथायाः ग्राह्यं नीतिं एवं बोधयति ।
अर्थः – राज्य सम्पदा आकृष्टः मनुष्यः बन्धुवर्गाणां प्रेम अपि न लक्ष्यते ।

3. राजन् मांसदाने तवास्ति खेद इति अश्रुबिन्दुः कथयति ।
जवाब:
कविपरिचयः – वाक्यमिदं के. एल. वी. शास्त्रिणा विरचितात् ‘संस्कृ-ततृतीयादर्शः’ इत्यस्मात् ग्रन्थात् ‘शरणागतरक्षणम’ इति पाठ्यभागात् स्वीकृतम् ।
सन्दर्भ: – श्येनः शिबि प्रति वाक्यमिदं उवाच ।
भावः – भूपते ! मांस प्रदानेन तुभ्यं दुःखं भवति इति तव अश्रुं दृष्ट्वा अवगाम्यते ।

4. कथं वा नौ प्रतिवचनं न ददासि |
जवाब:
कविपरिचयः – वाक्यमिदं चारुदेवशास्त्रिणा विरचितात् ‘साहित्यसुधा’ इति ग्रन्थे ‘पितृसेवापरः श्रवणकुमारः’ इति पाठात् गृहीतम् ।
सन्दर्भः – पुत्र वियोगेन दुःखितौ श्रवणस्य पितरौ तं स्मृत्वा एवं आक्रन्दन्तौ वाक्यमिदं ऊचतुः ।
भावः – पुत्र ! आवयोः वचनानि श्रुत्वाऽपि किमर्थं न भाषसे ।

VII. द्वौ प्रश्नौ समाधत्त । (2 × 3 = 6)

1. धीराणां स्वभावः कीदृशः ?
जवाब:
धीराः स्वैः आरब्धं कर्म पर्वत सन्निभान क्लेशान अपि अवतीर्य साधयति कदारि न विरमति । एतदेव धीराणां स्वभावः ।

2. महीपतिः दशरथः किं कर्तुं ऐच्छत् ?
जवाब:
महीपतिः दशरथः श्रेष्ठगुणैः युक्तं, ज्येष्ठं पुत्रं रामं प्रीत्या यौवराज्येन संयोक्तुम ऐच्छत् ।

3. नारदतुम्बुरयोः कथां श्रुत्वा हनुमान् किमभाषत ?
जवाब:
नारदतुम्बुरयोः कथां श्रुत्वा हनुमान् “उभौ शिलासने उपविष्टताम्, अहं राघवाय नीराजनं समर्पयामि ” इति अभाषत ।

4. मनसः रसायनानि कानि ?
जवाब:
अम्बायाः मधुराणि दृशः हि मनसः रसायनानि ।

VIII. द्वौ प्रश्नौ समाधत्त । (2 × 3 = 6)

1. अभिषिक्तं सुतं दृष्ट्वा माता धनपरा किमब्रवीत् ?
जवाब:
अभिषिक्तं सुतं दृष्ट्वा माता धनपरा – “जीवने कदापि राजा न भविष्यसि तव पिता अमृतं सेवितवान् । अतः त्वं तस्य मन्त्रिणं नागार्जुन प्रति भोजनसमये गत्वा तव शिरः मां यच्छतु इति प्रार्थय’ इति अब्रवीत् ।

2. जगदीशः किमिति गाढं विश्वसिति स्म ?
जवाब:
भौतिकसास्त्र – जीवशास्त्रयोः मध्ये कश्चन गाढः सम्बन्धः वर्तते इति तम् आधारीकृत्य सजीवनिर्जीवपदार्थयोः मध्ये स्थिताम् एक सूत्रताम् आविष्कर्तुं शक्यते इति च जगदीशः गाढं विश्वसति स्म ।

3. आसन्नप्रसवा टिट्टिभी टिट्टिभं किमूचे ?
जवाब:
आसन्नप्रसवा टिट्टिभी टिट्टिभं “भोः कान्त ! मम प्रसवसमयो वर्तते । तत् विचिन्त्यतां किमपि निरुपद्रवं स्थानं येन तत्र अहम् अण्डकमोक्षणं करोमि ” इति ऊचे ।

4. राजा विहगोत्तमं श्येनं किमिति अब्रवीत् ?
जवाब:
राजा विहगोत्तमं श्येनं ‘अयं तपस्वी कपोतो रक्षार्थं मामुपगतः । शरणागतस्य परिपालनमेव राज्ञः प्रथमो धर्मः । तस्मात् इमं न मोक्तुमुत्सहे ” इति अब्रवीत् ।

IX. एकेन वाक्येन समाधत्त । (5 × 1 = 5)

1. कः पशुः भवति ?
जवाब:
विद्याविहीनः पशुः भवति ।

2. सीता रामं कथं अनुगता ?
जवाब:
यथा शशिनं रोहिणी तथा सीता रामं अनुगता ।

3. सव्यसाची कीदृशः तस्थौ ?
जवाब:
सव्यसाची गुरुवाक्यप्रचोदितः लक्ष्यं समुद्दिश्य तस्यौ ।

4. सुरगायनौ कौ ?
जवाब:
नारदतुम्बुरौ सुरगायनौ ।

5. अद्यापि ग्रामे कस्याः सुगुणकीर्तनं विदधते ?
जवाब:
अद्यापि ग्रामे जनन्याः (मातुः) सुगुणकीर्तनं विदधते ।

X. एकेन वाक्येन समाधत्त । (5 × 1 = 5)

1. धर्मपालितः कीर्तिसेनां कस्मै ददौ ?
जवाब:
धर्मपालितः कीर्तिसेनां देवसेनाय नाम वणिजे ददौ ।

2. कपोतो नाम कीदृश: ?
जवाब:
कपोतो नाम श्येनानां विधात्रा विहितः आहारः ।

3. श्रवणकुमारः कयोः कृते जलं आददतिस्म ?
जवाब:
श्रवणकुमारः पित्रोः कृते जलं आददतिस्म ।

4. पूर्णिमादिने कि भवति ?
जवाब:
पूर्णिमादिने समुद्रवेला चरति ।

5. जगदीशः किं शास्त्रं प्रति आकृष्टः अभवत् ?
जवाब:
जगदीशः जीवभौतिकशास्त्रं प्रति आकृष्टः अभवत् ।

XI. संवित्परीक्षा | (5 × 1 = 5)

पुरा धारानगर्यां कश्चित् कर्षकः एकाम् अद्भुतां कुक्कुटीम् अपालयत् । सा कुक्कुटी प्रतिदिनं एकैकं सुवर्णमयम् अण्डं ददाति स्म । तेन सः कर्षकः अतीव धनवान् अजायत । प्रतिदिनं सुवर्णं प्राप्नुवतः अपि तस्य लोभः अतीव अवर्धत | एकदा सः अचिन्तयत् दिने दिने स्वल्पमात्रस्य सुवर्णस्य प्राप्त्या प्रयोजनं नास्ति । अतः कुक्कुट्याः उदरात् सर्वमपि सुवर्णम् एकदैव ग्रहीष्यामि । तथा निश्चित्य कर्षकः कुक्कुटी हत्वा तस्याः उदरम् अपाटयत् । तस्मिन् तु एकम् अण्डम् अपि न आसीत् । कर्षकस्य अतिलोभेन स्वर्णदायिनी कुक्कुटी विनष्टा
नीति : अतिलोभात् जनः विनश्यति ।

1. कर्षकः कां अपालयत् ?
जवाब:
कर्षकः एकां अद्भुतां कुक्कुटीं अपालयत् ।

2. कुक्कुटी प्रतिदिनं किं ददाति स्म ?
जवाब:
कुक्कुटी प्रतिदिनं एकैकं सुवर्णमयं अण्डं ददाति स्म ।

3. तथा निश्चित्य कर्षकः कि अकरोत् ?
जवाब:
तथा निश्चित्य कर्षकः कुक्कुटीं हत्वा तस्याः उदरं अपाटयत् ।

4. केन कुक्कुटी विनष्टा ?
जवाब:
कर्षकस्य अतिलोभेन कुक्कुटी विनष्टा ।

5. अस्याः कथायाः का नीतिः ?
जवाब:
“अतिलोभात् जनः विनश्यति’ इति अस्याः कथायाः नीतिः ।

XII. चत्वारि सन्धिनामनिर्देशसहितं विघटयत । (4 × 2 = 8)

1. कपीश्वरः
2. ममोहः
3. तथैव
4. स्वागतम्
5. गुरवे
6. तावत्र
7. के ऽपि
8. धात्रंशः
जवाब:
1. कपीश्वरः = कपि + ईश्वरः (सवर्णदीर्घसन्धिः)
2. ममोहः = मम + ऊहः (गुणसन्धिः)
3. तथैव = तथा + एव (वृद्धिसन्धिः)
4. स्वागतम् = सु + आगतम् (यणादेशसन्धिः)
5. गुरवे = गुरो + ए (अयवायावसन्धिः)
6. तावत्र = तौ + अत्र (अयवायावसन्धिः)
7. केऽपि = के + अपि (पूर्वरूपसन्धिः)
8. धात्रंशः = धातृ + अंश (यणादेशसन्धिः)

XIII. चत्वारि नामनिर्देशसहितं सन्धत्त । (4 × 2 = 8)

1. भानु + उदयः
2. परम + ईश:
3. दिवा + ओकसः
4. अनु + अगच्छत्
5. पादौ + उपगृह्य
6. के + अपि
7. अनु + ईक्षणम्
8. तथा + एव
जवाब:
1. भानु + उदयः = भानूदयः (सवर्णदीर्घसन्धिः)
2. परम + ईश: = परमेशः (गुणसन्धिः)
3. दिव + ओकसः = दिवौकसः (वृद्धिसन्धिः)
4. अनु + अगच्छत् = अन्वगच्छत् (यणादेशसन्धिः)
5. पादौ + उपगृह्य = पादावुपगृह्य (अयवायावसन्धिः)
6. के + अपि = केऽपि (पूर्वरूपसन्धिः)
7. अनु + ईक्षणम् = अन्वीक्षणम् (यणादेशसन्धिः)
8. तथा + एव = तथैव (वृद्धिसन्धिः)

XIV. द्वयोः शब्दयोः अन्त-लिङ्ग वचन निर्देशसहितं रूपाणि लिखत | (2 × 4 = 8)

1. भानु
जवाब:

2. वधू
जवाब:

3. किम् – पुंलिंगः
जवाब:

XV. द्वयोः धात्वोः निर्दिष्टानि लकाररूपाणि लिखत । (2 × 3 = 6)

1. गच्छति
जवाब:

2. भवतु
जवाब:

3. धावेत्
जवाब:

4. सेवते
जवाब:

XVI. संस्कृतभाषया अनुवदत । (5 × 1 = 5)

1. India is the land of work.
जवाब:
भारतदेशः कर्मभूमिः ।

2. Student salutes teacher.
जवाब:
छात्रः गुरूं वन्दते ।

3. Character is the ultimate ornament.
जवाब:
शीलं परं भूषणम् ।

4. Let your teacher be your God.
जवाब:
आचार्यदेवो भव ।

5. Education gives humility.
जवाब:
विद्या ददाति विनयम् ।

Thoroughly reviewing TS Inter 1st Year English Model Papers Set 10 helps in understanding the examiner’s expectations.

TS Inter 1st Year English Model Paper Set 10 with Solutions

Time: 3 Hours 15 Minutes
Maximum Marks: 100

Section – A

Question 1.
Annotate ANY TWO of the following in about 100 words. 2 × 4 = 8M
a) Though the trees grown by her are worth several crores of rupees today, her life has no respite from poverty.
b) In thought, in talk, in action, I think you will find that you can separate life into these two divisions-the dark side and the bright side, the discouraging side and the encouraging side.
c) A voice shouting ‘Relax’ penetrated into me above the noise of the crowd.
Answer:
a) Introduction : These touching words are extracted from the inter-net-based inspired write-up, The Green Champion – Thimmakka. It shows the magnificent achievement of an ordinary woman with an extraordinary commitment to conserve nature.

Context & Explanation : Born into a poor family. Thimmakka did not go to school. She worked as a labourer. As she grew up, she was married to Chikkayya, a labourer. When they came to know that they could not beget children, they were not disappointed. They came up with the idea of planting saplings and nurturing them as their own children. It became their life mission. But, she suffers from poverty. Her sole source of income is the pension of Rs. 500/- given by the government Thus, she is an example of simple living and high thinking.

Critical Comment : These words describe her pains and problems.

b) Introduction : This sentence is taken from the prose piece, “Two Sides of Life”, penned by Booker T Washington. This is a speech extracted from his popular book, Character Building.

Context & Explanation : While analyzing a number of divisions in human life, he finds two most important ones which are significant. They are the dark side of life and the bright side of life or the discouraging side and the encouraging side. These two are found in thought, in talk and in action of a person.

Critical Comment : Here, Booker T Washington discusses two sides – the bright, the dark of life though many more divisions are possible.

c) Introduction : This sentence is taken from Roger Bannister’s inspirational essay The First Four Minutes’. It is his personal experience.

Context & Explanation : Bannister looked at the flag as he lined up for the start. The flag swayed gently. The race started. He understood that he was going very slow. He himself shouted ‘Faster’. His worry -increased when he heard the first lap time 57.5 seconds. In that excitement his knowledge of pace had deserted him. At one and a half laps he was still worrying about the pace. Then a voice shouting “Relax” penetrated into him above the noise of the crowd. He followed it and started relaxing. There was no pain and stress. Later, he came to know that it was his coach ‘Stampfl’s advice.

Critical Comment : Dr. Roger Bannister narrates his glorious moments and second to second experience while running for the goal of one mile race.

Question 2.
Annotate ANY TWO of the following in about 100 words. 2 × 4 = 8M
a) It was the plant and flower of light.
b) They all shook their heads and gave me a smile as though. I was trying to fool with them.
c) His stomach is full of infinite void.
Answer:
a) Introduction : This line is taken from the poem, The Noble Nature penned by Ben Jonson. He is regarded as one of the major dramatists and poets of the seventeenth century.

Context & Explanation : The poem says leading a meaningful life even for a short while is worthier than leading a long life with neither charm nor value. The core meaning of the poem centres round this single idea. The lily plant has a short life. It blooms in May and is very beautiful. Although the flower has the life span of a day and falls and dies by nightfall, it spreads beauty and delight in that short period. The poet feels, that a meaningful life like lily flower though short is what makes a man noble. Even though a man’s life is short, it can be a perfect life.

Critical Comment : The poet advises one to lead a meaningful life-of light-like that of a lily.

b) Introduction : These lines are extracted from the poem, ‘Happiness’ written by Carl Sandburg, a famous American poet. This poem is from his collection of poems, Chicago Songs. It is a simple poem with a valuable message.

Context & Explanation : The narrator seeks to know what happiness is. He enquires with many professors but in vain. Even the top executives are consulted to help him in this regard. But they express their inability. The professors and the executives smile to him as a reply of the question asked by the narrator. They look at him as if he is trying to fool them.

Critical Comment : The narrator asks professors and top executives to tell the meaning of happiness, but in vain.

c) Introduction : This heart touching line is taken from the thought provoking poem, ‘The Beggar’, penned by Dr. Ammangi Venugopal, a famous Telugu poet. His original Telugu poem, Bichchagadu is rendered into English by Elanaaga (Dr. Surendra).

Context & Explanation : The poet tries to draw the attention of readers to the gravity of farmers’ problems. It is because farmers work hard. They help others. They are the food providers to all yet the irony is that they struggle to survive. They starve. They don’t find food for themselves, even a morsel! Their stomachs get no food. They suffer from empty stomachs. Their emptiness is infinite. Thus, the poet highlights farmers’ woes and worries in a touching way. He also compels the readers to ponder over possible solutions.

Critical Comment : Here the poet depicts the pathetic condition of farmers in a touching way.

Question 3.
Answer ANY TWO ofthe following questions in about 100 words each. 2 × 4 = 8M
a) What is the attitude of teachers towards learners as illustrated in Father, Dear Father ?
b) Box and Cox fulfills all the characteristics of a one act play. Explain.
c) Why does the speaker feel it unfortunate about the students who fail in assessing property the personality of their teachers ?
Answer:
a) Raj Kinger’s Father, Dear Father is a thought provoking commentary on the present education system. It highlights the defects in the mind sets of parents, learners, teachers and the government bodies. It sets all to a new wave of thinking. However, the attitude of teachers towards learners are rude and adamant. When Rahul seeks advice of his Biology teacher to save his rose plant, she gets irritated. She thinks it a question out of their syllabus and asks him to approach a gardener for advice. Her response to Rahul reveals her crossness, irritability and rudeness. She serves as a warning to all those teachers who do not show any interest or reverence towards their profession. The letter also illustrates Rahul’s experience with his English teacher who was adamant.

b) Box and Cox by John Maddison Morton is a comic one-act play. It is regarded as the best farce of the 19th century. It was translated into many European languages. It is a humorous drama. It is short. It fulfills all the characteristics of a true one-act play. It has just three characters. It follows the unity of place. That is the action takes place in one location.

It observes the unity of time too. Its action does not last for a long. It has humour in abundance. It also serves a social purpose by exposing certain follies we suffer from. The play, Box and Cox, thus proves itself to be a perfect comic one-act play. It has all the characteristics of a one-act play.

c) Booker T Washington is a world-famous Afro-American writer, activist and educator. His collection of speeches comes in the form of Character Building. A selection from that celebrated book is our present lesson. It discusses the two sides of life. It recommends the positive side. Washington lists some mistakes students make about their teachers. He makes it clear that every teacher makes mistakes at times. It is human to err. He advises students to ignore such mistakes. He asks them to see the positive aspects of the lesson as well as the teacher. He emphasises the need to see the good and forget the bad. Good advice indeed !

Question 4.
Answer ANY TWO of the following questions in about 100 words each. 2 × 4 = 8M
a) Keep Going is a classic inspirational poem, claim many critics. Substantiate.
b) What does the speaker promise in A Red Red Rose ?
c) Explain with example of the Lily that size matters not but beauty counts a lot.
Answer:
a) Edgar Albert Guest is very popular as a people’s poet. This poem, Keep Going, is undoubtedly an inspirational poem of valuable advice. Through out the poem the poet advises the reader never to quit. With the help of convincing images and commendable comparisons, the poem encourages the reader to keep on the struggle till the goal is attained. It openly admits that life may be a mixture of more pains and less pleasures. Yet, one must continue with one’s effort though with intervals of rest, till success greets one with smiles the poem emphatically announces that the faint see goals afar and the weak give up in the middle. It asserts that winnersiiever quit. It is no surprise that the world welcomes it as a classic inspirational poem.

b) The poem, A Red Red Rose, is written by Robert Burns. It is one of the best lyrics of English poetry. The speaker shares his romantic lone for his beloved. He promises different things to his beloned. He vones to love his beloved until the seas have dried up, the fire of the sun has melted the ice, and human life is over. He uses these examples to express his feelings. Thus, promises his eternal love to his bomy lass and that no matter how far he might go, he will always return to her side.

c) Ben Jonson, in the poem, The Noble Nature talks about what makes a man noble. He compares man to a sturdy Oak and to a delicate Lily in order to explain this point. The Lily plant has a short life. It blooms in May and is very beautiful. Although, the flower has the span of a day and dies by nightfall it spreads beauty and delight in that short period the poet feels that a meaningful life like the Lily flower, though short, is what makes a man noble and even though a man’s life is short it can be perfect life. People will continue to talk good about him even after he is gone. This is what actually makes a man noble, thus, beauty counts a lot.

Question 5.
Answer ANY TWO of the following questions in about 100 words each. 2 × 4 = 8M
a) Is the title, “The Short-sighted Brothers” apt to the story ? Explain.
b) The young man feels that the five boons are not gifts, but merely lendings. Justify his opinion with reference to his experiences.
c) “With all these atrocities, we cannot live”, cries a woman of Ramasagaram. Explain the atrocities the villagers were subjected to.
Answer:
a) Yes. The name “The Short-sighted Brothers” and the content of the story look like made-for-each-other things. The title matches perfectly well with the theme. Three brothers are the lead characters. All the three brothers were very short-sighted. It was a physical disability. And they all suffered from the related mental disability too. They failed to see the possible result of their crooked plans.

They were selfish. They were greedy. They tried to cheat one another. Finally their follies were exposed. As the entire story deals with their physical and mental short-sightedness, the title is appropriate to this ancient Chinese folk tale.

b) Mark Twain is the pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens. The world celebrates him as an eminent humourist and a great writer. The present story, “The Five Boons of Life” present his pessimistic view of life. In the story, a fairy offers a young man a boon. The fairy asks him to choose from “Fame, Love, Riches, Pleasures and Death”. She warns him that only one of those five boons is really precious. The youth chooses ‘pleasures’ first. He very soon realises that each pleasure is followed by pain. Next he chooses ‘Love’ that ends him in grief. ‘Fame’ leads him into ‘envy and pity’. ‘Wealth’ throws him into poverty. So, he rightly feels that they are not boons but mere lendings.

c) “Sanghala Panthulu”, an insightful Telugu story by Suravaram Pratapa Reddy, portrays the plight of the innocent poor. English rendering of the story by Elanaaga (Dr. N. Surendra) captures its spirit well. The story lists the atrocities Ramasagaram villagers were subjected to by the police. They (atrocities) were innumerable and unjust. They (villagers) were forced to supply to the police fowls, eggs, groceries, todday and nuts and fruits. The police demanded drudgery. The poor had to clean their toilets, press their legs, get for them firewood, etc. The wages the poor got for their services or supplies were beatings and scoldings. They were branded on the cheeks. An old, tired and hungry woman was beaten to death. The list is endless.

Section – B

Question 6.
Read the following passage carefully and answer ANY FOUR questions given after it in a word or a sentence each. 4 × 1 = 4M
The country is India. A colonial official and his wife are giviqg a large dinner party. They are seated with their guests-army officers and government attaches and their wives, and a visiting American naturalist-in their spacious dining room, which has a bare marble floor, open rafters and wide glass doors opening onto a veranda.

Questions:
i) In which country is this story set ?
ii) Who is the host of the party ?
iii) Where is the party arranged ?
iv) What is synonym for the word porch in the passage ?
v) Who is the special guest in the party ?
vi) Describe the place where the dinner is hosted.
Answer:
i) in India
ii) a colonial official and his wife
iii) in the spacious dining room of the hosts
iv) veranda
v) a visiting American naturalist
vi) a spacious dining room with a bare marble floor, open rafters and wide glass doors opening onto a veranda

Question 7.
Read the following passage carefully and answer ANY FOUR questions given after it in a word or a sentence each. 4 × 1 = 4M
Here are two unique novels – Pharaoh and the King and The Victorian-that made two heroes fans of their writer. The heroes are Chiranjeevi and Hrithik Roshan. And their writer is Dasari Venkata Vishwanath. But the reason ? Their writer is a visually challenged, Telugu Medium student who started writing his first English novel when he was just 11 (2004). Nystagmus or photophobia is the disease that disables him from focusing his sight on any object for more than a second.

Born into a farmer’s family of Gokavaram in East Godavari district, the boy was inspired by JK Rowling. Helped by his English teacher Buchibapayya and younger sister Sija, Verikat worked hard for seven years to complete his first novel in 2011, which was launched by Chiranjeevi. After that, another five years of dedicated work and the second masterpiece was out in 2016. Venkat dedicated it to his favourite hero Hrithik Roshan. That made the hero Venkat’s fan and he invited Venkat to his birthday party as a special guest. Thus, he won the hearts of two heroes, besides those of millions of readers the world over.

Questions:
i) What is unique about the two novels, according to the passage ?
ii) Who are the heroes who turned fans of that writer ?
iii) How does the disease, Nystagmus impact Venkata Vishwanath ?
iv) Name the three persons who helped, directly or indirectly, Venkata Vishwanath in writing his first novel ?
v) How long did Venkata Vishwanath take to write those two novels ?
vi) What made Hrithik Roshan a fan of Venkata Vishwanath ?
Answer:
i) that made two heroes fans of their writer
ii) Chiranjeevi and Hrithik Roshan
iii) disables him from focusing his sight on any object for more than a second.
iv) JK Rowling, his English teacher Buchibapayya and his younger sister Sija
v) twelve (7 + 5) years
vi) Venkat dedicating his second novel, The Victorian, to Hrithik Roshan

Section – C

[Note : Answers of this section must be written at one place in the same Serial Order.]

Question 8.
Match ANY EIGHT of the following words in Column – A with their meanings in Column – B. 8 × 1/2 = 4M

Column A	Column B
i) resistance	a) silence
ii) pounce	b) suffering, agony
iii) flutter	c) surround, cover
iv) anguish	d) natural, on the spot
v) haven	e) dared
vi) spontaneous	f) refusal to obey; opposition
vii) lull	g) confuse, puzzle
viii) ventured	h) move lightly and quickly, tremble
ix) engulf	i) safe place
x) bewilder	j) jump, leap

Answer:

Column A	Column B
i) resistance	f) refusal to obey; opposition
ii) pounce	j) jump, leap
iii) flutter	h) move lightly and quickly, tremble
iv) anguish	b) suffering, agony
v) haven	i) safe place
vi) spontaneous	d) natural, on the spot
vii) lull	a) silence
viii) ventured	e) dared
ix) engulf	c) surround, cover
x) bewilder	g) confuse, puzzle

Question 9.
Identify the parts of speech of ANY EIGHT of the following underlined words. 8 × 1/2 = 4M
It is a very (1) bad habit (2) to get into (3), that of being continually (4) moody (5) and discouraged, and (6) of (7) making the atmosphere (8) uncomfortable for everybody who comes (9) within ten (10) feet of you.
Answer:
1) very – adverb
2) habit – noun
3) into – preposition
4) continually – adverb
5) moody – adjective
6) and – conjunction
7) of – preposition
8) atmosphere – noun
9) comes – verb
10) ten – adjective (numeral)

Question 10.
Fill ANY EIGHT of the following blanks with a, an or the. 8 × 1/2 = 4M
There are quite_____(1)_____number of divisions into which life can be divided, but for_____(2)_____purposes of this evening I am going to speak of two;_____(3)_____bright side of life and_____(4)_____dark side.

You will not accomplish_____(5)_____task which we expect of you go with_____(6)_____moody, discouraged, fault-finding disposition.
Yes, my first rank slipped to ……………… (7) second.
From his talk, it seems studies were_____(8)_____ancillary subject; and living and experiencing,_____(9)_____major subject. Father, is he fibbing? Or is it possible that_____(10)_____world turned topsy-turvy in just about 70 years ?
Answer:
1) a
2) the
3) the
4) the
5) the
6) a
7) the
8) an
9) the
10) the

Question 11.
Fill in ANY EIGHT of the following blanks with suitable prepositions. 8 × 1/2 = 4M
I want you to go out_____(1)_____this institution so trained and so developed that you will be constantly looking_____(2)_____the bright, encouraging and beautiful things _____(3)_____life.

Everything that comes_____(4)_____their mouths is unpleasant, _____(5)_____this thing and that thing, and they make the whole atmosphere _____(6)_____them unpleasant_____(7)_____themselves and _____(8)_____everybody_____(9)_____whom they come_____(10)_____contact.
Answer:
1) from
2) for
3) in
4) from
5) about
6) around
7) for
8) for
9) with
10) into

Question 12.
Fill ANY FOUR of the following blanks with suitable forms of the verbs given in brackets. 4 × 1 = 4M
1. While I ……………….. (teach) grammar, a student raised a doubt.
2. A philanthropist ……………….. (think) about the welfare of others.
3. My nephew ……………….. (do) business in Hyderabad for the last ten
years.
4. The moon ……………….. (wax) and ……………….. (wane) during the cycle of a month.
5. I ……………….. (know, not) the right answer right now.
6. We ……………….. (have) hot coffee one hour ago.
Answer:
1) was teaching
2) thinks
3) has been doing
4) waxes… wanes
5) do not know
6) had

Question 13.
Rewrite ANY FOUR of the following sentences as directed. 4 × 1 = 4M
i) Vegetables are washed before cooking.
(Change the sentence to active voice.)
ii) She had answered it already.
(Change the sentence to passive voice)
iii) The shopkeeper said to the customer, “Shall I show you the latest model ?”
(Change the sentence to indirect speech.)
iv) A visitor said, “What sultry weather !”
(Change the sentence to indirect speech.)
v) Natural flowers appeal more to our senses than artificial flowers.
(Change the sentence to positive degree.)
vi) 1 can face challenges, ………………. ?
(Add a question tag.)
Answer:
i) We wash vegetables before cocking.
ii) It had already been answered by her.
iii) The shopkeeper asked the customer if he could show him the latest model.
iv) A visitor exclaimed that it was very sultry weather.
v) Artificial flowers do not appeal to our senses as much as natural flowers.
vi) can’t I ?

Question 14.
Rewrite ANY FOUR of the following sentences correcting the underlined errors. 4 × 1 = 4M
1. It is my self.
2. She and me are twins.
3. Each of these girls have wide eyes.
4. Neither of these cars are worth the money.
5. Both didn’t attend the meeting.
6. We all didn’t go.
Answer:
1. It is I.
2. She and I are twins.
3. Each of these girls has wide eyes.
4. Neither of these cars is worth the money.
5. Neither attend the meeting.
6. None of us went.

Question 15.
Supply the missing letters to ANY EIGHT of the following words. 8 × 1/2 = 4M
i) thr_ _gh
ii) sli_ _tly
iii) gr_ _nd
iv) wo_ _y
v) sp_ _d
vi) ang_ _sh
vii) prev_ _us
viii) mi_ _ t
ix) rec_ _ve
x) p_ _ce
Answer:
i) through
ii) slightly
iii) ground
iv) worry
v) speed
vi) anguish
vii) previous
viii) might
ix) receive
x) piece / peace

Question 16.
Identify the silent consonant letters in ANY EIGHT of the following words. 8 × 1/2 = 4M
i) align
ii) ghost
iii) leader
iv) straight
v) calf
vi) plumber
vii) wrap
viii) thistle
ix) attempt
x) burden
Answer:
i) align – g
ii) ghost – h
iii) leader – r
iv) straight – gh
v) calf – l
vi) plumber – b, r
vii) wrap – w
viii) thistle – t
ix) attempt – t
x) burden – r

Question 17.
Write ANY FOUR of the following transcriptions using ordinary English spelling. 4 × 1 = 4M

Answer:
i) emphatic
ii) appearance
iii) mention
iv) gentleman
v) tremble
vi) sleep

Question 18.
Circle ANY FOUR of the words that sound different from the other words in that set with regard to the sounds of the bold letters. 4 × 1 = 4M
i) call cinema cute
ii) leisure sugar sure
iii) arm about aloud
iv) exit exam exercise
v) meal measure meant
vi) dread break bread
Answer:
i) cinema
ii) leisure
iii) arm
iv) exercise
v) meal
vi) break

Question 19.
Mention the number of syllables in ANY FOUR of the following words. 4 × 1 = 4M
i) popular
ii) today
iii) side
iv) plant
v) rainwater
vi) condition
Answer:
i) 3 – trisyllabic
ii) 2 – disyllabic
iii) 1 – monosyllabic
iv) 1 – monosyllabic
v) 3 – trisyllabic
vi) 3 – trisyllabic

Question 20.
a) Analyse the bar graph given below and write about it in a paragraph. 1 × 4 = 4M

b) Read the following paragraph and transfer the information into a tree diagram.
There are so many species of animals that we find living on the earth. Scientists grouped these animals into different classes . based on certain similarities they share. Animals are divided into vertebrates, ones with backbones and invertebrates, those without backbones. The vertebrates are basically divided into five classes. They are commonly known as mammals, birds, fish, reptiles and amphibians. Arachnids and insects are the two commonly known classes in the invertebrates group.
Answer:
a) Marks of students
The bar chart presents marks of three students in three subjects. Meena scored 70 in Telugu, 65 in Maths and in English just 50. Mala scored 65 in Maths, 50 in Telugu and only 40 in English. Megha secured 70 each in English and Maths but scored 60 in Telugu.
(OR)
b) Tree Diagram showing Species of Animals

Thoroughly reviewing TS Inter 1st Year English Model Papers Set 9 helps in understanding the examiner’s expectations.

TS Inter 1st Year English Model Paper Set 9 with Solutions

Time: 3 Hours 15 Minutes
Maximum Marks: 100

Section – A

Question 1.
Annotate ANY TWO of the following in about 100 words. 2 × 4 = 8M
a) “Cox, I shan’t want you today – you can have a holiday.”
b) One might think that growing trees is not a big deal but one would know the reality of it only when they do it on their won.
c) Education is not what a person is able to hold in his head, so much as it is what a person is able to find.
Answer:
a) Introduction: This line is taken from the one-act play, Box and Cox written by-John Maddison Morton. This play is regarded as the best farce of the nineteenth century.

Context & Explanation : Mr. Cox says these words. He reports the words of his master. That day, the owner permits Cox a holiday. So, Cox returns to his room. This is unusual for him. But, this fact gives a twist to the play. For the first time, Mr. Cox and Mr. Box meet each other in the room. Each finds fault with the other initially.

Critical Comment : Mrs. Bouncer’s folly is exposed. Thus the words play a crucial role.

b) Introduction : These touching lines are taken from the internet-based article. The Green Champion – Thimmakka. It depicts the magnificent achievements of an ordinary couple with a great commitment to conserve nature.

Context & Explanation: Every one feels that it is not difficult to grow trees. It is because they never grow any sapling in their life. Here we havd to remember the saying that empty vessels make much noise. Such type of people can say that growing trees is not a big deal. But, people who really try to grow trees can understand the foil and trouble undergoes. If it is an easy thing why do our governments spend crores of money on planting trees. It is because no one bothers about nature that is why governments take up such programmes. So, we have to appreciate Thimmakka and her husband to take up free planting mission.

Critical Comment: The essay describes the attitude of people here.

c) Introduction: This beautiful sentence is taken from the character building speech. “Two Sides of Life” delivered by Booker T Washington. This speech is extracted from his popular book ‘Character Building’.

Context & Explanation : The writer gives very forceful explanation of character building. He inspires teacher traines how they should be in their profession. He tells them to be honest If they don’t know anything, they have to accept it frankly and honestly. Their students will respect them for it It is because education is not possible to hold in one’s head. It is what a person is able to find It is not the correct notion,that the teacher should know everything.

Critical Comment : Here, the writer addresses the teacher trainees and advises them to have the character of frankness and honesty.

Question 2.
Annotate ANY TWO of the following in about 100 words. 2 × 4 = 8M
a) 0 my Luve’s like the melodie
That’s sweetly pla’d in tune.
b) And in short measures life may perfect be.
c) I asked the professors who teach the meaning of life to tell me what happiness is.
Answer:
a) Introduction : This couplet is taken from the beautiful lyric A Red Red Rose, written by Robert Burns. It is one of the best lyrics of English poetry. It blends the eternity of love with the mortality of life.

Context & Explanation : The poet compares his love to a melody that is sweetly played in tune. His love is a song that is sung just so right in fact that it’s kind of sweet. His feelings are very profound. Critical Comment: Here, the poet compares his beloved to a sweet melody which is nice to hear.

b) Introduction: This is the concluding line of the beautiful lyric. The Noble Nature written by Ben Jonson. He is very well known for his comedy of humours like Every Man in His Humour.

Context & Explanation : The poet talks about what makes a man noble. He compares man to a sturdy oak and to a delicate lily in order to do this. He says that a person doesn’t become great or honourable by having long life or huge body. His greatest is analysed by his deeds. And to make man better or life perfect, the poet advises one to dead a meaningful life of light-like that of a lily. Thus, the focus of the poem is clearly on making man better. A person’s life is meaningful only if he does some acts of benefaction. Otherwise life is meaningless. Critical Comment: Leading a meaningful life makes it noble, Jonson asserts. He employs analogies from nature.

c) Introduction : This line is taken from the poem ‘Happiness’ written by Carl Sandburg. He is a famous American poet. The poem is extracted from his collection of poems, ‘Chicago Songs’.

Context & Explanation : It depicts the narrator’s experience. He wants to know what happiness is. First, he consults the professors for the answer. They represent the intelligence and success. But, they can’t answer it. They claim that they teach the meaning of life. Finally, he finds the real meaning of happiness from a crowd of Hungarians with their women and children under a tree.

Critical Comment : Here the line describes the narrators experience. He asks the professors about the meaning of happiness.

Question 3.
Answer ANY TWO of the following questions in about 100 words each. 2 × 4 = 8M
a) What gave Dr. Bannister strength in the final spurt ?
b) What does the boy think of his grandparents in his letter ?
c) Why was Thimmakka called Saalumarada ?
Answer:
a) Dr. Roger Bannister was the first man to run the race of one mile in 3 minutes 59.4 seconds. He narrates his eventual victory of race in this essay. In the final spurt, he got the strength from his will power. He had1 turned the last bend. There was only 50 yards more to be run.

His body tired and consumed all his energy. But, it went on running. That strength came from great will power. At that juncture, determination, dedication and strong will power lead him ahead. Therefore, he could succeed with his will power.

b) Raj Kinger’s Father, Dear Father is a thought provoking commentary on the education system prevailing now. This short write-up is a letter to a father.

Rahul is a school boy. He is very much happy with his grandparents who enjoy life.

He says that his grandfather had a carefree and beautiful childhood. His grandfather recollects how enjoyed in the mango and guava gardens. He says that his grandfather studies were secondary and living and experiencing
was the major subject. He asks his father very innocently whether his grandfather is lying. And his grandmother is semi-literate. But, she is happy with her kitchen work, gardening and reading the Bhagavad Geeta and other holy books. Thus, he thinks of his grandparents.

c) The present internet-based essay, the Green Champion – Thimmakka describes the magnificent achievements of an ordinary woman with an excellent commitment to conserve nature. Thimmakka, a woman more than 100 years in age, from Karnataka has been launded globally as the green champion for her planting mission. Thimmakka along with her husband planted over 8000 other trees. Even after her husband’s death, she continued her mission of planting trees. Her outstanding work earned her the name Saalumarada, which means a row of trees in Kannada. Thimakka is popular as Saalumarada Thimmakka due to her work. She continues her fight against deforestation. Her contributions are truly remarkable. With her achievements, she is called Saalumarada Thimmakka.

Question 4.
Answer ANY TWO of the following questions in about 100 words each. 2 × 4 = 8M
a) “Dr. Ammangi Venugopal’s creativity is rooted deeply in the complexities and contradictions of modern life”, say observers. Explain the statement, taking ‘The Beggar’ as a reference point :
b) Life is queer with its twists and turns…. List a few twists as mentioned in the poem.
c) How is the feeling of love expressed in the poem A Red Red Rose ?
Answer:
a) The poem, The Beggar is written by Dr. Ammangi Venugopal. He is a creative genius. Actually, he has penned it in Telugu as Bichchagadu. It is translated into English by Elanaaga (Dr. Surendra). Dr. Ammangi is well aware of the complexities and contradictions of modern life. The complex problems farmers today face form the central idea of his moving poem. Farmers are the food providers to all. They struggle to survive. They starve, yet, they toil. Their feet bleed. Their eyes are full of shadows of their sad stories. Their hunched backs tell us how hard they work. Yet, their stomachs get no food. They are capable of feeding millions. And those millions do not include in them those farmers. How cruel the modern society responsible for this irony is! Thus, the poem shows the complexities of current times.

b) Edgar Albert Guest is very popular as a people’s poet. His poem, keep going is undoubtedly an inspirational poem. All through its twenty four lines of the poem the poem keeps on advising the reader never to quit. It openly admits that life may be a mixture of more pains and less pleasures. Goals may stand beyond your reach. Funds may be low. Needs may be more. Things do not always go the way we plant them. There are times when you will be over whelmed in a given aspect of your life. You have to face changes. Your journey is all about climbing up hill. Life is like a journey whereby some roads are tough and tiresome. Your circumstances deny your happiness. Your life has so many low moments that you lack humour. Instead of a smile, you let out a sigh. When you feel like you can’t go on take rest. But, dont’ quit your effort. Thus, life is full of twists and turns.

c) The poem A Red Red Rose is written by Robert Burns. It is one of the best lyrics of English poetry. It blends the eternity of love with the mortality of life. It is an address to the speaker’s lover to whom he swears eternal love and loyalty.

The speaker shares his romantic love for his beloved in this poem. His feelings are very profound. He com¬pares his beloved with a fresh and beautiful rose sprung in June and to a sweet melody as well. He also makes several promises to live his beloved forever. He makes a promise that he will return to her life after their temporary separation. He promises to be with her, no matter how long the journey takes.

Question 5.
Answer ANY TWJD of the following questions in about 100 words each. 2 × 4 = 8M
a) What are the thoughts in the mind of the youth when he chooses wealth ? What is the result ?
b) Helping the old is as good as playing the game. Elucidate with reference to the story “Playing the Game”.
c) “A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl and a colonel”. Discuss.
Answer:
a) “The Five Boons of Life”, by Mark Twain, presents a philosophical approach to life. It shows us how foolish we are in our priorities at times. The youth stands for man’s follies. He gets a chance, from a fairy to choose from ‘Fame, Love, Riches, Pleasures and Death’. He is led by false appearances. The fairy’s warning fails to correct him. He chooses ‘Pleasures’ first. He soon realises how painful those pleasures are ! He than opts for ‘Love’. He understands how grief follows love. Then, he goes for Fame. Again, it proves to be a wrong choice. Then he thinks ‘Wealth’ will make him happy. He plans to spend, shine, and feed his hungry heart with his mockers envy. He thinks he can buy everything the earth can offer. He is wrong, once again.

b) Arthur Mee is known for his humanism. He expresses it artistically. “Playing the Game” exhibits that rare quality. Alan is the central character. He loved cricket. Once, he got a chance to represent his school in cricket. On the scheduled day, Alan started for the ground early. But on the way, he noticed an old man struggling to walk. He was move. He held his helping hand to that aged man. Hence, he couldn’t reach the ground in time. He missed the much-awaited opportunity. He felt sad. But for this kind act, his parents presented him with his favourite bicycle. His classmates cheered him. The story proves, thus, that helping the old is better than playing the game.

c) “The Dinner Party”, by Mona Gardner, showcases the emotional strength of women. Deeds, not empty words, prove this point beyond anyone’s doubt. A colonial officer hosts the dinner party. The guests are just twenty. During the party, an animated discussion arises between a young girl and a colonel. The girl says women have advanced a lot from their earlier era of screaming at the sight of a mouse. The colonel contradicts her stand. He asserts men have an extra ounce of nerve control in a crisis. And he adds that ounce counts a lot. But the girl is right. The story proves at the end how strong a woman is in crises!

Section – B

Question 6.
Read the following passage carefully and answer ANY FOUR questions given after it in a word or a sentence each. 4 × 1 = 4M
The news about the arrival of the elderly man from city had spread in the village by morning. The villagers said he was a tall stout man. He helped form associations in villages. He sported a kerchief like lawyers do. He brought a leather suitcase which was full of books. He knew all the bigwigs in the city. He would do away with all our troubles.

Questions:
i) Name the story from which this passage is taken.
ii) Who does the phrase the elderly man refer to ?
iii) How would the elderly man help the villagers ?
iv) What did he bring with him ?
v) The villagers talked about the elderly man … … … (fill in).
1) adversely.
2) appreciatively
3) accusingly
4) arrogantly
vi) Find the Phrasal Verb used in the passage that means put an end to; eliminate.
Answer:
i) Sanghala Panthulu
ii) Sanghala Panthulu
iii) He would help the villagers form associations and solve their problems.
iv) a leather suitcase, full of books
v) (2) appreciatively
vi) do(es) a way with

Question 7.
Read the following passage carefully and answer ANY FOUR questions given after it in a word or a sentence each. 4 × 1 = 4M
A Modern Marvel Taking Shape on Out Soil at Sangareddy
Can you’conceive of a construction without cement and steel ? Unimaginable ? But, a modern marvel-a 32 foot high Sri Chakra shaped temple is taking shape on a sprawling one and a half acre site with just natural elements like lime, jaggery, jute, gum, myrobalan fruit (karakkaya) paste, Indian bael (Maredu/Bilwa) juice, sand and stone (15 lakh pieces, some weighing 5 tons each).

With Lord Shiva as the presiding deity, this Sri Kailasa Prastara Mahameru (human body) Panchamukha Umamaheswara Devasthanam, at Phasalvadi village, near Sangareddy, is being devised, planned and executed by jyothir- vaasthu Vidyapeetham. Modelled after ancient temples like Konark, Hampi, this 20 crore rupee mammoth miracle is expected to have a life of 6,000 years, says Maheswara Siddhanthi, the man behind this project. Hundreds of expert engineers, skilled sculptors, eminent architects and famous artisans have been toiling since day one i.e., 14 June 2017 and are determined to complete it at the earliest. With concepts from epics as its fountain of inspiration, this temple looks certain to flourish as a spiritual centre with unique architectural features !

Questions:
i) Mention the unique feature of this temple in terms of construction materials used.
ii) Which organization is executing the work of this temple ?
iii) Where is this temple located ?
iv) Without using cement and steel, can the structure last long ? Support your answer with a sentence from the passage.
v) Name the temples that were studied to design this temple.
vi) Who is supervising this major project ?
Answer:
i) Without using steel and cement, it uses only natural elements like lime, jaggery, jute, gum,….
ii) Jyothirvaasthu Vidyapeetam
iii) Phasalvadi village, near Sangareddy
iv) Yes. It is expected to have a life of 6,000 years.
v) Konark, Hampi temples
vi) Maheswara Siddhanthi

Section – C

[Note : Answers of this section must be written at one place in the same Serial Order.]

Question 8.
Match ANY EIGHT of the following words in Coiumn – A with their meanings in Column – B. 8 × 1/2

Column A	Column B
i) stretch	a) understand
ii) monsoon	b) eating grass by animals
iii) capture	c) clearly
iv) cherish	d) huge, enormous
v) realize	e) humble
vi) evidently	f) unbelievable
vii) modest	g) rainy season
viii) graze	h) an area of land
ix) incredible	i) value
x) massive	j) catch hold of something

Answer:

Column A	Column B
i) stretch	h) an area of land
ii) monsoon	g) rainy season
iii) capture	j) catch hold of something
iv) cherish	i) value
v) realize	a) understand
vi) evidently	c) clearly
vii) modest	e) humble
viii) graze	b) eating grass by animals
ix) incredible	f) unbelievable
x) massive	d) huge, enormous

Question 9.
Identify the parts of speech of ANY EIGHT of the following underlined words. 8 × 1/2 = 4M
Ah (1), then you (2) mean to say that this (3) gentleman’s smoke (4), instead of emulating the example of all (5) other sorts of (6) smoke, and (7) going up the chimney, thinks (8) proper to affect a singularity (9) by taking the contrary (10) direction.
Answer:
1) Ah – interjection
2) you – pronoun
3) this – adjective (determiner)
4) smoke – noun
5) all – adverb
6) of – preposition
7) and – conjunction
8) thinks – verb
9) singularity – noun
10) contrary – adjective

Question 10.
Fill ANY EIGHT of the following blanks with a, an or the 8 × 1/2 = 4M
1. Amitabh Bacchan is …………….. famous actor.
2. Are you …………….. vegetarian ?
3. It is …………….. absurd story indeed.
4. I don’t believe him. He is …………….. liar.
5. What …………….. lovely Villa !
6. It is …………….. one-man show !
7. I never witnessed such …………….. long queue for Covaxin.
8. He is …………….. United Nations exployee.
9. We have quite …………….. few books onYoga.
10. I saw …………….. accident this morning.
Answer:
1) a
2) a
3) an
4) a
5) a
6) a
7) a
8) a
9) a
10) an

Question 11.
Fill in ANY EIGHT of the following blanks with suitable prepositions. 8 × 1/2 = 4M
When you go_____(1)_____your classrooms, I repeat, try to forget and overlook any weak points that you may think you see. Remember, and dwell_____(2)_____the consideration that has been given_____(3)_____ the lesson, the faithfulness_____(4)_____which it was prepared, and the earnestness_____(5)_____which it is presented.

So it seems! Far be it_____(6)_____me. Bouncer, to hurry your movements, but I think it right to acquaint you_____(7)_____my immediate intention_____(8)_____divesting myself_____(9)_____my garments, and
going_____(10)_____bed.
Answer:
1) into
2) upon
3) to
4) with
5) with
6) from
7) with
8) of
9) of
10) to

Question 12.
Fill ANY FOUR of the following blanks with suitable forms of the verbs given in brackets. 4 × 1 = 4M
1. Don’t get off the train till it …………….. (stop).
2. Listen ! Somebody …………….. (scream).
3. A parrot …………….. (repeat) our voice as soon as it listens to it.
4. Vinay …………….. (lose) the job lastyear because of his misbehaviour.
5. Dhirubai Ambani …………….. (not, live) in a costly house even when he was a famous industrialist.
6. …………….. he …………….. (play) tennis dally ?
Answer:
1) stops
2) is screaming
3) repeats
4) lost
5) did not live
6) Does…play

Question 13.
Rewrite ANY FOUR of the following sentences as directed. 4 × 1 = 4M
i) Who could help him ?
(Change the sentence to passive voice.)
ii) Hardik said to Annu, “Go and study.”
(Change the sentence to indirect speech.)
iii) The mother said to her son, “When will you have your breakfast ?”
(Change the sentence to indirect speech.)
iv) Robert Frost is one of the best American poets.
(Change the sentence to comparative degree.)
v) Jupiter is bigger than any other planet.
(Change the sentence to positive degree.)
vi) Let’s play tennis, …………….. ?
(Add a question tag.)
Answer:
i) By whom could he be helped ?
ii) Hardik asked Annu to go and study.
iii) The mother asked her son when he would have his breakfast.
iv) Robert Frost is better than many other American poets.
v) No other planet is as big as Jupiter.
vi) shall we

Question 14.
Rewrite ANY FOUR of the following sentences correcting the underlined errors. 4 × 1 = 4M
1. They are staying in the same flat for the last many years.
2. How long are you waiting here ?
3. He is interested to do a job.
4. They have moved to the new house last week.
5. He is having many imported clothes.
6. As soon as I opened the doors, the birds fly away.
Answer:
1. They have been staying in the same flat for the last many years.
2. How long have you been waiting here ?
3. He is interested in doing a job.
4. They moved to the new house last week.
5. He has many imported clothes.
6. As soon as I opened the door, the birds flew away.

Question 15.
Supply the missing letters to ANY EIGHT of the following words. 8 × 1/2 = 4M
i) sa_ _ling
ii) rup_ _s
iii) hu_ _and
iv) res_ _rces
v) s_ _rce
vi) su_ _icient
vii) ma_ _ive
viii) vi_ _age
ix) init_ _tive
x) a_ _roval
Answer:
i) sappling
ii) rupees
iii) husband
iv) resources
v) source
vi) sufficient
vii) massive
viii) village
ix) initiative
x) approval

Question 16.
Identify the silent consonant letters in ANY EIGHT of the following words. 8 × 1/2 = 4M
i) thorough
ii) who
iii) benign
iv) receipt
v) rhythm
vi) diversity
vii) nursery
viii) column
ix) curd
x) kneel
Answer:
i) thorough – gh
ii) who – w
iii) benign – g
iv) receipt – p
v) rhythm – h
vi) diversity – r
vii) nursery – r
x) kneel – k
viii) column – n
ix) curd – r

Question 17.
Write ANY FOUR of the following transcriptions using ordinary English spelling. 4 × 1 = 4M

Answer:
i) success
ii) effort
iii) excitement
iv) worry
v) previous
vi) athletic

Question 18.
Circle ANY FOUR of the words that sound different from the other words in that set with regard to the sounds of the bold letters. 4 × 1 = 4M
i) suggest beggar luggage
ii) cap tap tape
iii) shake take talk
iv) house hour mouse
v) buy try ray
vi) thin this thick
Answer:
i) suggest
ii) tape
vi) this
iii) talk
iv) hour
v) ray

Question 19.
Mention the number of syllables in ANY FOUR of the following words. 4 × 1 = 4M
i) punctual
ii) increase
iii) room
iv) mantelpiece
v) breakfast
vi) gracious
Answer:
i) 2 – disyllabic
ii) 2 – disyllabic
iii) 1 – monosyllabic
iv) 3 – trisyllabic
v) 2 – disyllabic
vi) 2 – disyllabic

Question 20.
a) The given below bar graph shows how much dietary fibre is found in certain fruits. Convert the information into a paragraph. 1 × 4 = 4M

(Or)
b) Draw a flow chart based on the information given below.
The following process is the description of how a post office transfers a letter from a sender to a receiver. First, the sender posts the letter in a post box. Next, the box is opened. Then the – contents in it are sorted out. Then they are kept in a bag and the bag is tied. The destination is written on the bag. The bags are sent to the district post office. The district post office sends the bags to the destination village / town post offices. The destination post office receives the letters. The received letters are arranged and sorted out. The post man delivers the letters to the addressees.
Answer:
a) Fibre Content in Fruits
The given bar graph presents the details of fibre content in various fruits. The guava stands tall with six (6) grams of dietary fibre per a serving of one cup. Next comes the pear with five (5) grams per unit. The third in the order is the apple with four (4) grams per a cup. The banana and the orange have almost the same quantity of dietary fibre – three (3) grams per cup.
(Or)
b) Flow Chart depicting the Process of Delivering Letters

Thoroughly reviewing AP Inter 1st Year English Model Papers Set 5 helps in understanding the examiner’s expectations.

AP Inter 1st Year English Model Paper Set 5 with Solutions

Time: 3 Hours
Max. Marks : 100

Section – A

I. Annotations (Prose) :

(a) “Teach him to learn how to gracefully lose and enjoy Winning when he does win”.
Answer:
Context: These lines are taken from the lessson “Abraham Lincoln’s Letter to his Son’s Teacher”, written by Abraham Lincoln, the noted 16th President of the U.S.A. It is about his appeal to the teacher, in instructing a boy of tender age.

Explanation: The author advises the teacher to be careful¹ in his dealing with the boy. The boy should have development in all spheres of life. He should tackle wars, tragedy and sorrow. Victory² and failures are natural in this world. The boy must have self confidence. He should not be disheartened when he loses. When he wins, he should feel joy and satisfaction³. This will make him honest and self reliant.

General Relevance: In this world, life is a blend of both success and failure. One should take the both equally. It is natural for one to get both these experiences. He should show right response to the occasion.

1. జాగ్రత్తగా వున్న
2. జయము, గెలుపు
3. తృప్తి

సందర్భము : “Abraham Lincoln’s Letter to his Son’s Teacher” అనే పాఠము నుండి ఈ వాక్య భాగము తీసుకొనబడినది. దీనిని USA కు 16వ రాష్ట్రపతియైన అబ్రహాంలింకన్ వ్రాశారు. చిన్న వయస్సులో నున్న బాలునికి ఎలా చదువు చెప్పాలి అనే విషయమై ఆయన చేసిన విజ్ఞాపన.

వివరణ : రచయిత, ఆ బాలుని విషయంలో జాగ్రత్తగా ఉండాలని ఉపాధ్యాయునికి సలహా ఇచ్చాడు. ఆ అబ్బాయి అన్ని రంగాలలో అభివృద్ధిని కలిగియుండాలి. అతడు యుద్ధాన్ని, బాధలను, విచారాన్ని ఎదిరించాలి. ఈ ప్రపంచంలో విజయాలు మరియు అపజయాలు సహజముగా ఉంటాయి. ఆ అబ్బాయికి ఆత్మనిర్భరత ఉండాలి. ఓడినప్పుడు అతడు గుండె ధైర్యం చెడరాదు. గెలిచినప్పుడు సంతోషము మరియు సంతృప్తి కలిగియుండాలి. ఇది అతనిని నిజాయితీపరునిగా మరియు స్వయం సమృద్ధం అయ్యే విధంగా చేస్తుంది.

సాధారణ భావన : ఈ ప్రపంచంలో జీవితం, జయాపజయాలు కలిగియుంటుంది. ఆ రెంటిని సమానంగా తీసికొనాలి. ఈ రెండు అనుభవాలు ఒక మనిషికి సహజము. సందర్భానికి తగినట్లు సరియైన ప్రతిస్పందన చూపాలి.

(b) “Someday I will prove, without a doubt, the truth of what happened to me.”
Answer:
Context: This passage is taken from the prose lesson “She Conquered Everest”. Which was compiled by Dr. B. Sowjanya. It is about the courageous lady Arunima Sinha and her life ambition.

Explanation: Arunima Sinha was injured¹ in her train journey to Delhi. She was thrown on the other track, by the criminals. A train ran over her left leg. She was amputated². She was in the hospital bed for recovery³. A rod was inserted in her right leg. In spite of all this, she had a firm opinion to withstand⁴ the challenge. She said that she would one day come out of the calamity⁵ and would prove to be successful. In her words, she expressed her inner passion⁶ to scale the Everest. Anyhow she was successful.

General Relevance: To reach the goal in one’s life is a great thing. But it involves a lot of effort. The obstructions could not deter her decision and she climbed the mountain. Many people were amazed at this deed.

1. గాయపడెను
2. అవయవము కోయబడుట
3. కోలుకొనుట
4. సహించుట, ఎదిరించి నిలబడుట
5. ఇబ్బంది
6. గట్టివాంఛ
7. ఎక్కుట
8. కలిగించుట
19. చలింపజేయుట
10. ఆశ్చర్యపడుట

సందర్భము: డా॥ సౌజన్య గారు సేకరించిన, “She Conquered Everest” అనే పాఠములో నుండి ఈ ప్యాసేజి తీసుకొనబడింది. అది, ధైర్యము గల అమ్మాయి అయిన అరుణిమ సిన్హా మరియు ఆమె యొక్క జీవితాశయం గురించినదై యున్నది.

వివరణ : ఢిల్లీ వెళుతున్న ప్రయాణంలో అరుణిమ సిన్హా గాయపడ్డారు. ఆ నేరస్తులు ఆమెను అవతలి ట్రాక్ మీదకి విసరివేశారు. ఒక రైలు ఆమె యొక్క ఎడమ కాలి మీదుగా పోయింది. ఆమె కాలు తెగగొట్టారు. ఆమె బాగుపడడానికి ఆసుపత్రిలో బెడ్ మీదనున్నారు. ఆమె కుడికాలిలో ఒక రాడ్ పెట్టారు. ఆమె ఇన్ని బాధలున్నా తన యొక్క ఛాలెంజిని విరమించలేదు. ఒకానొకదినాన ఆమె తన ఇబ్బందుల నుండి బయటికివచ్చి తనను తాను నిరూపించుకొనగలనంటున్నది. ఆమె తన మనసులోని కోరిక, ఎవరెస్టునధిరోహించాలనే ఆలోచనను ఈ మాటలలో వ్యక్తపరిచారు. ఏది ఏమైనా ఆమె జయంపొందారు.

సాధారణ భావన : గమ్యం చేరగలగడం అనేది ఒక వ్యక్తి జీవితంలో చాలా గొప్ప విషయం. కానీ దానికి చాలా శ్రమ అవసరము. ఆటంకములు ఆమె మనస్సులో నిర్ణయాన్ని మార్చలేకపోయింది. ఆమె ఆ పర్వతాన్ని ఎక్కారు. చాలా మంది ప్రజలు ఆ పనిని బట్టి ఆశ్చర్యపడ్డారు.

(c) Coming to packing, wherever possible we can avoid the older route of plastics, though they are necessary for some products. Bio degradable tapioca – linked paper packages have been developed in our country.
Answer:
Context: These lines are taken from the lesson ‘Digital Technologies’ written by APJ Abdul Kalam and Y.S. Rajan. Technology has developed and many changes exist in our daily life. Here, it helps how the new trend of packing should be adopted.

Explanation: Information Technology is useful to bring a new face to our business. New technology has brought new applications¹ in the fields of Agriculture industry and communications². A new way of packing is also taking place as days pass by. The use of plastics has to be given up. A new production tapioca³ has been brought into use. It is different from the plastic material. It is degradable after some time and the problem of plastics, shall be rooted⁴ out.

General Relevance: As years roll by new trend and traditions come into effect. New way of packing is described here in this passage.

1. ఉపయోగించబడు
2. ప్రసార విషయాలు
3. త్వరగా కరిగిపోవు జిగురు పదార్ధము
4. లేకుండా చేయుట

సందర్భము : ‘Digital Technologies’ అనబడే, APJ అబ్దుల్ కలామ్ మరియు Y.S. రాజన్లు వ్రాసిన పాఠంలోని ఈ lines తీసికొనబడినవి. టెక్నాలజీ అభివృద్ధి చెంది చాలా మార్పులు నిత్య జీవితంలో కనబడుతున్నాయి. ఈ Sensing Systems ఎలా పనిచేస్తున్నాయో తెలుపుచున్నది ఈ వ్యాసము.

వివరణ : Information Technology చెప్పుకొనదగినంత మార్పు అన్ని జీవిత రంగాలలోను, తెచ్చినది. వ్యవసాయము, వ్యాపారము, మార్కెటింగులతో పాటు, టూరిజమ్ కూడా నూతన ఒకవడిని పొందింది. డిజిటల్ టెక్నాలజీ ద్వారా స్థలాలను చూపుట సంగీతంలో నూతన విధానము పెంపొందించుట, సంస్కృతి, చరిత్ర పటముల యొక్క ఎలక్ట్రానిక్ మెయిల్ మొదలైనవి ఈ విభాగమును మరింత ఆకర్షణీయంగా చేసినది. ఈనాడు టూరిస్టులు, ఆధునిక సిస్టముల ద్వారా ఎంతో విషయము అందించ బడుతున్నారు. ఈ విధంగా అర్ధవంతం అయినది. I.T ద్వారా దీనిని మరింత వేగంగా ఏర్పరచుకొంటున్నారు.

సాధారణ భావన : టూరిజంకు వ్యాపారంలో కూడా డిజిటల్ టెక్నాలజీ ప్రాధాన్యత వహిస్తోంది. ఈనాడు డిజిటల్ చిత్రాల ద్వారా ప్రపంచమంతటిలోని టూరిస్టు స్థలాలను ప్రపంచం తెలిసికొంటోంది.

(d) Unless we are very strenuous in our conduct and honest in our minds, we cannot make a glorious India.
Answer:
Context : This passage is taken from the lesson “What makes a nation”. C. Rajagopalachari made an inspiring speech at the Nagpur Institute of Technology in the 1948. While giving suggestions to the students, he spoke about some of the important points to be noted by the students.

Explanation: While continuing the speech, the speaker made an appeal1 to the youth. He suggested that the independence, given recently2, should be guarded. Character and conduct should be good. Everybody should understand the responsibility3. There should be no selfish ends. We should be honest if we wanted to bring a glorious India. There should be no wrangling1 or competitive ambitions. We must strive to construct a powerful nation.

General Relevance: The speaker expected that there should be powerful effort by the youth. Then only we can have a glorious country. It becomes strong.

1. విన్నపము
2. ఈ మధ్యను
3. బాధ్యత
4. గొడవలు
5. పోటీ కాంక్షలు

సందర్భము : సి. రాజగోపాలాచారి రచించిన “What Makes a Nation” అనబడే పాఠం నుండి ఈ లైను తీసికొనబడినది. సి. రాజగోపాలాచారి చాలా భావస్ఫోరకమైన సంభాషణ చేశాడు. ఇది నాగపూరు Institute of Technologyలో 1948లో ఇవ్వబడినది. ఆయన సలహాలనిస్తూ విద్యార్థులకు కొన్ని ముఖ్యమైన గమనింపదగిన మాటలు చెప్పారు.

వివరణ : తన సంభాషణ కొనసాగిస్తూ, ఆయన యువతకు ఒక విన్నపం చేస్తున్నాడు. ఈ మధ్యనే వచ్చిన స్వాతంత్య్రము కాపాడబడాలి. ఒక వ్యకి యొక్క ప్రవర్తన, శీలము మంచిగా ఉండాలి. ప్రతివారు తమ యొక్క బాధ్యతను గుర్తించాలి. స్వార్థపూరిత ఆలోచనలుండరాదు. ఘనమైన భారతము కావాలంటే మనం నిజాయితీగా ఉండాలి. పోట్లాటలు, పోటీ కోరికలు ఉండరాదు. ఒక బలమైన జాతిని నిర్మించాలి.

సాధారణ భావన : యువత గట్టి ప్రయత్నము కలిగి ఉండాలని ఆశిస్తున్నాడు. అప్పుడే మనం ఘనమైన భారతము పొందగలము. అది బలంగా ఉంటంది.

II. Annotations (Poetry) :

(a) “The poor mechanic porters crowding in
their heavy burdens at his narrow gate”.
Answer:
Context: These lines are taken from the poem “Common Wealth of Bees” written by Shakespeare. It is extracted from the play Henry V, Act I and Scene 2. The example of a bee-hive is given here, by the dramatist, to bring a lesson.

Explanation: William Shakespeare gives an interesting comparison between the Common Wealth of Bees and the kingdom of Henry V. There are different bees in the beehive, each working for the good of the hive. The king bee is like the king. There are worker bees always busy collecting honey and taking expedition¹ on every garden. There are bees which are like mechanics. They cover the mouths of the holes with wax and keep them shining like gold. They are very careful in keeping the hive without any damage² or breakage³. The bees returning from the gardens are honeyladen⁴ and want to keep the honey drops in the narrow holes. The burden of the honey is alighted⁵ carefully and it is preserved⁶. Here the business of a soldier bee is described, interestingly.

General relevance: In the poem Shakespeare gives comparison between the honey bee and the common soldier, who tries to safeguard the kingdom with all his might. The comparison at each level is quite apt⁷.

1. దండయాత్ర
2. నష్టము
3. పగిలిపోవుట
4. తేనెతో నిండిన
5. తేలికయగుట
6. భద్రపరచబడెను
7. తగియున్నది

సందర్భము : విలియం షేక్స్పియర్ వ్రాసిన Common Wealth of Bees అనే పద్యం నుండి ఈ వాక్యములు తీసుకొనబడినవి. అది హెన్రీ – V, మొదటి Act, 2వ సీను నుండి తీసుకొనబడినది. ఒక తేనెపట్టు యొక్క ఉదాహరణ, ఒక పాఠము కొరకు ఇవ్వబడినది.

వివరణ : Common Wealth of Bees కును, హెన్రీ – V యొక్క రాజ్యమునకును మధ్య పోలికను విలియం షేక్స్పియర్ ఆకర్షణీయంగా ఇచ్చారు. తేనెపట్టులో వివిధములైన తేనెటీగలున్నాయి. ప్రతిదీ ఆ తేనెపట్టు మంచికొరకు పనిచేస్తుంటాయి. రాజు ఈగను రాజుగా తీసుకొనవచ్చును. తేనెను ప్రోగుచేస్తూ, తోటల మీదికి దాడికి వెళ్ళే శ్రామిక ఈగలు కూడా ఉన్నాయి. కొన్ని మెకానిక్స్ లాగా ఉన్నాయి. అవి wax తో రంధ్రముల పై భాగాలను పూడ్చుచున్నాయి. అవి బంగారంవలె మెరుస్తున్నాయి. ఈ తేనెపట్టుకు ఏ రకమైన నష్టము కలుగకుండా బహు జాగ్రత్తగా ఉంటారు. తోటలలో నుండి వస్తున్న తేనెటీగలు తేనెతో బరువుగా ఉండి, చాలా ఇరుకైన రంధ్రములలో తమ బరువు దించుకుంటున్నాయి. చాలా జాగ్రత్తగా ఖాళీచేసి దానిని అక్కడ భద్రపరుస్తారు. సైనిక ఈగ యొక్క పనిని మంచిగా వర్ణించారు.

సాధారణ భావన : తేనెటీగకు, సామాన్య సైనికునికి పోలిక వ్రాశాడు షేక్స్పియర్. ఆ సైనికుడు తన శక్తి అంతటితో రాజ్యాన్ని రక్షించడానికి ప్రయత్నిస్తాడు. రెంటికి పోలిక ఎక్కడికక్కడ మంచిగా ఉంది.

(b) Give me strength
to make my love fruitful in service.
Answer:
Context: These lines are extracted from the poem “This is my Prayer to thee my Lord” written by Rabindranath Tagore. He was a Nobel laureate and his poems are filled with philosophy. Here this small poem is a prayer to God to make him a real follower.

Explanation: Rabindranath Tagore gave interesting explanations in the poem. He prays to God that he should have equinimity¹ in his life. The moral from the poem in maintaining equanimity is very important, in one’s life. There should be a balance² between the two things. At the times of happiness and at the time of sorrow, his heart should not be disturbed³. He aims at a mind that is high above all the “other trifling things”.

General relevance: The prayer of Tagore is filled with the best ambitions. He wants to show love and affection to the poor and needy people. He aims at a successful love.

1. స్థిత ప్రజ్ఞత, అన్ని సమయాలలో ఏకదృష్టి కలిగియుండుట
2. సమతౌల్యము
3. పాడుచేయబడుట

సందర్భము : ఈ వాక్యాలు రవీంద్రనాథ్ ఠాగూర్ గారు రచించిన This is my Prayer to thee my Lord’ అనే ఈ పద్యం నుండి తీసుకొనబడినవి. ఆయన నోబెల్ బహుమతి గ్రహీత మరియు ఆయన పద్యములు వేదాంతంతో నింపబడినవి. ఈ చిన్న పద్యము, నిజమైన follower గా దేవునికి ప్రార్థించే విధానము అయి ఉన్నది.

వివరణ : రవీంద్రనాథ ఠాగూర్ గారి ప్రార్థనలో నిజాయితీ ఉంది. శక్తివంతమైన దేవుడికి, తనను ప్రేమ విషయాలలో విజయవంతం చేయమని అడుగుతున్నారు. సంతోషం మరియు ఇబ్బందులలో స్థిత ప్రజ్ఞతను కోరుతున్నారు. బీదలు మరియు అవసరములలో ఉన్నవారి పట్ల ప్రేమ చూపాలని కోరుతున్నారు. స్వార్థం లేని ప్రేమను ఇతరుల పట్ల చూపగల ఉన్నతమైన మనస్సును పొందడానికి సహాయం చేయాలి. తన శక్తిని ఇతరుల మంచి కొరకు ఉపయోగించాలనుకొంటున్నారు.

సాధారణ భావన : ఈ ప్రార్థన విశ్వజనీయమైనది. అది సత్యము, ప్రేమ మరియు సేవ అను ప్రపంచమునకు సంబంధించినది. అది మంచివారు నిజాయితీపరులు ఆశించే సహజమైన కోరికయైయున్నది.

(c) To break this shadow
Into a thousand lights of Sun,
Into a thousand whirling dreams of Sun!
Answer:
Context: These lines are taken from the poem “As I Grew Older’ written by the Black Poet Langston Hughes. The poem is filled with the revolting aims of the black people in America. His former views about his dream are given here.

Explanation: The poet had an impediment¹ on his way to realise his dream. It was as big as a wall touching the sky. The wall was there between the individual and his dream. The person was left in its shadow². There was no other go except to yield³ to the circumstances. He could not strike the wall and so he could not go into the light of the Sun. But, the person had a decisive⁴ mind. He knew that the problem was strong. But he smashed⁵ the walls of race. He broke it into pieces. There was no trace of it actually the race discrimination⁶ was thrown away from the country through the effects of great leaders like Abraham Lincoln. The poet waited patiently⁷, put his energies into the struggle and finally got it. This the bright light of thousand suns shone over the thousand dreams of the aspirants.

General relevance: The problem was very powerful. The people suppressed⁸ were many. But there was a great struggle. Everyone participated in it. The poet got his dream succeeded because, he had a decisive mind.

1. ఆటంకము
2. నీడ
3. లోబడుట
4. నిర్ణయాత్మకమైన
5. నాశనమైన
6. జాతి వివక్షల్లో
7. ఓర్పుగా కి, అణచివేసెను
8. అణచివేసెను

సందర్భము : Langston Hughes అనబడే నల్లజాతి కవి వ్రాసిన “As I Grew Older” అనే పద్యం నుండి ఈ వాక్యములు’ తీసుకొనబడినవి. ఈ పద్యము అమెరికాలోని నల్లజాతి ప్రజల తిరుగుబాటు, ఆలోచనలతో నిండియున్నది. ఆయన కల పట్ల ఆయనకు గల ప్రాథమిక ఆలోచనలు ఇక్కడ ఇవ్వబడినవి.

వివరణ : తన కల నెరవేరడానికి, కవికి ఒక ఆటంకము ఉంది. ఆకాశాన్నంటే గోడంత ఎత్తున ఉన్నది. ఆ వ్యక్తికి, ఆ కలకు మధ్య అడ్డుగోడగా ఉండెను. ఆ వ్యక్తి దాని నీడలోకి వెళ్ళెను. పరిస్థితులకు లోబడుట తప్ప వేరొక దారి లేదు. ఆ గోడను తాను పీడగొట్టలేడు గనుక సూర్యుని వెలుగులోనికి వెళ్ళలేడు. కానీ ఆయనకు నిర్ణయాత్మకమైన మనసుంది. ఆ సమస్య బలమైనది అని ఆయనకు తెలుసు. కానీ జాతి గోడలను నాశనం చేశాడు. దానిని ముక్కలుగా చేశాడు. వాటి గురుతులే లేవు. వాస్తవంగా అబ్రహాం లింకన్ వంటి గొప్ప నాయకుల ప్రయత్నముల చేత ఈ జాతి వివక్షత పారద్రోలబడింది. కవి ఓర్పుగా ఎదురు చూశాడు. తన శక్తిని ఉపయోగించాడు మరియు చివరికి సాధించాడు. ఈ విధంగా వేయి సూర్యుల కాంతి, ఆ వేయి కలలు గంటున్న వారిపై ప్రకాశించింది.

సాధారణ భావన : ఈ సమస్య చాలా శక్తివంతమైనది. ఎంతోమంది అణచివేయబడ్డారు. కానీ గొప్ప పోరాటం జరిగింది. అందరూ పాల్గొన్నారు. కవి తన కలను నెరవేర్చుకున్నాడు. ఎందుకంటే ఆయనకు గట్టి నిశ్చయత ఉంది.

(d) A breathing corpse does decompose –
It floats amidst words like a boat,
like a ship on the high seas.
Answer:
Context: These lines are taken from the poem ‘Body’ written by K. SivaReddy and translated into English by M. Sridhar and Alladi Uma. The poem is an interesting description of a human body and the potentiality of words. Body is not simply a physical organism but also a potential entity for life.

Explanation: The poet describes the body as a powerful weapon for life. The living body is always active and alive. A corpse having breath¹ in it has a strange capacity. It is not spoiled. Just like the ships on the oceans, it travels on the path² of views. Words are created in the body and the body is created by the words. Some words are powerful and shoot at others powerfully. Thus a corpse does not decay but keeps its lively effect on the society.

General relevance: Human body is powerful. It have great potentiality³. The words are used as weapons⁴. Body uses all its amenities⁵, at all times.

1. శ్వాస
2. మార్గము
3. శక్తి సామర్థ్యము
4. ఆయుధములు
5. వనరులు

సందర్భము : K. Sivareddy గారు వ్రాయగా M. Sridhar మరియు అల్లాడి ఉమగార్లు ఇంగ్లీషులోనికి అనువదించిన పధ్యము ‘Body’ నుండి ఈ లైనులు తీసికొనబడినవి. ఈ పద్యము మానవ శరీరము యొక్క వర్ణనను అలాగే మాటలలోని శక్తిని వర్ణిస్తున్నది. శరీరము అనునది కేవలము శరీరములోని అవయవము మాత్రమేగాక జీవితంలోనున్న ఒక బలమైన ప్రత్యేకతను సూచిస్తున్నది.

వివరణ : శరీరము జీవితంలో బలమైన అవయవము అని కవి దానిని వర్ణిస్తున్నారు. శరీరము ఎల్లప్పుడు చురుకుగా కనబడుతుంది. లోన ప్రాణమున్న కట్టెకు ప్రత్యేకత వుంటుంది. అది పాడుచేయబడదు. అది సముద్రముల మీద ఓడలు నడుస్తున్న రీతిగా ఊహల మీద ప్రయాణిస్తుంది. కొన్ని మాటలు శరీరములో తయారవుతాయి. మరియు శరీరము మాటల ద్వారా తయారవుతుంది. కొన్ని మాటలు ఇతరులను బలంగాకొట్టడానికి ఉపయోగపడతాయి. ఈ విధంగా శరీరము పాలిపోదు గానీ, సంఘము మీద చాలా పట్టు కలిగియుంటుంది.

సాధారణ భావన : శరీరమును గురించి కవి చాలా ముఖ్యమైన భావనను చెబుతున్నారు. అది పాలిపోదు, లేక బలహీనముగాను వుండదు. అవకాశము కలిగినప్పుడు శరీరము తానంతట అది శక్తి వుండి, ముఖ్యమైన అవయవముగా అవుతుంది.

III. Paragraph Questions (Prose) :

(a) How can the teacher instil faith, love and courage in Lincoln’s son ?
Answer:
Abraham Lincoln wrote a letter to the teacher of his son. His letter is filled with a number of suggestions to the teacher. The teacher should be careful in his dealing with the boy. The boy should be adventurous¹. He should know that a friend should be seen in an enemy. His behaviour with others should be gentle². Cynicism should not be encouraged. He must be adventurous to tackle wars, tragedy and sorrow. Faith in himself leads to faith in mankind³. Thus faith, love and courage could be instiled⁴ in Lincoln’s son.

1. ధైర్యము కలిగిన వాడు
2. సున్నితంగా
3. మానవజాతి
4. పాదుకొల్పుట, కలుగజేయుట

అబ్రహాంలింకన్ తన కుమారుని ఉపాధ్యాయునికి ఒక ఉత్తరం వ్రాశారు. ఆ ఉత్తరంలో ఉపాధ్యాయునికి ఎన్నో సలహాలున్నవి. ఉపాధ్యాయుడు, ఆ బాలుని పట్ల బహుజాగ్రత్తగా వ్యవహరించాలి. ఆ అబ్బాయి ధైర్యశాలి అయియుండాలి. ఒక శత్రువులో ఒక మిత్రుణ్ణి చూడగలిగి యుండాలి. ఇతరులతో అతని ప్రవర్తన సౌమ్యంగా ఉండాలి. ఇతరుల అభివృద్ధిని ఓర్చలేని లక్షణాన్ని ప్రోత్సహించరాదు. యుద్ధాలు, బాధలు, విచారాలను ధైర్యంగా ఎదుర్కొవాలి. తన మీద తనకు నమ్మకముంటే అది మానవజాతి మీద నమ్మకం కలిగిస్తుంది. ఈ విధంగా విశ్వాసము, ప్రేమ మరియు ధైర్యము అను వానిని లింకన్ గారి కుమారునిలో నింపాలి.

(b) Satellite Navigational System is going to transform marketing logistics in a complete way. How do the writers explain this?
Answer:
APJ Abdul Kalam and Y.S.Rajan wrote the essay “Digital Technologies”. They have a vision for India in its allround development. Digital technology is useful to develop the sectors of Agriculture, Industry and Service. Installation of Information Technology systems change the marketing logistics¹. In the field of Banking and Insurance, a national network would help. ATM, credit cards, electronic fund transfer etc make banking more effective². Even in the rural areas these systems can be introduced. User friendliness, greater reliability, lower energy consumption, lower pollution³ are to be introduced through satellite system. Large global data and communication links are available⁴ with the help of satellite navigational system and it transforms⁵ the marketing logistics.

1. లెక్కలు
2. చురుకుగా
3. కాలుష్యం
4. లభించుట
5. మార్చును

Information Technology systems ను స్థాపిస్తే అవి వాణిజ్య రీతులను మార్చివేస్తాయి. బ్యాంకింగు, ఇన్స్యూరెన్సు రంగాలలో, ఒక జాతీయ నెట్వర్కు సహాయపడుతుంది. ATM, credit కార్డులు, ఎలక్ట్రానిక్ మనీ మార్పిడి, మొదలైనవి బ్యాంకింగు రంగాన్ని ఇంకా బలంగా ఉండేట్లు ప్రభావితం చేస్తాయి. గ్రామీణ వాతావరణంలో సైతం ఈ పద్ధతిని ప్రవేశపెట్టవచ్చును. వాడుకొనే వాడికి స్నేహంగా వుండడం, ఎక్కువ నమ్మకం, తక్కువ ఎలక్ట్రిసిటీ ఖర్చు, తక్కువ కాలుష్యము అనునవి శాటిలైట్ సిస్టమ్ ద్వారా ఏర్పరచాలి. పెద్దదైన గ్లోబల్ డేటా, కమ్యూనికేషన్ లింక్సు అనునవి శాటిలైట్ న్యావిగేషనల్ సిస్టమ్ సహాయంతో సాధ్యపడుతుంది. ఇది మార్కెట్ లావాదేవీలను మార్చివేస్తుంది.

(c) Illustrate the difference between natural disasters and man made disasters.
Answer:
Dr. A. Madhavi Latha compiled the particulars of disaster management in the essay “Disaster Management”. It is informative and useful. Disaster Management is a situation in which we encounter the disturbances and uncontrollable havoc caused by calamities. Natural disasters are caused by nature itself. Tsunamis, Floods, Hurricanes, Earthquakes, Volcano eruptions and such others happen because of the movements of the universe. They cannot be controlled and no one can be blamed for these things. They happen in their own way and the only way is to manage them accordingly. But man made disasters are different. Gas leakages, Oil spills, Nuclear problems, Industrial fire accidents are caused because of the negligence¹ and carelessness². Bhopal gas leakage caused deaths and disorders. Oil spills from various oil refineries, nuclear problems caused by mismanagement, Fire accidents in industrial areas are some of the man made disasters. Such disasters could be controlled³ by man, if he is a bit careful, NMDA and other institutions are doing the needful⁴.

1. అశ్రద్ధ
2. నిర్లక్ష్యము
3. అజమాయిషీలో నుంచెను
4. అవసరమైన

‘Disaster Management’ అనబడే ఈ వ్యాసంలో డా. ఎ. మాధవీలత గారు, విపత్తుల నిర్వహణకు సంబంధించిన వివరములు తెలిపారు. ఇది చాలా వివరంగాను ఉపయోగకరంగాను ఉన్నది. Disaster management అనునది చెడిపోయి మన అజమాయిషీలో లేని ప్రమాదకరస్థితిని బట్టి వచ్చిన విపత్తును ఎదుర్కొనగలుగుటయై యున్నది. సహజ విపత్తులు సహజంగా జరుగుతాయి. సునామీలు, వరదలు, పెద్ద పెద్ద తుఫానులు, భూకంపములు, అగ్ని పర్వతములు అనునవి ఈ విశ్వంలో కదలికలవలన జరుగుతాయి. అవి అదుపులోకి రావు ఎవరినీ నిందించరాదు. అవి తమకు తామే జరగుతాయి వాటిని నివారించుకొనడమే మార్గము. కానీ మనిషి వలన వచ్చే విపత్తులు మరోలా వుంటాయి. గ్యాస్ లీక్ అగుట, భూగర్భంలో ప్రమాదాలు, న్యూక్లియర్ సమస్యలు, పారిశ్రామిక వాడలలో అగ్నిప్రమాదాలు అనునది మనిషి యొక్క నిర్లక్ష్యము, అజాగ్రత్తవలన జరుగుతాయి. భోపాల్ గ్యాస్ లీకేజి విపత్తు అనేక చావులకు, అంగవైకల్యానికి దారితీసింది. అనేక నూనె శుద్ధి కర్మాగారాలలో నూనె వేగంగా బయటికి వచ్చుట, న్యూక్లియర్ సమస్యలు పారిశ్రామిక వాడలలో అగ్నిప్రమాదాలు. కొన్ని మనిషి చేత ఏర్పడిన విపత్తులు. కొంచెం జాగ్రత్త వహిస్తే వీటిని మనిషి అదుపు చేయవచ్చును. NMDA మరియు ఇతర సంస్థలు అవసరమైన మేరకు పనిచేస్తున్నాయి.

(d) “Citizens of character are future of the nation” support your answer with views of Raja gopalachari.
Answer:
C. Rajagopalachari, gave an inspiring speech at Nagpur Institute of Technology, in the 1948. He was a statesman¹ and an orator². In his speech given to the students, he stressed³ upon the need of good character. Citizens with character only could build the nation. They should line upto the standards of India. As they got independence, they should become good bricks⁴ to construct a bright future. There should be no competition for positions. They should accept their responsibility⁵ as individuals. The path of rectitude⁶ should occupy the first place. Leadership is the need of the hour. India could grow like a natural organic body if everybody lived upto the mark. Universities should prepare the students to maintain honesty and straight forwardness. The future of India depends upon the people with character.

1. రాజనీతిజ్ఞుడు
2. వక్త
3. నొక్కిపలికెను
4. రాళ్ళు
5. బాధ్యత
6. నీతి

C. రాజగోపాలాచారి, నాగపూర్ టెక్నలాజికల్ ఇన్స్టిట్యూట్లో ఒక భావస్ఫోరకమైన సంభాషణ చేశారు. అతడు మంచి రాజనీతిజ్ఞుడు మరియు వక్త. విద్యార్థులకిచ్చిన ఆ సంభాషణలో ఆయన మంచి ప్రవర్తన గురించి నొక్కి చెప్పాడు. మంచి శీలము కలవారే ఒక జాతిని కట్టగలరు. భారతదేశపు మెట్టుకు తగినట్లుండాలి. దేశానికి స్వాతంత్య్రము వచ్చింది గనుక మంచి భవిష్యత్తు నిర్మాణంలో వారు మంచి రాళ్ళుగా కావాలి. స్థాయికొరకు పోటీలుండరాదు. వ్యక్తలుగా తమ బాధ్యతను నిర్వహించాలి. మంచి ప్రవర్తన అనేది ప్రాధాన్యత నొందాలి. ఈనాడు కావలసింది నాయకత్వము. ప్రతివారు తమ తమ రీతిలో సరియైన రీతిలోనుంటే భారతదేశము ఒక మేలైన అవయవ సౌష్టవము గల శరీరముగా ఎదుగుతుంది. నిజాయితీ మరియు ఋజుమార్గ వర్తనము కలవారిని యూనివర్సిటీలు తయారుచేయాలి. మంచి ప్రవర్తన కలిగిన వారిమీద ఇండియా భవిష్యత్తు ఆధారపడి ఉన్నది.

IV. Paragraph Questions (Poetry) :

(a) “Real results will emerge when we realize the power of combined individual actions.” How can you justify this statement in the light of the poem, “Common wealth of Bees” ?
Answer:
William Shakespeare was a play wright. He wrote a number of plays. In the play Henry V Act I scene 2, we have interesting lines entitled “Common Wealth of Bees. Here he describes the bee hive and asks us to follow the honey bees. A bee hive is a place where different kinds of bees are available. The main bee is the queen bee which is shown to be the king bee, by Shakespeare. Around there are male bees, worker bees and others. All these bees have only one goal¹ to collect honey. Some go even to distant places and collect the honey. The holes are covered with fine wax. Some bees are useful to fight against the enemy. All the bees are depending² upon the worker bees. Here when we see the work of each bee it is very interesting. Every bee shall do the work in its own way. But all of them put together shall do the whole of the work. So individual effort³ shall do good to the whole society when it is taken up carefully⁴. People of the country should also work in the same way.

1. గమ్యస్థానం
2. ఆధారపడియుండు
3. కష్టం, ప్రయత్నం
4. జాగ్రత్తగా

విలియం షేక్స్పియరు ఒక నాటక రచయిత. ఆయన అనేక నాటకాలు వ్రాశారు. Henry V, Act I, Scene 2 లో Common Wealth of Bees అనే పేరుతో చాలా మంచి లైనులు ఇవ్వబడినవి. ఇక్కడ ఆయన తేనె పట్టును వర్ణించి, మనలను తేనెటీగలను వెంబడించాలని చెబుతున్నారు. ఒక తేనె పట్టులో రకరకాలైన తేనెటీగలుంటాయి. ముఖ్యమైనది రాణి ఈగ. ఇక్కడ షేక్స్పియరు దానిని ‘రాజు ఈగ’గా పేర్కొన్నారు. దాని చుట్టూరా మగ ఈగలు, శ్రమ ఈగలు మరియు ఇతరములుంటాయి. ఈ ఈగలన్నింటికి ఒకే గమ్యము అనగా తేనె ప్రోగు చేయడమే. ఆ రంధ్రములు wax తో పూతపూస్తాయి. కొన్ని ఈగలు శత్రువు మీద పోరాడడానికి పనికివస్తాయి. అన్ని ఈగలు శ్రమ ఈగల మీద ఆధారపడియుంటాయి. ఒక్కొక్క ఈగ పనిని చూస్తే చాలా ఆసక్తికరంగా ఉంటుంది. ప్రతి ఈగ తనదైనరీతిలో పనిచేస్తుంది. అన్నీ కలసి ఏకంగా పనినంతటిని చేస్తాయి. కనుక వ్యక్తిగత పని అనేది, సంఘమంతటికి, జాగ్రత్తగా చేస్తే, చాలా పనికి వస్తుంది. దేశప్రజలు కూడా అలాగే పనిచేయాలి.

(b) How unique is Tagore’s prayer to God ?
Answer:
Rabindranath Tagore was a poet, dramatist¹ and a philosopher². He was a Nobel laureate³ for the book Gitanjali. In the 36^th song of Gitanjali, Tagore submits himself to God. He prays to God to help him by means of striking at the depths⁴ of his heart. This prayer is aimed at getting the strength to serve the poor. His thoughts should be at the higher level. He should submit himself to God wholeheartedly⁵. Thus this small poem extends⁶ the aim of love and service. Both joys and sorrows should be taken equally. Thus the prayer is filled with unique⁷ ideas.

1. నాటక రచయిత
2. వేదాంతి
3. నోబెల్ గ్రహీత
4. లోతులు
5. హృదయమంతటితో
6. చెప్పుచున్నది
7. ప్రత్యేకమైన

రవీంద్రనాథ ఠాగూర్ గారు ఒక కవి, నాటకకర్త మరియు ఒక వేదాంతి. ‘గీతాంజలి’ అను పుస్తకమునకు ఆయన నోబెల్ బహుమతి గ్రహీత అయినారు. 36వ పద్యంలో ఠాగూరు గారు తనను తాను భగవంతునికి సమర్పించుకున్నారు. తన హృదయపు లోతులలోనికి వెళ్ళి ఆయనను మార్చవలెనని, అట్టి సహాయము కొరకు వేడుకొన్నారు. బీదవారికి సహాయము చేయుటకు కావలసిన శక్తిని ప్రసాదించుటకు ఈ ప్రార్థన ఉద్దేశించబడినది. ఆయన ఆలోచనలు ఉన్నత స్థాయిలో ఉండాలి. అతడు హృదయపూర్వకంగా భగవంతునికి అర్పించుకొనాలి. ఈ విధంగా ఈ చిన్న పుస్తకము ప్రేమ మరియు సేవ అనే విషయాలను చూపుతున్నది. కష్టములు మరియు ఆనందము ఒకటిగా (సమానంగా) తీసుకొనాలి. ఈ విధంగా ఈ పద్యము ప్రత్యేకత కలిగియున్నది.

(c) I found a word and carefully placed it next to another. “Soon I had a bridge and a pathway to a wonderful future”. Tim Hollingworth.
Answer:
K. Sivareddy, a poet in Telugu Literature produced a number of books and got fame. His poem ‘Body’ was translated into English by M. Sridhar and Alladi Uma. The body and its existence is described in a varied¹ way. A body is potentially strong and it has words to make it lively². Here the statement given by Hollingworth is an important topic for study. The statement says that the future is built upon the bridge of words. When we speak certain words meaningfully, they help us, develop our personality. Words are like arrows to shoot at. Words float³ on views just like the boats on rivers. Through soft words, friendship is created. Through words the character of an individual is created and through. An individual the words are also created. Body is always on heat and it is maintained by the heat of words. Thus words make this world lively and the body revolves⁴ round the words.

1. వైవిధ్యముగల
2. చురుకుగా, సజీవంగా
3. తేలియాడుట
4. చుట్టూరా తిరుగును

తెలుగు సాహిత్యంలో కవియయిన కె. శివారెడ్డి చాలా పుస్తకములు రచించి పేరు సంపాదించారు. M. శ్రీధర్ మరియు అల్లాడి ఉమయనువారు ఆయన పద్యము అయిన ‘Body’ ని ఇంగ్లీషులోనికి తర్జుమా చేశారు. శరీరము దాని ఉనికిని ఆయన ప్రత్యేక రీతిలో చెప్పారు. ఒక శరీరము బలిష్టమైనది. దానిని చురుకుగా నుంచుటకు మాటలుంటాయి. ఇక్కడ ‘Hollingworth’ గారు వ్రాసిన ప్రకటన గురించి చదువవలయును. భవిష్యత్తు అనేది ఇప్పటి మాటల వంతెన మీద ఆధారపడుతుంది అని ఆ ప్రకటన చెబుతున్నది.

అర్థవంతంగా కొన్ని మాటలు మాట్లాడితే మన వ్యక్తిత్వమును పెంచడానికి సహాయపడుతుంది. మాటలు, వేయదగిన బాణముల వంటివి. నదులలో నావలు నడస్తున్నట్లుగా, ఊహల మీద శరీరం నడుస్తుంది. మృదువైన మాటలతో స్నేహం ఏర్పడుతుంది. మాటల ద్వారా ఒక వ్యక్తి యొక్క ప్రవర్తన ఏర్పడుతుంది మరియు వ్యక్తి ద్వారా మాటలు వస్తాయి. శరీరం వేడిగావుంటుంది. దానిని మాటలవేడితో అలాగే వుంచగలగుతున్నారు. ఈ విధంగా మాటలు ప్రపంచాన్ని చురుకుగా నుంచుతుంది. శరీరము మాటల చుట్టూ తిరుగుతుంది.

(d) Why does the poet, Kamala Wijeratne want us to make a medicine with herbs to cure mass lunacy?
Answer:
Kamala Wijeratne a poet from ceylon wrote her views on peace and harmony. She is a noted poet giving powerful message¹, through this poem “To A Student”. According to the poet, this world is filled with hatred and bloodshed. Everywhere we find ethnic scenes. Pieces of human flesh, splinters² of bones, bursts of landmines and other frightening³ spots appear on the streets. These ills should be rooted out. The student is afraid of the circumstances and so he is not in a position, at least to look at the face of his teacher or he cannot listen to the peace message. So this sort⁴ of disease has to be cured. The poet wants to have a herbal⁵ medicine to cure this lunatic⁶ atmosphere. The medicine of herbs is a traditional one but it roots⁷ out the disease. So, powerful measures to curb⁸ this ethnic event should be taken. They should think about the experiences of Ilion. Carthage and Hiroshima. This is a message for peaceful living.

1. సందేశము
2. ముక్కలు
3. భయోత్పాతమైన
4. ఈ విధమైన
5. మందులు
6. పిచ్చియైన
7. మూలం లేకుండా చేయుట
8. అణచుట

శాంతి మరియు సమగ్రతల మీద కమలా విజేరత్నే అనే సింహళదేశపు కవి తన అభిప్రాయాలను వ్రాశారు. ‘To A Student’ అను ఈ పద్యం ద్వారా ఆమె ఒక బలమైన సందేశం ఇచ్చారు. ఎక్కడ చూసినా రక్తపాతం కనబడుతోంది. మనిషి మాంసం ముక్కలు, ఎముకల ముక్కలు, మందుపాతరల ప్రేలుళ్ళు, ఇంకా ఇతర భయాన్ని గొలిపే పరిస్థితులున్నాయి. ఈ చెడులు రూపుమాయాలి. విద్యార్థి ఈ పరిస్థితులంటే భయపడుతున్నాడు మరియు తన ఉపాధ్యాయుని ముఖంలోకి చూడలేకపోతున్నాడు. సందేశాన్ని వినలేకపోతున్నాడు. కనుక ఈ విధమైన రోగం కుదరాలి. దాని కొరకు అనగా ఈ పిచ్చి పోవుట కొరకు మూలికా వైద్యము చేయించాలి. మూలికా వైద్యము అనునది సంప్రదాయ వైద్యము కానీ పూర్తిగా రోగం నయమవుతుంది. ఈ రక్తపాతానికి సంబంధించిన బలమైన కార్యక్రమం చేపట్టాలి. ఇలియాన్, కార్తేజ్ అను రెండు స్థలాల అనుభవాన్ని తీసుకుంటున్నారు. ఇది శాంతియుత జీవనానికి ఒక సందేశము వంటిది.

V. Paragraph Questions (Non-detailed) :

(a) How is the title “The Last Leaf” suitable for the story?
Answer:
O. Henry was an American short story writer. His stories have the ironic endings. They belong to the American common man¹ of the 20^th century. The story Last Leaf is with affection, sacrifice² and friendship.

Johnsy and Sue were artists maintaining a studio in Newyork. Those days Johnsy was with pneumonia and she was afraid of the disease. She believed that the disease would take her life. Sue was hopeful of her friend’s survival. She was taking care of her. While drawing pictures she took old Mr. Behrman as her model paint. He was a drunkard but wanted to become a noted painter. He used to say that he would great a master piece. But everytime he failed because of his habits and health.

That day Sue told Behrman about the illhealth⁴ of Johnsy and her fear. Johnsy was looking through the window. She could see an old vine creeper⁵ on the other wall. The leaves of the plant were falling down and so she thought that her days were also being counted. It was her firm opinion⁶ that she would die as the last leaf falls down. Behrman come to know this from Sue. He could not accept the notion⁷ of Johnsy.

That night there was one leaf and Johnsy said that the last leaf would fall down by the next morning and that she would also die. Sue said that it was wrong. The doctor visited and said that Johnsy was completely alright. The last leaf did not fall down. It was hanging⁸ over there. She had some courage. The doctor said that Behrman was dead. Sue explained that Behrman painted the picture of the leaf on the wall and it saved her life. The last leaf was Behrman’s master piece. Behrman sacrificed his life painting the leaf in wind and the rain⁹. His leaf saved Johnsy and thus it became a master piece.

1. సామాన్యుడు
2. త్యాగము
3. దురలవాట్లు
4. అనారోగ్యము
5. తీగ
6. గట్టి భావన
7. ఉద్దేశము
8. వ్రేలాడుచున్న
9. గాలి మరియు వర్షము.

O. హెన్రీ అమెరికాకు సంబంధించిన Short story writer అయివున్నారు. ఆయన కథలు ironic endings కలిగి ఉంటాయి. అవి 20వ శతాబ్దపు సామాన్య మానవునికి సంబంధించినవై ఉంటాయి. Last Leaf అనే ఈ చిన్న కథలో ప్రేమ, త్యాగము మరియు స్నేహభావము కనబడుతున్నాయి.

Johnsy మరియు Sue అనువారు న్యూయార్క్ ఒక స్టూడియోను నిర్వహిస్తున్న కళాకారిణులు. ఆ రోజులలో Johnsy న్యూమోనియా వ్యాధితో బాధపడుతుండెను. ఆ రోగమంటే ఆమెకు భయము కలిగింది. ఆ రోగము ఆమె ప్రాణం తీస్తుంది అని నమ్మింది. Sue తన స్నేహితురాలి ఆరోగ్యమును గురించి నమ్మకంగా ఉన్నది. ఆమె తన స్నేహితురాలిని చాలా జాగ్రత్తగా చూసుకొంటున్నది. బొమ్మలు గీసేటప్పుడు ఆమె Behrmanను మోడల్గా తీసికొంటుంది. అతడు త్రాగుబోతు మరియు తానొక గొప్ప Painter కావలెనని అనుకొంటాడు. తానొక master piece సృష్టిస్తానని అంటుంటాడు. కానీ అతని దురలవాట్లు, అనారోగ్యము కారణంగా, ప్రతిసారి సాధించలేకపోతున్నాడు.

ఆ రోజు Johnsy యొక్క అనార్యోగము మరియు ఆమె భయమును గూర్చి Sue, బెహర్మను చెప్పింది. Johnsy ఆ కిటికీ గుండా చూస్తున్నది. ఆమె ఒక Ivy తీగను చూస్తున్నది. దాని ఆకులు రాలుతున్నాయి. అందుచేత తన రోజులు కూడా లెక్కింపబడుతున్నాయి అనుకొంది. ఆ చివరి ఆకులు రాలిపోతే తానుకూడా చనిపోతాననుకొంది. Behrman ఈ విషయం విన్నాడు. Johnsy యొక్క అభిప్రాయంతో అతడు ఏకీభవించలేదు.

ఆ రాత్రి ఒక్క ఆకు మాత్రమే ఉంది. Johnsy అన్నది, ‘ఆకు ఆ రాత్రి రాలిపోతుంది. తెల్లవారేసరికి తాను కూడా చనిపోతాను”, అని అన్నది. అలా కాదు అని Sue అన్నది. డాక్టరు వచ్చాడు. Johnsy పూర్తిగా ఆరోగ్యంగా ఉన్నది అన్నాడు. ఆ చివరి ఆకు రాలిపోలేదు. అక్కడే వ్రేలాడుతున్నది. ఆమెకు ధైర్యం వచ్చింది. డాక్టరు, Behrman చనిపోయాడని చెప్పాడు. Sue, బెహర్మన్ ఆ చివరి ఆకును, చిత్రించాడని అది Johnsy ప్రాణాన్ని రక్షించిందని తెలిపింది. ఆ Last Leaf అనునది Behrman యొక్క Master piece అయి యున్నది. అతడు చలిగాలి, వర్షంతో ఆ చివరి ఆకును చిత్రించాడు. ఆయన యొక్క చిత్రణ అనగా ఆ ఆకు ఆమె ప్రాణాన్ని రక్షించింది గనుక అది Master piece.

(b) The narrator said “Nature came to my rescue in an unexpected manner”. How did nature help the narrator get rid of his troubles?
Answer:
Rasipuram Krishnaswami Narayan was an Indo-Anglian writer. He wrote novels and short stories and got a great fame in the whole world. ‘Engine Trouble’ is an interesting short story.

The narrator¹ won a road engine in a lottery, for a ticket purchased² for two annas. He was happy that he got a big road engine which would bring him great fortune³. The engine was at the Gymkhana grounds and it has to be moved from that place. The Municipal authorities urged⁴ him to shift it. He paid rent for three months but it was burdensome⁵ for him and his family. He wanted to sell it. Nobody came forward to buy it.

The narrator firmly⁶ believed that one day would make him rich. He requested some of the drivers to drive the engine but of no use⁷. There was a bargain with the secretary of a local club. The Municipal Chairman also expressed his helplessness⁸. The temple priest accepted to send the temple elephant to drag⁹ it. Fifty coolies at the rate of eight annas a day (half a rupee) got ready to push the engine from behind. The road engine had to be moved for half a furlong from the place.

The elephant was dragging the engine, the coolies were pushing¹⁰ from behind, and Joseph the driver was in the driver’s seat. A huge crowd¹¹ gathered there. As a result of confused dragging by the elephant, the driver Joseph and coolies in their own way. The engine went straight to the opposite wall and smashed¹² it. The difficulties of the narrator were multiplied¹³.

The dynamic world showed a way out. To his luck, a Swamiji arranged a yoga feat. He said that he would be ready to have the engine over his chest. But he needed a road engine and asked Municipal Chairmen for it. He didn’t have it. Then the narrator said that he had it. Are everything was ready to move the engine. The Swamiji’s assistant would drive the engine. Suddenly at this moment, a police officer came and stopped the show, there was no.other go, for the narrator except to leave the town.

Luckily for him an earthquake hit the area. There was much damage¹⁴. Even the big Road Engine was moved into a discused well nearby. The owner of the house was very happy. The municipal authorities asked him to close it down. The engine fitted well like a cork. The owner accepted to construct the compound wall himself and also promised to pay all the expenditure, he had in that affair. When luck plucks, no one checks¹⁵. Loss to many by the earthquake, became a gain to the narrator.

1. కథను చెబుతున్న వ్యక్తి
2. కొనెను
3. అదృష్టము
4. ఒత్తిడి చేసెను
5. భారము
6. బలంగా
7. ప్రయోజనము లేని
8. నిస్సహాయత
9. లాగుట
10. వెనుక నుండి నెట్టుట
11. పెద్ద గుంపు
12. నాశనము చేసెను
13. రెట్టింపయ్యెను
14. నష్టము
15. అదృష్టము కలిసొస్తే ఎవరూ ఆపలేరు.

రాశీపురం కృష్ణస్వామి నారాయణ్ అనువారు Indo-Anglian రచయిత. అయన నవలలు, చిన్న కథలు వ్రాసి, ప్రపంచంలో ప్రసిద్ధికెక్కారు. Engine Trouble అనునది ఆకర్షణీయమైన చిన్న కథ.

2 అణాలకు కొన్న ఒక లాటరీ టికెట్టు ద్వారా, ఈ కథకుడు ఒక రోడ్డు ఇంజను పొందాడు. ఆ పెద్ద ఇంజను అతనికి గొప్ప అదృష్టం తెచ్చిపెడుతుందని అతడు చాలా సంతోషంగా ఉండెను. ఆ ఇంజను జింఖానా గ్రౌండులో ఉండెను. దానిని అక్కడి నుండి కదపాలి. మున్సిపల్ అధికారులు, దానిని అక్కడ నుండి కదుపవలసినదిగా ఒత్తిడి చేశారు. మూడునెలలు దానికి అద్దె కట్టాడు గానీ అది భారంగా ఉండెను. దానిని అమ్మాలని అనుకొన్నాడు. ఎవరూ ముందుకు రాలేదు.

ఆ కథకుడు, తాను ఏదో ఒకనాడు అది ధనవంతుణ్ణి చేస్తుంది అనుకొన్నాడు. కొంతమంది డ్రైవర్లను అడిగినా వారు దానిని కదపలేదు. స్థానిక క్లబ్ సెక్రటరీతో సంప్రదించాడు. మున్సిపాలిటీ చైర్మన్ కూడా తన అశక్తతను ప్రకటించారు. దానిని లాగడానికి, దేవాలయ అర్చకుడు, దేవాలయ ఏనుగును పంపడానికి అంగీకరించాడు. 50 మంది కూలీలు రోజుకు 8 అణాలు (అర్ధరూపాయి) చొప్పున సిద్ధంగా ఉన్నారు. ఆ ఇంజను అక్కడి నుండి అరఫర్లాంగు దూరం కదలాలి.

ఏనుగు ఇంజనును లాగుతోంది, కూలీలు వెనుకనుండి నెట్టుతున్నారు. డ్రైవరు జోసఫ్ డ్రైవరు సీటులోనున్నాడు. పెద్దగుంపుగా ప్రజలు చేరారు. ఆ ఏనుగు కంగారుపడి తన ఇష్టము వచ్చినట్లు లాగింది. ఎదురుగా ఉన్న ఇంటి కాంపౌండు గోడకు తగిలి దానిని నాశనం చేసింది. కథకుని కష్టాలు పెరిగినాయి. అప్పుడు ఎంతో డబ్బు ఖర్చుపెట్టాలి.

ఈ ప్రపంచం మారుతూ వుంటుంది. అది ఒక మార్గం చూపింది. అదృష్టవశాత్తు ఒక. స్వామీజీ ఒక యోగా కార్యక్రమం చేస్తున్నాడు. ఆ ఇంజనును తన గుండె మీద నడిపించగలనన్నాడు. ప్రతి విధమైన పని ముగించబడింది. స్వామీజీ యొక్క సహయకుడు ఇంజన్ను నడుపుతాడు. సరిగా అదే సమయంలో ఒక పోలీసు అధికారి వచ్చి దానిని ఆపివేశాడు. ఊరు విడచి వెళ్లడం తప్ప గత్యంతరం లేదు.

అదృష్టవశాత్తు ఒక భూకంపం వచ్చింది. చాలా నష్టం జరిగింది. ఆ పెద్ద ఇంజన్ కూడా ఎదురు ఇంటిలో ఉన్న పనికిరాని నూతిలో పడిపోయింది. ఆ ఇంటి యజమాని చాలా సంతోషించాడు. మున్సిపల్ అధికారులు దానిని మూసివేయమని తాకీదులు పంపారు. ఆ ఇంజన్ సరిగ్గా సరిపోయింది. తన కాంపౌండు గోడను తానే కడతానని, మరియు అప్పటివరకు అతనికి ఖర్చు తాను ఇస్తానని అంగీకరించాడు. అదృష్టం కలిసివస్తే ఎవ్వరూ ఆపలేరు. భూకంపం వలన ఎంతో మందికి నష్టము గానీ కథకునికి అది
లాభదాయకమైనది.

c) Sketch the character of Gangu?
Answer:
The father of the immaculate child is Gangu. The story was written by Premchand and was translated by P.C. Ghai.

Gangu was one of the servants at the house of the narrator of the story. He was a brahmin by birth and was egoistic of his caste. He was quite innocent in his deeds. He thinks that he should be honoured by the other servants. Oneday when he came before the owner, he was scolded for his behaviour, Gangu was so conseious towards his position and said politely that he wanted to quit the job.

He told the decision of marrying a widow to the master in a polite manner. He was rigid in his decision. The advice of the master was not cared for. He did not care whether she was married three times or whether her character was good or not. He simply was lured by her beauty. At times he thought that she was cleverer than him. She found a godless in her. He was very happy that she maintained the family in a planned manner.

Gangu did not find fault with Gomti, when she ran away after 6 months of married life with him. He supported her and spoke infavour of her. His master’s views were denied. He did not feel unhappy eventhough she had given birth to a child after six months of stay with him. He went to the hospital and brought her to his house. His mind was with broad views. He thought that all the behaviour of his wife was because of the circumstances. His behaviour was so great that he accepted her and the child was taken to be a sweet result of their married life. He thought that he was his own child. The behaviour praised by one and all. The master praised him.

Section – B

VI. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow. (5 × 1 = 5)

I am seldom considered, though I do more to influence everything about you that virtually any one thing in your life. I often control the time you get up in the morning, the time you go to sleep, what you eat and drink and the very thought that runs through your head. I can make you happy or sad, loving or hateful, cheerful or remorseful, congenial or spiteful and in doing so, control the very capacity that you have for success. Often at times unable to find anyone else to blame you look for shortcomings within yourself on which to lay the blame. When my impact on your life fully is considered in your every thought and action, when you are mindful of my awesome power, when you nurture and groom me for positive use in your life, I can become more contagious than the most prolific disease ever witnessed by man. My influence will spread to every person you come in contact with. Groomed and nurtured in a positive manner there will be no person or obstacle that can stand in the way of my success or fail to be impacted for the better. ‘I am Your Attitude’.

Questions:

Question 1.
‘I’ refers to whom?
Answer:
I refers to ‘Attitude’.

Question 2.
What do you seek when you fail to blame anyone?
Answer:
Short comings within myself.

Question 3.
Write the antonym of the word ‘cheerful’.
Answer:
‘Gloomy’.

Question 4.
Find the word in the passage which menas, ‘infectious’.
Answer:
‘Contagious’.

Question 5.
The tone of the passage is
a) Laudatory or positive appreciation.
b) Nostalgic
c) Satirical
Answer:
a) Laudatory or positive appreciation.

VII. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: (5 × 1 = 5)

The ‘Swachh Bharat Abhiyan’ is a massive mass movement that seeks to create a Clean India. To accelerate the efforts to achieve universal sanitation coverage and to put focus on

sanitation, the Prime Minister of India, launched the Swachh Bharat Mission on 2 October 2014. The Mission Co-ordinator shall be Secretary, Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MDWS) with two Sub-Missions-the Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) and the Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban). The Mission aims to achieve a Swachh Bharat by 2019, ‘Swachchata’ (cleanliness) of our motherland as a fitting tribute to Mahatma Gandhi on his 150th brith anniversary.

Hon’ble Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh has established Swachha Andhra Corporation (SAC) which was incorporated from 1^st May 2015 with a goal to achieve the campaign “Swachh Bharat Mission”. The main aim is to eliminating open defecation, eradication of manual scavenging, Solid and Liquid Waste Management, Information, Education and Communication and Capacity Building activities to maintain the cleanliness and hygiene in urban and rural areas of Andhra Pradesh. Swachha Andhra Corporation is taking up the activities of construction of Individual Household Toilets, Community Toilets and Public Toilets.

Sources:
1. http://sac.ap.gov.in/sac/
2. https://swachhbharat.mygov.in/basic-page/take-pledge

Questions:

Question 1.
What are the two Sub-Missions of Swachh Bharat Mission ?
Answer:
The Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) and the Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban).

Question 2.
What is the best tribute that we can pay to Mahatma Gandhi ?
Answer:
Swachchata (cleanliness) of the motherland is a fitting tribute that we can pay.

Question 3.
What is the goal of Swachh Andhra Corporation?
Answer:
The goal is to achieve the campaign “Swachh Bharat Mission”.

Question 4.
Write the antonym of ‘liquid’ from the above passage.
Answer:
Solid.

Question 5.
Pick out the relevant synonym for ‘hygiene’
Answer:
Cleanliness.

Section – C

Note: The answers to questions in this section should be written at one place in the answer-book separately. The entire section should be answered in one stretch and not mixed with other sections.

VIII. Fill in the blanks with a, an or the. (6 × 1⁄2 = 3)

(a) English is …….. international language.
Answer:
an

(b) He thinks he is …….. Shakespeare.
Answer:
a

(c) The poor hate …….. rich.
Answer:
the

(d) He is …….. gentleman.
Answer:
a

(e) Apples of Kashmir are good for health.
Answer:
the

(f) This is ……….. better of the two saris.
Answer:
the

IX. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions. (6 × 1⁄2 = 3)

(a) I go to college …….. foot.
Answer:
on

(b) The two sisters divided the property ……. themselves.
Answer:
between

(c) Sunil succeeded ……. starting the car.
Answer:
in

(d) Harsha has given ….. smoking.
Answer:
up

(e) Gita takes …….. her mother.
Answer:
after

(f) There is a bridge………………. the river.
Answer:
across

X. Fill in the blanks with the suitable forms of the verbs given in the brackets. (5 × 1 = 5)

(a) The baby ……… all the morning. (cry)
Answer:
The baby has been crying.

(b) Stop that! somebody …………. (come)
Answer:
Stop that! Somebody is coming.

(c) They …… my brother an hour ago. (meet)
Answer:
They met my brother an hour ago.

(d) I hope the weather …………………………….. nice. (be)
Answer:
I hope the weather will be nice.

(e) I …………. not him for two days. (see)
Answer:
I have not seen him for two days.

(f) Abdul ……….. to be a doctor. (want)
Answer:
Abdul wants to be a doctor.

XI. Rewrite the sentences as directed. (5 × 1 = 5)

a) Do you speak English? (Change into passive voice)
Answer:
Is English spoken by you?

b) Linda said “Hurrah! I have won the lottery. (Into Indirect Speech)
Answer:
Linda exclaimed that he had won the lottery.

c) Express travels faster than a passenger. (Rewrite using the word fast)
Answer:
A passenger does not travel as fast as express.

d) Sunny went to Canada. He will pursue good job. (Use to-infinite and write the sentence)
Answer:
Sunny went to Canada to pursue good job.

e) I am a doctor. (Add a Question Tag)
Answer:
I am a doctor, aren’t I?

XII. Rewrite the following sentences correcting the underlined part. The entire sentence must be written. (5 × 1 = 5)

a) I am hearing a cry.
Answer:
I hear a cry.

b) Yesterday, I had seen my principal in the theatre.
Answer:
Yesterday, I saw my principal in the theatre.

c) I and he will go to college.
Answer:
He and I will go to college.

d) Swetha’s house is besides the parlour.
Answer:
Swetha’s house is beside the parlour.

e) Let me give you some advices.
Answer:
Let me give you some advice.

XIII. Use ANY THREE of the following phrasal verbs in your own sentences. (3 × 1 = 3)

a) abide by
Answer:
We have to abide by the rules stipulated by the Government.

b) take after
Answer:
Miss Rani takes after her mother.

c) walk out
Answer:
There walkout in the Assembly after aheated discussion.

d) cut off
Answer:
The relations between the two villages were cut off because of the floods.

e) find out
Answer:
The judge will find out the truth in the matter.

f) go ahead
Answer:
We have to go ahead on the face of troubles.

XIV. Identify the silent consonants in the following words. (6 × 2 = 3)

a) psychology
Answer:
p

b) germ
Answer:
r

c) sight
Answer:
gh

d) rock
Answer:
c

e) learn
Answer:
r

f) alms
Answer:
l

XV. Identify the parts of speech of the underlined words.

a) Dorothy has big blue eyes.
Answer:
Verb

b) Do you smoke?
Answer:
Verb

c) Shriya found her cat outside.
Answer:
Adjective

d) What clothes did you buy?
Answer:
Noun

e) Rashmi got an umbrella in her hand.
Answer:
Adjective

f) Oh dear! What happend ?
Answer:
Interjection

XVI. Match the words in Column ‘A’ with their meanings/definitions in Column ‘B’. (6 × 1⁄2 = 3)

imgg 1
Answer:
1) d
2) e
3) a
4) c
5) f
6) b

XVII. Read the following table and interpret it in a paragraph. (1 × 5 = 5)

Trend in Average Annual Drop-Out Rate at different stages of School Education
Answer:

imgg 2
Source: Census of India, Office of the Registrar General, India.
Answer:
Primary, supper primary and Secondary Schools and the dropout rate of these different schools during the four years are given. In the year 2011-12 in the Primary Section there was a dropout rate of 5.3 in girls and 5.9 in boys. In the same year in the upper primary level dropout rate was 3.2 in girls and 2.1 in boys. Similarly when the secondary level was observed in the same year there were no dropouts available. Of the four years the number of female dropouts in 2014 -15 was very with 3.9 and the male drops were low in the same year (ie) 2014-15. IN the upper Primary section the lower number of female students was seen in the year 2011-12 and the male student dropouts were low in 2011-12 only and at the Secondary level the lowest female dropout occured in 2012-13 and the lowest male dropouts also happened in 2012-13 only. Thus it is the history of dropouts during the four years.

OR

Sonnet is a poem of fourteen lines. First eight lines are called Octave. Next six lines are Sestet. Octave is again divided into two Quatrains Sestet is again divided into two Tersests. Show this information in a tree-diagram.
Answer:
imgg 3

XVIII. Read the following transcriptions and write ANY FIVE words in ordinary spellings. (5 × 1 = 5)

a. /dainæmik/
Answer:
Dynamic

b. /ha:mǝni/
Answer:
harmony

c. /hju: mǝn/
Answer:
human

d. /impǝ: tnt/
Answer:
important

e. /difikǝlti/
Answer:
difficulty

f. /fædǝu/
Answer:
shadow

g. /sitizn/
Answer:
citizen

h. /mekanik/
Answer:
mechanic

i. /inǝveign/
Answer:
invasion

j. /ǝbrǝ:d/
Answer:
abroad

OR

Find the word that is different from the other words in the group with regard to the sound of the underlined letters :

a. fax wax xerox
Answer:
zerox

b. student study super
Answer:
study

c. no go to
Answer:
to

d. cow bowl low
Answer:
low

e. date drag rate
Answer:
drag

XIX. Write the number of syllables for ANY SIX of the following words : (6×1⁄2 = 3)

a. formation
Answer:
Trisyllabic
(3 syllables)

b. continent
Answer:
Trisyllabic
(3 syllables)

c. fragment
Answer:
Disyllabic
(2 syllables)

d. splintered
Answer:
Disyllabic
(2 syllables)

e. intervention
Answer:
Polysyllabic
(4 syllables)

f. adventure
Answer:
Trisyllabic
(3 syllables)

g. soldier
Answer:
Disyllabic
(2 syllables)

h. immaculate
Answer:
Polysyllabic
(4 syllables)

i. echo
Answer:
Disyllabic
(2 syllables)

j. character
Answer:
Trisyllabic
(3 syllables)

XX. Complete the following dialogue :

Venkat : I never see your sister. Where is she?
Sampath : She got a _____ last week and moved to city.
Venkat : Good then, will you stay with her sometime?
Sampath : May be just to visit her sometime is okay, but not for a living.
Venkat : Why don’t you enjoy city living?
Sampath : I don’t like pollutions. In the city, there are many pollutions. And there is a very mixed community there. _____ are rather selfish.
Venkat : If you live in the city you will get accustomed to living there. And sooner later, it will be okay living in the city.
Sampath : Do you _____ living in the city?
Venkat : Yes I do. We can get more job opportunities there, moreover there are various entertainments and facilities there.
Answer:
Venkat : I never see your sister. Where is she?
Sampath : She got a ____ last week and moved to city.
Answer: problem
Venkat : Good then, will you stay with her sometime?
Sampath : May be just to visit her sometime is okay, but not for a living.
Venkat : Why don’t you enjoy city living?
Sampath : I don’t like pollutions. In the city, there are many pollutions. And there is a very mixed community there. ____ are rather selfish.
Venkat : If you live in the city you will get accustomed to living there. And sooner later, it will be okay living in the city.
Answer: people
Sampath : Do you ____ living in the city?
Answer: like
Venkat : Yes I do. We can get more job opportunities there, moreover there are various entertainments and facilities there.

Self-assessment with TS Inter 1st Year Sanskrit Model Papers Set 7 allows students to take charge of their own learning.

TS Inter 1st Year Sanskrit Model Paper Set 7 with Solutions

Time : 3 Hours
Max Marks : 100

सूचना : प्रथमद्वितीयतृतीयप्रश्नान् विहाय सर्वे प्रश्नाः संस्कृतभाषायैव समाधातव्याः ।
Note : Except Q. Nos. 1,2 & 3 all other questions should be answered in Sanskrit (Devanagari Script) only.

I. एकं श्लोकं पूरयित्वा तस्य भावं लिखत । (1 × 6 = 6)

1. परिवर्तिनि ………………. समुन्नतिम् ॥
जवाब:
परिवर्तिनि संसारे मृतः को वा न जायते ।
जातो येन जातेन याति वंशः समुन्नतिम् ॥

Substance: In this rotating world which dead is not born again? However, he alone is considered as born by whose birth, his family attains greatness.

2. संपत्सु महतां …………………. कर्कशम् ।।
जवाब:
संपत्सु महतां चित्तं भवत्युत्पलकोमलम् ।
आपत्सु च महाशैलशिलासंघातकर्कशम् ॥

Substance: The heart of the noble becomes soft like the lotus in prosperity. It is hard like a mountain rock during adversity.

II. एकं निबन्धप्रश्नं समाधत्ता । (1 × 6 = 6)

1. स्वशिष्याणां लक्ष्यप्रहरणज्ञानं द्रोणः कथं परीक्षितवान् ?
How did Drona test the shooting skills of his disciples?
जवाब:
Introduction: The lesson : is an extract from the 126th chapter of the Adiparva of the Mahabharata written by Veda Vyasa. The lesson narrates Drona’s testing the shooting skills of his disciples.

The artificial bird: Drona wanted to test the archery skill of his disciples. He arranged an artificial bird on the top of a tree as the target. He asked his disciples to stand with their bows drawn aiming at the bird.

Drona’s Questions: Drona first went to Yudhisthira. He asked him whether he saw the bird. Yudhishthira replied in affirmative. Then Drona again asked him whether he saw the tree, his brothers and himself. Yudhishthira again answered in affirmative. Drona was dissatisfied and told Yudhishthira that he could not hit the target, and asked him to go back.

Then he put the same question to Duryodhana and his brothers. Later he asked Bhima and others, and the princes from other kingdoms. When all of them said that they saw everything, he reproached them.

Arjuna’s reply: Later Drona told Arjuna that he should hit the target. da प्रहर्तव्यम् एतल्लक्ष्यं निशम्यताम् । He asked him to draw his bow and wait for his word. Arjuna stood drawing his bow in a circular fashion. When Drona asked him, Arjuna said that he saw the bird only. The pleased Drona again asked him to describe the bird. But, Arjuna answered. “I see the head of the bird only, and not its body.” शिर: पश्यामि भासस्य न गात्रम् ।

At Drona’s word, Arjuna released the arrow and felled the head of the bird. Drona embraced him with happiness. तस्मिन्कर्मणि संसिद्धे पर्यष्वजत फल्गुगम् ।

Drona caught by crocodile: Later, after some days, Drona went to the Ganga to take bath, along with his disciples. While Drona was taking bath, a crocodile caught him. Drona asked his disciples to kill it, and save him Mg gra Mered #14 | Arjuna shot five arrows at it, and killed it.

The powerful astra: Drona then gave Arjuna the astra named Brahmasiras. He said that it should not be used against humans. It will burn the worlds if used against persons of low energy. जगद्विनिर्दहेदेतत् अल्पतेजसि पातितम् | There was nothing equal to it in the world. It could be used against any non-human enemy in a battle. Arjuna promised him that he would use it wisely.Drona blessed Arjuna saying, “There will be no other archer like you in this world ever.”

2. नारदतुम्बुरौ उभयोः तारतम्यं कथं ज्ञातवन्तौ ?
How did Narada and Tumbura find out their comparative difference?
जवाब:
Introduction: The lesson was written by Sri Sannidhanam Suryanarayana Sastry. It is taken from his work Poornapatram. Sri Sastry was a great scholar in Sanskrit literature and Grammar. He authored more than 45 books in Telugu and Sanskrit.

Rivalry of the Divine singers : Once rivalry ensued between the celestial singers Narada and Tumbura regarding their relative merits in singing. It was fueled by others who took sides. The singers considered each other as a blade of grass and particle of dust. Each waited for an opportunity to insult others. là udi&à àì पराभवितुं मिथः ।

Helplessness of Brahma and Vishnu : Narada and Tumbura went to Brahma, and asked him to judge their singing merits. Brahma said that as Narada was his son, Tumbura might consider him partial. He directed them to Vishnu. aaì faşıyı Ħi गत्वा वैकुण्ठं पृच्छतं युवाम् When they went to Vaikuntha, Vishnu also said that as Narada was his devotee ज्ञातं ते खलु मुख्योऽयं भक्तेषु मम नारदः he would be considered partial. He directed them to Hanuman, who was a devotee of Rama, and a great singer.

Melting of the rocks: Narada and Tumbura went to Anjaneya, who was in meditation in the Himalayas. Hanuman asked them to sit on the rock slabs,and started to sing hymns of praise. As a result of his sweet singing, stumps started to sprout, and rocks melted.स्थाणवोऽङ्कुरिता येन प्रद्रुता अभवन् शिला: The two sages sitting on rock- seats were caught in the melted rock slush. When Hanuman finished his singing, the rocks solidified again. Narada and Tumbura were stuck in their rock seats.

The singing of Narada and Tumbura : The two exerted to extricate themselves out. Hanuman asked them to sing as they came for judgement from him. Tumbura played on the lute for a long time. The rock seats stayed solid only. After he stopped, Narada started to sing. The rock slabs became little soft loosening their tightness. Even after he sang for a long time, nothing more happened.

The singing of Hanuman : Hanuman took pity on them. He started to sing sweetly continuing the song left unfinished by Narada. The rocks melted. The delighted sages came out of the slush. They bowed to Hanuman. Having lost their pride, they went away. Narada’s greatness over Tumbura was like that of squint eye over a blind eye. He also felt ashamed.

III. एकं निबन्धप्रश्नं समाधत्त । (1 × 6 = 6)

1. दयालोः नागार्जुनस्य दालशीलताम् उपवर्णयत ।
जवाब:
प्रश्नोयं पि.वि.काणे पण्डितेन विरचितात् संस्कृतगद्यावलिः इति ग्रन्थात् ‘दयालुः दालशीलः नागार्जुनः’ इति पाठात् स्वीकृतम् ।

The essay ‘दयालु दानशीलः नागार्जुनः’ was taken from the संस्कृतगद्यावलिः which was written by Sri. P. V. Kane.

Once upon a time, there was lived a king Chirayu. He had a minister Nagarjuna who was very kind, altruistic and full of knowledge. He made a medicine which made Chirayu the king and himself without senility and death. In the past Nagarjuna lost his dearest son at an early age. He was moved by this situation and decided to .make elixir to make people death free.

By knowing this king Indra ordered the God of medicine Aswinidevatas to convey his words. They made nearer to Nagarjuna and conveyed the order to him. After listening Nagarjuna withdraw the work of making elixir. After that Aswinidevatas explained Indra what was happened there.

Mean while the king Chirayu made his son Jeevahara prince. When the prince Jeevahara came to take the blessings from his mother Dhanapara, she said, go to the house of Nagarjuna and ask his head. This is the only way for you to become king. Jeevahara decided to make his mother’s words true.

The next day Jeevahara went to Nagarjuna’s home asked him to give his head. By listening his wish Nagarjuna made his neck available to cut. King Chirayu came to stop Nagarjuna from giving his head, but he couldn’t do stop it. After that situation Chirayu felt desolated and tried to kill himself.

While doing this an unknown voice spoke “Dear Chirayu, don’t feel bothered. Your friend Nagarjuna got salvation as Buddha got.” By listening these words he changed his mind, went to forest and got noble place. Jeevahara became king. The sons of Nagarjuna, who didn’t digest the death of his father, made the kingdom scattered and killed Jeevahara. Dhanapara also died who couldn’t digest the death of her son.

2. दशरथश्रवणकुमारयोः वृत्तान्तं लिखत |
जवाब:
The present story पितृसेवापरः श्रवणकुमार : ” was taken from the book ” साहित्य सुधा ” which was written by charudeva Sastry.

Once upon a time the king Dasaratha of Surya vamsa went to forest alone to know the goods and bads of the saints. At that time he heard something being dipped into river. He thought it was an elephant and immediately shot an arrow in the direction of that sound.

There after he heard some person’s loud voice with the words “O’Father! O’ Mother”. by listening these words the king realised that he aimed a human not an elephant. Immediately the king reached that human and asked all the details of him and for which purpose that person is here.

He said “My name is Sravana. I came here to get water for my parents who were very thirsty. You shot me with your arrow without any reason. With this I am going to die. But I am thinking about my parents who are old, blind also. They are waiting for return of mine and for water.

So, you go to him without late, tell him what had happened and console them and let me die with this arrow in my body. Then Dasaradha takes out the arrow from Sravana’s body and immediately after that Sravana passed away.

The king Dasaradha realised what he did. He started hating himself and was afraid that the parents would curse him. With these thoughts he went to the blind couple’s place. Hearing the sound of his feet Sravana’s father asked why he was late and where was the water.

With this Dasaradha shamefully with shivering voice replied “O” saints! I am not Sravana. I am the sinful person who killed your son Dasaradha, the king of Ayodhya”. And also told the reason behind the killing of the saint’s son. Eventhough Dasaradha tried to console them in so many ways, nothing worked. Then, king took them to the place where Sravana died. After reaching that place they cried breathlessly for a very long time and became unconscious.

After sometime they regained their consciousness and realised that their son was died. Then they cursed the king Dasaradha “You killed our only son. You will also die from sadness caused by your son without any reason.” After cursing they also died there.

Then the king placed a pyre for them and sent to heaven. But, the curse given by Sravana’s father was remained in his heart forever. When Rama was going to forest he remembered all of it again. He died of the sadness that Rama was leaving him. The curse was gotten real.

IV. चतुर्णां प्रश्नानां समाधानानि लिखत । (4 × 2 = 8)

1. कुण्डिनफ्त्तने धनपालकः नाम श्रेष्ठी किं करोति ?
जवाब:
कुण्डिनपत्तने धनपालको नाम श्रेष्ठी आत्मानम् आश्रितवद्भ्यः वृद्धिं विना मूलधनं दत्वा तान् वाणिज्ये व्यापारयतीति साहायं करोतिस्म ।

2. हीरालालः मात्रा दत्ताः रोटिकाः किमकरोत् ?
जवाब:
हीरालालः एकां रोटिकां खादित्वा अपराः तिस्रः रोटिकाः पाथेयरूपेण अङ्गवस्त्रे बद्ध्वा वृत्तेः अन्वेषणाय नगरीं प्रस्थितवान् ।

3. राजा सुकृतशर्मा एकदा किम् अचिन्तयत् ?
जवाब:
एकदा राजा अचिन्तयत् मम नाम जनानां जिह्वासु यथा नृत्येत् तथा भव्यः कश्चन प्रासादः निर्मातव्यः इति ।

4. नीलाम्बा पुत्रेभ्यः धनं दत्वा किमं उक्तवती ?
जवाब:
पुत्राः! इतः परम वर्षे त्रीन् मासान् भवत्सु एकैकस्यापि गृहे पर्यायक्रमेण वस्यामि इति ।

5. संजीवः कुत्र निवसति ? विद्यालयं च सः कथमागच्छति ?
जवाब:
संजीवः समृद्धे सुविधासम्पन्ने रमणीये च प्रासादे निवसति, पत्थहं भृत्येन सह वाहनेन विद्यालयमागच्छति।

6. आब्दुल कलामेन कृतां वैज्ञानिकों अभिवृद्धं विशदीकुरुत ।
जवाब:
अब्दुल कलामः पृथ्वी, आकाश, त्रिशूल, नाग इत्यादीनां प्रक्षेपास्त्रणां प्रयोगेन भारतस्य वैज्ञानिक शास्त्रवैदूष्यं समस्तविश्वाय दर्शितवान् ।

7. वणिजः सखा वणिक्पत्नीं किमिति आश्वासयामास ?
जवाब:
वणिजः पत्नीतु आत्मनः शिशोः च त्रातारम् अपश्यन्ती स्वपतेः सखयां कञ्चित वणिजमेत्य “भ्रातः निश्शरणा अस्मि” इति निवेदयामास । सः तामालोक्य “भवति पुत्रवत्याः तव कुतः
शोकः । त्वत्पुत्रः यावत् त्वद्रक्षणे क्षमः स्यात् तावत् मगृहे वस । मा भौषीः” इति आश्वासयामास । सा सती तत्रैव निवसन्ती पुत्रस्य विद्याभ्यासं कारयामास ।

8. हीरालाले परिवर्तने आगते सः किमकरोत् ?
जवाब:
हीरालाले परिवर्तने आगते सः आलस्यं परित्यज्य प्रजानां हितकर्मणि आत्मानं नियोजितवान् ।

V. द्वयोः ससन्दर्भ व्याख्यां लिखत । (2 × 3 = 6)

1. पूरा दत्तवरा देवी वरमेनमयाचत ।
जवाब:
कविपरिचयः – वाक्यमिदं महर्षि वाल्मीकिना विरचितात् श्रीमद्रामायणे बालकाण्डात् प्रथमसर्गात् रामो विग्रहवान धर्मः इति पाठात् गृहीतम् ।
सन्दर्भः – दशरथेन कृतान् रामस्य अभिषेकयत्नान् दृष्ट्वा भार्या कैकेयी दशरथं प्रति एवं जगाद |
भावः – महाराज ! पुरा भवता मां प्रति दत्तौ वरौ इदानीं याचितुम इच्छामि ।

2. शिरः पश्यामि भासस्य न गात्रम् ।
जवाब:
कविपरिचयः – वाक्यमिदं वेदव्यासेन विरचितात् महाभारत ग्रन्थात् लक्ष्यशुद्धिः इति पाठात् गृहीतम् ।
सन्दर्भः – लक्ष्यवेधने द्रोणेन नियुक्तः अर्जुनः द्रोणं वाक्यमिदं जगाद ।
भावः – पक्षिणः शिरः एव पश्यामि । शरीरं न पश्यामि ।

3. जलमाविश्य तं हत्वा नापश्यदुदरेऽर्भकम् ।
जवाब:
कविपरिचयः – वाक्यमिदं वेदव्यासेन विरचितात् श्रीमहाभागवत पुराणात् श्रीकृष्णस्य गुरुदक्षिणा इति पाठात् गृहीतम् ।
सन्दर्भः – बलरामकृष्णाभयां पंचजनो हतः । इति कविः वर्णयति ।
भावः – गुरुदक्षिणा प्रदानार्थं गतौ रामकृष्णौ समुद्रेणोक्तौ जले प्रविश्य पंचजननामकं राक्षसं हत्वापि तस्य उदरे बालकं न अपश्यताम् ।

4. ततो विहाय मां गत्वा वैकुण्ठं पृच्छतं युवाम् ।
जवाब:
कविपरिचयः – वाक्यमिदं श्री सन्निधानं सूर्यनारायण शास्त्रिणा विरचितात् पूर्णपात्रम् इति पुस्तकात् “गानेपरीक्षा” इति पाठात् स्वीकृतम् ।
सन्दर्भः – स्पर्धमानौ नारद-तुम्बुरौ ब्रह्मा वाक्यमिदं जगादः ।
भावः – नारदो मे पुत्रः । अतः तारतम्यं वक्तुं न अहं अर्हः । अस्मिन् विषये विष्णुः प्रष्टव्यः इति भावः ।

VI. द्वयोः ससन्दर्भ व्याख्यां लिखत । (2 × 3 = 6)

1. एवंकृते देवमनुष्ययोः को विशेषः भवेत्, जगतः स्थितिः स्थगितो भवेत् ।
जवाब:
परिचयः – वाक्यमिदं पि.वि. काणे पण्डितेन विरचितात् संस्कृत गद्यावलिः इति ग्रन्थांत् ‘दलायुः दानशीलः नागार्जुनः’ इति पाठात् स्वीकृतम् ।
सन्दर्भ: – मन्त्री नागार्जुनेन कृतं ज्ञात्या इन्द्रः तं प्रति स्वसन्देशं एवं प्रषितवान् ।
अर्थः- यदि त्वया अमृतं साधितं तदा सुराणां मर्त्यानां मध्ये अन्तरं न भवति, अपि च लोकस्य प्रत्यहं कर्म न प्रचलति ।

2. अयं ते बाष्पमोक्षस्तव पितुः कृतेऽस्तु मम पुत्रश्चिरं जीवत्विति ।
जवाब:
कविपरिचयः – वक्यमिदं पि.वि. काणे पण्डितेन विरचितात् संस्कृतगद्यावलिः इति ग्रन्थात् ‘वीरवनिता कीर्तिसेना’ इति पाठात् गृहीतम् ।
सन्दर्भः – कीर्तिसेनायाः श्वश्रूः तां प्रति कोपं प्रदर्शयन् एवं अवदत् ।
भावः – एषु अश्रूणि तव पितरं प्रति मुञ्चन्तु यतः मम पुत्रः सजीवं अस्ति ।

3. शरणागतस्य परिपालनमेव राज्ञः प्रथमो धर्मः ।
जवाब:
कविपरिचयः – वामिदं के. एल. वी. शास्त्रिणा विरचितात् ‘संस्कृ-ततृतीयादर्शः’ इत्यस्मात् ग्रन्थात् ‘शरणागतरक्षणम’ इति पाठ्यभागात् स्वीकृतम् ।
सन्दर्भः – राजा शिबिः श्येनं प्रति इदम् अब्रवीत् ।
भावः – आश्रितानां रक्षणं राज्ञः श्रेष्ठः कर्तव्यम् ।

4. पुत्रवद् अहं युवां सेविष्ये ।
जवाब:
कविपरिचयः – वाक्यमिदं चारुदेव. स्त्रिणा विरचितात् ‘साहित्यसुधा’ इति ग्रन्थे ‘पितृसेवापरः श्रवणकुमारः’ इति पाठात् गृहीतम् ।
सन्दर्भः – “मया तव पुत्रः मारितः ” इति वृत्तान्तं सर्वं दशरथः श्रवणस्य पित्रोः उक्त्वा, अनन्तरं वाक्यमिदं जगाद ।
भावः. – तव पुत्रः पुष्मान यथा सुश्रूषयति तथा अहमपि करोपि ।

VII. द्वौ प्रश्नौ समाधत्त । (2 × 3 = 6)

1. रामः किमालक्ष्य दण्डकां प्रविवेश ?
जवाब:
रामः “अयोध्याप्रजानां लक्ष्यं मम समीपागमनम’ इति आलक्षय दण्डकां प्रविवेश |

2. ग्राहः कथं, किं कृत्वा पञ्चत्वमापेदे ?
जवाब:
ग्राहः पार्थेण (अर्जुनेन ) त्युतैः बाणैः बहुधा खण्डशः अभवत्, ततः द्रोणस्य जङ्घां त्यक्त्वा पञ्चत्वमापेदे ।

3. समुद्रस्य अन्तः कः आस्ते ? सः कीदृश: ?
जवाब:
समुद्रस्य अन्तः पञ्चजनो नाम असुरः आस्ते । सः शङ्ख रुपं धृत्वा जले चरति ।

4. विष्णुः तुम्बुरं प्रति किमवोचत् ?
जवाब:
विष्णुः तुम्बुरं प्रति ” त्वं मम प्रिय५ मुख्यः, नारदः मम भक्तः, अतः युवयोः तारतम्यं निर्णेतुं असम्प्रतम” इति अवोचत् ।

VIII. द्वौ प्रश्नौ समाधत्त । (2 × 3 = 6)

1. वलभीतः गृहमागते भर्तुः कीर्तिसेना किमुक्तवती ?
जवाब:
वलभीतः गृहमागते भर्तुः कीर्तिसेना “नाथ, त्वयि याते मां श्वश्रूः निरन्तरं भर्त्सयिष्यत” इति ।

2. पक्षिणां निवेदनं समाकर्ण्य गरुडः किमिति अचिन्तयत् ?
जवाब:
पक्षिणां निवेदनं समाकर्ण्य गरुडः एवम् अचिन्तयत् – “सत्यमुक्तमेतैः पक्षिभिः । तदद्य गत्वा तं समुद्रं शोषयामः” इति ।

3. तपस्वी दीर्घमुष्णं च निश्वस्य पुनः किमवदत् ?
जवाब:
तपस्वी दीर्घमुष्णं च निश्वस्य – “राजन् ! यदेकपुत्रं माम अपुत्रम अकरो:, तेन त्वम् अपि पुत्रशोकेन कालम करिष्यसि ।” इति अवदत् ।

4. जगदीशः किमिति गाढं विश्वसिति स्म ?
जवाब:
भौतिकसास्त्र – जीवशास्त्रयोः मध्ये कश्चन गाढः सम्बन्धः वर्तते इति तम् आधारीकृत्य सजीवनिर्जीवपदार्थयोः मध्ये स्थिताम् एक सूत्रताम् आविष्कर्तुं शक्यते इति च जगदीश गाढं विश्वसति स्म ।

IX. एकेन वाक्येन समाधत्त । (5 × 1 = 5)

1. भारतः कुत्र राज्यमकरोत् ?
जवाब:
भरतः नन्दिग्रामे राज्यमकरोत् ।

2. सलिले अवगाढं द्रोणं कः जग्राह ?
जवाब:
सलिले अवगाढं द्रोणं मकरः जग्राह

3. सिन्धुः कृष्णबलरामौ कि आहरत् ?
जवाब:
सिन्धुः कृष्णबलरामौ अतिथिपूजां आहरत् ?

4. सुरगायनौ कौ ?
जवाब:
नारदतुम्बुरौ सुरगायनौ ।

5. अद्यापि ग्रामे कस्याः सुगुणकीर्तनं विदधते ।
जवाब:
अद्यापि ग्रामे जनन्याः (मातुः) सुगुणकीर्तनं विदधते ।

X. एकेन वाक्येन समाधत्त । (5 × 1 = 5)

1. चिरायु भूपतेः मन्त्री कः ?
जवाब:
चिरायु भूपतेः मन्त्री नागार्जुनः ।

2. पाटलीपुत्रं नाम नगरं कुत्र अस्ति ?
जवाब:
पाटलीपुत्रं नाम नगरं मगधेषु अस्ति ।

3. टिट्टिभः कान् समाहूतवान् ?
जवाब:
टिट्टिभः बकसारसमयूरादीन् समाहूतवान् ।

4. बुमुक्षितः श्येनः किमकरोत् ?
जवाब:
बुभुक्षितः श्येनः कपोतमेकं अन्वधावत् ।

5. सरयूतीरवर्तनीं अरण्यानीं कः जगाम ?
जवाब:
सरयूतीरवर्तनीं अरण्यानीं महाराजो दशरथः जगाम ।

XI. संवित्परीक्षा | (5 × 1 = 5)

गोदावरीतीरे महान् वटवृक्षः आसीत् । तस्मिन् बहवः शुकाः नीडानि निर्माय वसन्ति स्म । एकदा महती वृष्टिः आसीत् । तदा केचन मर्कटाः आपादमस्तकं क्लिन्नाः तं वृक्षम् आश्रयन्त । तान् दृष्ट्वा जातानुकम्पाः शुकाः भो युष्माकं मनुष्याणाम् इव पाणिपादम् अस्ति खलु । तत् किं युयं कुलायानि न निर्माथ ? अस्मान् पश्यत । नीडवन्तः वयं वर्षु अपि सुखेन जीवामः इति अवदन् । तत् श्रुत्वा मर्कटाः शुकाः आत्मनः उपहसन्ति इति अमन्यन्त । ततः क्रुद्धाः ते शुकानां कुलायानि सर्वाणि उच्छिद्य अधः पातयामासुः ।

नीतिः मूर्खाणां हितोपदेशः अपि प्रकोपाय भवति न तु शान्तये ।

1. वटवृक्षे शुकाः कथं वसन्ति स्म ?
जवाब:
वटवृक्षे शुकाः नीडानि निर्माय वसन्ति स्म ।

2. मर्कटाः कथम्भूताः वटवृक्षं आश्रयन्त ?
जवाब:
मर्कटाः आपादमस्तकं क्लिन्नाः वटवृक्षं आश्रयन्त ।

3. मर्कटाः किमिति अमन्यन्त ?
जवाब:
मर्कटाः आत्मनः उपहसन्ति इति अमन्यन्त ।

4. क्रुद्धाः मर्कटाः किं अकुर्वन् ?
जवाब:
कुद्धाः मर्कटाः शुकानां कुलायानि सर्वाणि उच्छिद्य अधः पातयामासुः ।

5. अस्याः कथायाः का नीतिः ?
जवाब:
मूर्खाणां हितोपदेशः अपि प्रकोपाय भवति न तु शान्तये ।

XII. चत्वारि सन्धिनामनिर्देशसहितं विघटयत । (4 × 2 = 8)

1. कवीन्द्र
2. गङ्गेति
3. नवौषधम्
4. धात्रंश
5. गावावेते
6. भानोऽत्र
7. अभ्यागतः
8. महर्षभः
जवाब:
1. कवीन्द्र = कवि + इन्द्रः (सवर्णदीर्घसन्धिः)
2. गङ्गेति = गङ्गा + इति (गुणसन्धिः)
3. नवौषधं = नव + औषधम् (वृद्धिसन्धिः)
4. धात्रंश = धातृ + अंश: (यणादेशसन्धिः)
5. गावावेते = गावौ + एते (अयवायावसन्धिः)
6. भानोऽत्र = भानो + अत्र (पूर्वरूपसन्धिः)
7. अभ्यागतः = अभि + आगतः (यणादेशसन्धिः)
8. महर्षभः = महा + ऋषभः (गुणसन्धिः)

XIII. चत्वारि नामनिर्देशसहितं सन्धत्त । (4 × 2 = 8)

1. विद्या + अर्थी
2. गुण + उत्तमः
3. यदि + एवम्
4. तथा + एव
5. तौ + अत्र
6. उदरे + अर्भकम्
7. वाणी + एका
8. साधु + ऊचुः
जवाब:
1. विद्या + अर्थी = विद्यार्थी (सवर्णदीर्घसन्धिः)
2. गुण + उत्तमः = गुणोत्तम (गुणसन्धिः)
3. यदि + एवम् = यद्येवम् (यणादेशसन्धिः)
4. तथा + एव = तथैव (वृद्धिसन्धिः)
5. तौं + अत्र = तावत्र (अयवायावसन्धिः)
6. उदरे + अर्भकम् = उदरेऽर्भकम् (पूर्वरूपसन्धिः)
7. वाणी + एका = वाण्येका (यणादेशसन्धिः)
8. साधु + ऊचुः = साधूचु: (सवर्णदीर्घसन्धिः)

XIV. द्वयोः शब्दयोः अन्त-लिङ्ग वचन निर्देशसहितं रूपाणि लिखत । (2 × 4 = 8)

1. राम
जवाब:

2. नदी
जवाब:

3. युष्मद्
जवाब:

XV. द्वयोः धात्वोः निर्दिष्टानि लकाररूपाणि लिखत । (2 × 3 = 6)

1. अपठत्
जवाब:

2. दास्यति
जवाब:

3. खादतु
जवाब:

4. वार्धेत
जवाब:

XVI. संस्कृतभाषा अनुवदत । (5 × 1 = 5)

1. India is the land of work.
जवाब:
भारतदेशः कर्मभूमिः ।

2. Student salutes teacher.
जवाब:
छात्रः गुरुं वन्दते ।

3. Character is the ultimate ornament.
जवाब:
शीलं परं भूषणम् ।

4. Let your teacher be your God.
जवाब:
आचार्यदेवो भव ।

5. Education gives humility.
जवाब:
विद्या ददाति विनयम् ।

Thoroughly analyzing TS Inter 1st Year Political Science Model Papers Set 7 with Solutions helps students identify their strengths and weaknesses.

TS Inter 1st Year Political Science Model Paper Set 7 with Solutions

Time: 3 Hour
Max Marks: 100

Section – A
3 x 10 = 30 Marks

Note: Answer any THREE of the following questions in not exceeding 40 lines each. Each question carries 10 Marks.

Question 1.
Define Political Science and explain its scope.
Answer:
Introduction:
Political Science is a premier social science. It is mainly concerned with the study of the state in its relation with Society.
Citizens, Associations and the world at Large. Aristotle is regarded as the Father of Political Science. He wrote famous book ‘THE POLITICS”.

Meaning:
The word politics is derived from the ancient Greek word “POLIS” meaning city. State and polity from ‘Poletieia’ meaning government of constitution. Politics came to mean the study of state and government and the Institutions of the state.

Definitions:
Political Scientists gave various definitions on Political Science.
They are as follows:

1. J.W. GARNER: ‘Political Science begins and Ends with the State”.
2. R.G. GETTLE: Political Science is” The historical investigation of the state in the past, an analytical study of the state of present and what the state ought to be in the future”.
3. ROBERT DAHL: “Political Science is the Scientific study of importance of power, Authority and influence.”

Scope of Political Science: The scope of Political Science means the subject matter covered by it or the topics which are
included in its study It may be explained in the following ways:
i) Study of man in relation to the Society, State and Government: Political science is concerned with the perennial and central issue of establishing proper relationship among state, society and government with individual. Aristotle stated that Man is a social and political animal as well.

ii) Study of State: Political science explains the origin, evolution and purpose of the state and its intimate relationship between the state and the citizens. It explains the various theories of the origin of the state and it also studies the nature, functions and various theories of the state.

iii) Study of the Government: Scope of political science includes the study of government. Political science explains the relationship between state and government. The state realises it’s aims and objectives through the government. Government formulates various policies, programs and their implementation for well being of the people. Political science also studies various forms and structures of the government and their merits and demerits.

iv) Study of Associations and Institutions: There are several associations and institutions which influence the life of the individual. Political science studies various associations, institutions and their relationship with the state. Political science explains structure, nature and functions of the various associations and institutions. It also studies voluntary oranisations and their role in the political processes.

v) Study of Rights and Duties: Scope of Political Science includes the study or rights and duties of citizens. In recent times, issues relating to civil rights, human rights and civil society got significance in the study of political science.

vi) Studies of National and International Issues: The scope of Political science comprises the study of national and international affairs. The political science deals with the matters relating to nationstate, territorial integrity and its sovereignty it also studies international aspects like armaments and disarmaments, balance of power, defence and security studies. It also covers international law, international organisations etc.

vii) Study of Comparative Government and Polities: The importance of the comparative study of government and politics has been increased in recent times. Political science covers the study of various world governments, their structurés and functions. It studies the relationship among the different political systems in the world.

viii) Study of Modern Political Analysis: The 20th century political science is regarded as a study of sharing and shaping of power, and it’s execution in a day to day political process. Political science studies the modern concepts like, political socialisation, political participation. political development, political culture and political communication.

ix) Study of Public Policies: Modern political scientist like David Easton, Gabriel A. Almond, Charles Merriam argued that
political science is a policy science. They considered political science as the study of formulation, execution and evaluation of public policies. They also emphasised the study of political parties, pressure groups, mass media and organs of the governments and their influence in the formulation of the public policies. It also studies major polices like Agliculture policy,industrial policy. Environmental policy, Reservation policy and Education policy etc.

Thus, the scope of political science has, in recent times, extnded to the study of above concepts and theories and has become one of the most relevant social sciences.

Question 2.
Explain the differences between State and Associations.
Answer:
Differences between State and Associations:

State	Associations
1. The state is permanent.	1. Associations are temporary.
2. The state has sovereign power.	2. Associations cannot have sovereignty.
3. The state has fixed boundaries. No state is universal or world-wide.	3. The associations cannot have fixed territorial boundaries. Some associations are international and universal in character. Ex: U.N.O. Red Cross Society The Lions international etc.
4. The membership of state is compulsory. Every citizen naturally becomes the member of the state.	4. But the membership of an association is optical. It depends on the will and wish of the people.
5. A man can become a member of one state only at a time.	5. But they can be member of any number as associations as he desires.
6. The state has multifarious functions concerning almost the whole of man’s life.	6. The functions of an association are singular and common to its members only.
7. The state makes the laws, violation of which is visited by punishment.	7. The associations cannot make laws, but makes their own rules and regulations.
8. The state can impose compulsory taxes on its people.	8. Associations cannot impose taxes on its members. They can only thrive on voluntary contributions of their members.
9. The aim of state is broader.	9. The aim of the Associations is limited.
10. State can enforce its decisions upon recalcitrant members or punish them for disobedience.	10. The associations cannot enforce is decisions up on members.
11. The state is superior to all associations.	11. Many associations in a state which live and depend on the mercy and pleasure of the state.

Question 3.
Define Nationality Explain the essential elements of Nationality.
Answer:
Introduction: The concepts of Nation and Nationality have become important components in the domain of International Relations and political science respectively Both inspired the people of several countries with patriotic feeling prior to the two world wars.

The Events that took place in the erstwhile Soviet Union, ethnic Riots between serbians and croatians in the former Yugoslavia, the unification of East and west Germanies, the peace talks between Israel and Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) on West Asia etc., refled the serious concern of the people for realising Nationality and Nation States.

Meaning: The Word “Nation’ is derived from a latin word “NATIO” which means ‘BORN’ (BIRTH) or “Common Descent”.

Definitions:

1. LG. Gettle: “Nationality is a population having the common bonds of Race, Language, Religion, Traditions and History
2. J.H. Rose: “Nationality is a union of Hearts once made and never unmade”.
3. J.W Garner: “Nationality is a group or portion of population which is united by Raal and other bonds”.

Essential Elements of Nationality:
1. Purity of Race: Racial purity helps in the formation and strengthening of the idea of Nationality. Race is a physical phenomenon. It depends on certain distinctions of skull, stature, hair; complexion,etc. These distinctions serve as a cementing bond among the members of a group.

But we should remember that cômmon race is not an indispensable factor in the growth of Nationality Modern races are so mixed that none of them can daim to be pure. Pure races have disappeared because of wars and migrations. Racial purity is now a myth only Ex: Canada and United states have transformed into single nations inspite of their racial diversities in their respective populations. Similarly, Australia and Britain are two distinct Nations although they belong to one racial stock.

2. Common Language: Language plays a key role in the promotion of nationality. The philosophers and scientists said that common language is essential for the development of nationality. Language is a medium to express all their feelings. It helps to express one’s own selves to have cordial relations and to share the miseries and happiness in a group languages also promotes common feelings anti traditions. Common language promotes the feeling of oneness and keeps the entire race on single track.

3. Common Religion: Religion is one important factor to strengthen nationality. There are many instances when people of different nationalities with common religion remain citizens in the same state. For instance, the main reason for the partition of Indian subcontinent into India and Pakistan in 1947 lies in the religion.

4. Geographical Unity: Geographical unity is necessary for the emergence of nationality. Nationality sentiments prevail and develop among the people living in a single geographical area. The people residing in such an area love, worship their country and make sacrifices for the sake of their motherland. People, who belong to one religion, converse the same language, same race living in a geographical area inculcate and improve their nationality sentiments.

The formation of Israel in 1946 was purely due to the feelings of the hitherto wandering Jewish people to live in a single geographical area. Hence their desire of live in a territory made them united. This ultimately transformed them as patriotic persons.

5. Common History: Common History is considered as an important element of Nationality It invokes an inspiration among the people and binds them together. Some historical incidents may give a chance to the people to develop national sentiments. Ex: Indians have learnt the lessons of Nationalism from the British legacy.

6. Common Culture: Culture in its broad sense means a way of life. It is reflected through certain common elements like dress, customs, conventions, food habits, religious beliefs, ethical values, etc. They easily develop into a single Nation. These elements bind the people together and hold to gether.

7. Common Political aspirations: Nationality sentiments prevail and develop ìmong the people having common political aspirations. The political ideas, conventions and institutions which were formed due to. the single political rule will have a considerable impact and influence over the people. For instance, the Swiss people love very much their direct democratic devices in political matters.

Similarly, the Americans express the feeling of worship towards their constitution. The British people also feel proud of their political and judicial institutions like rule of law, parliamentary democracy and judicial review etc.

8. Common Economic ties: This element of nationality has been stressed by ‘Karl Marx. Since then onwards the importance of this element has been increasing. The Russians have great regard for their economic system, even though there exist diversities. Their unflinching love for socialism inspired nationalism among them. They successfully repulsed the attacks of Germany during the Second World War. Thus the common economic ties made them united and integrated them into a nation.

Question 4.
Explain different kinds of law.
Answer:
Many political philosophers gave their classifications on laws in different ways. Of them the classification given by Maciver is mentioned as worthy which can be explained in the following points.

1. Natural Law: Natural law is also known as divine law. It is abstract. It is not created by any human agency. It is considered as the gift of nature, based on metaphysical power. It refers to the use of reason to analyse human nature. It is written in the heart of human beings by the ringer of God.

2. Positive Law: Positive law is created by the human agency. It is also known as political law. It is framed on the basis of the existing social and political conditions. It is sanctioned by the Sovereign Political Authority. Violation of positive law leads to punishment.

3. Constitutional Law: It is a basic law of any state. It defines the political system. All the basic principles of administration are included in this type. All other laws in the Statç are subservient to constitutional law. It is framed by the constituent assembly.

4. Ordinary Law: It determines the relation between the state, administration and people. These laws are framed by a group of officials authorised by law.

5. Public Law: It regulates the relation between people and state. These laws are formulated by state for society.

6. Private Law: It regulates the relation between citizens. It protects the rights of citizens. It also called civil law.

7. Administrative Law: It regulates the administrative relations between the authorities and people. Administrative law brings discipline among the personnel in the government. Now it is implementing in France and India.

8. General Law: It deals with the private affairs of individual in relation to the State. It covers the laws relating to Marriage, Divorce, Contract etc.

9. Statutory Law: Statutory law is the greater part of modern law. It is enacted by the legislature of a State for the day-to-day administration.

10. Common Law: Common law is a customary law. It is a product of customs and traditions which are popular among the people. The courts accept common law as a part of the legal system.

Question 5.
Define Rights. Describe the Civil and Political Rights.
Answer:
Introduction: Rights are the essential conditions for the development of the personality of individuals. They are upheld by the laws of the state. They are regarded as a power or privilege which the law invests in a person. They are treated as the sum total of the opportunities meant for enhancing one’s personality. Individuals cannot achieve progress in the absence of the rights.

Definitions of Rights: Political scientists have defined the term Right in several ways. Some of their definitions are explained below:
1. Earnest Barker: ‘Rights are the external conditions necessary for the development of the capacities of the personality of the individual.’

2. Beni Prasad: ‘Rights are nothing more and nothing less than those social conditions which are necessary for the development of personality of individuals.”

3. Bosanquet: “A right is a claim recognised by the society and enforced by the state.’

4. T.H. Green: ‘Rights are those powers claimed and recognized as contributory to the common good.”

5. H.J. Laski: “Rights are those conditions of social life without which no man can seek in general to be himself at his best.”

civil Rights: Civil rights aim at providing basic conditions for individuals to lead a happy and dignified social life. These rights are considered vital for a civilized society Social life becomes impossible in their absence. Individuals in a civilized society enjoy the following Civil rights.

These are
1. Right to life:
This is the most important civil right. T.H. Green considered it as the most fundamental civil right. This right provides security to the individual’s life. Individuals cannot lead their lives in the absence of this right. This right is based on the premise that the life of an individual is valuable not only to himself, but also to the society and the state as a whole. Hence it prescribes at large the state to extend protection to the life of individuals. However, it empowers the state to impose some reasonable restrictions upon the individuals. The state can insist any person to sacrifice his life for the sake of the nation This right also includes the right of self-defence.

2. Right to liberty: This right enables individuals to have freedom in various walks of life, It makes their lives worth living. It enables them to develop their personality in various spheres. It includes various freedoms such as freedom of movement, speech, expression, thought, residence etc.

3. Right to equality: This right implies that individuals are equal before law. It forbids discrimination on the basis of ones caste, colour, creed, education, region, race, religion, wealth etc. It enables equal treatment to all persons provides scope for uniform application of laws. It enables equal opportunities to all persons in social, economic and political fields.

4. Right to property: This right enables every individual to acquire, enjoy, donate or inherit the property. It is essential to the individual for securing higher standards of living. This right is crucial for the growth of individual’s personality.

5. Right to family: Family is a fundamental social institution. This right enables individuals to maintain family relations in society. Consequently. individuals will have freedom to marry persons of their choice. They will have choice to procreate children and rear their offspring. However, the state can impose certain restrictions upon this right keeping in view the national interests. For example. until recent’ times China imposed severe restrictions against their citizens in the size of their families. Recently it has made some amendments in this regard.

6. Right to religion: This right allows the individuals to have freedom to practice, propagate and profess any religion of their choice. Every individual is at liberty to preach or practice the religious doctrines as they like. The secular states provide religious freedoms to their citizens.

7. Right to contract: This right provides freedom to every individual to enter into contract or legal arrangements with others regarding his life, property and work. It regulates the two parties in carrying their contracts in letter and spirit. The state recognizes only those contracts which are helpful to the common well being of the people.

8. Right to education: In the modem era education is regarded as vital to every individual. Uneducated and innocent individuals cannot play an active role in public affairs. Similarly, illiterate persons cannot fully make use of their abilities. Education and literacy enable the people to understand the problems of the society and policies of the government. This right guarantees a minimum level of education to every citizen in democratic states.

9. Right to form associations and unions: This right enables individuals to form associations and unions for releasing some specific objectives. Individuals may join, continue or keep away from the membership of associations according to their will and pleasure. The State is empowered to impose restrictions against those associations which ignore the welfare of the nation.

10. Right to constitutional remedies: Civil rights are meaningless in the absence of this right. This right is essential to every individual for safeguarding his rights. This right empowers a person (who was deprived of his liberty due to the intervention or manhandling by others including the government) to seek justice and relief from the concerned judicial organizations. The affected individuals are authorised to approach an appropriate, court for correcting such imbalance. in this regard the higher judicial organizations issue several writs and effectively check such tendencies. These writs are in the form of Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo-warranto and Certiorari etc. Political Rights: Political rights are those rights which enable the individuals to participate in the political affairs of the state.

The following are the important political rights:
1. Right to vote: Right to vote is the most important political right enjoyed by the citizens in modern democratic states. It serves as a powerful weapon for adult citizens in choosing their representatives to various legislative bodies. It makes them as real sovereigns. All the citizens are entitled to this right without any discrimination based on creed, colour, language, race, region, religion, sex etc. However, persons such as aliens and minors are deprived of this right.

2. Right to contest in elections: This right empowers the citizens to contest as candidates to various legislative bodies in the state. Especially this right enables those, who have political sagacity, enthusiasm and dynamic nature, to actively participate in the political dynamics of the state. As a result, it increases political enthusiasm among the citizens. Such an element is considered as a base of democratic polity.

3. Right to hold public offices: This right provides opportunities to the citizens to hold various public offices for a definite period. It gives no scope for exclusion of citizens or conferring special privileges to some at the cost of others. This helps the citizens to exercise authority in a dignified manner.

4. Right to petition: This right enables the citizens to forward competitions denoting their requirements or grievances. It is considered as a vital political right in the modem state. The citizens could be able to find solutions to their immediate or long pending issues by bringing them to the notice of the government through this right. It also helps the public authorities to know the grievances of the people and attend to them properly and promptly.

5. Right to criticism: This right gives opportunity to the citizens to criticize the various public policies and programmes. It also enable them to highlight the omissions and commissions of the leaders, and administrative personnel at various levels. It also gives scope for the citizens to render positive and constructive criticism about the on goings in the government from time to time. Ultimately it keeps the administrative authorities and policymakers to be vigilant in discharging their obligations.

Section – B
8 x 5 = 40 Marks

Note: Answer any EIGHT of the following questions in not exceeding 20 lines each. Each question carries 5 Marks.

Question 1.
What is the nature of Political Science?
Answer:
The traditional writers considered the study of state and government as the proper sphere of political science. The state and government are both closely related. There can be no state without government. The sate and government, therefore, have been the central subjects of the study of political science.”

In the period after the Second World War political scientists in the West developed new theories and concepts in the discipline of political science. American political scientist. Harold Laswell, in the 1930s, defined politics as the science of the study of power because the state is a structure of power and, the business of the political scientists is to examine ‘Who gets Power, When and How? Twenty years later during 1950 s, a school of thinking shifted the emphasis and redefined politics as a policy-making science. Modem writers have expanded the scope of poLitical science. They describe political science ‘as the science of the study of power’-or a policy-making science; or a fundamental activity in every organized group of human
life.

Broadly speaking, the study of Political Science developed in two strands: the normative and the empirical. In the normative studies of political science, the main focus is on norms, values and goals or ends of political life and activity. Most of the studies of the concepts such as liberty, equality, justice and empowerment and the study of ideologies are covered under normative studies. The empirical studies, both quantitative and qualitative, focus on facts and the actual processes or means that subscribe to the achievement of goals.

The study of the functioning of government and other institutions and the human interactions in different capacities come under empirical studies. These include, the studies on public policy, voting behaviour, political parties, pressure groups and social movements.

Question 2.
Explain any four kinds of Sovereignly.
Answer:
Introduction: Sovereignty is the most important characteric of the modem state. The state is distinguished from other Associations or institutions only by sovereign power.

Definition:
Willoughby: “Sovereignty is the supreme will of the state”.
Jean Bodin: “Sovereigñty is the supreme power of the state over citizens and subjects unrestrained by law”.

Kinds of Sovereignty: Sovereignty is classified into several kinds as mentioned below;

1. Nominal sovereignty
2. Real sovereignty
3. Legal sovereignty
4. Political sovereignty
5. Popular sovereignty
6. Dejure sovereignty
7. Defacto sovereignty

1. Nominal sovereignty:
Nominal sovereignty is also known as titular sovereignty. Nomial sovereignty implies possession of sovereign powers only in name. The Queen in Britain, the Emperor of Japan, the President of India etc., are some examples of nominal sovereignty.

2. Real sovereignty:
The real sovereign actually possesses the sovereign power. He discharges such authority bn behalf of the nominal sovereign head. Accordingly, the nominal soverign person exercises his powers only on the advice of the real sovereign persons or body of persons. The Prime Ministers of England and India etc., are some best examples of this kind of sovereignty.

3. Legal sovereignty:
Legal Sovereignty denotes the supremacy in terms of formal law. Only the legal sovereign is competent to issue the highest orders. It transcends even the divine law or the normal laws and the public opinion. The court of law recognizes only the legal sovereign and accepts its orders. The best example of legal sovereign is the king-in-parliament in England. The legal sovereignty is definite, deliberate, decisive and precisely known. The president of india is also an example of legal sovereignty.

4. Political sovereignty: Behind the legal sovereignty there is the political sovereignty. In a democratic state while the legal sovereign is the supreme lawmaking power; there is behind it another sovereign whose will is the ultimate and final source of authority. Gamer observes: “Behind the legal sovereign, however, is another power, legally unknown, unorganized, and incapable of expressing the will of the state in the form of legal command, yet with a power to those mandates the legal sovereignty will in practice bow and whose will must ultimately prevail in the state.

5. Popular sovereignty: The concept of popular sovereignty is different from that of political sovereignty. It means that sovereignty ultimately resides in the people. The doctrine of popular sovereignty is the product of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuñes. It emerged as an expression of resentment of the people against the despotic authority of the kings and their reliance on the theory of Divine Right.

Popular sovereignty attributes ultimate sovereignty to the people. This theory, first hinted by the John Locke, was later expounded by Rousseau and it becomes the slogan of the French Revolution.

6. Dejure sovereignty: The term ‘De Jure’ denotes authority exercised according to law. De Jure sovereignty is the power possessed and exercised by a legally competent authority. It issues orders and enjoys command over all persons, institutions, and organizations in the state. The Queen in Britain and the President in India are some examples of the De Jure sovereignty.

7. De facto sovereignty: The French term ‘De facto’ implies ‘real’. De facto sovereign is a person or a body of persons who exercise such authority in the last resort and at the final stage. De facto sovereign may not be a legal sovereign. Hs authority is based not on law but on physical force. De facto sovereign may be a king, dictator or religious priest.

Question 3.
Describe the merits of Nationalism.
Answer:
The Nationalist character of the Modem State has the following merits.

1. Nationalism removed the mutual differences, personal animosities and internal feeds. It promoted unity integrity and solidarity among the people of a nation. It enabled them to understand the neighbour’s point of view. So, it promoted closer understanding among the people.
2. Nationalism made the people obey the government.
3. It helped in achieving the progress of a nation in a short period.
4. It accelerated the pace of the development of the state. It provided a democratic bare to the government and those strengthened the administrative system.
5. It is anti-imperialistic. So it does not allow economic exploitation.
6. It secured political stability and peacefull social atmosphere.

Question 4.
What are the characteristics of Liberty?
Answer:
Meaning: The term Liberty is derived from the Latin word “LIBER” which means free from restraints.
Definition: “Liberty means the absence of restraints”. – J.R. Seely
Characteristics of Liberty: The following are the important characteristics of Liberty.

1. Liberty is a dynamic concept. its interpretation varies according to time, place, and wishes of the people.
2. Liberty always opposes political subjugation, imprisonment, and slavery
3. It always aims at realizing the aspirations of the individuals.
4. Liberty always means absence of irrational restraints and presence of favourable conditions.
5. It is the product of rights.
6. It is essential for the realization of human personalities.
7. It is found only in democratic states.
8. It is manifest in the form of rights.
9. It does not mean license to do whatever a person wants. It is always subject to limitations.

Question 5.
Discuss Individualism.
Answer:
Meaning: Individualism means the state should leave the individual alone. This theory is also known as the Laissez Faire theory. Laissez Faire is a French term which means ‘leave alone’. It regards the individual as the centre of social life. According to this theory, the individual freedom should be given maximum scope and the state interference should be reduced to the minimum.

The individualists regard state as a necessary evil’. It is necessary because it has to protect the individual from violence and fraud. It is an evil because its existence is a threat to individual freedom. So it is desirable to have state’s interference as little as possible. Lesser the functions performed by the state, the more is the liberty enjoyed by the individual.

The state should perform the following limited functions:

1. Protection of the individual and of the state from foreign aggression.
2. Protection of the individual against one another.
3. Protection of property from robbery and damage.
4. Protection of individual from false contracts and breach of contracts.

Question 6.
How is naturalised citizenship acquired?
Answer:
Naturalized Citizenship: Citizenship may also be acquired through naturalization. According to this method, an alien will become a citizen after fulfilling certain conditions. These conditions vary from state to state. Some of them may be summed up as follows.
1. Residence: An alien who resides in a state for a prescribed period automatically become its citizen. Residence in any part of the state is a must for an alien. The period of residency varies from state to state. For instance it is 5 years in Britain and United States and 10 years in France respectively.

2. Choice: The children of alien parents could receive citizenship of the state according to their option and choice.

3. Application: An alien in a state may apply for the citizenship of that state. Then the government of that state considers his application on its merits. It grants citizenship to him with or without some conditions. These prescribed conditions refer to a minimum period of residence, good moral character, financial capability and knowledge of one of the national languages. Besides, an alien must take an oath of allegiance before he assumes the citizenship of another state.

4. Fixed Assets: An alien who buys some portion of land or acquires some fixed property can acquire citizenship in a state.

5. Service Public or Private: An alien who service in government of a state or in a private recognised enterprise could
become the citizen of that state. He is entited for which citizenship the serves in the public or private authorised departments. He may also be given Citizenship if the renders meritorious service in another state.

6. Marriage: An alien woman acquires citizenship of a state when she marries the citizen of that state. In some countries when a person marries an alien, citizenship of either of the husband or wife is acquired. For instance, a British lady will acquire Indian citizenship if she marries an Indian citizen. Japanese women do not lose their citizenship even if they marry persons of alien states. The alien person on the other hand, acquires the citizenship of Japan if he marries a Japanese lady.

Question 7.
Explain any four essential conditions for the success of Democracy.
Answer:
1. Sound system of Education: The success of democracy requires adequate education for the citizens. Ignorance. innocence and undereducation prevent them from adopting right attitudes and large-scale reforms. Education sharpens the intellect of individuals. It develops a proper understanding of various things. It makes the citizens vigilant. Besides, this enables them to assess. and criticise the policies of government.

2. Enlightened Citizenship: Enlightened citizens are an asset to the democratic state. They can exercise proper vigilance. They can actively participate in public affairs and help their fellow citizens in the exercise of their rights and discharge of their responsibilities. They extend co-operation to the government in all its good work.

3. Independent Press: An independent press is a prerequisite democracy. It enables the people to receive accurate and unbiased information regarding the activities of the government. It not only keep’ s the people in touch with government activities but also ventilates their grievances. It strives to promote a harmonious relationship between the people and the government.

4. Strong Opposition: The success of parliamentary democracy depends to a great extent on the strong and effective opposition. Such an opposition will act as a check against the government by pointing out its lapses. in this regard, the role of opposition in some advanced states like Australia, Britan and United States is liable. In India to the opposition parties performed great role in many times.

5. Decentralization of powers: Decentralization of powers and establishment of democratic institutions at the grassroots level is indispensable for the healthy organisation of democratic institutions. The representative bodies at the grass roots level (as known as Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs) in India) will act as the mini legislatures. The residents of local areas will be able to know how to exercise their franchise.

6. Absence of economic dispartities: Democracy can not function smoothly when there are economic disparities in a country When a country comprises a large number of poor people and a few wealthy persons, democracy could not work successfully.

7. Social Equality: Social equality is another pre-requisite of democracy Caste, class and racial differences will impede the healthy working of democracy. Such elements encourage of democratic polity To be successful, democracy must open its doors to everybody on equal ‘basis by providing equal social opportunities to all in social sphere. Social equality must not only be proclaimed but also be practiced.

8. Faith in democracy: Certain democratic beliefs and values like individuals worth, need for tolerance of differences, decisions through discussions etc., should be inculcated among the people.

9. Sagacious Leadership: Sagacious leadership is another essential condition of democracy. Sagacious leaders, by dint of their administrative acumen, political propriety, social ‘commitment and economic perspective, will be able to lead the democratic state to greater heights of glory.

10. Honesty and transparency: Honest persons belonging to various walks life, when entrusted with major responsibilities of the government, will strive for the success of democracy. Similarly transparency in administration also acts as a basic ingredient for the success of democracy.

11. Absences of militarism: Democracy functions mostly in countries which are relatively free from militarism. In rules out the use of force and believes in the worth of individuals. It provides adequate opportunities to the people basing on worth, ablility and dedication militarism, on tlie other hand, demands concentration of authority and favours despotism.

Question 8.
What is Indian Secularism?
Answer:
It is asserted that India is a secular state. The addition of the word secular to our constitution by 42 amendment in 1976 proves this fact. Even from the beginning of the Indian constitution, India is a secular state. Several provisions of the Indian Constitution also prove this fact.

1. According to Article 25, every Indian citizen enjoys the freedom to profess, practice and propagate the religion of his own choice. It also allow them to donate their properties for the religious purposes.
2. Article 26 guarantees every person to:

• Establish and maintain religious and charitable institutions
• Manage his (or) her religious affairs
• Own and acquire movable and immovable properties and
• Maintain such properties in accordance with law.

3. Article 27 states that state shall not impose any tax upon the individual for the development of religions. It also implies that state. shall not impose taxes on the basis of the religious principles of individuals.

4. Article 28 forbids the imparting of religious teachings in the educational institutions which are wholly partly aided by
the government. No religious prayers or discussions shall be conducted in educational institutions.

Question 9.
Explain the features of Constitutions.
Answer:
Introduction: The age of Democracy led to political civilisation. Now-a-days every civilised state possess a constitution. A Constitution is a condition of modern state. The constitution is a living text of a political system. It represents the political character of the state and its constituents.

The term constitution implies a written document embodying the provisions relating to the powers and functions of the government organs, the rights and duties of the citizens.

Meaning: The term Constitution is an English word. It was
derived from a Latin word ‘Constitution, which means to Establish’ Definitions:

1. Aristotle: “Constitution is the arrangement of offices in a state, especially the highest of all”.
2. ord Bryce: “Constitution is a set of established rules embodying and enacting the practice of Government.
3. Stephen Leacock: “Constitution is the form of Government’.
4. K.C. Wheare: “Constitution is that body of rulés which regulates the ends for which governmental power is exercised’.

Features of the Constitution:
1. Preamble: Every Constitution will have a preamble. The preamble denotes the aims and aspirations of the Constitution. it is like the soul of the Constitution. Hence, preamble is considered as an important feature of the Constitution.

2. Clarity: Clarity is another important feature of the Constitution. The Constitution clearly explains about the different policies and methods of governance. It is written in a simple and clear language.

3. Incorporation of Fundamental Rights: Every Constitution includes some fundamental rights. These fundamental rights are meant for safeguarding the freedoms of the citizens. They enable the citizens to realise their personality in various spheres. They help the citizens for leading a happy and honorable life in the state.

4. Brevity: Brevity is another feature of a Constitution. Brevity avoids confusion among the individuals in understanding and interpreting provisions. Unnecessary elements are not included in the Constitution. It should be precise. It must not contain large number of clauses.

5. flexibility: The Constitution must be flexible for adapting the wishes are aspirations of the people from time to time. There must be a scope of amending the provisions of the Constitution if necessary. Frequent changes in the Constitution tend to weaken the spirit of the Constitution. But, at the same time, the Constitution of a modern state should be adaptable to the progressive changes.

6. permanence: Permanence is one more feature of the Constitution. The Constitution must have everlasting values for the welfare of the whole nation. It represents the actual structure of the state and its political institutions. it obliges the customs of the people.

7. Mode of Amendment: The Constitution specifies the mode of amendment. It will be relevant to the contemporary conditions of the state. it contains a special chapter on the constitutional amendment procedures. Usually, the constitutional amendments are of three types, namely

• Rigid
• Flexible and
• Half rigid and Half flexible.
• On the whole, the constitution of every state comprises both rigid and flexible elements.

8. Explanatory: The Constitution is explanatory in nature. It denotes and discusses almost all elements relating to the People, Government and State. It contains separate provisions of the structure, powers and limitations of state activity.

Question 10.
What is Judicial Activism?
Answer:
According to the idea of judicial activism judges should use their powers to correct injustices, especially when the other branches a Government do not act to do so the courts play an active role in shaping social policy on such issues as civil rights, political unfairness protection of individual rights and public morality.

Judicial activism is policymaking function of judiciary in competition with policymaking by the legislative and executive. This element is associated with the doctrine of judicial review. The essence of true judicial activism lies in rendering decisions by the judiciary which are in tune with the temper and tempo of the times.

Behind every judicial decision, judicial activism and judicial restraint are the two aspects that describe the philosophy and motivation. The concept of judicial activism is the polar opposite of judicial restraint. Judicial activism refers to a theory of judgement that takes into account the spirit of the law and the changing times, where as judicial restraint relies on a strict interpretation of the law and the importance of legal precedent.

Judicial activism is dynamic process of judicial outlook in a changing society. Arthur Schlesinger Jr. introduced the term Judicial activism in 1947. According to Black’s Law Dictionary, “Judicial activism is a judicial philosophy which motivates judges to depart from traditional precedents in favour of progressive and new social policies”.

Question 11.
Explain the merits and demerits of Parliamentary form of Government.
Answer:
Merits of Parliamentary Government:
a) Harmony and co-ordination between Legislature and executive: a parliamentary government, it secures cooperation
and coordination from the Legislature because it was formed with the single majority party from Legislature. It enacts laws and implementing laws through taking confidence of legislators.

b) A Scrub on Autocracy: Parliamentary government effectively checks the despotic attitude of the majority party in the lower house of the Legislature. Legislators prevent the government from the making mistakes against public interest through its questioning and a vote of no-confidence in the other motions.

c) Governmentally Able and Experienced: In a parliamentary government, Government should be consisted with the top Leaders of the majority party. Able and experienced people from the party have a hold on the party and government.

d) Responsible Government: In a parliamentary from a government, council of ministers along with prime minister hold the offices and enjoys the powers and acts on the collective responsibility to the Legislature. In a parliamentary system, opposition party controls the ruling party through its vigilance in the outside of the Legislature.

e) Flexible Government: Flexibility is another merit of the parliamentary from of a government, according to Bagehot, under this government; the people can choose a ruler for the occasion who may be especially qualified to successfully pilot the ship of the state through motional crisis.

f) Alternative to Government: Parliamentary system is in the real sense a government by criticism; The majority from the government the majority continues the opposition. The opposition must criticises the, government. The lapses of the government are its opportunities and ruling party lost confidence opposition party is ready to hold the office.

Demerits of the Parliamentary Government:
a) Unstable Government: The government has no fixed life. It remains in office only so long as it can retain parliamentary majority which is sentient to the vagaries of the representative actives.

b) Violation of the theory of separation of powers: In a parliamentary of government, there is a combination of executive and Legislature functions in the same set of individuals lead top while the same men may be at one members of the Legislature and the executive, their functions in the two roles are distinct but in political experience, they worked in no distinction.

c) Executive becomes Autocratic/tyranny of majority: When the executive is confident of support by majority members in the Legislation, at is likely to become autocratic. The opposition feels helpless in correcting the erratic behaviour of the government because all decisions taken on the basis of voting.

d) Unsuitable for emergencies: A national crisis cannot meet with promptness in parliamentary government because much of his time wasted in discussions. Get emergency needs prompt action, while taking decisions, be fear of the opposition and the masses at large.

e) Bureaucratic Dictatorship: a parliamentary government, bureaucracy becomes unduly important. The ministers being amateurs heavily rely on bureaucratise for everything.

f) National Interests Ignored: In a parliamentary government, political parties often ignore the interests of the nation for the sake of interest of the party in power. All national aspects are divided in the interest of the party only.

Despite all their defects, parliamentary government is very popularity is considered more democratic and a true reflection of the public opinion.

Question 12.
Explain three types of Authority.
Answer:
The sociologist and philosopher Max Weber distinguishes three types of Authority – namely:

1. Charismatic
2. Traditional and
3. Legal-rational.

Each of which corresponds to a brand of leadership that is operative in contemporary society
i) Charismatic Authority: The charismatic authority points to an individual who possesses certain traits that make a leader extraordinary. This type of leader is not only capable of but actually possesses the superior power of charisma to rally diverse and conflict prone people behind him. His power comes from the massive trust and almost unbreakable faith people put in him.

ii) Traditional authority: Traditional authority indicates the presence of a dominant personality. This leader is some one who depends on established tradition or order. While this leader is also a dominant personality, the prevailing order in society gives him the mandate to rule. This type of leadership, however, is reflective of everyday routine and conduct.

iii) Legal-rational authority: Legal-rational authority is one that is grounded in clearly defined laws. The obedience of people is not based on the capacity of any leader but on the legitimacy and competence that procedures and laws bestow upon persons in authority Contemporary society depends on this type of rationalization, as the complexities of its problems require the emergence of a bureaucracy that embodies order and systematization.

Section – C
15 × 2 = 30 Marks

Note: Answer any FIFTEEN of the following questions in not exceeding 5 lines each. Each question carries 2 Marks.

Question 1.
Behaviouralism.
Answer:
It is a modern interdisciplinary approach in Political Science. It seeks to make political Science a real Science. It originated in 1925 but became popular in the USA after the second World War David Eason, Robert Dahl, Gabriel Almond are important supporters of this approach. It studies political behaviour of people by using Scientific methods of data collection, It is a protest against the Traditional Approach.

Question 2.
Pluralistic theory of Sovereignty.
Answer:
Pluralism opposes Austin’s theory of sovereignty. It says state ‘sovereignty is not absolute. State is also an Association and the individual is benefited by many Associations. Pluralists want decentralisation of authority and limited functions of the state. Sovereignty is divisible and it is not the source of law. Von Gierke, H.I. Laski, Ernest Barker, Maciver, G.D.H cole, Mait land were the exponents of pluralism.

Question 3.
De-Facto Sovereignty.
Answer:
The French term DeFacto’ implies Real. Defacto sovereign is a person or a body of persons who exercise such authority in the last resort and at the final stage Defacto sovereign may not be a legal sovereign. His authority is based not on law but on physical force. De Facto sovereign may be a king. Dictator or Religious priest.

Question 4.
Mention any two demerits of Nationalism.
Answer:

1. Nationalism makes the people extremely proud. Jealous and arrogant as was clear from the history of Germany and Italy.
2. It leads to unnecessary and unhealthy competition among the nations in economic matters.

Question 5.
What do you mean by the term equality?
Answer:
Equity means fairness or justice. It is also a kind of Jude-Made law. It is an informal method of making a new law or altering an old law to new conditions. Sometimes, the courts may be confronted with the disputes about wliich the law is silent. under such situation, the Judge will give relief to the aggrieved party by using principles of social justice and humanism common sense. In course of time, they acquire the status of law. In equity Judge is adding to the law what is missing therein and creating a new one.

Question 6.
What is International Equality’
Answer:
International equality: International equality means that all the states are treated equally irrespective of theIr geographical, economic or military composition. According to this element all nations of the world are equal whether they are large or small. For instance, the United Nations have extended equal dignity and status to all the nations in its charter. International Equality reflects the traits of humanism.

It emphasizes the peaceful settlement of disputes between the nations. Some cautioned about the occurrence of Third World War in the absence of respect to international law. They expressed apprehensions thinking that human beings will go back to the stone ages.

Question 7.
What do you know about Social Justice?
Answer:
Social Justice envisages a balance between rights of individuals and social control. It facilitates the fulfillment of the legitimate expectations of the individuals under the existing laws. It ensures several benefits and extends protection to the individuals against the interference or encroachment from others in society. It is consistent with the unity and the integrity of the nation. It fulfills the needs of the society.

Social Justice enforces the principle of equality before law. It also ensures eradication of social evils like poverty, unemployment, starvation, disease etc. It also extends protection to the downtrodden and weaker sections of society. Ultimately it provides those conditions essential for the allround development of individuals.

Question 8.
Meaning of Socialism.
Answer:
Hughan regarded socialism as the political movement of the working class which aims to abolish exploitation by means of collective ownership and democratic management of the instruments of production and distribution. Some writers regarded socialism as a democratic movement meant for promoting justice and liberty and for managing the society on efficient principles.

Question 9.
Civil – disobedience – National movement.
Answer:
This movement is a landmark in the constitutional history of India. The Indian National Congress Launched this movement on March 12, 1930 under the guidance of Gandhiji. Gandhiji started the civil disobedience movement by taking salt laws for violation. Along with 78 standards supporters Gardhiji began to March towards Dandi, a remote village for about 240 miles from Sabarmati Ashram on March 1930 to 6th April 1930. Gandhiji Planned to violate the salt Laws of the British government by making salt. Hence this movement is also popularly known as salt Satyagraha Movement.

Question 10.
What does the terms Jus Soli mean?
Answer:
Jus Soli means, acquisition of citizenship by the principle of place of birth. According to this method, a child acquires the citizenship of a State, where it borns. It is the place of birth which determines citizenship. This method is not more popular in modern times. At present, this method is observed exclusively in Argentina.

Question 11.
What is initiative?
Answer:
An initiative is a request made by the people to the legislature inframing a law on certain national problem or policy as such. After making the law, the same shall be presented for referendum. In this aspect, people in a specified number present a petition in written form to the legislature proposing a legislation. It is also of two kinds. They are:

• Formulative initiative
• Non-formulative initiative.

Question 12.
In what ways does Secularism enables religious freedom to individual?
Answer:
Secularism does not recognize any particular religion as the state religion. Secular state adopts neutral policy in religious matters. It implements various laws and social welfare measures without basing on the religious feelings of the people.

Question 13.
What is an Unwritten Constitution?
Answer:
An unwritten constitution is one whose provisions are not written in a single document. It includes several customs and traditions which are manifested in the form of Laws. The constitution of Britain is the best example of an unwritten constitution.

Question 14.
House of lords.
Answer:
The House of Lords, also known as The House of Peers, is the upper House of the parliament of the United Kingdom. Membership is granted by appointment or else by heredity. Like the House of common, it meets in the palace of West Minister. Currently, there are 300 members in the House of Lords members of whom 240 are Elected members and 60 appointed. Independent members upto 12 Church of England Bishops may sit in the House as ex officio Lords spiritual.
Elected members will serve a single non-renewable term of 15 years.

Question 15.
Parliamentary Executive.
Answer:
A parliamentary System of government means that the Executive branch of government has the direct or indirect support of the parliament. This support is usually shown by a vote of confidence. The Relationship between the executive and the Legislature in a parliamentary system is called Responsible government. According to this system, there is a President who is the formal Head of the State and the Prime Minister and the council of ministers which run the government.

Question 16.
Aristotles classification of Governments.
Answer:
Aristotle classified governments on the basis of two elements, namely:

• i) Number of rulers
• ii) Aims of the State.

He again classified Governments into normal and perverted forms. He says monarchy, aristocracy, and polity as the normal form of governments. Tyranny, oligarchy and democracy are the perverted form of Government.

Question 17.
Separation of Powers.
Answer:
Theory of separation of powers is propounded by Montesquieu in his famous book The Spirit of Laws’. The powers among the three organs of the Government in presidential executive will be distributed on the basis of the theory of separation of powers. Its main feature is Checks and Balance’, which means the three organs of the Government possess equal powers and each organ checks the other two organs from crossing their limits.

Question 18.
Prime Minister.
Answer:
Parliamentary government is described as Prime Ministerial government. The Prime Minister in this system acts as the Real executive head of the government. He acts as the Leader of the Majority party or coalition Ministry in the lower house of the legislature. He remains as the main pillar to the structure of union cabinet and unioncouncil of Ministers. He is central to the formation, continuance and survival of the Ministiy He Presides over the meetings of the union cabinet and decides its agenda. He enforces the Principle of Collective Responsibility. All the Ministers ake oath of office assume powers and discharge their Public and political obligations under his stewardship.

Question 19.
What are the views of Plato on Justice?
Answer:
Justice is giving to every man his due. It is a combination of reason, courage, appetite and will in terms of the state.

Question 20.
Equality and Social change.
Answer:
Equality as an idea of Social Change: With advance of scientific knowledge and technology, more and more areas of natural in equality are coming within the alterable sphere. We know that health and bodily strength can be improved by proper nutrition, and mental make up can be considerably developed by proper education and training. But availability of these benefits to an individual is dependent on his socioeconomic status.

Thoroughly reviewing AP Inter 1st Year English Model Papers Set 4 helps in understanding the examiner’s expectations.

AP Inter 1st Year English Model Paper Set 4 with Solutions

Time: 3 Hours
Max. Marks : 100

Section – A

I. Annotations (Prose)

(a) Mother India wants hard working good boys and good girls.
Answer:
Context : This passage is taken from the lesson “What makes a nation”. C. Rajagopala chari made an inspiring speech at the Nagpur Institute of Technology in the 1948. While giving suggestions¹ to the students, he spoke about some of the important points to be noted by the students.

Explanation: Rajaji was very happy to listen² to the speech delivered³ by a girl student. He said that the girl students were competing with the boys. The curve of success⁴ was in favour of the girls. The speaker wished that both girls and boys should maintain good character. Mother India has to develop through the efforts⁵ of good boys and good girls.

General Relevance: Rajagopalachari’s speech has got important advice to the youth. In this sentence he exhorts the students giving valuable suggestions.

1. సలహాలు
2. వినుట
3. ఇవ్వబడిన
4. విజయపు రేఖ
5. ప్రయత్నములు

సందర్భము : సి. రాజగోపాలాచారి రచించిన “What Makes a Nation” అనబడే పాఠం నుండి ఈ లైను తీసికొనబడినది. సి. రాజగోపాలాచారి చాలా భావస్ఫోరకమైన సంభాషణ చేశాడు. ఇది నాగపూరు Institute of Technology లో 1948లో ఇవ్వబడినది. ఆయన సలహాలనిస్తూ విద్యార్థులకు కొన్ని ముఖ్యమైన గమనింపదగిన మాటలు చెప్పారు.

వివరణ : ఒకానొక విద్యార్థిని చెప్పిన సంభాషణ వినడానికి రాజగోపాలచారి చాలా సంతోషంగా ఉండెను. ఆడపిల్లలు మగపిల్లలతో పోటీపడుతున్నారు. విజయరేఖ ఇప్పుడు విద్యార్థినులవైపుకు ఉంటున్నది. విద్యార్థులు మరియు విద్యార్థినులు మంచి ప్రవర్తన కలిగి ఉండాలి. మంచి బాలురు మరియు మంచి బాలికల ప్రయత్నములవలన భారతమాత అభివృద్ధి చెందాలి.

సాధారణ భావన : రాజగోపాలాచారిగారి సంభాషణ యుకతకు మంచి సలహాను కలిగి యున్నది. విలువైన సలహాలనిస్తూ, విద్యార్థులకు బోధిస్తున్నాడు.

(b) “Teach him to learn how to gracefully lose and enjoy winning when he does win”.
Answer:
Context: These lines are taken from the lessson “Abraham Lincoln’s Letter to his Son’s Teacher”, written by Abraham Lincoln, the noted 16^th President of the U.S.A. It is about his appeal to the teacher, in instructing a boy of tender age.

Explanation: The author advises the teacher to be careful¹ in his dealing with the boy. The boy should have development in all spheres of life. He should tackle wars, tragedy and sorrow. Victory² and failures are natural in this world. The boy must have self confidence. He should not be disheartened when he loses. When he wins, he should feel joy and satisfaction³. This will make him honest and self reliant.

General Relevance: In this world, life is a blend of both success and failure. One should take the both equally. It is natural for one to get both these experiences. He should show right response to the occasion.

1. జాగ్రత్తగా వున్న
2. జయము, గెలుపు
3. తృప్తి

సందర్భము : “Abraham Lincoln’s Letter to his Son’s Teacher” అనే పాఠము నుండి ఈ వాక్య భాగము తీసుకొనబడినది. దీనిని USA కు 16వ రాష్ట్రపతియైన అబ్రహాంలింకన్ వ్రాశారు. చిన్న వయస్సులో నున్న బాలునికి ఎలా చదువు చెప్పాలి అనే విషయమై ఆయన చేసిన విజ్ఞాపన.

వివరణ : రచయిత, ఆ బాలుని విషయంలో జాగ్రత్తగా ఉండాలని ఉపాధ్యాయునికి సలహా ఇచ్చాడు. ఆ అబ్బాయి అన్ని రంగాలలో అభివృద్ధిని కలిగియుండాలి. అతడు యుద్ధాన్ని, బాధలను, విచారాన్ని ఎదిరించాలి. ఈ ప్రపంచంలో విజయాలు మరియు అపజయాలు సహజముగా ఉంటాయి. ఆ అబ్బాయికి ఆత్మనిర్భరత ఉండాలి. ఓడినప్పుడు అతడు గుండె ధైర్యం చెడరాదు. గెలిచినప్పుడు సంతోషము మరియు సంతృప్తి కలిగియుండాలి. ఇది అతనిని నిజాయితీపరునిగా మరియు స్వయం సమృద్ధం అయ్యే విధంగా చేస్తుంది.

సాధారణ భావన : ఈ ప్రపంచంలో జీవితం, జయాపజయాలు కలిగియుంటుంది. ఆ రెంటిని సమానంగా తీసికొనాలి. ఈ రెండు అనుభవాలు ఒక మనిషికి సహజము. సందర్భానికి తగినట్లు సరియైన ప్రతిస్పందన చూపాలి.

(c) She hung up her boots for a while and although she was a law graduate, she was facing the brunt of unemployment.
Answer:
Context: This passage is taken from the prose lesson “She Conquered Everest”. Which was compiled by Dr. B. Sowjanya. It is about the courageous lady Arunima Sinha and her life ambition².

Explanation: Arunima Sinha studied law. She was a cyclist and a player of Football as well as volley ball. She needed a job but with the law graduation she could not get a job. For some time she was away from sports and tried to get a job. She suffered because of unemploye-ment.

General Relevance : It is natural to find difficulties in the life of an individual. Similarly³ Arunima Sinha suffered with unemployment and she could come out of this problem in a mysterious⁴ way.

1. వ్యతిరేక ఫలితములు
2. వాంఛ
3. అదేవిధంగా
4. విచిత్రంగా

సందర్భము : డా॥ సౌజన్య గారు సేకరించిన, “She Conquered Everest” అనే పాఠములో నుండి ఈ ప్యాసేజి తీసుకొనబడింది. అది, ధైర్యము గల అమ్మాయి అయిన అరుణిమ సిన్హా మరియు ఆమె యొక్క జీవితాశయం గురించినదై యున్నది.

వివరణ : అరుణిమ సిన్హా ‘లా’ చదివారు. ఆమె సైక్లిస్టు మరియు ఫుట్బాల్ మరియు వాలీబాల్ ఆడగలవారు. ఆమెకు ఒక ఉద్యోగము కావాలి కానీ ‘లా’ పట్టభద్రతతో ఉద్యోగము రాలేదు. కొంతకాలము ఆటలు ఆపి, ఉద్యోగం కొరకు ప్రయత్నించారు. ఆమె నిరుద్యోగమును బట్టి ఇబ్బందిపడ్డారు.

సాధారణ భావన : ఒకవ్యక్తి జీవితంలో కష్టపడడం అనేది సహజము. అదేరీతిలో అరుణిమ సిన్హా కూడా నిరుద్యోగంతో బాధపడ్డారు. కానీ ఆమె చాలా విచిత్రంగా ఈ సమస్య నుండి బయటపడ్డారు.

(d) Tsunamigenic earthquake was one of the ten worst earthquakes in recorded history and was also single worst Tsunami in History.
Answer:
Context: This line is taken from the essay “Disaster Management” compiled by Dr. A. Madhavi Latha. It is about disaster management. The essay is informative and useful.

Explanation: While elaborating the topic of ‘Tsunami’, the writer gives a clear picture of the tidal wave. The earthquake¹ of 2004 which was called Tsunami, had a mysterious² history of its own. It was one of the worst Tsunamis, so far experienced. It was beyond³ the assessment of the experts. The warning system could not sense⁴ it. There after it led the department to establish⁵ advanced technology for safety. Many countries were alerted because of this. If stands in the history as the worst ever experienced Tsunami.

General Relevance: The loss by the Tsunami disaster was really a shock for the experts⁷ ever. Many countries were hit⁸ badly and it awakened⁹ all. It has become a historical affect to mankind.

1. భూకంపము
2. విచిత్రమైన
3. మించినట్టి
4. గ్రహించుట
5. స్థాపించుట
6. తెలుపబడిన
7. నిష్ణాతులు
8. కొట్టబడిన
9. మేల్కొనిన

సందర్భము : డాక్టరు ఏ. మాధవీలత గారు సంకలనం చేసిన “Disaster Management” అనబడే వ్యాసము నుండి ఈ లైను తీసికొనబడినది. అది disaster management ను గురించినదై యున్నది. ఈ వ్యాసము విషయ పరిజ్ఞానము కలది మరియు ఉపయోగకరము.

వివరణ : ‘సునామీ’ విషయము ప్రస్తావించి, రచయిత దాని గురించిన పూర్తి చిత్రము చెప్పారు. సునామీ అని చెప్పబడే 2004లో వచ్చిన భూకంపము, విచిత్రమైన చరిత్రను కలిగియున్నది. అది సునామీలలో చాలా భయంకరమైనది. బాగుగా పరిజ్ఞానము కలిగినవారికి అంచనాలకు కూడా అందలేదు. Warning system గ్రహించలేదు. అందుచేత ఈ డిపార్ట్మెంట్ ్వరు, నవీన టెక్నాలజీ వైపుకు నడిచేటట్లు చేసింది. దీనివలననే చాలా దేశాలు ఎరుకపర్చబడినవి. ఏనాడూలేని భయంకరమైన సునామీగా దీనిని చరిత్రలో పేర్కొనాలి.

సాధారణ భావన : సునామీ వలన వచ్చిన నష్టము, గొప్ప ప్రావీణ్యత కలిగిన వారికి కూడా ఆశ్చర్యం కలిగించింది. అనేక దేశాలు భయంకరంగా నష్టపోయాయి మరియు అది అందరిని మేల్కొలిపింది. అది మానవజాతికి ఒక చారిత్రక నష్టము.

II. Annotations (Poetry) :

(a) “The poor mechanic porters crowding in
their heavy burdens at his narrow gate”.
Answer:
Context: These lines are taken from the poem “Common Wealth of Bees” written by Shakespeare. It is extracted from the play Henry V, Act I and Scene 2. The example of a bee-hive is given here, by the dramatist, to bring a lesson.

Explanation: William Shakespeare gives an interesting comparison between the Common Wealth of Bees and the kingdom of Henry V. There are different bees in the beehive, each working for the good of the hive. The king bee is like the king. There are worker bees always busy collecting honey and taking expedition¹ on every garden. There are bees which are like mechanics. They cover the mouths of the holes with wax and keep them shining like gold. They are very careful in keeping the hive without any damage² or breakage³. The bees returning from the gardens are honeyladen⁴ and want to keep the honey drops in the narrow holes. The burden of the honey is alighted⁵ carefully and it is preserved. Here the business of a soldier bee is described, interestingly.

General relevance: In the poem Shakespeare gives comparison between the honey bee and the common soldier, who tries to safeguard the kingdom with all his might. The com- parison at each level is quite apt⁷.

1. దండయాత్ర
2. నష్టము
3. పగిలిపోవుట
4. తేనెతో నిండిన
5. తేలికయగుట
6. భద్రపరచబడెను
7. తగియున్నది

సందర్భము : విలియం షేక్స్పియర్ వ్రాసిన Common Wealth of Bees అనే పద్యం నుండి ఈ వాక్యములు తీసుకొనబడినవి. అది హెన్రీ V, మొదటి Act, 2వ సీను నుండి తీసుకొనబడినది. ఒక తేనెపట్టు యొక్క ఉదాహరణ, ఒక పాఠము కొరకు ఇవ్వబడినది.

వివరణ : Common Wealth of Bees కును, హెన్రీ – V యొక్క రాజ్యమునకును మధ్య పోలికను విలియం షేక్స్పియర్ ఆకర్షణీయంగా ఇచ్చారు. తేనెపట్టులో వివిధములైన తేనెటీగలున్నాయి. ప్రతిదీ ఆ తేనెపట్టు మంచికొరకు పనిచేస్తుంటాయి. రాజు ఈగను రాజుగా తీసుకొనవచ్చును. తేనెను ప్రోగుచేస్తూ, తోటల మీదికి దాడికి వెళ్ళే శ్రామిక ఈగలు కూడా ఉన్నాయి. కొన్ని మెకానిక్స్ లాగా ఉన్నాయి. అవి wax తో రంధ్రముల పై భాగాలను పూడ్చుచున్నాయి. అవి బంగారంవలె మెరుస్తున్నాయి. ఈ తేనెపట్టుకు ఏ రకమైన నష్టము కలుగకుండా బహు జాగ్రత్తగా ఉంటారు. తోటలలో నుండి వస్తున్న తేనెటీగలు తేనెతో బరువుగా ఉండి, చాలా ఇరుకైన రంధ్రములలో తమ బరువు దించుకుంటున్నాయి. చాలా జాగ్రత్తగా ఖాళీచేసి దానిని అక్కడ భద్రపరుస్తారు. సైనిక ఈగ యొక్క పనిని మంచిగా వర్ణించారు.

సాధారణ భావన : తేనెటీగకు, సామాన్య సైనికునికి పోలిక వ్రాశాడు షేక్స్పియర్. ఆ సైనికుడు తన శక్తి అంతటితో రాజ్యాన్ని రక్షించడానికి ప్రయత్నిస్తాడు. రెంటికి పోలిక ఎక్కడికక్కడ మంచిగా ఉంది.

(b) Give me the strength to raise my mind high above daily trifles.
Answer:
Context: These lines are extracted from the poem “This is my Prayer to thee my Lord” written by Rabindranath Tagore. He was a Nobel laureate and his poems are filled with philosophy. Here this small poem is a prayer to God to make him a real follower.

Explanation: In this prayer, he aspires¹ to have so many things. He prays to God to go deep into the heart and strike the penury. He wants to have a mind with belief² in love. He wants to love the poor and the needy. He should strive to have a widening thought in his mind. Tagore wants to drive away the trifles and to raise his deeds, to the supreme³ level.

General relevance: Tagore’s intention is to rise to the supreme heights of character. One should think of the aspirations in making one’s deeds successful. Transparency⁴ of thought and word, should be there, to make the life, successful.

1. కోరుకొనును
2. నమ్మకము
3. ఉన్నతోన్నతమైన
4. విశాలదృష్టి

సందర్భము : ఈ వాక్యాలు రవీంద్రనాథ్ ఠాగూర్ గారు రచించిన This is my Prayer to thee my Lord’ అనే ఈ పద్యం నుండి తీసుకొనబడినవి. ఆయన నోబెల్ బహుమతి గ్రహీత మరియు ఆయన పద్యములు వేదాంతముతో నింపబడినవి. ఈ చిన్న పద్యము, నిజమైన follower గా దేవునికి ప్రార్థించే విధానము అయి ఉన్నది.

వివరణ : ప్రార్థనలో ఆయన అనేక విషయాలను ఆశిస్తున్నారు. హృదయపు లోతులలోనికి వెళ్ళి అక్కడ లేమిని కొట్టాలి అని దేవుణ్ణి ప్రార్థిస్తున్నారు. ప్రేమపట్ల విశ్వాసము గల మనసు కోరుతున్నారు. బీదవారిని, అవుసరతలలో ఉన్నవారిని ప్రేమించాలని తలచుచున్నారు. తన మనస్సులో విశాలమైన ఆలోచన కావాలి అని ఠాగూరు గారు తనలోని తేలిక భావనలను తోసివేసి ఉన్నతమైన స్థాయిలో ఉన్న కార్యక్రమముల వైపుకు తనను మేల్కొల్పాలి అని అంటున్నారు.

సాధారణ భావన : వ్యక్తి ప్రవర్తలోని ఉన్నత విలువలకు చేరాలి అనేది ఠాగూరు గారి అభిప్రాయము. ప్రతి మనిషి తన పనులను విజయవంతం చేయడానికి ఆశ కలిగి ఆలోచించాలి. ఆలోచనలో మరియు మాటలలో విశాలత ఉండాలి. తద్వారా జీవితం విజయవంతం కావాలి.

(c) The word from my womb lashes like sea waves
Encompasses like the sky and brings down showers like a cloud.
Answer:
Context: These lines are taken from the poem ‘Body’ written by K. SivaReddy and translated into English by M. Sridhar and Alladi Uma. The poem is an interesting description of a human body and the potentiality of words. Body is not simply a physical organism but also a potential entity for life.

Explanation: The poet compares the body to various things and situations. The body is capable of imagining the occasions eventhough the eyes are closed. Words like arrows come out of the body and fight against the opponent¹. The wind touches the body and makes it alive with activity. The words from the womb rise and reach the heights to make them fruitful². Just like the cool breeze, making the clouds formed, the words which come from the womb give showers of happiness to the individual. The body with its powerful³ capacity touches the other bodies and electrify them. Thus the words released from the body, are creating a new atmosphere useful for the future.

General relevance: It is the great imagination of the poet, that made him lively to important qualities of the body. The words coming out of the body, create a peaceful atmo- sphere to the body.

1. ప్రత్యర్థి, శత్రువు
2. ఫలవంతమైన
3. తీవ్రమైన శక్తిగల

సందర్భము : K. Sivareddy గారు వ్రాయగా M. Sridhar మరియు అల్లాడి ఉమగార్లు ఇంగ్లీషులోనికి అనువదించిన పద్యము ‘Body’ నుండి ఈ లైనులు తీసికొనబడినవి. ఈ పద్యము మానవ శరీరము యొక్క వర్ణనను అలాగే మాటలలోని శక్తిని వర్ణిస్తున్నది. శరీరము అనునది కేవలము శరీరములోని అవయవము మాత్రమేగాక జీవితంలోనున్న ఒక బలమైన ప్రత్యేకతను సూచిస్తున్నది.

వివరణ : కవి, శరీరమును వివిధ రకాలైన విషయములతోను, పరిస్థితులతోను పోల్చి చెబుతున్నాడు. కళ్లు మూసికొనినను, మనిషి తనచుట్టూరా వున్న విషయములను ఊహించి తెలిసికొనగలడు, బాణములవంటి మాటలు శరీరము నుండి వచ్చి, దానిని పనిలో చురుకుగా నడుపును. గర్భము నుండి బయటికి వచ్చిన మాటలు లేచి, పైకి వెళ్ళి ఫలవంతం చేస్తాయి. చల్లని గాలివలె, ఆకాశంలో మేఘాలు తయారయి. ఆ మాటలు వ్యక్తికి చల్లని ఆనంద జల్లుల ద్వారా సంతోషం కలిగిస్తాయి. ఆ శరీరంలోనికి శక్తి ఇతర శరీరాలను అంటుకొని, వాటిని చురుకుగా చేస్తాయి. ఈ శరీరం నుండి వచ్చిన మాటలు, ఒక క్రొత్త వాతావరణము భవిష్యత్తు కొరకు తయారుచేయబడుతున్నది.

సాధారణ భావన : అది కవి యొక్క గొప్ప ఊహ. ఇది ఆయనను శరీరము యొక్క ముఖ్యమైన లక్షణాలను గ్రహించునట్లు చేస్తున్నది. శరీరం నుండి వస్తున్న మాటలు. శరీరానికి ఒక ప్రశాంతమైన వాతావరణం ఏర్పరచుచున్నాయి.

(d) I know why your eyes leap away
When they meet mine
Why they quickly stray
From their quiet contact.
Answer:
Context: These lines are taken from the poem ‘To A Student’ written by Kamala Wijeratne. In this poem the poet gives a message to the youth. This world is filled with hatred and bloodshed. A student should understand the real atmosphere and try to pursue peace and hormony.

Explanation: In these lines, the poet expresses her worry at the students attitude. He could not look straightly into the eyes of the teacher. His ears have been filled with the news of bloodshed and hatred. So the student is afraid of the statement of the teacher. News of dangerous incidents, ethnic conditions, landmines, explosions, splinters of bones is heard by the student. So, the poet thinks it correct for the student to turn away his eyes and ears to the advice of the teacher. The poet fights against the day to day cruel events.

General relevance: The poet’s view that it is correct for the student to be a verse to any of the advice given by a teacher, seems to be correct. The anguish in the mind of the poet about the pitiable condition of the students is clearly shown in these lines.

సందర్భము : కమలా విజేరత్నే వ్రాసిన To A Student’ అనబడే పద్యము నుండి ఈ వాక్యములు తీసుకొనబడినవి. ఈ పద్యంలో ఆ కవి యువతకు మంచి ఉపదేశము ఇస్తున్నారు. ప్రపంచమంతా ఏహ్యభావము మరియు యుద్ధము అనే వాటితో నిండిపోయి ఉన్నవి. విద్యార్థి నిజమైన వాతావరణమును గ్రహించి శాంతి, సమగ్రతలను సాధించడానికి ఉద్యుక్తుడు కావాలి.

వివరణ : ఆ విద్యార్థి యొక్క పరిస్థితిని బట్టి కవి, తన యొక్క ఆందోళన తెలుపుచున్నారు. ఆ ఉపాధ్యాయుని కళ్ళల్లోనికి అతడు సూటిగా చూడలేకపోతున్నాడు. రక్తపాతము మరియు ఏహ్యభావమునకు సంబంధించిన వార్తలతో అతని చెవులు నిండిపోయి ఉన్నది. అందుచేత ఆ విద్యార్థి ఉపాధ్యాయుని ప్రకటన పట్ల భయపడుతున్నాడు. ప్రమాదకరకమైన సంఘటనలు రక్తపాతము గల స్థితులు, మందుపాతరలు పేల్చివేతలు, ఎముకల ముక్కలు చెల్లాచెదురగుట మొదలైన వారి వార్తలు అతనికి వినబడుతున్నాయి. అందుచేత ఆ విద్యార్థి తన ముఖమును త్రిప్పుకొని, తన చెవులతో వినకుండా ఉండడం సమంజసమే అని ఉపాధ్యాయుడనుకొంటున్నారు. రోజురోజుకు జరుగుతున్న క్రూరమైన సంఘటనలకు వ్యతిరేకంగా కవి పోరాడుతున్నారు.

సాధారణ భావన : ఒక ఉపాధ్యాయుని నుండి వచ్చే ఏ విధమైన సలహాలనైనను వినకుండా విద్యార్థి వ్యతిరేక భావన చూపడం అనేది సరియైనదే అని కవి అనుకొంటున్నారు. కవిగారి మనసులోని ఆందోళన అనగా ఆ విద్యార్థి యొక్క దీనస్థితిని బట్టి కలిగిన దయనీయమైన భావన ఈ వాక్యములలో కనబడుతున్నది.

III. Paragraph Questions (Prose) :

a) What should the teacher do to help the child tackle good and evil in the world? Ans. Abraham Lincoln wrote a letter to the teacher of his son. His letter is filled with a number of suggestions to the teacher. The teacher should prepare the boy to tackle wars, tragedy and sorrow. The world is filled with many things both good and bad. There are enemies but the boy should find a friend in an enemy. There is no shame¹ in failures. There is mystery² in the creation of this world. The boy should not blindly follow the crowd. He should understand good and evil of the things and follow the path^3M of truth. He should have courage to tackle challenges in life. Thus the teacher’s role is important.

1. అవమానము
2. విచిత్రములు
3. మార్గము

అబ్రహాంలింకన్ తన కుమారుని ఉపాధ్యాయునికి ఒక ఉత్తరం వ్రాశారు. ఆ ఉత్తరంలో ఉపాధ్యాయునికి ఎన్నో సలహా లున్నాయి. ఆ అబ్బాయిని, ఆ ఉపాధ్యాయుడు, యుద్ధాలు, విచారగ్రస్తమైన విషయములు మరియు విచారము అనే వాటిని ఎదిరించే విధంగా సిద్ధపరచాలి. ఈ ప్రపంచం చాలా మంచివి మరియు చెడ్డవైన వాటితో నిండియున్నది. శత్రువులున్నారు. కానీ ఆ అబ్బాయి. శత్రువులో మిత్రుణ్ణి చూడాలి. వైఫల్యాల వలన అవమానము లేదు. ప్రపంచంలో సృష్టిలో విచిత్రమైన అంశాలున్నాయి. ఆ అబ్బాయి` గ్రుడ్డిగా, జనాన్ని నమ్మి వెంబడించరాదు. మంచి మరియు చెడులను గురించి తెలిసి, సత్యమార్గంలో నడవాలి. జీవితములోని సవాళ్ళను ఎదుర్కొనాలి. ఈ విధంగా ఉపాధ్యాయుని పాత్ర చాలా ప్రాధాన్యత గలది.

b) What are the difficulties faced by Arunima while climbing Everest? What do you learn from her story?
Answer:
Dr. B. Sowjanya compiled the particulars of the life of Arunima Sinha, with the title. She Conquered Everest. Arunima Sinha got her left leg amputated and a rod was inserted¹ in the right leg. She had firm decision to go over the Everest. She did a basic course in mountaineering. She took the blessings of Bachendripal. As she started climbing the mountain, the ankle² and heel³ were swiveling. She was losing grip. There was severe pain in the other leg. At a height of 3500 feet, on the death zone, there were many dead bodies and she was not afraid of the situation⁴. Eventhough oxygen was less in quantity, she moved forward and reached the summit⁵ on 21^st May 2013. Even after that she was in a critical⁶ position. Her helper brought a new cylinder of oxygen and thus she could survive. The confidence and courage saveď⁷ her. From her life, everybody should learn that all the obstructions⁸ could be put aside⁹ when there is a strong will and continuous effort.

1. లోపల వుంచబడెను.
2. మడమ
3. మడమను కప్పియుంచే తొడుగు
4. పరిస్థితి
5. శిఖరము
6. విపత్కరమైన
7. కాపాడెను
8. అడ్డంకులు
9. ప్రక్కను

డా॥ బి. సౌజన్య “She conquered Everest” అనే పేరుతో అరుణిమ సిన్హా యొక్క జీవిత విశేషాలను సేకరించారు. అరుణిమ సిన్హా యొక్క ఎడమకాలు తెగగొట్టబడినది మరియు కుడికాలులో ఒక రాడ్డు వున్నది. ఆమె ఎవరెస్టు మీదికి వెళ్లాలని గట్టి నిశ్చయముతో వున్నది. పర్వతారోహణలో ఒక చిన్న కోర్సు చేశారు. బచేంద్రిపాల్ అను వారి ఆశీస్సులు పొందింది. ఆమె పైకెక్కుతుండగా కాలు మడమ వేరయి పట్టు తప్పుతోంది. రెండవకాలిలో భయంకరమైన నొప్పి. 3500 అడుగుల ఎత్తు death zone లో శవాలు వున్నా, ఆమె ఆ పరిస్థితికి భయపడలేదు. ఆక్సిజన్ తక్కువగా వున్నా ఆమె ముందుకు సాగి 2013 మే 21న ఆ శిఖరాన్ని చేరుకొన్నారు. దాని తర్వాత కూడా విపత్కర పరిస్థితిలో వున్నారు. ఆమె సహాయకుడు ఒక క్రొత్త ఆక్సిజన్ సిలిండరు తేగా ఆమె రక్షింపబడింది. ఆమె నమ్మకము మరియు ధైర్యము ఆమెను రక్షించాయి. ఎన్ని అడ్డంకులు వచ్చినా వాటిని ప్రక్కన పెట్టడానికి, గట్టి నమ్మకము, ఎడతెగని శ్రమ వుంటే చాలు అని ఆమె జీవితాన్ని బట్టి ప్రతి ఒక్కరు గ్రహించాలి.

c) How does Information Technology, according to Abdul Kalam and Rajan, change the agriculture sector?
Answer:
APJ Abdul Kalam and Y.S.Rajan wrote the essay “Digital Technologies”. They have a vision for India in all its development. Digital technology is useful to develop the sectors of Agriculture, Industry and Service. Agriculture sector should use Information Technology more intensity¹. Monitoring the crops², soil³ conditions, water resources⁴, better weather forecasts, marketing of the products should be connected with these new technologies. Then only agriculture can be developed to make India self sufficient.

1. బలంగా
2. పంటలు
3. నేల
4. వనరులు

APJ Abdul Kalam మరియు Y.S.రాజన్ అనువారు “Digital Technologies” అనబడే ఈ వ్యాసాన్ని వ్రాశారు. వారు భారతదేశము యొక్క అభివృద్ధిని గురించి ఒక vision (దార్శనికత) కలిగి యున్నారు. డిజిటల్ టెక్నాలజీ అనునది, వ్యవసాయము, పరిశ్రమలు మరియు సేవా రంగములు అభివృద్ధి చెందుటకు పనికి వస్తుంది. వ్యవసాయరంగము, ITని పూర్తిగా ఉపయోగించుకోవాలి. పంటలు పండించుట, నేల స్వభావములు, నీటి వనరులు, మంచి వాతావరణ అంచనాలు, తయారయిన వస్తువుల యొక్క వ్యాపారము మొదలైనవి ఈ క్రొత్త technologies కు సంధానం చేయాలి. అప్పుడే వ్యవసాయము అభివృద్ధి చెంది, భారతదేశము స్వయం సమృద్ధమవుతుంది.

d) What is Rajaji’s advice to the students of higher learning ?
Answer:
C. Rajagopalachari gave an inspiring speech at Nagpur Institute of Technology in the year 1948. He was a statesman and an orator. He was very happy to listen¹ to the speech made by a girl student. He thought that a new trend² had emerged³ in the society. Girl students are competing with boys. The youth of India has to maintain good character. They should live upto the standards of India. The country had a great tradition⁴. They should become good bricks in the construction⁵ of a nation. Honesty⁶ and hard work should be maintained by the students. Straight forwardness⁷ is needed at every stage. As we got independence we should accept our responsibility and should make the nation strong.

1. వినుట
2. విధానము
3. వేగంగా వచ్చెను
4. సంప్రదాయము
5. కట్టడము
6. నిజాయితీ
7. ఋజుమార్గవర్తన

శ్రీ రాజగోపాలచారి 1948లో నాగపూరు ఇన్స్టిట్యూట్ ఆఫ్ టెక్నాలజీలో ఒక భావస్ఫోరకమైన సంభాషణ చేశారు. అతడు మంచి రాజనీతిజ్ఞుడు మరియు ఉపన్యాసకుడు. ఒక అమ్మాయి మాట్లాడినది ఎంతో సంతోషంగా విన్నాడు. ఒక నూతన ఒరవడి ప్రారంభమైనది అనుకొన్నాడు. విద్యార్థినులు, విద్యార్థులతో పోటీ పడుతున్నారు. భారతదేశపు యువత మంచి ప్రవర్తనను నేరపాలి. భారతదేశపు ప్రమాణములకు తగినట్లు బ్రతకాలి. ఈ దేశానికి ఒక మంచి సంప్రదాయము కలదు. ఈ జాతి నిర్మాణములో వారు మంచి రాళ్ళుగా తయారు కావాలి. విద్యార్థులు నిజాయితీ, కష్టపడి పనిచేయుట అనునవి అలవాటు చేసికొనాలి. ఋజుమార్గ వర్తన అనునది ప్రతిస్థాయిలో కావాలి. మనకు స్వాతంత్ర్యము వచ్చింది గనుక మన బాధ్యతను అంగీకరించి, ఈ జాతిని బలపరచాలి.

IV. Paragraph Questions (Poetry) :

a) How unique is Tagore’s prayer to God ?
Answer:
Rabindranath Tagore was a poet, dramatist¹ and a philosopher². He was a Nobel laureate³ for the book Gitanjali. In the 36^th song of Gitanjali, Tagore submits himself to God. He prays to God to help him by means of striking at the depths⁴ of his heart. This prayer is aimed at getting the strength to serve the poor. His thoughts should be at the higher level. He should submit himself to God wholeheartedly⁵. Thus this small poem extends⁶ the aim of love and service. Both joys and sorrows should be taken equally. Thus the prayer is filled with unique⁷ ideas.

1. నాటక రచయిత
2. వేదాంతి
3. నోబెల్ గ్రహీత
4. లోతులు
5. హృదయమంతటితో
6. చెప్పుచున్నది
7. ప్రత్యేకమైన

రవీంద్రనాథ ఠాగూర్ గారు ఒక కవి, నాటకకర్త మరియు ఒక వేదాంతి. ‘గీతాంజలి’ అను పుస్తకమునకు ఆయన నోబెల్ బహుమతి గ్రహీత అయినారు. 36వ పద్యంలో ఠాగూరు గారు తనను తాను భగవంతునికి సమర్పించుకున్నారు. తన హృదయపు లోతులలోనికి వెళ్ళి ఆయనను మార్చవలెనని, అట్టి సహాయము కొరకు వేడుకొన్నారు. బీదవారికి సహాయము చేయుటకు కావలసిన శక్తిని ప్రసాదించుటకు ఈ ప్రార్థన ఉద్దేశించబడినది. ఆయన ఆలోచనలు ఉన్నత స్థాయిలో ఉండాలి. అతడు హృదయపూర్వకంగా భగవంతునికి అర్పించుకొనాలి. ఈ విధంగా ఈ చిన్న పుస్తకము ప్రేమ మరియు సేవ అనే విషయాలను చూపుతున్నది. కష్టములు మరియు ఆనందము ఒకటిగా (సమానంగా) తీసుకొనాలి. ఈ విధంగా ఈ పద్యము ప్రత్యేకత కలిగియున్నది.

b) “Hold fast to dreams, for when dreams go, Life is a barren field frozen with snow”. How did Langston Hughes hold fast to his saying, “As I Grew Older” ?
Answer:
Langston Hughes was an African American poet. His literature is filled with the problems of the black people in America. Here in the poem” As I Grew Older’ he expresses his agony towards the life of the black people. In his childhood, the poet did not know the problems of life and so he had a dream of his own. As he grew older, he was aware¹ of the wall of race standing before him. But he was steady² in his trials,³ to make the dream true. It is true that one has to hold fast the dreams. It they are gone, life is but frozen.⁴ The poet knew this and he wanted to pursue his ambition. There was darkness around. He could not enter the brightness of the Sun, it he could not break the wall of race. So he tried to throw away the obstacle and get the light of a thousand Suns. A number of dreams were realised by him and his life became fruitful.⁵ Everyone must have a dream in life and must try to fulfill it.

1. ఎరిగియుండుట
2. నిబ్బరంగా
3. ప్రయత్నము
4. గడ్డకట్టిన
5. ఫలవంతము

Langston Hughes ఆఫ్రికన్, అమెరికన్ కవి. అమెరికాలోని నల్లజాతి ప్రజల సమస్యలతో ఆయన సాహిత్యం నిండి ఉంటుంది. ఇక్కడ ‘As I Grew Older’ అనే ఈ పద్యంలో కవి తన ప్రజలైన నల్లవారి జీవితం పట్ల మానసిక ఆందోళన తెలుపుతున్నారు. చిన్నతనంలో కవికి జీవిత సమస్యలు తెలియవు. అందువలన ఒక కలను కలిగియున్నాడు. అతడు పెరిగి పెద్దవాడవు తుండగా, జాతి అనే గోడ తన ముందు నిలబడడం గ్రహించాడు. కానీ ఆయన తన ప్రయత్నాలలో జాగ్రత్తగా ఉన్నాడు. తన కలను నిజం చేయడానికి జాగ్రత్తగా ఉన్నాడు. ఒక వ్యక్తి తన జీవితంలో కలలను కలిగి ఉండాలనేది సత్యము. అవి లేకుంటే జీవితం మృతమే. కవికి ఈ విషయం తెలుసు. తన కోరికను అనుసరించాలనుకున్నాడు. చుట్టూరా చీకటి ఉన్నది. ఆ ‘తెగ’ అనబడే గోడ పగులగొట్టకపోతే అతడు సూర్యుని వెలుగులోనికి వెళ్ళలేడు. అందుచేత ఆ ఆటంకాన్ని తొలగించి, ఒక వేయి సూర్యుల వెలుగులోనికి వెళ్ళాలి అనేక కలలు ఫలించి జీవితం ఫలభరితమయ్యింది. ప్రతివాడికి ఒక కల ఉండాలి. దానిని పూర్తి చేయడానికి తప్పక ప్రయత్నించాలి.

c) Why does the poet call the body “A breathing corpse” ?
Answer:
K. Sivareddy a poet in Telugu literature produces a number of books and got fame. His poem ‘Body’ is translated into English by M. Sudhir and Alladi Uma. The body and its existence is described in a varied way. A Body is potentially strong and it has words to make it lively.

The body is capable to do any sort of deeds. A body is not simply a biological¹ organism but it has got an identify of its own. When the body is alive it is like a corpse with breath. We close the eyes but we can imagine the movements with the help of the sounds. Just like the ships floating on the oceans, body floats on views. It breaths and there are struggles², tears, was sounds and others through the spears of words. Body aims at inde- pendence. He invites people to come near the body and listen to its sounds. If anybody touches the body, it electrifies³ the other person with the powers in the body. Thus a corpse with breathing is the body with activity.

1. జీవశాస్త్ర సంబంధమైన
2. పోరాటము
3. ఝల్లుమనిపించు

కె. శివారెడ్డిగారు తెలుగు సాహిత్యాన్ని, అనేక పుస్తకాలను రచించి మంచి పేరు పొందిన కవిగారు. M. సుధీర్ మరియు అల్లాడి ఉమ అనువారు ఆయన పద్యము అయిన Body ను ఇంగ్లీషులోనికి తర్జుమా చేశారు. శరీరము, దాని అస్థిత్వము అనునది ఒక ప్రత్యేక రీతిలో చెప్పబడినది ఒక శరీరము అనునది చాలా బలంగా వుంటుంది. దానిని చురుకుగా ఉంచడానికి మాటలుంటాయి.

శరీరము ఏ పనులు చేయడానికైనా సమర్థత కలిగియుంటుంది. ఒక శరీరము అనునది శారీరక సౌష్టవము మాత్రమే కాక తనకంటూ ఒక ప్రత్యేకత కలిగియున్నది. శరీరము ప్రాణమున్నప్పుడు అది శ్వాసనిండిన ఒక కట్టెగా వున్నది. మనం కళ్ళు మూసుకొన్నా చుట్టూరా జరుగుతున్న కార్యకలాపములు శబ్దం మూలంగా ఊహించగలము. సముద్రాలలో ఓడలు తేలియాడుతున్నట్లు, శరీరము ఊహలమీద తేలియాడును. అది శ్వాసించును. పోట్లాటలు, కన్నీళ్ళు మరియు యుద్ధ శబ్ధములు మరియు ఇతరములు మాటల ఆయుధములతో వచ్చును. శరీరానికి స్వాతంత్ర్యం కావాలి. తన శరీరమునకు సమీపించి దాని శబ్దములను వినుమని చెబుతున్నాడు. ఒక శరీరమును తాకితే, మరొక శరీరములో చురుకుదనం ఏర్పడి ఆ శరీరానికి అనేక శక్తులనిస్తుంది. ఈ విధంగా శ్వాసకలిగిన కట్టె అనునది చురుకుగా పనిచేయు శరీరము.

d) Briefly explain the theme of the poem “To a Student”.
Answer:
Kamala Wijeratne a poet from Ceylon wrote her views on peace and harmony¹. She is a noted poet giving powerful message through this poem “To A Student”. According to the poet, this world is filled with hatred² and bloodshed³. According to the poet, the student is not able to look at her face. He cannot listen to the advice. It happens become the students mind is filled with fear and anxiety⁴. There we find bloodshed, splinters of bones, bursts of land mines and other frightening things everywhere. Only the news of war and hatred is heard. The student is tired⁵ of this heavy atmosphere. The poet advices the student to think for a while. She asks him to look at the bright future, if all this ethnic⁶ atmosphere is destroyed. A peaceful atmosphere will exist. The dreadening⁷ circumstances after the wars of Ilion, Carthage or Hiroshima should not be repeated. So, the student should be treated properly from the contagions⁸ disease of unrest⁹ and war. Thus the poem suggests a valuable idea to the future generations¹⁰.

1. సమగ్రత
2. ఏవగింపు
3. రక్తపాతము
4. ఆతురత
5. విసిగిపోయెను
6. రక్తపాతమైన
7. భయోత్పాతమును కలిగించు
8. అంటువ్యాధి
9. అల్లరి మరియు యుద్ధము
10. భవిష్యత్ తరాలు

కమలా విజేరత్నే అనే కవి శాంతి సమగ్రతల గురించి తన భావనలను చెప్పుచున్నారు. “To A Student” అనబడే ఈ పద్యం ద్వారా బలమైన సందేశం పంపుతున్నారు. కవి ఉద్దేశ్యంలో ఈ ప్రపంచం ఏవగింపు మరియు రక్తపాతంతో నిండియుంది. కవి ఉద్దేశం ప్రకారం విద్యార్థి తన ముఖము చూడలేకపోతున్నాడు. ఆమె సలహాను వినలేకపోతున్నారు. ఎక్కడ చూచినా విద్యార్థి మనసు భయంతో, ఆందోళనలతో నిండి యున్నది. రక్తపాతము, ఎముకల ముక్కలు, మందుపాతరలు మరియు ఇతర భయంకర సంగతులు ‘జరుగుతున్నాయి. ఎక్కడ చూచినా ఏహ్యభావము, యుద్ధము మాత్రమే వినబడుతున్నాయి. విద్యార్థిని ఆలోచించమని సలహా ఇస్తున్నారు. ఈ భయంకర పరిస్థితి మారిన తరువాత వచ్చే మంచి భవిష్యత్తును గురించి ఆలోచించాలి. విద్యార్థి ఈ భారమైన సంగతులతో విసిగిపోయాడు. ఒక క్షణం ఆలోచించమంటున్నారు. భవిష్యత్తులో నుండి మంచిని గురించి ఊహించమంటున్నారు కవిగారు. ఒక ప్రశాంత వాతావరణం కనబడుతుంది. ఇలియాన్, కార్తేజ్ మరియు హిరోషిమా పరిస్థితులు పునరావృతం కాకూడదు. ఈ ‘అశాంతి మరియు యుద్ధము’ అనే రోగం నుండి విడుదల కావాలి. భావి తరాలకు ఒక మంచి భావము తెలుపబడినది.

V. Paragraph Questions (Non-detailed) :

(a) Justify the statement “A diseased mind is even more harmful than the actual disease itself ” with reference to ‘O. Henry’s ‘The Last Leaf.
Answer:
O. Henry was an American short story writer. His stories have the ironic endings. They belong to the American common man¹ of the 20^th century. The story Last Leaf is with affection, sacrifice² and friendship.

Johnsy and Sue were artists maintaining a studio in Newyork. Those days Johnsy was with pneumonia and she was afraid of the disease. She believed that the disease would take her life. Sue was hopeful of her friend’s survival. She was taking care of her. While drawing pictures she took old Mr. Behrman as her model paint. He was a drunkard but wanted to become a noted painter. He used to say that he would great a master piece. But everytime he failed because of his habits³ and health.

That day Sue told Behrman about the illhealth⁴ of Johnsy and her fear. Johnsy was looking through the window. She could see an old vine creeper⁵ on the other wall. The leaves of the plant were falling down and so she thought that her days were also being counted. It was her firm opinion⁶ that she would die as the last leaf falls down. Behrman come to know this from Sue. He could not accept the notion⁷ of Johnsy.

That night there was one leaf and Johnsy said that the last leaf would fall down by the next morning and that she would also die. Sue said that it was wrong. The doctor visited and said that Johnsy was completely alright. The last leaf did not fall down. It was hanging⁸ over there. She had some courage. The doctor said that Behrman was dead. Sue explained that Behrman painted the picture of the leaf on the wall and it saved her life. The last leaf was Behrman’s master piece. Behrman sacrificed his life painting the leaf in wind and the rain⁹. His leaf saved Johnsy and thus it became a master piece.

1. సామాన్యుడు
2. త్యాగము
3. దురలవాట్లు
4. అనారోగ్యము
5. తీగ
6. గట్టి భావన
7. ఉద్దేశము
8. వ్రేలాడుచున్న
9. గాలి మరియు వర్షము.

O. హెన్రీ అమెరికాకు సంబంధించిన Short story writer అయివున్నారు. ఆయన కథలు ironic endings కలిగి ఉంటాయి. అవి 20వ శతాబ్దపు సామాన్య మానవునికి సంబంధించినవై ఉంటాయి. Last Leaf అనే ఈ చిన్న కథలో ప్రేమ, త్యాగము మరియు స్నేహభావము కనబడుతున్నాయి.

Johnsy మరియు Sue అనువారు న్యూయార్క్ లో ఒక స్టూడియోను నిర్వహిస్తున్న కళాకారిణులు. ఆ రోజులలో Johnsy న్యూమోనియా వ్యాధితో బాధపడుతుండెను. ఆ రోగమంటే ఆమెకు భయము కలిగింది. ఆ రోగము ఆమె ప్రాణం తీస్తుంది అని నమ్మింది. Sue తన స్నేహితురాలి ఆరోగ్యమును గురించి నమ్మకంగా ఉన్నది. ఆమె తన స్నేహితురాలిని చాలా జాగ్రత్తగా చూసుకొంటున్నది. బొమ్మలు గీసేటప్పుడు ఆమె Behrmanను మోడల్గా తీసికొంటుంది. అతడు త్రాగుబోతు మరియు తానొక గొప్ప Painter కావలెనని అనుకొంటాడు. తానొక master piece సృష్టిస్తానని అంటుంటాడు. కానీ అతని దురలవాట్లు, అనారోగ్యము కారణంగా, ప్రతిసారి సాధించలేకపోతున్నాడు.

ఆ రోజు Johnsy యొక్క అనార్యోగము మరియు ఆమె భయమును గూర్చి Sue, బెహర్మన్కు చెప్పింది. Johnsy ఆ కిటికీ గుండా చూస్తున్నది. ఆమె ఒక Ivy తీగను చూస్తున్నది. దాని ఆకులు రాలుతున్నాయి. అందుచేత తన రోజులు కూడా లెక్కింపబడుతున్నాయి అనుకొంది. ఆ చివరి ఆకులు రాలిపోతే తానుకూడా చనిపోతాననుకొంది. Behrman ఈ విషయం విన్నాడు. Johnsy యొక్క అభిప్రాయంతో అతడు ఏకీభవించలేదు.

ఆ రాత్రి ఒక్క ఆకు మాత్రమే ఉంది. Johnsy అన్నది, ‘ఆకు ఆ రాత్రి రాలిపోతుంది. తెల్లవారేసరికి తాను కూడా చనిపోతాను’, అని అన్నది. అలా కాదు అని Sue అన్నది. డాక్టరు వచ్చాడు. Johnsy పూర్తిగా ఆరోగ్యంగా ఉన్నది అన్నాడు. ఆ చివరి ఆకు రాలిపోలేదు. అక్కడే వ్రేలాడుతున్నది. ఆమెకు ధైర్యం వచ్చింది. డాక్టరు, Behrman చనిపోయాడని చెప్పాడు. Sue, బెహర్మన్ ఆ చివరి ఆకును, చిత్రించాడని అది Johnsy ప్రాణాన్ని రక్షించిందని తెలిపింది. ఆ Last Leaf అనునది Behrman యొక్క Master piece అయి యున్నది. అతడు చలిగాలి, వర్షంతో ఆ చివరి ఆకును చిత్రించాడు. ఆయన యొక్క చిత్రణ అనగా ఆ ఆకు ఆమె ప్రాణాన్ని రక్షించింది గనుక అది Master piece.

(b) Justify the title of the story The Immaculate Child”.
Answer:
The story “The Immaculate¹ Child was written by Premchand a noted Hindi Writer and was translated by P.C. Ghai into English. Premchand produced a lot of literature² in Hindi. Ghai was famous for his translation of short stories and also for the poetry he produced. ‘Immaculate Child’ is a story depicting³ the mind of Indian people.

The narrator had a big house and the house had some servants. Gangu was an innocent brahmin who worked as a servant in that house. He had his own caste interest and tried to show his superiority⁴ as a brahmin. He wanted to keep up the dignity of his caste. One day Gangu came to the narrator and said that he was going to resign his job. He said that he was going to marry Gomti, a widow expelled⁵ from widows Ashram. She was a woman who has forsaken⁶ three men.

The narrator, adviced him not to marry that women but the innocent man submitted his argument in favour of the woman. Gangu left the job and married Gomti Devi. He earned his daily bread by selling chat at public faces. He seemed to be happy with this wife. After six months, Gomti left Gangu and fled away⁷. The narrator felt happy as it happened as he wished. When he met Gangu, he said that she had left him. But to his surprise Gangu said that she was a loving lady. He also said that he was in search of her to bring her back.

After one month Gangu came to the house of the narrator with a child in his arms. He was very happy. He said that she was traced at a hospital in Lucknow. She had a baby and he brought it to show him. She gave birth to a son after six months of the marriage. But Gangu accepted the boy to be his own son. Gangu’s broad mind and his fair behaviour brought an immediate change in the mind of the narrator. He took the immaculate child into his arms. He praised⁸ Gangu. He himself went to the house of Gangu. He said that the immaculate child shows the greatness of an illiterate individual and his transparency⁹.

1. పవిత్రమైన, పరిశుభ్రమైన
2. సాహిత్యము
3. వర్ణించుచూ
4. ఆధిక్యత
5. బయటికి త్రోలివేయబడెను.
6. విడచి పెట్టబడెను.
7. పారిపోయెను
8. పొగడెను
9. విశాలత.

The Immaculate Child’ అనబడే ఈ కథ ప్రేమచంద్ అను హిందీ రచయిత వ్రాయగా PC. Ghai దానిని ఆంగ్లంలోనికి తర్జుమా చేసారు. ప్రేమచంద్ గారు హిందీలో ఎంతో సాహిత్యం వ్రాశారు. ఘూయ్ తర్జుమాల ద్వారా, పద్యముల ద్వారా పెద్ద పేరు సంపాదించారు.’ ‘Immaculate Child’ అను కథ, భారతీయుల మనసును వర్ణిస్తున్నది.

కథకుడు ఒక పెద్ద ఇల్లు కలిగియున్నాడు. ఇంటిలో కొందరు సేవకులున్నారు. గంగు అనే ఒక అమాయక బ్రాహ్మణుడు ఆ ఇంటిలో సేవకుడుగా ఉంటున్నాడు. అతనికి తన కులమంటే ఇష్టము కనుక తన కుల గౌరవాన్ని ఆధిక్యతను చూపుతూ ఉండేవాడు. అతడు తన కులగౌరవాన్ని నిలబెట్టాలనుకొనేవాడు. ఒక రోజున కథ చెబుతున్న ఒనరు దగ్గరకు వచ్చి తాను ఉద్యోగం మానివేస్తున్నానన్నాడు. గొమతి అనే ఒక విధవరాలిని పెళ్లిచేసికొనబోతున్నానని, ఆమె widow హోమ్ నుండి బయటికి పంపి వేయబడినది అని అన్నాడు. ఆమె ఇప్పటికి ముగ్గురు భర్తలను విడచిపెట్టింది.

కథకుడు, స్నేహపూరితంగా సలహా చెప్పాడు కానీ ఆ అమాయకుడు ఆ స్త్రీ కి అనుకూలంగా వాదించాడు. గంగూ ఆ స్థలం విడిచి, వెళ్లి, గోమతిని వివాహమాడాడు. అతడు ‘చాట్’ అమ్ముట ద్వారా కుటుంబాన్ని పోషించాడు. అతడు తన భార్యతో సంతోషంగా ఉన్నట్లు కనిపించాడు. ఆరునెలల తరువాత గోమతి, గంగూను విడచి పారిపోయింది. కథకుడు తానుద్దేశించినట్లే జరిగిందని అనుకొన్నాడు. గంగూ, ఆయనను కలిసినప్పుడు, ఆమె విడచివెళ్లిందని, కానీ ఆమె చాలా ప్రేమగల స్త్రీ అని అన్నాడు. తాను ఆమెను తీసికొనివచ్చుటకు ఆమె కొరకు వెదకుతున్నానని చెప్పాడు.

ఒక నెలతరువాత గంగూ కథకుని ఇంటికి వచ్చాడు. అతని ఒడిలో ఒక బిడ్డ ఉంది. అతడు ఎంతో సంతోషంగా ఉన్నాడు. ఆమె ఒక హాస్పిటలలో కనిబడినదని అన్నాడు. ఆమెకు ఒక బిడ్డ కలిగిందని, దానినే తాను తీసికొనివచ్చానని అన్నాడు. పెళ్ళి తరువాత ఆరునెలలకు ఆమె ఒక కొడుకును కన్నది. కానీ గంగూ ఆ బిడ్డ తన బిడ్డేనని అంగీకరించాడు. గంగూ యొక్క విశాలా హృదయము, అతని మంచి ప్రవర్తన, వెంటనే కథకుని మనస్సులో ఒక మార్పును తెచ్చినది. ఆ పవిత్రుడైన బిడ్డను తన చేతులలోనికి తీసికొన్నాడు. అతడు గంగూను పొగడాడు. అతడు స్వయంగా గంగూ ఇంటికి వెళ్ళాడు. ఒక విద్యలేని వ్యక్తి మరియు అతని పవిత్ర హృదయము యొక్క గొప్పతనము ఆ పవిత్రమైన బిడ్డలో కనబడుతున్నది.

(c) Give an account of the series of troubles the narrator experienced in the wake of winning a road engine.
Answer:
Rasipuram Krishnaswami Narayan was an Indo-Anglian writer. He wrote novels and short stories and got a great fame in the whole world. ‘Engine Trouble’ is an interesting short story.

The narrator¹ won a road engine in a lottery, for a ticket purchased² for two annas. He was happy that he got a big road engine which would bring him great fortune³. The engine was at the Gymkhana grounds and it has to be moved from that place. The Municipal authorities urged⁴ him to shift it. He paid rent for three months but it was burdensome⁵ for him and his family. He wanted to sell it. Nobody came forward to buy it.

The narrator firmly⁶ believed that one day it would make him rich. He requested some of the drivers to drive the engine but of no use⁷. There was a bargain with the secretary of a local club. The Municipal Chairman also expressed his helplessness⁸. The temple priest accepted to send the temple elephant to drag⁹ it. Fifty coolies at the rate of eight annas a day (half a rupee) got ready to push the engine from behind. The road engine had to be moved for half a furlong from the place.

The elephant was dragging the engine, the coolies were pushing^1o from behind, and Joseph the driver was in the driver’s seat. A huge crowd¹¹ gathered there. As a result of confused dragging by the elephant, the driver Joseph and coolies in their own way. The engine went straight to the opposite wall and smashed¹² it. The difficulties of the narrator were multiplied¹³.

The dynamic world showed a way out. To his luck, a Swamiji arranged a yoga feat. He said that he would be ready to have the engine over his chest. But he needed a road engine and asked Municipal Chairmen for it. He didn’t have it. Then the narrator said that he had it. Are everything was ready to move the engine. The Swamiji’s assistant would drive the engine. Suddenly at this moment, a police officer came and stopped the show, there was no other go, for the narrator except to leave the town.

Luckily for him an earthquake hit the area. There was much damage¹⁴. Even the big Road Engine was moved into a discused well nearby. The owner of the house was very happy. The municipal authorities asked him to close it down. The engine fitted well like a cork. The owner accepted to construct the compound wall himself and also promised to pay all the expenditure, he had in that affair. When luck plucks, no one checks¹⁵. Loss to many by the earthquake, became a gain to the narrator.

1. కథను చెబుతున్న వ్యక్తి
2. కొనెను
3. అదృష్టము
4. ఒత్తిడి చేసెను
5. భారము
6. బలంగా
7. ప్రయోజనము లేని
8. నిస్సహాయత
9. లాగుట
10. వెనుక నుండి నెట్టుట
11. పెద్ద గుంపు
12. నాశనము చేసెను
13. రెట్టింపయ్యెను
14. నష్టము
15. అదృష్టము కలిసొస్తే ఎవరూ ఆపలేరు.

రాశీపురం కృష్ణస్వామి నారాయణ్ అనువారు Indo-Anglian రచయిత. అయన నవలలు, చిన్న కథలు వ్రాసి, ప్రపంచంలో ప్రసిద్ధికెక్కారు. Engine Trouble అనునది ఆకర్షణీయమైన చిన్న కథ.

2 అణాలకు కొన్న ఒక లాటరీ టికెట్టు ద్వారా, ఈ కథకుడు ఒక రోడ్డు ఇంజను పొందాడు. ఆ పెద్ద ఇంజను అతనికి గొప్ప అదృష్టం తెచ్చిపెడుతుందని అతడు చాలా సంతోషంగా ఉండెను. ఆ ఇంజను జింఖానా గ్రౌండులో ఉండెను. దానిని అక్కడి నుండి కదపాలి. మున్సిపల్ అధికారులు, దానిని అక్కడ నుండి కదుపవలసినదిగా ఒత్తిడి చేశారు. మూడునెలలు దానికి అద్దె కట్టాడు గానీ అది భారంగా ఉండెను. దానిని అమ్మాలని అనుకొన్నాడు. ఎవరూ ముందుకు రాలేదు.

ఆ కథకుడు, తాను ఏదో ఒకనాడు అది ధనవంతుణ్ణి చేస్తుంది అనుకొన్నాడు. కొంతమంది డ్రైవర్లను అడిగినా వారు దానిని కదపలేదు. స్థానిక క్లబ్ సెక్రటరీతో సంప్రదించాడు. మున్సిపాలిటీ చైర్మన్ కూడా తన అశక్తతను ప్రకటించారు. దానిని లాగడానికి, దేవాలయ అర్చకుడు, దేవాలయ ఏనుగును పంపడానికి అంగీకరించాడు. 50 మంది కూలీలు రోజుకు 8 అణాలు (అర్ధరూపాయి) చొప్పున సిద్ధంగా ఉన్నారు. ఆ ఇంజను అక్కడి నుండి అరఫర్లాంగు దూరం కదలాలి.

ఏనుగు ఇంజనును లాగుతోంది, కూలీలు వెనుకనుండి నేట్టుతున్నారు. డ్రైవరు జోసఫ్ డ్రైవరు సీటులోనున్నాడు. పెద్దగుంపుగా ప్రజలు చేరారు. ఆ ఏనుగు కంగారుపడి తన ఇష్టము వచ్చినట్లు లాగింది. ఎదురుగా ఉన్న ఇంటి కాంపౌండు గోడకు తగిలి దానిని నాశనం చేసింది. కథకుని కష్టాలు పెరిగినాయి. అప్పుడు ఎంతో డబ్బు ఖర్చుపెట్టాలి.

ఈ ప్రపంచం మారుతూ వుంటుంది. అది ఒక మార్గం చూపింది. అదృష్టవశాత్తు ఒక స్వామీజీ ఒక యోగా కార్యక్రమం చేస్తున్నాడు. ఆ ఇంజనును తన గుండె మీద నడిపించగలనన్నాడు. ప్రతి విధమైన పని ముగించబడింది. స్వామీజీ యొక్క సహయకుడు ఇంజన్ను నడుపుతాడు. సరిగా అదే సమయంలో ఒక పోలీసు అధికారి వచ్చి దానిని ఆపివేశాడు. ఊరు విడచి వెళ్లడం తప్ప గత్యంతరం లేదు.

అదృష్టవశాత్తు ఒక భూకంపం వచ్చింది. చాలా నష్టం జరిగింది. ఆ పెద్ద ఇంజన్ కూడా ఎదురు ఇంటిలో ఉన్న పనికి రాని నూతిలో పడిపోయింది. ఆ ఇంటి యజమాని చాలా సంతోషించాడు. మున్సిపల్ అధికారులు దానిని మూసివేయమని తాకీదులు పంపారు. ఆ ఇంజన్ సరిగ్గా సరిపోయింది. తన కాంపౌండు గోడను తానే కడతానని, మరియు అప్పటివరకు అతనికి ఖర్చు తాను ఇస్తానని అంగీకరించాడు. అదృష్టం కలిసివస్తే ఎవ్వరూ ఆపలేరు. భూకంపం వలన ఎంతో మందికి నష్టము గానీ కథకునికి అది లాభదాయకమైనది.

Section – B

VI. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow. (5 × 1 = 5)

In a country with more than 6,50,000 villages, where more than half of its population live in rural areas and villages. Most are remote and too isolated to benefit form the country’s impressive economic progress. Yet there’s a growing desire among people in rural India to be part of the modern Digital India. But the last-mile delivery has always been a challenge for India due to low technology literacy among the rural citizens.

The need for digital literacy in a country as populous and diverse as India is critical. If it is used for education, health care, citizen services, financial services, or any other basic need, technology and connectivity, it can make a huge difference to the socio-economic levels of a community, and ultimately to the country, since true progress comes from inclusive growth. Digital Literary plays a vital role in e-services like e-commerce, e-governance, e-panchayat, e-learning, etc. in current scenario, technology is becoming an inevitable part of our daily life, be it using mobile phones, drawing cash form ATM machines, booking a railway ticket etc. Hence, there is a need that every individual in the country must be equipped with necessary skills so as to use the technology with responsibility. The definition of who is considered a literate or educated has evolved over time and it is not complete without Digital Literacy. Digital Literacy, according to the popular definition is the ability to locate, organize, understand; evaluate, and create information using digital technology.

Questions :

Question 1.
What is meant by digital literacy ?
Answer:
It is the ability to locate, organize, understand, evaluate and create information using digital technology.

Question 2.
Give any two examples for e-services ?
Answer:
Examples : ATM machine.

Question 3.
Which one of the following is not true?
a. More than half of India’s population live in cities.
b. More than half of India’s population live in rural areas and villages.
c. Most of the Indian villages are remote and isolated.
Answer:
b. More than half of India’s population live in rural areas and villages.

Question 4.
What is the noun form of the word ‘inevitable’?
Answer:
Inevitability.

Question 5.
Find a word in the passage that means as the word ‘countryside’?
Answer:
Rural.

VII. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow. (5 × 1 = 5)

The architects of the Indian Republic hoped that, as secular ethos took roots, democratic institutions spread and a secular-scientific outlook consolidated itself, the Indian society would outgrow the evil of caste system. This did not happen. What has happpened is that the India of our dreams began to undergo a radical re-definition. Our republican dreams are being revised. A political engineering to perpetuate caste domination has gained gradual ascendancy over the liberal-secular ideal of an egalitarian society. This has happened by default. Today there is widespread cynicism on whether or not the war against caste in winnable. Experiences spread over five decades of nation-building leave us in no doubt that the evil of caste system will not wither away, unless the war against it is joined in a tactical and practical way. Concrete measures have to be adopted and implemented; foremost among them be- ing inter-dining and inter-marrying.

(Source: THE HINDU Thursday, Dec 13, 2001)

Questions :

Question 1.
What did the architects of the Indian Republic hope ?
Answer:
That the Indian society would outgrows the evil of caste system.

Question 2.
A society characterised by social equality and equal rights for all people is known as ……….
Answer:
Egalitarian society.

Question 3.
What are the concrete measures mentioned in the passage to curb caste system?
Answer:
Inter dining and inter marrying.

Question 4.
What happened to our republican dreams?
Answer:
Began to under go a radical re-definition.

Question 5.
Write the antonym of the word ‘secular’.
Answer:
‘Religious’.

Section-C

Note: The answers to questions in this section should be written at ONE PLACE in the answer book separately. The entire section should be answered in one stretch and not mixed with other sections.

VIII. Fill in the blanks with a, an or the.

(a) Rohit is ……… I.A.S. Officer.
Answer:
an

(b) Here is ………. pen you lost yesterday.
Answer:
the

(c) They held ……. meeting in the central library.
Answer:
a

(d) They sell oil at Rs. 60 ……… litre.
Answer:
a

(e) Hindus read …….. Gita.
Answer:
the

(f) ……. Mr. Murthy called you on phone.
Answer:
A

IX. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions. (6 × 1⁄2 = 3)

(a) Anitha has left …….. Delhi to see her friend.
Answer:
for

(b) I have been waiting for you ……… 7 O’ Clock.
Answer:
since

(c) Students are anxious ……. their results.
Answer:
for

(d) We have a party …….. his birthday.
Answer:
on

(e) Syam sat ……… Ram in the cinema.
Answer:
beside

(f) We were talking ……….. the weather.
Answer:
about

X. Fill in the blanks with the suitable forms of the verbs given in the brackets. (5 × 1 = 5)

(a) Deepa and Renu ………. late to class yesterday. (be)
Answer:
were

(b) I ……… for this company for seventeen years. (work)
Answer:
have been working

(c) Please don’t make a noise ! I ………….. (study)
Answer:
an studying

(d) They ……… my brother an hour go. (meet)
Answer:
met

(e) Yesterday I ………………. up at 50′ clock (get)
Answer:
got

(f) Cows …….. on grass. (feed)
Answer:
feed

XI. Rewrite the sentences as directed.

a) She will write a story. (into passive voice)
Answer:
A story will be written by her.

b) He said “what is your favourite food ?” (Into Indirect Speech)
Answer:
She asked me what my favourite food was.

c) Art is longer than life. (Change in to Positive Degree)
Answer:
Life is not so long as Art.

d) She is industrious. She is intelligent. (use ‘not only-but also’)
Answer:
She is not only industrious but also intelligent.

e) Let’s have a break now. (Add A Question Tag)
Answer:
Let us have a break now, shall we?

XII. Rewrite the following sentences correcting the underlined part. The entire sentence must be written. (5 × 1 = 5)

a) One of my friends work at the Rainbow cafe.
Answer:
One of my friends works at the Rainbow cafe.

b) Neither of my daughters look like me.
Answer:
Neither of my daughters looks like me.

c) Cow is an useful animal.
Answer:
Cow is a useful animal.

d) We do not sell things for credit.
Answer:
We do not sell things on credit.

e) I will speak to you on next friday.
Answer:
I will speak to you next friday.

XIII. Use ANY THREE of the following phrasal verbs in your own sentences. (3 × 1 = 5)

a) bring up
Answer:
My sister was brought up by my aunt.

b) get up
Answer:
Mr Rao gets up at 5.00 A.M.

c) take up
Answer:
He took up this job an hour ago.

d) carry on
Answer:
I was encouraged by my lecturer in carrying on the task.

e) turn off
Answer:
Please turn off the cork, when you have finished the work.

f) deal with
Answer:
Our principal deals carefully with the lecturers.

XIV. Identify the silent consonants in the following words. (6 × 1/2 = 3)

a) debut
Answer:
t

b) lamb
Answer:
b

c) dawn
Answer:
w

d) earth
Answer:
r

e) folk
Answer:
l

f) hitch
Answer:
t

XV. Identify the parts of speech of the underlined words.

a) I have been waiting since 8O’ clock.
Answer:
Preposition

b) Alas, he is dead.
Answer:
Interjection

c) The young girl brought a good book.
Answer:
Adjective

d) Emma is smart and beautiful.
Answer:
Verb

e) It is a good habit to rise early in the moon.
Answer:
Noun

f) I like lion.
Answer:
Pronoun

XVI. Match the words in Column ‘A’ with their meanings/definitions in Column ‘B’. (6 × 1⁄2 =3)

Answer:
1) b
2) d
3) f
4) h
5) a
6) c

XVII. Read the following bar chart and interpret it in a paragraph. (1 × 5 = 5)

Answer:
Eco-system can be divided into two parts

1. Living Biotic components and
2. Non- living abiotic components.

In the living components there are three divisions Producers, Consumers and Decomposers. In Non-Living again there are two types of components Physical components and Chemical componants. In the consumers we have the Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores and Detritivores.

OR

Draw a pie chart with the information given in the table.
Expenditure statement.

Answer:

XVIII.Read the following transcriptions and write ANY FIVE words in ordinary spellings. (5 × 1 = 5)

a. /æmpjuteIt/
Answer:
amputate

b. /kærǝktǝ(r)/
Answer:
caretaker

c. /p3:pes/
Answer:
purpose

d. /ǝkleim/
Answer:
acclaim

e. /kǝnsi:v/
Answer:
concieve

f. /fiǝ(r)/
Answer:
fear

g. /nælidz/
Answer:
knowledge

h. /neibǝ(r)/
Answer:
neighbour

i. /fa:ðǝ(r)/
Answer:
father

j. \(/ \mathrm{bl \Lambda d} /\)
Answer:
blood

OR

Find the word that is different from the other words in the group with regard to the sound of the underlined letters.

a. silk ship sugar
Answer:
silk

b. ice ink idiot
Answer:
ice

c. food look book
Answer:
food

d. crop crone drop
Answer:
crone

e. god great gentle
Answer:
gentle

XIX. Write the number of syllables for ANY SIX of the following words : (6 × 1⁄2 = 3)

a. shame
Answer:
Monosyllabic
(1 syllable)

b. sort
Answer:
Monosyllabic
(1 syllable)

c. security
Answer:
Polysyllabic
(4 syllables)

d. lunacy
Answer:
Trisyllabic
(3 syllables)

e. navigational
Answer:
Polysyllabic
(5 syllables)

f. resplendent
Answer:
Trisyllabic
(3 syllables)

g. answer
Answer:
Disyllabic
(2 syllables)

h. truth
Answer:
Monosyllabic
(1 syllable)

i. soldier
Answer:
Disyllabic
(2 syllables)

j. weather
Answer:
Disyllabic
(2 syllables)

XX. Complete the following dialogue : (4 × 1 = 4)
Arun: Hi look ! There are many people over there ! What ……… ?!
Babu: Oh, it seems to be an ……… ! Let’s come closer!
Arun: O my God! It’s really terrible accidnt. The man is bleeding.
Babu: I bet there was a nose-to-tail accident, because front car was seriously damaged and the other car was completely damaged at the back.
Arun : I think so. Let’s give them ……………
Babu: We must take them to the nearest ………. right away. Can you call the ambulance for help while Tm handling this man?
Arun: Okay.
Babu : Okay. You should call the police officer too.
Answer:
Arun : Hi look! There are many people over there! What ……..? !
Babu: Oh, it seems to be an ………. ! Let’s come closer!
Arun : O my God! It’s really terrible accident. The man is bleeding.
Babu : I bet there was a nose-to-tail accident, because front car was seriously damaged and the other car was completely damaged at the back.
Arun : I think so. Let’s give them ……….
Babu : We must take them to the nearest …….. right away. Can you call the ambulance for help while I’m handling this man?
Arun : Okay.
Babu : Okay. You should call the police officer too.

Self-assessment with TS Inter 1st Year Sanskrit Model Papers Set 6 allows students to take charge of their own learning.

TS Inter 1st Year Sanskrit Model Paper Set 6 with Solutions

Time : 3 Hours
Max Marks : 100

सूचना : प्रथमद्वितीयतृतीयप्रश्नान् विहाय सर्वे प्रश्नाः संस्कृतभाषायैव समाधातव्याः ।
Note : Except Q. Nos. 1,2 & 3 all other questions should be answered in Sanskrit (Devanagari Script) only.

I. एकं श्लोकं पूरयित्वा तस्य भावं लिखत । (1 × 6 = 6)

1. दानं भोगो ………………… गतिर्भवति ।
जवाब:
दानं भोगो नाशस्तिस्त्रो गतयो भवन्ति वित्तस्य ।
यो न ददाति न भुंक्ते तस्य तृतीया गतिर्भवति ॥

Substance: Three are the ways to money-Charity, enjoyment and loss. The money not given in charity or spent for enjoyment will be lost.

2. श्रोत्रं श्रुतेनैव ……………… तु चन्दनेन |
जवाब:
श्रोत्रं श्रुतेनैव न कुण्डलेन दानेन पाणिर्न तु कङ्कणेन ।
विभाति कायः करुणापराणां परोपकारैर्न तु चन्दनेन ||

Substance: The ear of the kind-hearted people shines not with earrings but with learning, their hand shines not with bracelet but with donation, and their body shines not with sandal paste but with helpful deeds.

II. एकं निबन्धप्रश्नं समाधत्ता । (1 × 6 = 6)

1. रामः कः ? सः किमर्थं चित्रकूटं अगच्छत् ? तत्र किमभवत् ?
Who is Rama? Why did he go to Chitrakuta ? What happened there ?
जवाब:
Introduction : The lesson रामो विग्रहवान् धर्मः is taken from the first canto of Balakanda in the Ramayana, written by sage Valmiki. Here Narada briefly narrates the story of Rama to Valmiki.

Valmiki’s question: Once sage Valmiki asked Narada whether there was any person at that time who was virtuous, strong, followed dharma, grateful, truthful and resolute. Narada said that Rama who was born in the family of the Ikshvakus was such a person. He was benevolent to the people, pure, self-restrained and endowed with wisdom.

Dasaratha’s desire : His father wanted to install him as the crown prince in the interest of the people. But his wife Kaikeyi asked the boons of banishment of Rama and the coronation of her son Bharata. पूर्वं दत्तवरा देवी वरमेनमयाचत । The truthful Dasaratha was bound by the bond of duty, and sent Rama to forest. Lakshmana followed his brother showing his brotherly affection. तं ब्रजन्तं प्रियो लक्ष्मणोऽनुजगाम ह । Sita, the daughter of king Janaka, and the virtuous wife of Rama also followed her husband.

Meeting with Guha : At Stringiberapura, Rama sent his charioteer. There he met Guha, the lord of the foresters. Rama reached Chitrakuta, and stayed there at the command of Bharadwaja. Dasaratha died weeping for his son. Bharata rejected. the kingdom offered to him by Vasishtha and others, and went to the forest to plead with Rama. नियुज्यमानो राज्याय नैच्छद्राज्यं महावलः ।

Gift of the Padukas : When Bharata requested him to be the king, Rama declined. He gave his padukas to Bharata as deposit. Bharata installed them on the throne and ruled from Nandigrama.

In the Dandaka forest: Rama went to the Dandaka forest. There he killed Viradha, and visited sage Sarabhanga and Agastya. He received from Agastya the bow of Indra, a sword and a pair of quivers with inexhaustible arrows.

The promise to the sages: The sages living in the Dandaka forest met Rama, and requested him to kill the demons. Rama promised them that he would kill the demons in the forest, and also in the war.

Rama killed fourteen thousand demons: There the demoness Surpanakha was disfiguered. Rama killed Khara, Trisiras, Dushana and their followers who were instigated by Surpanakha. He killed fourteen thousand demons while living in the forest. रक्षसां निहतान्यासन् सहस्राणि चतुर्दश ।

2. ग्राहग्रस्तं गुरुं अर्जुनः कथं अरक्षत् ? गुरुः तस्मै किं अदात् ?
How did Arjuna save his teacher caught by the alligator? What did the teacher give him?
जवाब:
Introduction: The lesson : is an extract from the 126th chapter of the Adiparva of the Mahabharata written by Veda Vyasa. The lesson narrates Drona’s testing the shooting skills of his disciples.

The artificial bird: Drona wanted to test the archery skill of his disciples. He arranged an artificial bird on the top of a tree as the target. He asked his disciples to stand with their bows drawn aiming at the bird.

Drona’s Questions: Drona first went to Yudhisthira. He asked him whether he saw the bird. Yudhishthira replied in affirmative. Then Drona again asked him whether he saw the tree, his brothers and himself. Yudhishthira again answered in affirmative. Drona was dissatisfied and told Yudhishthira that he could not hit the target, and asked him to go back.

Then he put the same question to Duryodhana and his brothers. Later he asked Bhima and others, and the princes from other kingdoms. When all of them said that they saw everything, he reproached them.

Arjuna’s reply: Later Drona told Arjuna that he should hit the target. प्रहर्तव्यम् एतल्लक्ष्यं निशम्यताम् | He asked him to draw his bow and wait for his word. Arjuna stood drawing his bow in a circular fashion. When Drona asked him, Arjuna said that he saw the bird only. The pleased Drona again asked him to describe the bird. But, Arjuna answered. “I see the head of the bird only, and not its body.”: पश्यामि भासस्य न गात्रम् ।

At Drona’s word, Arjuna released the arrow and felled the head of the bird. Drona embraced him with happiness. तस्मिन्कर्मणि संसिद्धे पर्यष्वजत फल्गुणम् ।

Drona caught by crocodile: Later, after some days, Drona went to the Ganga to take bath, along with his disciples. While Drona was taking bath, a crocodile caught him. Drona asked his disciples to kill it, and save him ग्राहं हत्वा मौक्षयध्वं माम् | Arjuna shot five arrows at it, and killed it.

The powerful astra: Drona then gave Arjuna the astra named Brahmasiras. He said that it should not be used against humans. It will burn the worlds if used against persons of low energy. जगद्विनिर्दहेदेतत् अल्पतेजसि पातितम् | There was nothing equal to it in the world. It could be used against any non-human enemy in a battle. Arjuna promised him that he would use it wisely.Drona blessed Arjuna saying, “There will be no other archer like you in this world ever.”

III. एकं निबन्धप्रश्नं समाधत्ता । (1 × 6 = 6)

1. कीर्तिसेनायाः वीरतां सोदाहरणं विशदीकुरुत ?
जवाब:
The story ‘वीरवनिता कीर्तिसेना” was taken from “संस्कृत गद्यावलि” which was written by Sri. P.V. Kane.

In the city Pataliputra a merchant named Dhanapalitha had a daughter Keerthisena. He made the wedding of his daughter with the merchant Devasena. Even though, Keerthisena was looked after carefully by her husband. She was tortured by her cruel mother-in-law. After some days, Devasena went abroad to earn more money. When Devasena left the house, his mother had started to torture her daughter-in-law Keerthisena in so many ways. Finally she planned to kill Keerthisena.

But, Keerthisena with her bravery escaped from that and reached a forest. There she encountered the thieves gang. With fear, she was hidden behind a tree. At mid-night, Keerthisena saw a vampire with its kids. The kids were very hungry and asked it for food. The vampired gave assurance for the food with the death of the king Vasudatta. By hearding the news the kids were very happy and they had a doubt, how could the kind survive? The vampire replied and cleared the doubt of its children by telling the remdiy for survival of the king and left from that place.

After listening all that, Keerthisena the next day went to meet the king and met the king. Keerthisena did as the vampire said and made him healthy. For doing this the king offered the kingdom of his own for Keerthisena. But she refused and said, “After some time I will ask you for what ever I want. Then, you can give me.” For some days she stayed in the kingdom itself.

After some days, Devasena returned to his city the money he earned. Keerthisena felt very happy to meet her husband after many days. Devasena was very anxious to know the reason behind Keerthisena’s dressing as doctor. He praised his wife for what she had done. The king also told that Keerthisena is my sister gifted by God and happily gifted the couple with half of his kingdom. In this way her bravery, intilligence Keerthisena over came her mother-in-law’s torture and lived happily.

2. शिबिचक्रवर्तिनः भूतदयां विवृणुत ।
जवाब:
This question is taken from the lesson. “शरणागत रक्षणम्” Which was extracted from the book ‘’संस्कृततृतीयादर्शः ” written by K.L.V Sastri.

In the past the king Sibi ruled the kingdom Ushinara. He was very emphathetic that he felt the pain of a small creature like his own.

Önce, the eagle followed a pigeon for its prey. With this pigeon afraid and reached king Sibi and asked him for help. Sibi also gave assurance to pigeon. Mean while the eagle also entered the king’s palace and requested him to give it the pigeon and satisfy prey of it. The king refused for this and stood on his decision. After that he said “O dear eagle its my duty as a king to save the bird”. After listening the words, of king Sibi, the eagle replied to him O King you protected that pigeon which has been my meal. So, help me in satisfying my hunger in another way.” Then the king assured the eagle that it will receive other food by giving his own flesh.

Then the eagle replied, “If you decided give flesh instead of pigeon for me the meat from right side of your body weighing equal to the pigeon.” The king agreed for this and looked into the eyes of his wife to do as decided.

She also understand the king’s silence and brought the sword and started cutting the flesh from the right side of the king’s body. Then put it in a balance to measure the weight of flesh with the pigeon. The flesh weight is not equalled to the pigeon’s because it is increasing when ever the flesh is put in balance. Finally the king sat on the other side of the balance.

At this time the eagle and the pigeon revealed their true forms and saids the king “We are gods of Air and Rain respectively. We came here to test your compassion towards small creatures. You passed this.” With their blessings the king become normal and ruled the kingdom for a longtime with same compassion, love and justice.

IV. चतुर्णां प्रश्नानां समाधानानि लिखत । (4 × 2 = 8)

1. वणिजः सखा वणिक्पत्नीं किमिति आश्वासयामास ?
जवाब:
वणिजः पत्नीतु आत्मनः शिशोः च त्रातारम् अपश्यन्ती स्वपतेः सखयां कञ्चित वणिजमेत्य “भ्रातः निश्शरणा अस्मि” इति निवेदयामास । सः तामालोक्य ” भवति पुत्रवत्याः तव कुतः शोकः । त्वत्पुत्रः यावत् त्वद्रक्षणे क्षमः स्यात् तावत् मद्गृहे वस । मा भौषीः” इति आश्वासयामास । सा सती तत्रैव निवसन्ती पुत्रस्य विद्याभ्यासं कारयामास ।

2. हीरालाले परिवर्तने आगते सः किमकरोत् ?
जवाब:
हीरालाले परिवर्तने आगते सः आलस्यं परित्यज्य प्रजानां हितकर्मणि आत्मानं नियोजितवान् ।

3. नीलाम्बा पुत्रेभ्यः धनं दत्वा किं उक्तवती ?
जवाब:
पुत्राः! इतः परम वर्षे त्रीन् मासान् भवत्सु एकैकस्यापि गृहे पर्यायक्रमेण वस्यामि इति ।

4. संन्यासिनः कथनस्य आशयं अवगत्य राजातं नमस्कृत्य कि प्रार्थितवान् ?
जवाब:
महात्मन्. मम कार्यस्य अशाश्वतता अवगता मया । इतः परं मया किं करणीयम् इति उपदिश्यतां कृपया इति प्रार्थितवान् ।

5. संजीवस्य पिता किमभिधाय राजी तं अभ्यनन्दत् ?
जवाब:
साधु वत्स! साधु! ईदृशा एव प्रशस्याः । अस्माकं देशे यदा सर्वे जनाः ईदृशाः भविष्यन्ति, तदा राष्ट्रोन्नतिः सुनिश्चिता” इत्यभिधाय परं प्रीतः सन् पुनः पुनः तमभ्यनन्दत् ।

6. अब्दुलकलामः कैः पुरस्कारैः सम्मानितः ?
जवाब:
अब्दुल कलामः पद्मभूषण, पद्मविभूषण, भारतरत्न इत्यादि पुरस्कारैः सम्मानितः ।

7. सर्वे भ्रातरः मात्रा कथिते विषये विश्वासं कृत्वा किं चिन्तितवन्तः ?
जवाब:
सर्वे भ्रातरः विश्वसितवन्तः, चिन्तितवन्तः च एतादृश्यः अन्याः अपि पेटिकाः भूमे अन्तः तया निक्षिप्ताः ःइति ।

8. राजा सुकृतशर्मा एकदा किं अचिन्तयत् ?
जवाब:
एकदा राजा अचिन्तयत् – मम नामं जनानां जिह्वासु यथा नृत्येत् तथा भव्यः कश्चन प्रासादः निर्मातव्यः इति ।

V. द्वयोः ससन्दर्भ व्याख्यां लिखत । (2 × 3 = 6)

1. रक्षसां निहतान्यासन् सहस्राणि चतुर्दश ।
जवाब:
कविपरिचयः – वाक्यमिदं महर्षि वाल्मीकिना विरचितात् श्रीमद्रामायणे बालकाण्डात् प्रथमसर्गात् रामो विग्रहवान धर्मः इति पाठात् गृहीतम् ।
सन्दर्भः – दण्डकारण्ये रामेण कृता राक्षसवंधा कविना अत्र वर्णिता ।
भावः – रामः दण्डकारण्ये निवसन्तां चतुर्दश सहस्र संख्याकान् राक्षसान् मारितः ।

2. ग्राहं हत्वा मोक्षयध्वं माम् ।
जवाब:
कविपरिचयः – वाक्यमिदं वेदव्यासेन विरचितात् महाभारत ग्रन्थात् लक्ष्यशुद्धिः इति पाठात् गृहीतम् ।
सन्दर्भ:- गंगाया मकरेण गृहीतः द्रोणः शिष्यान् वाक्यमिदं जगाद ।
भावः – मकरं हत्वा मां तस्मात् मोचेत ।

3. को नु युष्मद्विधगुरोः कामानामवशिष्यते ।
जवाब:
कविपरिचयः – वाक्यमिदं वेदव्यासेन विरचितात् श्रीमहाभागवत पुराणात् श्रीकृष्णस्य गुरुदक्षिणा इति पाठात् गृहीतम् ।
सन्दर्भः – गुरुदक्षिणा प्राप्तेरनन्तरम् सांदीपनि रामकृष्णौ वाक्यमिदं वदति ।
भावः – तवसदृशे शिष्यस्थिते गुरुणा किं अभ्यर्थनीयं परिशिष्टं भवति इति ।

4. ज्ञातं ते खलु मुख्योऽयं भक्तेषु मम नारदः ।
जवाब:
कविपरिचयः – वाक्यमिदं श्री सन्निधानं सूर्यनारायण शास्त्रिणा विरचितात् पूर्णपात्रम् इति पुस्तकात् ‘गानपरीक्षा” इति पाठात् स्वीकृतम् ।
सन्दर्भः – नारायणः रोदमानौ तुम्बुरनारदौ वाक्यमिदं जगाद |
भावः – नारदो मे मुख्य भक्तः । अतः, अहमपि युवयोः तारतम्यं वक्तुं न अर्हः ।

VI. द्वयोः ससन्दर्भं व्याख्यां लिखत । (2 × 3 = 6)

1. राज्यलोभः बान्धवस्नेहं अतिवर्तते ।
जवाब:
परिचयः – वाक्यमिदं पि.वि. काणे पण्डितेन विरचितात् संस्कृत गद्यावलिः इति ग्रन्थांत् ‘दलायुः दानशीलः नागार्जुनः’ इति पाठात् स्वीकृतम् ।
सन्दर्भः – कविः कथायाः ग्राह्यं नीति एवं बोधयति ।
अर्थः – राज्य सम्पदा आकृष्टः मनुष्यः बन्धुवर्गाणां प्रेम अपि न लक्ष्यते ।

2. एषा वैद्यवेषं विधाय मह्यं जीवितं व्यतरत् ।
जवाब:
कविपरिचयः – वक्यमिदं पि.वि. काणे पण्डितेन विरचितात् संस्कृतगद्यावलिः इति ग्रन्थात् ‘वीरवनिता कीर्तिसेना’ इति पाठात् गृहीतम् ।
सन्दर्भ: – राजा वृत्तान्तं सर्वं ज्ञात्वा देवसेनं प्रति वाक्यमिदं जगाद |
भावः – वैद्यरूपेण आगत्य तव पत्नी मम जीवनं पुनः मां दत्तवती ।

3. सत्यं दयालुरेवासि ।
जवाब:
कविपरिचयः – वाक्यमिदं के. एल्. वी. शास्त्रिणा विरचितात् ‘संस्कृ-ततृतीयादर्शः’ इत्यस्मात् ग्रन्थात् ‘शरणागतरक्षणम’ इति पाठ्यभागात् स्वीकृतम् ।
सन्दर्भः – इन्द्राग्नौ शिबेः त्यागं प्रशशंसन वाक्यमिदं शिबिं ऊचतुः ।
भावः – राजन् ! त्वं अतीव दयावान् असि, इदं सत्यम् ।

4. पुत्रशोकेन कालं करिष्यसि ।
जवाब:
कविपरिचयः – वाक्यमिदं चारुदेवशास्त्रिणा विरचितात् ‘साहित्यसुधा’ इति ग्रन्थे ‘पितृसेवापरः श्रवणकुमारः’ इति पाठात् गृहीतम् ।
सन्दर्भ: – दशरथेन आश्वासितः तपस्वी श्रवणस्यपिता तं प्रति एवं नगाद ।
भावः – पुत्रवियोगन यथा अहं दुःखितः अभवम् तथैव त्वमपि मरणं बाधां अनुभवतु ।

VII. द्वौ प्रश्नौ समाधत्त | (2 × 3 = 6)

1. धीराणां स्वभावः कीदृश: ?
जवाब:
धीराः स्वैः आरब्धं कर्म पर्वत सन्निभान क्लेशानं अपि अवतीर्य साधयति, कदारि न विरमति । एतदेव धीराणां स्वभावः ।

2. रामः रणे कं कं निजघान ?
जवाब:
रामः रणे खरं, त्रिशिरसं तथा दूषणं नाम राक्षसं निजघान ।

3. कृष्णः सिन्धुं किमाह ?
जवाब:
कृष्णः सिन्धुं ’त्वया महतः ऊर्मिणा ग्रस्तः बालकः मम गुरुपुत्रः च तं प्रदीयताम्’ इति आह ।

4. मन्दः अपि किं अध्यैषि ?
जवाब:
मन्दः अपि गीर्वाणवाण्याः त्रिचतुः पदानि अध्यैषि ।

VIII. द्वौ प्रश्न समाधत्त | (2 × 3 = 6)

1. कीर्तिसेना कथं गृहे अवसत् ?
जवाब:
कीर्तिसेना भर्तुः बहुमता तेन च भृशं लालिताऽपि कलहशीलया, श्वश्वा पीड्यमाना सर्पाकुले श्रीखण्डवन् इव गृहे अवसत् ।

2. भगवता समुद्रः किमिति अभिहितः ?
जवाब:
भगवता समुद्रः “भोः दुरात्मन् ! दीयन्तां टिट्टिभाण्डानि । नोचेत् स्थलतां त्वं नयामि” इति अभिहितः ।

3. कः किमर्थं अरण्यानीं समागच्छत् ?
जवाब:
महाराजो दशरथः वनमध्यम मुनीनां वृत्तज्ञानाय अरण्यानीं समागच्छत् ।

4. राजन्यपुत्री शिबेः भार्या किमकरोत् ?
जवाब:
राजन्यपुत्री शिबेः भार्या खड्गमादाय शिबेः दक्षिणाङ्गानि एकैकशः छित्वा मांसमादाय तुलामारोपयेत् ।

IX. एकेन वाक्येन समाधत्त । (5 × 1 = 5)

1. कः पशुः भवति ?
जवाब:
विद्याविहीनः पशुः भवति ।

2. गुहः कः ?
जवाब:
गुहः निषादाधिपतिः ।

3. यदूत्तमौ कौ ?
जवाब:
कृष्णबलरामौ यदूत्तमौ ।

4. सव्यसाची कीदृश: तस्थौ ?
जवाब:
सव्यसाची गुरुवाक्यप्रचोदितः लक्ष्यं समुद्दिश्य तस्थौ ।

5. प्राणिनां परं सुखदा का ?
जवाब:
प्राणिनां परं सुखदा जननी ।

X. एकेन वाक्येन समाधत्त । (5 × 1 = 5)

1. चिरायुः कं यौवराज्ये अभिषिक्तवान् ?
जवाब:
चिरायुः जीवहरं स्ववनयं यौवराज्ये अभिषिक्तवान् ।

2. कः दुर्जयः ?
जवाब:
समवायः दुर्जयः ।

3. वामात् अक्ष्णः कः समजनि ?
जवाब:
वामात् अक्ष्णः सन्तोषबाष्पः समजनि ।

4. दशरथस्य इषुणा कः हतः ?
जवाब:
दशरथस्य इषुणा तपस्वी श्रवणः हतः ।

5. क्रेस्कोग्राफ् नामकं यन्त्रं किं करोति ?
जवाब:
क्रेस्कोग्राफ् नामकं यन्त्रं तरोः वृद्धौ अत्यन्तसूक्ष्मां अपि दशां दर्शयितुं समर्थं आसीत् ।

XI. संवित्परीक्षा | (5 × 1 = 5)

पुरा कश्चन सन्यासी स्वेन आर्जितं धनम् एकस्मिन् ताम्रभाजने निक्षिप्य अरक्षत् । सः एकदा मकर संक्रान्तिपर्वदिने पर्वस्नानार्थं नदीम् अगच्छत् । धनपूर्णं ताम्रघटं कुटीरे त्यक्तुं भीतः सः तं गृहीत्वैव अगच्छत् । नद्याः तीरे गर्तं कृत्वा धनघटं तस्मिन् निक्षिप्य गर्तं पूरितवान् । अभिज्ञानार्थं तस्य उपरि सैकतलिङ्गम् एकं विन्यस्य स्त्रानार्थम् अगच्छत् । तं दृष्ट्वा इतरे जनाः तस्मिन् तीर्थे सैकतलिङ्गस्य पूजा समुदाचारः स्यात् इति अमन्यन्त । अतः ते अपि तथैव अकुर्वन् । स्नात्वा प्रत्यागतः सन्यासी नदीतीरं सैकतलिङ्गमयम् अपश्यत् । तेषां लिङ्गानां मध्ये आत्मना न्यस्तम् अभिज्ञानलिङ्गं ज्ञातुम् असमर्थः निर्विण्णः अभवत् ।

नीतिः गतानुगतिको लोकः न लोकः पारमार्थिकः ।

1. संन्यसी स्वेन आर्जितं धनं कथं अरक्षत् ?
जवाब:
संन्यासी स्वेन आर्जितं धनं एकस्मिन् ताम्रभाजने निक्षिप्य अरक्षत् ।

2. संन्यासी कदा किमर्थं च नदीं अगच्छत् ?
जवाब:
संन्यासी मकरसंक्रान्तिपर्वदिने पर्वस्नानार्थं नदीं अगच्छत् ।

3. नद्याः तीरे संन्यासी किं अकरोत् ?
जवाब:
नद्याः तीरे संन्यासी गर्तं कृत्वा धनघटं तस्मिन् निक्षिप्य गर्तं पूरितवान् !

4. इतरे जनाः किमिति अमन्यन्त ?
जवाब:
“तस्मिन् तीर्थे सैकतलिङ्गस्य पूजा समुदाचारः स्यात्’ इति इतरे जनाः अमन्यन्त ।

5. अस्याः कथायाः का नीतिः ?
जवाब:
“गतानुगतिको लोकः न लोकः पारमार्थिकः” इति अस्याः कथायाः नीतिः ।

XII. चत्वारि सन्धिनामनिर्देशसहितं विघटयत । (4 × 2 = 8)

1. विद्यालयः
2. यथेप्सितम्
3. महैक्यता
4. नन्वेषः
5. ममोहः
6. वागर्थाविव
7. केऽपि
8. गायकः
जवाब:
1. विद्यालयः = विद्या + आलय: (सवर्णदीर्घसन्धिः)
2. यथेप्सितम् = यथा + ईप्सितम् (गुणसन्धिः)
3. महैक्यता = महा + ऐक्यता (वृद्धिसन्धिः)
4. नन्वेषः = ननु + एषः (यणादेशसन्धिः)
5. ममोहः = मम + ऊहः (गुणसन्धिः)
6. वागर्थाविव = वागर्थौ + इव (अयवायावसन्धिः)
7. केऽपि = के + अपि (पूर्वरूपसन्धिः)
8. गायक: = गै + अकः (अयवायावसन्धिः)

XIII. चत्वारि नामनिर्देशसहितं सन्धत्त । (4 × 2 = 8)

1. गज + आननः
2. माता + ईदुशी
3. सु + आगतम्
4. तथा + एव
5. देवी + उवाच
6. शशी + इव
7. हरे + ए
8. गते + अपि
जवाब:
1. गज + आननः = गजाननः (सवर्णदीर्घसन्धिः)
2. माता + ईदुशी = मातेदृशी (गुणसन्धिः)
3. सु + आगतम् = स्वागतम् (यणादेशसन्धिः)
4. तथा + एव = तथैव (वृद्धिसन्धिः)
5. देवी + उवाच = देव्युवाच (यणादेशसन्धिः)
6. शशी + इव = शशीव (सवर्णदीर्घसन्धिः)
7. हरे + ए = हरये (अयवायावसन्धिः)
8. गते + अपि = गतेऽपि (पूर्वरूपसन्धिः)

XIV. द्वयोः शब्दयोः अन्त – लिङ्ग वचन निर्देशसहितं रूपाणि लिखत । (2 × 4 = 8)

1. भानु
जवाब:

2. वधू
जवाब:

3. किम् – पुंलिंगः
जवाब:

XV. द्वयोः धात्वोः निर्दिष्टानि लकाररूपाणि लिखत । (2 × 3 = 6)

1. भवति
जवाब:

2. लिखेत्
जवाब:

3. अहसत्
जवाब:

4. वर्धताम्
जवाब:

XVI. संस्कृतभाषया अनुवदत । (5 × 1 = 5)

1. Let your mother be your god.
जवाब:
मातृदेवो भव ।

2. Truth alone wins.
जवाब:
सत्यमेव जयते ।

3. Speak truth.
जवाब:
सत्यं वद ।

4. Paining others is demerit.
जवाब:
पापाय परपीडनम् ।

5. Let all the worlds be safe.
जवाब:
लोकाः समस्ताः सुखिनो भवन्तु ।

Hindi Model Paper Inter 1st Year, AP TS Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Papers 2023-24, Hindi Inter 1st Year Model Papers, AP TS Inter 1st Year Hindi Question Papers 2023, AP TS Inter 1st Year Hindi Previous Question Papers with Answers, Hindi Inter 1st Year Previous Question Papers, Inter Second Year Hindi Model Papers, AP TS Intermediate 1st Year Hindi Model Papers with Answers.

AP TS Intermediate 1st Year Hindi Model Papers Previous Question Papers Telangana

AP Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Papers with Answers

• AP Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Paper Set 1
• AP Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Paper Set 2
• AP Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Paper Set 3
• AP Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Paper Set 4
• AP Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Paper Set 5
• AP Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Paper Set 6
• AP Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Paper Set 7
• AP Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Paper Set 8
• AP Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Paper Set 9
• AP Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Paper Set 10
• AP Inter 1st Year Hindi Question Paper May 2019
• AP Inter 1st Year Hindi Question Paper March 2019
• AP Inter 1st Year Hindi Question Paper April 2022
• AP Inter 1st Year Hindi Question Paper March 2023

TS Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Papers with Answers

• TS Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Paper Set 1
• TS Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Paper Set 2
• TS Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Paper Set 3
• TS Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Paper Set 4
• TS Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Paper Set 5
• TS Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Paper Set 6
• TS Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Paper Set 7
• TS Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Paper Set 8
• TS Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Paper Set 9
• TS Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Paper Set 10
• TS Inter 1st Year Hindi Question Paper May 2022

Hindi Model Paper Inter 1st Year, TS AP Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Papers 2023-24, Hindi Inter 1st Year Model Papers, TS AP Intermediate 1st Year Hindi Question Papers 2023, TS AP Intermediate Second Year Hindi Previous Question Papers with Answers, Hindi Inter 1st Year Previous Question Papers, Inter Second Year Hindi Model Papers, TS AP Intermediate 1st Year Hindi Model Papers with Answers.

AP Inter 1st Year Model Papers

Self-assessment with TS Inter 1st Year Sanskrit Model Papers Set 5 allows students to take charge of their own learning.

TS Inter 1st Year Sanskrit Model Paper Set 5 with Solutions

Time : 3 Hours
Max Marks : 100

सूचना : प्रथमद्वितीयतृतीयप्रश्नान् विहाय सर्वे प्रश्नाः संस्कृतभाषायैव समाधातव्याः ।
Note : Except Q. Nos. 1,2 & 3 all other questions should be answered in Sanskrit (Devanagari Script) only.

I. एकं श्लोकं पूरयित्वा तस्य भावं लिखत । (1 × 6 = 6)

1. स्वायत्तमेकान्त ………………. मौनमपण्डितानाम् ।
जवाब:
स्वायत्तमेकान्तगुणं विधात्रा विनिर्मितं छादनमज्ञतायाः ।
विशेषतः सर्वविदां समाजे विभूषणं मौनमपण्डितानाम् ॥

Substance: Silence is the self-controlled and always beneficial disguise for ignorance made by the creator. It is an ornament to the ignorant especially in the assembly of the scholars.

2. दानं भोगो ………………… गतिर्भवति ।
जवाब:
दानं भोगो नाशस्तिस्त्रो गतयो भवन्ति वित्तस्य ।
यो न ददाति न भुंक्ते तस्य तृतीया गतिर्भवति ॥

Substance: Three are the ways to money-Charity, enjoyment and loss. The money not given in charity or spent for enjoyment will be lost.

II. एकं निबन्धप्रश्नं समाधत्ता । (1 × 6 = 6)

1. कृष्णबलरामयोः गुरूपसदनं, गुरुपुत्ररक्षणं च निवृणुत ।
Give an account of Krishna and Balarama’s approach to Guru and saving their Guru’s son.
जवाब:
Introduction: The lesson is an extract from the tenth skandha of the Bhagavata Purana written by sage Veda Vyasa. The lesson describes the education of Krishna and Balarama, and the bringing back of their teacher’s son from death.

Upanayana of Krishna and Balarama: Vasudeva performed the Upanayana ceremony of his sons Krishna and Balarama. Krishna and Balarama received the Gayatri mantra from Garga, the family priest of the Yadus. They concealed their divine nature and behaved like humans.

Education of Krishna and Balarama : They went to Sandipani, a native of Kashi and a resident of the city of Avanti for studies. He taught them all the Vedas along with their ancillaries and Upanishads.He also taught them the science of archery, dharma, logic, the science of debate and the six varieties of polity. They grasped everything by just listening once सकृन्निगदमात्रेण तौ सञ्जगृहतुर्नृप । They mastered sixty-four arts in sixtyfour days and nights. They pleased the teacher by offering him gurudakshina.

Sandipani’s desire: The teacher understood their greatness and asked that his son, who was drowned in the ocean at Prabhasa be brought back. They agreed and went to the sea. The lord of the ocean worshipped them. सिन्धुर्विदित्वार्हण माहरत्तयोः । Krishna asked him to return the son of their preceptor who was seized by him.

The death of Panchajana : The Ocean said that it was the demon Panchajana, who lived underwater who took the boy away. Krishna immediately jumped into the water, and killed the demon. But he did not find the boy in his belly तं हत्वा नापश्यदुदरेऽर्भकम् | Krishna took the conch Panchajanya born of his body.

Yama returned the boy: Then, along with Balarama, he went to Samyamani, the city of Yama worshipped them with devotion. He asked him what he could do for them. लीलामनुष्य हे विष्णो युवयोः करवाम किम् ? Krishna asked him to give him the son of his preceptor. Yama did so. Krishna and Balarama handed him over to their preceptor, and asked him to ask for more.

Blessings of the teacher: The teacher said that he had no more desires as he was their teacher. को नु युष्मद्विधगुरोः कामानामवशिष्यते ? He blessed them to attain fame and said that their wisdom would stay with them forever. Then Krishna and Balarama returned to their home.

2. स्वशिष्याणां लक्ष्यप्रहरणज्ञानं द्रोणः कथं परीक्षितवान् ?
How did Drona test the shooting skills of his disciples?
Answer:
Introduction: The lesson : is an extract from the 126th chapter of the Adiparva of the Mahabharata written by Veda Vyasa. The lesson narrates Drona’s testing the shooting skills of his disciples.

The artificial bird: Drona wanted to test the archery skill of his disciples. He arranged an artificial bird on the top of a tree as the target. He asked his disciples to stand with their bows drawn aiming at the bird.

Drona’s Questions: Drona first went to Yudhisthira. He asked him whether he saw the bird. Yudhishthira replied in affirmative. Then Drona again asked him whether he saw the tree, his brothers and himself. Yudhishthira again answered in affirmative. Drona was dissatisfied and told Yudhishthira that he could not hit the target, and asked him to go back.

Then he put the same question to Duryodhana and his brothers. Later he asked Bhima and others, and the princes from other kingdoms. When all of them said that they saw everything, he reproached them.

Arjuna’s reply: Later Drona told Arjuna that he should hit the target. प्रहर्तव्यम् एतल्लक्ष्यं निशम्यताम् | He asked him to draw his bow and wait for his word. Arjuna stood drawing his bow in a circular fashion. When Drona asked him, Arjuna said that he saw the bird only. The pleased Drona again asked him to describe the bird. But, Arjuna answered. “I see the head of the bird only, and not its body.”: पश्यामि भासस्य न गात्रम् ।

At Drona’s word, Arjuna released the arrow and felled the head of the bird. Drona embraced him with happiness. तस्मिन्कर्मणि संसिद्धे पर्यष्वजत फल्गुणम् ।

Drona caught by crocodile: Later, after some days, Drona went to the Ganga to take bath, along with his disciples. While Drona was taking bath, a crocodile caught him. Drona asked his disciples to kill it, and save him | Arjuna shot five arrows at it, and killed it.

The powerful astra: Drona then gave Arjuna the astra named Brahmasiras. He said that it should not be used against humans. It will burn the worlds if used against persons of low energy. जगद्विनिर्दहेदेतत् अल्पतेजसि पातितम् | There was nothing equal to it in the world. It could be used against any non-human enemy in a battle. Arjuna promised im that he would use it wisely.Drona blessed Arjuna saying, “There will be no other archer like you in this world ever.”

III. एकं निबन्धप्रश्नं समाधत्ता । (1 × 6 = 6)

1. दयालोः नागार्जुनस्य दानशीलतां उपवर्णयत ।
जवाब:
प्रश्नोयं पि.वि.काणे पण्डितेन विरचितात् संस्कृतगद्यावलिः इति ग्रन्थात् ‘दयालुः दालशीलः नागार्जुनः’ इति पाठात् स्वीकृतम् ।

The essay ‘दयालु दानशीलः नागार्जुनः’ was taken from the संस्कृतगद्यावलिः which was written by Sri. P. V. Kane.
Once upon a time, there was lived a king Chirayu. He had a minister Nagarjuna who was very kind, altruistic and full of knowledge. He made a medicine which made Chirayu the king and himself without senility and death. In the past Nagarjuna lost his dearest son at an early age. He was moved by this situation and decided to make elixir to make people death free.

Aswinidevatas to by knowing this king Indra ordered the God of medicine convey his words. They made nearer to Nagarjuna and conveyed the order to him. After listening Nagarjuna withdraw the work of making elixir. After that Aswinidevatas explained Indra what was happened there.

Mean while the king Chirayu made his son Jeevahara prince. When the prince Jeevahara came to take the blessings from his mother Dhanapara, she said, go to the house of Nagarjuna and ask his head. This is the only way for you to become king. Jeevahara decide to make his mother’s words true.

The next day Jeevahara went to Nagarjuna’s home asked him to give his head. By listening his wish Nagarjuna made his neck available to cut. King Chirayu came to stop Nagarjuna from giving his head, but he couldn’t do stop it. After that situation Chirayu felt desolated and tried to kill himself.

While doing this an unknown voice spoke “Dear Chirayu, don’t feel bothered. Your friend Nagarjuna got salvation as Buddha got.” By listening these words he changed his mind, went to forest and got noble place. Jeevahara became king. The sons of Nagarjuna, who didn’t digest the death of his father, made the king- dom scattered and killed Jeevahara. Dhanapara also died who couldn’t digest the death of her son.

2. वासवानलौ शिबिचक्रवर्तिनं कथं परीक्षितवन्तौ ?
जवाब:
This question is taken from the lesson “शरणागत रक्षणम्” Which was extracted from the book ‘’संस्कृततृतीयादर्श:” written by K.L.V Sastri.

In the past the king Sibi ruled the kingdom Ushinara. He was very emphathetic that he felt the pain of a small creature like his own.

Once, the eagle followed a pigeon for its prey. With this pigeon afraid and reached king Sibi and asked him for help. Sibi also gave assurance to pigeon. Mean while the eagle also entered the king’s palace and requested him to give it the pigeon and satisfy prey of it. The king refused for this and stood on his decision. After that he said “O dear eagle its my duty as a king to save the bird”. After listening the words, of king Sibi, the eagle replied to him – O King you protected that pigeon which has been my meal. So, help me in satisfying my hunger in another way.” Then the king assured the eagle that it will receive other food by giving his own flesh.

Then the eagle replied, “If you decided give flesh instead of pigeon for me the meat from right side of your body weighing equal to the pigeon.” The king agreed for this and looked into the eyes of his wife to do as decided.

She also understand the king’s silence and brought the sword and started cut- ting the flesh from the right side of the king’s body. Then put it in a balance to measure the weight of flesh with the pigeon. The flesh weight is not equalled to the pigeon’s because it is increasing when ever the flesh is put in balance. Finally the king sat on the other side of the balance.

At this time the eagle and the pigeon revealed their true forms and saids the king – “We are gods of Air and Rain respectively. We came here to test your com- passion towards small creatures. You passed this.” With their blessings the king become normal and ruled the kingdom for a longtime with same compassion, love and justice.

IV. चतुर्णां प्रश्नानां समाधानानि लिखत । (4 × 2 = 8)

1. कुण्डिनपत्तने धनपालकः नाम श्रेष्ठी किं करोति ?
जवाब:
कुण्डिनपत्तने धनपालको नाम श्रेष्ठी आत्मानम् आश्रितवद्भ्यः वृद्धिं विना मूलधनं दत्वा तान् वाणिज्ये व्यापारयतीति साहायं करोतिस्म ।

2. हीरालाले परिवर्तने आगते सः किमकरोत् ?
जवाब:
हीरालाले परिवर्तने आगते सः आलस्यं परित्यज्य प्रजानां हितकर्मणि आत्मानं नियोजितवान् ।

3. सर्वे भ्रातरः मात्रा कथिते विषये विशवासं कृत्वा किं चिन्तितवन्तः ?
जवाब:
सर्वे भ्रातरः विश्वसितवन्तः, चिन्तितवन्तः च एतादृश्यः अन्याः अपि पेटिकाः भूमे अन्तः तया निक्षिप्ताः स्युः इति ।

4. संन्यासिनः कथनस्य आशयं अवगत्य राजा तं नमस्कृत्य कि प्रार्थितवान् ?
जवाब:
महात्मन् मम कार्यस्य अशाश्वतता अवगता मया । इतः परं मया किं करणीयम् इति उपदिश्यतां कृपया इति प्रार्थितवान् ।

5. संजीवः कुत्र निवसति ? विद्यालयं च सः कथमागच्छति ?
जवाब:
संजीवः समृद्धे सुविधासम्पन्ने रमणीये च प्रासादे निवसति, पत्थहं भृत्येन सह वाहनेन विद्यालयमागच्छति ।

6. अब्दुल कलामः कैः पुरस्कारैः सम्मानितः ?
जवाब:
अब्दुल कलामः पद्मभूषण, पद्मविभूषण, भारतरत्न इत्यादि पुरस्कारैः सम्मानितः ।

7. राजा सुकृतशर्मा एकदा किं अचिन्तयत् ?
जवाब:
एकदा राजा अचिन्तयत् – मम नाम जनानां जिह्वासु यथा नृत्येत् तथा भव्यः कश्चन प्रासादः निर्मातव्यः इति ।

8. अब्दुल कलामेन कृतां वैज्ञानिकी अभिवृद्धिं विशदीकुरुत ।
जवाब:
अब्दुल कलामः पृथ्वी, आकाश, त्रिशूल, नाग इत्यादीनां प्रक्षेपास्त्रणां प्रयोगेन भारतस्य वैज्ञानिकशास्त्रवैदृष्यं समस्तविश्वाय दर्शितवान् ।

V. द्वयोः ससन्दर्भ व्याख्यां लिखत । (2 × 3 = 6)

1. पूर्वं दत्तवरा देवी वरमेनमयाचत ।
जवाब:
कविपरिचयः – वाक्यमिदं महर्षि वाल्मीकिना विरचितात् श्रीमद्रामायणे बालकाण्डात् प्रथमसर्गात् रामो विग्रहवान धर्मः इति पाठात् गृहीतम् ।
सन्दर्भः – दशरथेन कृतान् रामस्य अभिषेकयत्नान् दृष्ट्वा भार्या कैकेयी दशरथं प्रति एवं जगाद |
भावः – महाराज ! पुरा भवता मां प्रति दत्तौ वरौ इदानीं याचितुम इच्छामि ।

2. जगाद्विनिर्दहेदेतत् अल्पतेजसि पातितम् ।
जवाब:
कविपरिचयः – वाक्यमिदं वेदव्यासेन विरचितात् महाभारत ग्रन्थात् लक्ष्यशुद्धिः इति पाठात् गृहीतम् ।
सन्दर्भः – ‘ब्रह्मशिरः अस्त्रं दत्वा द्रोणः अर्जुनं वाक्यं इदम् जगाद ।
भावः – मनुष्येषु इदमस्त्रं न प्रयोक्तव्यं शक्तिहीनेषु प्रयुक्तमिदं अस्त्रं लोकान् दहति ।

3. देशकालौ प्रतीक्षेते तौ पराभवितुं मिथः ।
जवाब:
कविपरिचयः – वाक्यमिदं श्री सन्निधानं सूर्यनारायण शास्त्रिणा विरचितात् पूर्णपात्रम् इति पुस्तकात् “गानपरीक्षा” इति पाठात् स्वीकृतम् ।
सन्दर्भः – तुम्बुरुनारदौ अल्पीयांसा मन्यन्तौ परस्परं परिभवितुं प्रतिक्षेते इति कविः वर्णयति ।
भावः – कस्मिन् प्रदेशे कदा नारदस्य परिभवः विधीयः इति पुम्बुरुः, तथैव तुम्बुरं परिभवितुं नारदः कालं प्रतीक्षेताम् |

4. लीलामनुष्य हे विष्णो युवयोः करवाम किम् ।
जवाब:
कविपरिचयः – वाक्यमिदं वेदव्यासेन विरचितात् श्रीमहाभागवत पुराणात् श्रीकृष्णस्य गुरुदक्षिणा इति पाठात् गृहीतम् ।
सन्दर्भः – बालकान्वेषणार्थं रामकृष्णौ संयमनीं गतौ । ततः तौ प्रति यमस्य वाक्यमिदम् ।
भावः – युवाः क्रीडार्थ मनुष्यलोकं अवतीर्णौ यथा करणीयम् कि वर्तते ?

VI. द्वयोः ससन्दर्भं व्याख्यां लिखत । (2 × 3 = 6)

1. मनो हि प्रत्यासन्नायां शुभप्राप्तौ पूर्वं प्रसीदति ।
जवाब:
कविपरिचयः – वक्यमिदं पि.वि. काणे पण्डितेन विरचितात् संस्कृतगद्यावलिः इति ग्रन्थात् ‘वीरवनिता कीर्तिसेना’ इति पाठात् गृहीतम् ।
सन्दर्भः – आर्योक्तया सूक्तिः कविना पाठ्यभागे सूचिता ।
भावः – अचिराकाले एव ते शुभं भविष्यतीति प्रथमं मनः एव सूचयति ।

2. अनार्यजुष्टेन पथा प्रवृत्तानां नराणां कुतः शिवं भवेत् ।
जवाब:
परिचयः – वाक्यमिदं पि.वि. काणे पण्डितेन विरचितात् संस्कृत गद्यावलिः इति ग्रन्थांत् ‘दलायुः दानशीलः नागार्जुनः’ इति पाठात् स्वीकृतम् ।
सन्दर्भः – कविः कथायाः ग्राह्यं नीति एवं बोधयति ।
अर्थः- दुष्टमार्गेण गच्छन्तां मानवानां शुभं कथं भवति ।

3. राजन् ! बुभुक्षा मामत्यन्तं पीडयति ।
जवाब:
कविपरिचयः – वाक्यमिदं के. एल. वी. शास्त्रिणा विरचितात् ‘संस्कृततृतीयादर्शः’ इत्यस्मात् ग्रन्थात् ‘शरणागतरक्षणम’ इति पाठ्यभागात् स्वीकृतम् ।
सन्दर्भः – श्येनः राजानं प्रति इदम अब्रवीत् ।
भावः – हे राजन् ! बभुक्षतया अहं अतीव बाधां अनुभवन्नस्मि ।

4. राजनो श्रवणोऽस्मि नाम्ना ।
जवाब:
कविपरिचयः – वाक्यमिदं चारुदेवशास्त्रिणा विरचितात् ‘साहित्यसुधा’ इति ग्रन्थे ‘पितृसेवापरः श्रवणकुमारः’ इति पाठात् गृहीतम् ।
सन्दर्भ: – दशरथेन पृष्टः तपस्वी तं एवं प्रत्यवदत् ।
भावः – प्रभो ! मम नाम श्रवणः ।

VII. द्वौ प्रश्नौ समाधत्त । (2 × 3 = 6)

1. कस्य जिह्वा धन्या ?
जवाब:
यस्य जननी भक्त्या संबोधने संसक्ता सा जिह्वा धन्या |

2. भरतः रामं किमिति वचोऽब्रवीत् ?
जवाब:
त्वमेव अयोध्यायाः राजा” इति भरतः रामं वचोऽब्रवीत् ।

3. अङ्गिरसां वरः द्रोणः पूर्वं युधिष्ठिरं किमुवाच ?
जवाब:
बाणम् संयोजय, मम वाक्यान्ते विमुञ्च इति आङ्गिरसां वरः द्रोणः युधिष्ठिरं पूर्वम् उवाच ।

4. विष्णुः तुम्बुरं प्रति किमवोचत् ?
जवाब:
विष्णुः तुम्बुरं प्रति ” त्वं मम प्रियेषु मुख्यः, नारदः मम भक्तः, अतः युवयोः तारतम्यं निर्णेतुं असम्प्रतम” इति अवोचत् ।

VIII. द्वौ प्रश्नौ समाधत्त । (2 × 3 = 6)

1. कीर्तिसेना किमर्थ भूकुहरान्तरे रजनीं अगमयत् ?
जवाब:
कीर्तिसेना सार्थे चैरैर्निः शेषतां नीते स्तेनभयवित्रस्ता भूकुहरान्तरे रजनीम् अगमयत् ।

2. आसन्नप्रसवा टिट्टिभी टिट्टिभं किमुवाच ?
जवाब:
आसन्नप्रसवा टिट्टिभी टिट्टिभं “भोः कान्त ! मम प्रसवसमयो वर्तते । तत् विचिन्त्यतां किमपि निरुपद्रवं स्थानं येन तत्र अहम् अण्डकमोक्षणं करोमि ” इति ऊचे ।

3. जलेन पूर्यमाणस्य कुम्भस्य शब्दं श्रुत्वा दशरथः किमकरोत् ?
जवाब:
जलेन पूर्यमाणस्य कुम्भस्य शब्दं श्रुत्वा दशरथः कश्चित् उन्मत्तो द्विपो जलम् अवगाहत इति भ्रान्त्या धनुषि दीप्तं शरं सन्धाय शब्दं प्रति तद्वधाय चिक्षेप |

4. जगदीशः किमिति गाढं विश्वसिति स्म ?
जवाब:
भौतिकसास्त्र ं – जीवशास्त्रयोः मध्ये कश्चन गाढः सम्बन्धः वर्तते इति तम् आधारीकृत्य सजीवनिर्जीवपदार्थयोः मध्ये स्थिताम् एक सूत्रताम् आविष्कर्तुं शक्यते इति च जगदीशः गाढं विश्वसति स्म ।

IX. एकेन वाक्येन समाधत्त । (5 × 1 = 5)

1. रामेण केषां बधः प्रतिज्ञातः ?
जवाब:
रामेण वने स्थितानां राक्षसानां वधः प्रतिज्ञातः ।

2. सव्यसाची कीदृश: तस्थौ ?
जवाब:
सव्यसाची गुरुवाक्यप्रचोदितः लक्ष्यं समुद्दिश्य तस्थौ ।

3. “तुम्बुर ! मे नारदः पुत्रः” इति कः अवोचत् ?
जवाब:
तुम्बुर ! मे नारदः पुत्रः इति विधाता अवोचत् ।

4. यमस्य दयिता पुरी कः ?
जवाब:
यमस्य दयिता पुरी संयमनी ।

5. सकलदेशे कस्य प्रचारः भवतु इति कचिः वदति ?
जवाब:
सकलदेश संस्कृतस्य प्रचारः भवतु इति कविः वदति ।

X. एकेन वाक्येन समाधत्त । (5 × 1 = 5)

1. धर्मपालितः कीर्तिसेनां कस्मै ददौ ?
जवाब:
धर्मपालितः कीर्तिसेनां देवसेनाय नाम वणिजे ददौ ।

2. कपोतो नाम कीदृश: ?
जवाब:
कपोतो नाम श्येनानां विधात्रा विहितः आहारः ।

3. श्रवणकुमारः कयोः कृते जलं आददतिस्म ?
जवाब:
श्रवणकुमारः पित्रोः कृते जलं आददतिस्म ।

4. पूर्णिमादिने किं भवति ?
जवाब:
पूर्णिमादिने समुद्रवेला चरति ।

5. जगदीशः किं शास्त्रं प्रति आकृष्टः अभवत् ?
जवाब:
जगदीशः जीवभौतिकशास्त्रं प्रति आकृष्टः अभवत् ।

XI. संवित्परीक्षा | (5 × 1 = 5)

पुरा दश मूर्खाः तीर्थयात्रार्थं प्रातिष्ठन् । मार्गे कापि नदी आगता । तां तीर्त्वा तेषां नायकः सर्वे आगताः वा न वा इति ज्ञातुम् आत्मानम् अगणयित्वा अन्यान् अगणयत् । तेन तेषां संख्या नव अजायत | तेन पर्याकुलेषु तेषु एकैकः आत्मानं विहाय अचशिष्टान् अगणयन् । इत्थं दशवारं ते नव संख्यामेव अगणयन् । स्वेषु एकः नद्यां निमग्नः इति सम्भाव्य ते मुर्खाः उच्चैः रोदितुम् आरभन्त । कश्चन सन्यासी तत्र आगत्य तेषां दुःखस्य कारणं ज्ञात्वा स्वयं तान् अगणयत् । तेन तेषां संख्या दश अजायत । ते च आत्मनां प्रमादं ज्ञात्वा लज्जिताः अभवन् ।
नीतिः सर्वस्य औषधम् अस्ति । किन्तु मुर्खस्य औषधं नास्ति ।

1. नदीं तीर्त्वा मूर्खाणां नायकः किं अकरोत् ?
जवाब:
नदीं तीर्त्वा मूर्खाणां नायकः सर्वे आगताः वा न वा इति ज्ञातुं आत्मानं अगणयित्वा – अन्यान् अगणयत् ।

2. मूर्खाः किमिति सम्भाव्य रोदितुं आरभन्त ?
जवाब:
एकः नद्यां निमग्नः इति सम्भाव्य रोदितुं आरभन्त ।

3. सन्न्यासी तत्र आगत्य कि अकरोत् ?
जवाब:
सन्न्यासी तत्र आगत्य तेषां दुःखस्य कारणं ज्ञात्वा स्वयं तान-अगणयत् ।

4. ते कं ज्ञात्वा लज्जिताः अभवन् ?
जवाब:
ते आत्मनां प्रमादं ज्ञात्वा लज्जिताः अभवन् ।

5. अस्याः कथायाः का नीतिः ?
जवाब:
सर्वस्य औषदं अस्ति । किन्तु सुर्खस्य औषदं नास्ति ।

XII. चत्वारि सन्धिनामनिर्देशसहितं विघटयत । (4 × 2 = 8)

1. वधूहः
2. राजर्षि
3. महौषधिः
4. नन्वेषः
5. गावावेते
6. साध्विति
7. मातेदृशी
8. गतेऽपि
जवाब:
1. वदूहः = वधू + ऊहः (सवर्णदीर्घसन्धिः)
2. राजर्षि = राज + ऋषि: (गुणसन्धिः)
3. महौषधिः = महा + औषधिः (वृद्धिसन्धिः)
4. नन्वेषः = ननु + एषः (यणादेशसन्धिः)
5. गावावेते = गावौ + एते (अयवायावसन्धिः)
6. साध्विति = साधु + इति (यणादेशसन्धिः)
7. मातेदृशी = माता + ईदृशी (गुणसन्धिः)
8. गतेऽपि = गते + अपि (पूर्वरूपसन्धिः)

XIII. चत्वारि नामनिर्देशसहितं सन्धत्त । (4 × 2 = 8)

1. वधु + उक्ति
2. वसन्त + ऋतु:
3. नव + औषधम्
4. वाणी + एका-
5. अनु + ईक्षणम्
6. पादौ + उपगृह्य
7. भानो + अत्र
8. कवि + इन्द्रः
जवाब:
1. वधु + उक्ति = वधूक्तिः (सवर्णदीर्घसन्धिः)
2. वसन्त + ऋतु: = वसन्तर्तु (गुणसन्धिः)
3. नव + औषधम् = नवौषधम् (वृद्धिसन्धिः)
4. वाणी + एका = वाण्येका (यणादेशसन्धिः)
5. अनु + ईक्षणम् = अन्वीक्षणम् (यणादेशसन्धिः)
6. पादौ + उपगृह्य = पादावुपगृह्य (अयवायावसन्धिः )
7. भानो + अत्र = भानोऽत्र (पूर्वरूपसन्धिः)
8. कवि + ईन्द्र = कवीन्द्र: (सवर्णदीर्घसन्धिः)

XIV. द्वयोः शब्दयो अन्त-लिङ्ग वचन निर्देशसहितं रूपाणि लिखंत | (2 × 4 = 8)

1. गो
जवाब:

2. वन
जवाब:

3. तद् – स्त्रीलिङ्गः
जवाब:

XV. द्वयोः धात्वोः निर्दिष्टानि लकाररूपाणि लिखत । (2 × 3 = 6)

1. कथयति
जवाब:

2. कुंयत्ि
जवाब:

3. अधावत्
जवाब:

4. वन्दते
जवाब:

XVI. संस्कृतभाषया अनुवदत । (5 × 1 = 5)

1. Helping others is merit.
जवाब:
परोपकारः पुण्याय ।

2. Tree protects when protected.
जवाब:
वृक्षो रक्षति रक्षितः ।

3. Boy studies sanskrit.
जवाब:
बालकः संस्कृतं पठति ।

4. Leader Rules the state.
जवाब:
नायकः राष्ट्रं पालयति ।

5. I am going to college.
जवाब:
अहं कलाशालां गच्छामि ।

Thoroughly reviewing TS Inter 1st Year English Model Papers Set 8 helps in understanding the examiner’s expectations.

TS Inter 1st Year English Model Paper Set 8 with Solutions

Time: 3 Hours 15 Minutes
Maximum Marks: 100

Section – A

Question 1.
Annotate ANY TWO of the following in about 100 words. 2 × 4 = 8M
a) And she was cross. She said go ask the guy who keeps gardening things.
b) It is not the case only with the coals, Mrs. Bouncer, but I’ve lately observed a gradual and steady increase of evaporation among my candles, wood, sugar, and matches.
c) Her intentions are evidently good as she has planted trees rich in biodiversity.
Answer:
a) Introduction : This sentence is taken from the prose piece, Father, Dear Father written by Raj Kinger. Actually this is an article published in the English daily, The Hindu.

Context & Explanation : Rahul has an unpleasant experience with his Biology teacher. When his rose plant is attacked by pests he seeks advice of his teacher to save his plant. But, the teacher gets irritated as she thinks it a question out of their syllabus and asks him to approach a gardener for advice. The teacher serves as a warning to all those teachers who do not show any interest or reverence towards their profession. Therefore, Rahul criticizes such an education system ’ which curbs independent thinking and encourages blind adherence to whatever the teacher teaches.

Critical Comment : Here, Rahul narrates the incident of his biology teacher not able to help him with a practical science related problem.

b) Introduction: We come across these interesting words in Box and Cox, a one-act play written by John Maddison Morton.

Context & Explanation : Mrs. Bouncer a greedy landlady, rents out her room to two persons at the sametime, without letting one know of the other person. They are Mr. Box, the printer and the other man, Mr. Cox. Mr. Box works all night and lives here only during the day. Mr. Cox is employed in a hat shop where he spends all day. Thus, Mrs. Bouncer manages to ensure that they do not meet each other in the room. But, they suspect something is wrong there. They notice their things being used up by others. The given words from Cox complain about this loss of things. It speaks alot about Cox’s nature.

Critical Comment : Here, Mr. Cox addresses these words to Mrs. Bouncer.

c) Introduction : These are the concluding words taken from the internet – based article, The Green Champion-Thimmakka. It describes her magnificent achievements in preserving the environment.

Context & Explanation: Thimmakka and her husband started planting saplings and nurturing them as their own children. Even after the death of her husband, she pursuded her mission with the same determination and courage. She is 100 plus now and still cherishes the dream of planting more trees. She continues her fight against deforestation. Her contributions are truly remarkable. She proves that age is not a big problem if we aspire to do anything. So, she is a true inspiration to us to have good intentions towards society. Please plant a sapling and make the world a better place for our children. Even thousand mile journey begins with a single step.

Critical Comment : The words describe her passion for planting trees and expanding her mission.

Question 2.
Annotate ANY TWO of the following in about 100 words. 2 × 4 = 8M
a) You may succeed with another blow.
b) O my Luve’s like a red, red rose.
That’s newly sprung in June.
c) It is not growing like a tree.
In bulk, doth make Man better be;
Answer:
a) Introduction : This optionistic line is taken four the inspirational poem, ‘Keep Going’, written by Edgar Albert Guest. He was very well-known as a people’s poet. The poem is universally acknowledged as one of the best inspirational poems.

Context & Explanation : This simple inspirational poem speaks volumes about the need to keep going, despite difficulties in life. If openly admits that life may be a mixture of more pains and less pleasures. But, one must continue with one’s effort till success greets one. It is because you may succeed the next time. So, you try again and don’t give up even if you fail many times. If another blow fails, try another and another. But, stop not.

Critical Comment : The poem encourages and inspires the reader to keep on the effort till the goal is attained.

b) Introduction : This couplet is taken from the poem, A Red Red Rose written by Robert Burns. It is one of the best lyrics of English poetry. It blends the eternity of love with the mortality of life.

Context & Explanation : The poet begins by using a simile to com¬pare his love to a rose. In other words, his love is like a flower that has just bloomed in June. His love is fresh and is bursting with life. His feelings are very profound.

Critical Comment : It is an address to the speaker’s lover to whom he swears eternal love and loyalty.

c) Introduction: These are the opening lines of the impressive poem, ‘The Noble Nature’ written by Ben Jonson. He is regarded as the second most popular of English dramatists, after Shakespeare.

Context & Explanation : The poet employs examples from flora to drive home his point. He straight away introduces the main idea how to become a better man. But, mere bulk doesn’t make one great. Smartness, even in small measure, impresses and impacts everyone. Neither long life nor large size can help one attain nobility. Quality counts more than quantity. Motherwords, matter matters, not the magnitude!. To explain this, the poet compares man to both an Oak tree and a Lily.

Critical Comment : The poem seeks to explain what makes Man noble in his life.

Question 3.
Answer ANY TWO of the following questions in about 100 words each. 2 × 4 = 8M
a) How do the two types of persons react to an overcast morning ?
b) Why did Dr. Bannister feel that the moment of the lifetime had come ?
c) “………………. So that I’m getting double rent for my room, and neither of my lodgers is any the wiser for it” says Mrs. Bouncer. Is she right in her estimate of her lodgers ? Support your answer with details.
Answer:
a) Booker T Washington’s addresses are very forceful explanations of character building. In his speech Two Sides of Life he describes how people react to an overcast morning. To a person who constantly looks at the dark side of things in life, the morning appears gloomy, dull and the streets full of muddy water. Everything looks disagreeable to him. Whereas for a person who always looks at the bright side of things in life, the morning appears beautiful in all aspects. He speaks of the beauties in the rain drops, of the freshness in the newly bathed flowers, shrubs and trees.

b) Bannister was the first man to run the race of one mile in 3 minutes 59.4 seconds. In this essay,he narrates his eventual victory of the race. He says that there was no force from anyone to make him participate in this running race. It is entirely his own decision. He passed the half mile in 1 minute 58 seconds. Later, he had to run the last lap in 59 seconds. He felt a moment of mixed joy and anguish. His mind raced, well ahead of his body. It drew his body compellingly forward them, he felt that the moment of life time had come. There was no worry. He felt confidence in his success. It because there was only 200 yards of track under his feet. He realized that he was going to create a record of life time.

c) John Maddison is an English playwright. His play Box and Cox is a one-act farce. It is hilarious. It has just three characters. Mrs. Bouncer is a greedy landlady. She rents out her room to two persons at the same time. The tenants, Box and Cox do not know it. It shows her greediness.

She boasts of her capital idea. She feels that neither of her lodgers finds it. Even though she feels like that she is always in tremble of fear. Initially, she may succeed in deceiving them for a while we can observe it when she gives various excuses when they suspect something is wrong. In order to escape from their doubts, she gets busy to put things out of their notice. That is why they fail to know her deceptive nature. Later, they come to know her deceitful dealings. Thus, her estimate of her lodgers is not completely right.

Question 4.
Answer ANY TWO of the following questions in about 100 words each. 2 × 4 = 8M
a) Explain the narrator’s experience in finding out what happiness is.
b) How does the poem, ‘The Beggar’ describe the farmer’s pathetic physical condition?
c) If may be near when it seems afar; what seems after and why ?
Answer:
a) The poem ‘Happiness’ is written by Carl Sandburg. It conveys a beautiful message. It is extracted from his collection of poems. Chicago songs. The poem is an expression of the narrator’s search for the meaning of happiness and his ultimate realization.

The narrator seeks to know what happiness is. He enquires with many professors but in vain. Even, the top executives are consulted, but to no avail. One Sunday afternoon, he wanders along a river. There, he sees a group of Hungarians with their women and children under the trees. They are spending happy moments there. He at once understands what happiness is. Happiness is living in the present. It is not wealth or success or fame.

b) The poem, The Beggar, by Dr. Ammangi Venugopal portrays the pathetic condition of farmers. It depicts the difficulties farmers face in a touching way. The poet talks about, the farmer as ‘my farmer’. It shows that the poet also belongs to the family of a farmer. So, he describes the pitiable physical position of farmers. It forms an important part of the poem. It identifies farmers with dark eyes that are filled with the shadows of their struggles and sufferings. Their backs are bent with burden. Their hands are soiled and severed. Their feet bleed. Yet, their ability to produce food and satisfy other’s hunger remains fully active. They work hard and help others. Yet, they struggle to survive. They starve. Their stomachs get no food. They suffer from empty stomachs. Their faces are filled with wretchedness. Thus the reader is forced to understand and sympathise with farmers.

c) Edgar Albert Guest is very popular as a people’s poet. His poem, Keep Going, keeps on advising the reader never to quit. It encourages the reader to keep on the struggle till the goal is attained. Sometimes, a goal situated near may appear far often when eyes are tired because of exhaustion. You may think that you are not going to succeed, yet you are close to success. Therefore, you must continue with your efforts till success greets you. Life is a fight. It will often present you with pain or hardships. You may be hit with many challenges. You should not lose the fighting spirit. Don’t quit and go through your hardships. Success is yours. Sure ! thus, the poem inspires us to acheive our goals.

Question 5.
Answer ANY TWO of the following questions in about 100 words each. 2 × 4 = 8M
a) Write a paragraph on how Alan and his parents felt excited when he was chosen to play for the school cricket match.
b) “The years have taught you wisdom …. surely it must be so”, remarked the fairy. Is she right ? Explain.
c) Describe the result of the declaration by the “Mohathemeem”.
Answer:
a) Arthur Henry Mee is famous as an eminent educator and journalist. His short story “Playing the Game” is at once didactic and entertaining. Its gripping narration offers a pleasant reading experience. Alan is the lead character. He was a schoolboy. He loved cricket. His parents supported and encouraged him. Alan’s father actually helped Alan practise bowling. He commented that Alan was shaping as a good bowler. Then, Alan was selected to play in his school team. That was a well deserved opportunity. Hence Alan felt excited. That made Alan’s parents doubly excited. That is just natural and justifiable on their part.

b) The short story “The Five Boons of Life” is a bundle of boons in learning. Mark Twain shows us how difficult it is to select from among options. The story also exposes the deceptive nature of appearances. The fairy presents to the youth her five boons. They are : “Fame, Love, Riches, Pleasures and Death”. She asks him to be careful in his selection. She adds that only one of them is valuable. The youth falters and chooses ‘Pleasures’. He regrets his choice. Then he opts for ‘Love’. He feels sad about his wrong decision. Then, the fairy says that years must have taught him wisdom. Yes, experience is the best teacher. But the youth stays a bad learner. So, he hasn’t picked up any wisdom.

c) Suravaram’s social story, “Sanghala Panthulu”, presents the pathetic plight of Ramasagaram villagers. Elanaaga translated this moving Telugu story into English. The police went on exploiting the innocent villagers ruthlessly. Sandhala Panthulu came to the rescue of the poor. The police were angry with Panthulu. When they tried to arrest Panthulu, a good number of youth revolted against the police. The police complained against them. The Mohathemeem came to enquire into the incident. He found the police were guilty. He declared the dismissal, suspension and scaling down of different police personnel. The villagers felt happy. Their joy knew no bounds. Feasts followed, justice prevailed.

Section – B

Question 6.
Read the following passage carefully and answer ANY FOUR questions given after it in a word or a sentence each. 4 × 1 = 4M
The fairy came, bringing again four of the gifts, but Death was wanting. She said:
T gave it to a mother’s pet, a little child. It was innocent, but trusted me, asking me to choose for it. You did not ask me to choose.”
“Oh, miserable me ! What is left for me ?”
“What not even you have deserved: the wanton insult of Old Age.”

Questions:
i) The fairy brought the gift, Death too. Say Yes or No.
ii) Who does the word I refer to ? ,
iii) What did the fairy give little child ?
iv) What is the epithet used to describe the little child ?
v) The man didn’t repose faith in the fairy. Write true or false.
vi) What was left for the man ?
Answer:
i) No
ii) The word I refers to the fairy.
iii) Death
iv) a mother’s pet
v) true
vi) not even what he deserved; the wanton insult of old age

Question 7.
Read the following passage carefully and answer ANY FOUR questions given after it in a word or a sentence each. 4 × 1 = 4M
A woman is a full circle. Within her is the power to create, nurture and transform, goes a glorious compliment, highlighting woman’s power. Then, if many women are at the helm of a village, can you imagine the degree of transformation ? A lively example is unfolding itself at Madhavaram village of Suryapet district. With the initiative from the sons of the soil like Sri Koti Reddy, Superintendent of Police, Ram Sudheer, School Assistant (Teacher), the entire village Panchayat was unanimously occupied by an all-women team.

Besides, women’s committees were formed for each important village development activity like education, health, drinking water and sanitation. Ms Vijayafakshmi, Sarpanch and Ms Janakamma, Vice-Sarpanch were all smiles when asked about their achievements in a short span of time. The long list includes a library, purified water, a gymnasium, English Medium Sections in ZP School, greenery etc. Their honesty in admitting that their move towards prohibition of liquor still awaits results stuns everyone. The village serves as a model, showcasing women’s power.

Questions:
i) Frailty, thy name is woman, says Shakespeare. But, what does this passage say in this regard ? (Frailty means weakness.)
ii) Mention the unique feature of Madhavaram’s present panchayat.
iii) What do other all-women committees have for their function ?
iv) Why were the Sarpanch and Vice-Sarpanch all smiles ?
v) Which particular area still awaits satisfactory progress ?
vi) What does the village seek to showcase ?
Answer:
i) power, thy name is woman.
ii) It is occupied by an all-women team.
iii) education, health, drinking water, sanitation, etc.
iv) as they recorded many achievements in a short span of time
v) the prohibition of liquor
vi) women’s power

Section – C

[Note : Answers of this section must be written at one place in the same Serial Order.]

Question 8.
Match ANY EIGHT of the following words in Column – A with their meanings in Column – B. 8 × 1/2 = 4M

Column A	Column B
i) resistance	a) silence
ii) pounce	b) suffering, agony
iii) flutter	c) surround, cover
iv) anguish	d) natural, on the spot
v) haven	e) dared
vi) spontaneous	f) refusal to obey; opposition
vii) lull	g) confuse, puzzle
viii) ventured	h) move lightly and quickly, tremble
ix) engulf	i) safe place
x) bewilder	j) jump, leap

Answer:

Column A	Column B
i) resistance	f) refusal to obey; opposition
ii) pounce	j) jump, leap
iii) flutter	h) move lightly and quickly, tremble
iv) anguish	b) suffering, agony
v) haven	i) safe place
vi) spontaneous	d) natural, on the spot
vii) lull	a) silence
viii) ventured	e) dared
ix) engulf	c) surround, cover
x) bewilder	g) confuse, puzzle

Question 9.
Identify the parts of speech of ANY EIGHT of the following underlined words. 8 × 1/2 = 4M
Box : Stop ! (1) Can you (2) inform (3) me who (4) the individual (5) is that I invariably (6) encounter (7) going downstairs when I’m coming up (8), and (9) coming upstairs (10) when I’m going down ?
Answer:
1) stop – verb
2) you – pronoun
3) inform – verb
4) who – pronoun
5) individual – noun
6) invariably – adverb
7) encounter – verb
8) up – adverb
9) and – conjunction
10) upstairs – adverb

Question 10.
Fill ANY EIGHT of the following blanks with a, an or the. 8 × 1/2 = 4M
It is not _____ (1) _____ case only with _____ (2) _____ coals, Mrs. Bouncer, but I’ve lately observed _____ (3) _____ gradual and steady increase of evaporation among my candles, wood, sugar and matches.

Why _____ (4) _____ gentleman who has got _____ (5) _____ attic is hardly ever without _____ (6) _____ pipe in his mouth and there he sits with his feet upon _____ (7) _____ mantelpiece. From _____ (8) _____ appearance of his outward man, I should unhesitatingly set him down as _____ (9) _____ gentleman connected with _____ (10) _____ printing interest.
Answer:
1) the
2) the
3) a
4) the
5) the
6) a
7) the
8) the
9) a
10) the

Question 11.
Fill in ANY EIGHT of the following blanks with suitable prepositions. 8 × 1/2 = 4M
_____ (1) _____ one and a half laps I was still worrying _____ (2) _____ the pace. Advoice shouting ‘Relax’ penetrated _____ (3) _____ me _____ (4) _____ the noise _____ (5) the crowd.

As we lined up_____ (6) _____ the start I glanced _____ (7) _____ ts he flag again. It fluttered more gently now, and the scene _____ (8) _____ Shaw’s Saint Joan flashed _____ (9) _____ my mind, how she, _____ (10) _____ her desperate moment, waited _____ (11) _____ the wind to change.
Answer:
1) at
2) about
3) into
4) above
5) of
6) for
7) at
8) from
9) through
10) at
11) for

Question 12.
Fill ANY FOUR of the following blanks with suitable forms of the verbs given in brackets. 4 × 1 = 4M
1. People ……………….. (speak) Telugu in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.
2. Mary ……………….. (eat) her supper by 7.00 p.m.
3. Don’t disturb ! The child ……………….. (sleep)
4. If I ……………….. (be) a bird, I would fly high in the sky to have a beautiful view of the earth.
5. It is time we ……………….. (start) working hard.
6. If I were you, ……………….. (construct) an independent house.
Answer:
1) speak
2) will have eaten
3) is sleeping
4) were
5) started
6) would construct

Question 13.
Rewrite ANY FOUR of the following sentences as directed. 4 × 1 = 4M
i) He is buying a TV set at the moment.
(Change the sentence to passive voice.)
ii) Hardik said to Annu, “Go and study.”
(Change the sentence to indirect speech.)
iii) A visitor said to me, “Are there any places worth seeing in Wa- rangal ?”
(Change the sentence to indirect speech.)
iv) For many Indians, cricket gives greater pleasure than football.
(Change the sentence to positive degree.)
v) LIC is one of the most popular insurance companies in India.
(Change the sentence to comparative degree.)
vi) There’s a problem here, …………….. ?
(Add a question tag.)
Answer:
i) A TV set is being bought by him at the moment.
ii) Hardik asked Annu to go and study.
iii) A visitor asked me if there were any worth seeing places in Warangal.
iv) For many Indians, football doesn’t give as much pleasure as cricket.
v) LIC is more popular than many other insurance companies in India.
vi) isn’t there

Question 14.
Rewrite ANY FOUR of the following sentences correcting the underlined errors. 4 × 1 = 4M
1. If I will Stand on my own legs, my parents will feel happy.
2. If you consult me. I would have advised you what to do.
3. He is visiting the library daily.
4. He walks very fastly.
5. We don’t hardly believe it.
6. They don’t do anything careful.
Answer:
1. If I stand on my own legs, my parents will feel happy.
2. If you had consulted me, I would have advised you what to do.
3. He visits the library daily.
4. He walks very fast.
5. We don’t believe it./We hardly believe it.
6. They don’t do anything careful.

Question 15.
Supply the missing letters to ANY EIGHT of the following words. 8 × 1/2 = 4M
i) pers_ _de
ii) flu_ _er
iii) p_ _nee
iv) ex_ _ode
v) a_ _empt
vi) br_ _th
vii) hu_ _red
viii) pa_ _ive
ix) co_ _apse
x) thr_ _ten
Answer:
i) persuade
ii) flutter
iii) pounce
iv) explode
v) attempt
vi) breath
vii) hundred
viii) passive
ix) collapse
x) threaten

Question 16.
Identify the silent consonant letters in ANY EIGHT of the following words. 8 × 1/2 = 4M
i) bustle
ii) although
iii) parliament
iv) fight
v) knee
vi) brought
vii) bomb
viii) could
ix) hymn
x) which
Answer:
i) bustle – t
ii) although – gh
iii) parliament – r, i
iv) fight – gh
v) knee – k
vi) brought – gh
vii) bomb – b
viii) could – l
ix) hymn – n
x) which – h

Question 17.
Write ANY FOUR of the following transcriptions using ordinary English spelling. 4 × 1 = 4M

Answer:
i) acquaint
ii) attic
iii) horizontal
iv) gridiron
v) curb
vi) vengeance

Question 18.
Circle ANY FOUR of the words that sound different from the other words in that set with regard to the sounds of the bold letters. 4 × 1 = 4M
i) deer feet street
ii) barely money rely
iii) look book door
iv) ant above apple
v) one orange ox
vi) late bat make
Answer:
i) deer
ii) rely
iii) door
iv) above
v) one
vi) bat

Question 19.
Mention the number of syllables in ANY FOUR of the following words. 4 × 1 = 4M
i) popular
ii) today
iii) side
iv) plant
v) rainwater
vi) condition
Answer:
i) 3 – trisyllabic
ii) 2 – disyllabic
iii) 1 – monosyllabic
iv) 1 – monosyllabic
v) 3 – trisyllabic
vi) 3 – trisyllabic

Question 20.
a) The pie chart given below shows how people spend their time on smart phones. Convert the information into a paragraph. 1 × 4 = 4M

b) The following tree diagram depicts the classification of Vitamins. Present the information in a paragraph.

Answer:
a) Time spent on Smart Phones
Time spent on smart phones is presented in the given pie chart. The lion’s share, i.e. 35% of the time goes to games. Social networking follows games with its share of 29% of the time. Utilities consume 20% time. The share of music and videos is 8%. Others take 5% time. News comes last with just 3% time.
(Or)
b) Classification of Vitamins
The given tree diagram presents the classification of vitamins. Vitamins are broadly of two types. They are : 1) Soluble vitamins in water and 2) Soluble in fats. Vitamin B and Vitamin C fall in the category of ‘Soluble in water’. Vitamins A, D, E and K (four) belong to the group of vitamins soluble in fat and Vitamin B is sub-divided into Bl, B2, B3, B6 and B12 (five) types.

Thoroughly analyzing TS Inter 1st Year Political Science Model Papers Set 6 with Solutions helps students identify their strengths and weaknesses.

TS Inter 1st Year Political Science Model Paper Set 6 with Solutions

Time: 3 Hours
Max. Marks:100

Section – A
3 x 10 = 30 Marks

Note: Answer any THREE of the following questions In not exceeding 40 lines each. Each question carries 10 Marks.

Question 1.
Discuss the relationship of Political Science with History and Economics.
Answer:
Political Science has intimate relation with other social sciences like History and Economics. Such inter-relation between political science and History as well as relation between political science and Economics can be detailed as below.
a. Political Science – History
b. Political Science – Economics.

a) Political Science – History: History describes the past. The development of mankind and society can be known through History. History being the story of man, functions as a treasure house of human experiences. It is like a laboratory to all social sciences. The political, economic, social, cultural, religious and literary activity of man can be known only through History It describes different associations of man from earliest times. History conveys information to the present society, the developments in the past in the areas like state, civilization, culture, religion and economic activity. History is a written record of different events, movements, their causes and interrelations.

History provides information to study the political activity in the past. The birth and development of political ideas and institutions is known through history.

“History without Political Science has no fruit.
Political Science without History has no root”

There has been continuous transformation and development of political institutions since the earliest period of History. The evolution of different political institutions through the ages is recorded in History History is the foundation of Political Science. A comparative study of the previous political institutions and the contemporary political activity provides a scope to find ideal and stable political institutions in future.

The knowledge of political activity is very much essential to understand the events like founding of the Indian National congress, the French Revolution, the Russian Revolution and the theories like the twö Nation Theory of the Muslim League and also to estimate their impact.

In the same way it is possible to study the concepts proposed by Plato, Aristotle, and other Philosophers in the light of the knowledge of history of Ancient Europe. Different political thinkers like Machiavelli, Montesquieu, and Lord Bryce developed their respective theories basing on the information found in history As Robbon opined, it is essential for a student to know about the history of his own race to study the constitution and foreign policy of his race.

The knowledge of Political Science is essential to history, in the same way as the knowledge of History to Political Science. History and Political Science can contribute for the development of any Civilised society in the spirit of mutual co-operation.

b) Political Science – Economics: Economics ’studies the aspects Like wealth, production, distribution and exchange of goods. It studies about various methods to accumulate wealth. Economics is a sociological study of the aspects like wealth, production and distribution. All the social institutions nd political theories place the human life on a right track. A clearly defined political system is very essential for a man to become a good and ideal citizen.

Economics helps in different ways to study the human welfare. Economics tries to coordinate the methods of satisfying unlimited wants with limited resources. Lack of peace and dissatisfaction prevail in a society when the economic needs are not satisfied.

The Primary needs like food, clothing, shelter, education, and medical aid are to be satisfied. Other wise life becomes sorrowful. If the basic needs are not satisfied, the individual has to spend all his energy for that purpose only. A poverty-stricken society gives scope for the prevalence of immorality and anti-social elements.

An individual suffering from hunger, ignorance, ill-health cannot be in a position to assess his political aims and responsibilities. He resorts to many crimes to satisfy his hunger. Such individual entertains a spirit to adopt illegal means for his progress. He cannot use his rights properly and discharge his duties. A citizen without basic needs cannot understand the value of right to vote. The communists feel that democracy cannot be successful without a socialist economy. Aristotle warned that economic inequalities lead to social revolutions.

Even though Political Science and Economics are two different disciplines, their common aim is the welfare of people. The policies related to the production, consumption, proper use of exchange units, removing inflation: contributing for the accumulation of national wealth, promotion of industrial development are very much a part of the activities of a modern State. The impact of economic policies is very much considerable on all the above policies. it is quite possible to solve many economic problems through a political system only.

Question 2.
Discuss pluralistic theory of Sovereignty.
Answer:
Pluralism or pluralistic theory of sovereignty was proposed and popularized as an attack on monism. Elements like democracy, federal spirit, individual freedoms, separation of powers, decentralization of authority etc. are considered as the factors which influenced the proponents of pluralism. This theory finds its origin during the middle age.

Main Principles: Pluralism comprises the following main principles:
1. The state is one of the many organizations in society. It is not the only organization having supremacy. It has no differ
ent features, status and significance apart from other organizations.

2. The state has not created the society or any organization, The various cultural, economic, religious and political associations were not created by the state. State cannot dissolve the above organizations. It has no such power.

3. Society is federal in structure. State too must distribute its powers on the basis of federal principles.

4. Sovereignty is not the exclusive possession of the state. The state is not supreme over all other organizations.

5. Sovereignty is not absolute, unlimited and unquestionable. It has some internal and external limitations. While the customs and traditions of the people will act as internal limitations, international covenants and agreements will impose some restrictions on the sovereignty of the state.

6. Sovereignty is not discretionary in nature. It has to be enforced keeping in view the various constitutional acts and
covenants. It will not vest in the state alone.

7. It is not correct to say that. the commands of the sovereign are laws. Sovereignty has to be exercised keeping in view the customs, traditions and the constitutional provisions.

8. Pluralists criticized that Austin’s theory assigned more importance to the state. This may threaten the very origin, existence, survival and progress of the remaining associations in human society Hence Krabbe and laski pointed out that it is better to ignore the criticism of sovereignty.

Criticism:
1. The pluralist’s contention that sovereignty is possessed by all associations along with the state has been condemned by the critics. The critics expressed their apprehension stating that the pluralist’s ideas may lead to the creation of anarchy and instability in the state.

2. The pluralist’s assumption of similarity of state and other associations in regard to their aims objectives, and aspirations is not appropriate.

3. The pluralist failed to identity the distinction between the community, society, and state. There prevails more similarity rather than differences between the state and society. Both the state and society are independent in their sphere. They are more heterogeneous in their nature.

4. The critics viewed pluralism as unreal and impractical. They felt that it is not possible to achieve coordination between
the state and associations.

Conclusion: Inspite of the above criticism, pluralistic theory of sovereignty is recognized as very important in political science. Similarly, the concept of state and Monistic theory of sovereignty have acquired special place in political science.

Question 3.
What is Equality? Explain its characteristic features.
Answer:
Meaning and explanation of Equality: The concept of Equality is of great significance in the study of political science. The term Equality became an important slogan and inspired the people of France, America, Russia and India during their struggle for freedom and independence.

The term “Equality” implies absolute equality of treatment. In Political science, the term ‘Equalitÿ refers to a state which
grants its citizens equality before the law and equal opportunities to develop their personality But it may be noted that individuals are not equal in many respects. While some of them are strong, some others may be weak. Similarly some are more intelligent than others. In this way, men differ in many respects. Hence, equality of treatment is not possible. In other words, it implies that state should grant to its citizens equality before law and equal protection by law.

Essential Features of Equality:
1. Equality as a Claim of Right: Equality is a prescriptive term, not a descriptive one. We argue that human beings must be treated as equal, not that they are in fact equal. Equality aims at widening the base of social benefits lest these benefits are cornered by a small and vocal minority impoverlshing the rest of the community.

2. Equality as a Modern Idea: Large inequalities of wealth, prestige and power have always remained prominent and almost universal features of social structure throughout human history With beginning of scientific age, men learned to control natural phenomenon by rational and empirical knowledge of nature. This paved the way for removing such social inequalities as were not reasonable and which were also removable by human effort.

3. Equality as an Idea of Social Change: With advance of scientific knowledge and technology, more and more areas of natural inequality are coining within the alterable sphere. We know that health and bodily strength can be improved by proper nutrition, and mental up can be considerably developed by proper education and training. But the availability of these benefits to an individual is dependent on his socioeconomic status.

4. Essential for Social Justice and Liberty: Equality is essential for social justice. Equality is closely connected with liberty. This is due to the fact that without liberty people cannot have equality. Liberty remains insignificant in the absence of equality.

5. Social distinctions can be based only upon public utility: Unequal treatment would not be resented in society unless the more gifted persons employ their natural qualities to exploit others. And also, so long as authority and division of labour are based on rational grounds, inequality of status and position does not become objectionable. Inequality is not an issue so long as authority is exercised in the general interest of the society.

6. Equality does not imply literal Equality: It means equality of opportunities. Equality demands a progressive reduction of inequalities where they are thought to be unreasonable. It does not imply literal equalization. It implies giving equality of opportunities for the development of personal qualities and capacities. It does not mean ‘equality of outcome’.

Question 4.
Write an essay on basic ideas of Gandhism.
Answer:
Gandhism – basic ideas:
Gandhi – A brief biography: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born at Porbandar in Gujarat in 1869. He was called the Mahatma. (The Great Soul) by Rabindranath Tagore. He was the father of our nation. He applied age-old ancient Indian ideals like Truth, Non-violence, and Satyagraha as political weapons and won the freedom not by late but by loving the enemy. He preached only whatever he practiced.

Basic ideas of Gandhism:
1. Meta Physical idealism: The Upanishadic concepts like ‘The Divine”. The universal soul, manifested in all living and non-living things of the entire universe, or ‘The Divine light illuminating everywhere” are the basis for the Gandhian Philosophy. His metaphysical idealism was a unique combination of the values based on Non-violence, ethics, Vedanta, Spiritual, Meta Physical, Jam, Buddhist and Vaishnava.

2. Ethical absolutism: Gandhi believes the superiority of moral and ethical values. The roots of Ns ethical absolution can be traced in the “Rita’ of the Vedanta. This Rita is universal, omnipresent, and ethical in values is ruling the Men and the Gods.

3. Doctrine of Non-Violence: The literal meaning of Non-violence is “not doing violence. In a Nutshell it means “Not to kill”. “Not to do harm is its wider meaning.

He applied nonviolence as a means and a weapon in politics. Truth and fearlessness are the essential conditions of Non-violence. Gandhi regarded and equated non-violence on par with self-torture of the Soul, Mercy, Love, Fearlessness, innocence, Soul Force, kindness, Selflessness and non-indulgence. Gandhi used non-violence as a potent weapon not only against the British colonialism but also in the movements waged against all types of deeply entrenched evils of the society.

4. Doctrine of Satyagraha: Gandhi explained Satyagraha not as a philosophical doctrine, but as a means to fight against the foreign rule and to achieve social and economic justice.

Gandhi formulated the word satyagraha when he was in South Africa. He called satyagraha as Love Force” and ‘Sóul Force’. Truth cannot tolerate violence. Even the guilty should not be punished with violence. A sin for one may not be to the other. At once, the search for truth must be only on non-violent means. We have to try to remove the holds on untruth and injustice from his ways by inflicting suffering upon himself. By satyagraha means, Gandhi said that inflicting suffering not on the evil-doer but upon himself.

Question 5.
Identify the safeguards of Rights.
Answer:
Introduction: Rights are the essential conditions for the development of the personality of individuals. They are upheld by the laws of the state. Individuals cannot achieve progress in the absence of the lights.

Definition:

1. T.H. Green: “Rights are those powers claimed and recognized as contributory to the common good.”
2. H.J. Laski: “Rights are those conditions of social life without which no man can seek in general to be himself at his best.”

Safeguards of Rights: Individuals enjoy their rights only when they were fully protected or safeguarded by the State. In this regard, the following elements act as the safeguards of the rights.
1. DemocratIc Rule: Democratic rule safeguards the rights of the people to a great extent. People can enjoy their rights perfectly in democratic states only. This system makes constitutional and legal provisions for safeguarding the right of the people.

2. Written and Rigid Constitution: A written constitution clearly defines the powers and functions of the government. It also explains about the various limitations of governmental authority. Besides, a rigid constitution will guarantee the rights of the people by making it difficult for the rulers and legislators to make amendments on flimsy grounds.

3. Constitutional Incorporation: The incorporation of fundamental rights in the constitution will prevent the encroachment of individual rights by the government. Such an arrangement protects the rights of the individuals to a great extent.

4. Separation of Powers: The powers of the government should be separated among the three organs of the government. Such as measure would act as a check against other organs. Ultimately, it serves as a safeguard of individual liberty.

5. Decentralisation of Powers: Individuals enjoy their rights, when powers are decentralised among the governmental institutions. This involves allocation of powers at various levels – national, provisional, local either on functional or territorial basis.

6. Rule of Law: Rule of law implies equality before law. It also denotes equal application of laws to the citizens. It gives no scope for discrimination between citizens on the grounds of region, religion, caste, colour, community etc.

7. Independent and Impartial Judiciary: Independent and impartial judiciary is another safeguard of rights. Judges in higher judicial bodies will deliver judgement with impartial and independent outlook. In the process of delivering justice, they issue certain writs for immediate protection of the rights.

8. Independent Press: Independent and honest press is another essential safeguard of rights of individuals. Such agency will be able to disseminate news and views impartially and without fear or favour to anybody. In this regard the state should not try to threaten and silence the press. Then only individuals enjoy their rights to the maximum extent.

9. Social and Economic Equalities: Social and economic equalities are necessary for enjoying one’s rights. People will be able to utilize their rights properly and positively when there are social and economic equalities in the state. These equalities include absence of casteism, communalism, linguism, widespread economic inequalities, exploitation, etc.

10. External Vigilance: Eternal vigilance is said to be the most important safeguard of rights of individuals. Individuals must be vigilant and cautious about the policies of the government. They should oppose the despotic tendencies of the government through democratic and constitutional methods. Under no circumstances they should allow the self-seeking politicians to acquire power. Besides several other elements like judicial review, recall, strong opposition etc., are considered as the safeguards of rights.

Seciton – B
8 x 5 = 4o Marks

Note: Answer any EIGHT of the following questions in not exceeding 20 lines each. Each question carries 5 Marks.

Question 1.
Write a brief note on the Evolution of Political Science.
Answer:
The beginning of a study of politics (or political thinking) is traced to the ancient Greek philosophers like Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Among these, Aristotle is regarded as the father of Political Science because of his objective and systematic (scientific) study of the affairs of the government and politics. Aristotle used the term ‘politics’ to designate the science of the state. He called ‘politics’ a Master Science’ as it covered almost all the activities of individuals in society that includes political and social institutions In fact, politics was a comprehensive concept for the Greeks. However, the Greek concept of politics underwent changes over the centuries.

In other words, the Greek concept of politics is no more valid today. The study of politics has acquired a wider meaning in the modern times. As a matter of fact, with the evolution of the systems of production through different stages (e.g., hunters and food-gatherers, to agriculture and then to industry/factory) social and economic institutions become important, and so also political organizations, evolved and progressed.

This resulted in a distinction between three spheres of human activities, namely, ‘politics’, ‘social’ and ‘economics’. Hence forth, Political Science came to be defined as ‘science of state and government. Thus, the detailed study of the evolution of the State, its functions and the government constituted the subject matter of the study of Political Science.

With the influence of the study of Behaviourism in natural Sciences, the behavioural Movement has been iñitiated in Social Sciences. After the Second world war the behavioural movement which had emerged in 1920’s, became very popular movement in 1950’s. This movement was led by American Political Scientists like Charles Marrium, Gabriel Almond, David Easton etc.

Behaviouralism emphasises on the study of political behaviour, and perceptions of the individuals towards their own political system. Hence the study of political science confined itself to the study of political behaviour in an organised society. The study area of political science also extends to policy formulation, implementation and evaluation of the political systems. Hence, the political science is also called as policy science. The concept of policy science was propounded by J. Lasswell.

Question 2.
Explain the differences between State and Government.
Answer:
Differences between State and Government:

State	Government
1. State is broader. It consists of all the people.	1. Government is narrower. It is a body of few citizens.
2. State is permanent.	2. But Government is transitory. Government keeps on changing. For ex: In India NDA at the national level has been replaced by the UPA.
3. State has sovereign power.	3. Government does not have sovereignty. But, Governments exercise the sovereign power in the name of state.
4. All states are universal and similar in nature and characteristics.	4. Government differs from state to state depending upon the wishes of the people or the constitutions of the respective states. For ex : Parliamentary, Presidential Govt etc.
5. Loyalty of the citizens to their state is compulsory.	5. In a democracy, people have the right to critizen the acts of omission and commission of the Government.
6. State is a whole. it consists of four essential elements like population, territory, government and sovereignty.	6. Government is one of the four elements of the state. Hence, it is the part and parcel of the state.
7. The state is master; it can place and replace the governments according to their efficiency and popularity.	7. The status of the government in relation to the state is that of a master and servant. The survival of the Government depends on the pleasure of the state.
8. Membership of the State is Compulsory No one is exempted from its membership.	8. Membership of the Government is not compulsory ‘it depends upon the will of the person concerned to become the member of the Government or not.

Question 3.
Describe any three types of Justice.
Answer:
1. Natural Justice: Natural Justice is based on the notion that every person in the world possesses some rights for availing the natural resources. Natural resources provide support to the life of each and every creature on Earth. As the human beings are the only rational creatures, it is their responsibility to see that natural resources have to be judiciously exploited. Human beings must keep in mind the requirements of future generations in this regard.

2. Social Justice: Social Justice envisages a balance between rights of individuals and social control. It facilitates the fulfillment of the legitimate expectations of the individuals under the existing laws. It ensures several benefits and extends protection to the individuals against the interference or encroachment from others in society. It is consistent with the unity and the integrity of the nation. It fulfills the needs of the society Social Justice enforces the principle of equality before law. It also ensures eradication of social evils like poverty unemployment, starvation, disease etc. It also extends protection to the downtrodden and weaker sections of society. Ultimately it provides those conditions essential for the all-round development of individuals.

3. Political Justice: Political Justice symbolises political equality It implies provision of political rights to all the adult citizens in a state. It facilitates free and fair participation of the citizens in the governance of the country. It is manifested to the full extent in times of elections. It allows the citizens for their active participation in day-to-day administration. It is based on the premise that everyone is counted as one and none for more than one. It may be noted that political justice prevails in the State when the following conditions are prevalent:

1. Rule of law
2. Independent Judiclaiy
3. Popular elections to the representative bodies.
4. Political parties.
5. Freedom of press and assembly
6. Democratic rule etc.

Question 4.
Gandhiji’s views on Religion and Politics.
Answer:
The moral concepts of Gandhi can be founded in his ideas expressed very frequently. Politics without morals character create a degenerated state and Government in a human society indulged in material pleasures. All the political means are used only to gratify power. But Gandhi described the theory of authority. He says that both authority and ethics should become the focal points of politics.

He mixed humanistic, political religious and ethical values in politics. He opposed the segregation of religion from politics. In his opinion both of there are equally essential. Politics without religion is like a dead corpse, not useful to a country except to burn. He says that his search for truth pulled him into politics and his moral strength helped him to remain very firm in politics.

Even a political programme is intended for the social and ethical advancement of the people. We cannot segregate politics from life, most importantly from religion. Segregation means nurturing religious fundamentalism’, bigotry and evil in politics. Religion according Gandhi was not Rituels and blind faith, but a coordinated moral values of all religions. A religion should not promote sectarianism. But Gandhi never supported a state religion. He wants to use the religion to oppose all types of evils in the society.

Question 5.
Discuss the various types of Duties.
Answer:
Duty is an obligation of an individual towards. Other individuals residing in the Society. It is regarded as an obligation or duty towards others. The term Duty’ denotes what one is bound to do. Every individual must abide by certain rules of behaviour in society for his own good and for the good of others. These include some do’s and don’ts. Duties are both positive and negative in nature.

Everyone in society must perform these duties in the larger interests of society and state. Everyone must behave in such a way that promotes common good and social welfare: Duties in turn contribute to the public good. They establish peace and order in society. Duties always precede rights.

Types of Duties: Duties are broadly of two types :
Moral and Legal.
i. Moral Duties: Moral Duties are those which bound the individuals together on moral grounds. They may not be upheld and supported by the laws of the state. They are based on the moral beliefs of the people. They are sanctioned by the community basing on some customs, traditions and usages. Any violation of moral Duties does not lead to punishment. Helping the needy and the sick is regarded as an example of moral Duties.

ii. Legal Duties: Legal Duties are implemented through the courts and with the support of the statutory laws. They carry statutory significance. They are very clear and precise. They are compulsory and coercive in nature. So those who violate these Duties will be punished. Obeying the laws of the state, paying taxes, assisting the administrators in the maintenance of law and order etc., are some of the important legal Duties of a citizen. Legal Duties are further classified into positive and negative.

1. Positive Duties: When a citizen exercises his Duties to strengthen the social progress and welfare, they are known as positive Duties. Obedience to the laws of the state, defending the country paying taxes, etc., are some of the examples for positive aspects of legal Duties. These Duties aim at extending cooperation to the government in realizing the objectives of the state.

2. Negative Duties: When a citizen abstains from doing an activity as prohibited by the laws, it is said to be an example of negative responsibility. Negative responsibilities keep the people from not doing certain activities. The government, on behalf of the state, makes several regulations in this regard.

Question 6.
How citizenship is lost?
Answer:
Citizens loose their citizenship under the following conditions:
1. Renunciation: A person is deprived of his citizenship, if he wishes to become the citizen of another state. One will lose the citizenship of ones parent state and may become the citizen of a foreign state by naturalization. In India, the Constitution prescribes that a person Who voluntarily acquires citizenship of any other state will no longer be an Indian citizen.

2. Marriage: Generally a woman lose her citizenship when she marries an alien. However, some states allow retention of citizenship. For instance in Britain, there is an option to retain British citizenship who marries an alien.

3. Accepting Foreign Service: A person may lose his citizenship when he enters into the service of another state. If a person accepts a permanent job in the government of a foreign state, he foregoes the citizenship of his native state.

4. Obliging Foreign Decorations or Titles: When a citizen obliges to receive foreign decorations or titles, it may lead to the forfeiture of his Citizenship.

5. Prolonged Absence: Prolonged absence in the native state beyond a certain period may lead to the loss of citizenship. In some states like France and Germany citizens who are absent themselves from their native country for more than ten years will loose their citizenship.

6. Treason or Crime: Involvement of a citizen in a serious crime and subsequent proof of his action will aIo lead to the loss of citizenship. Especially those persons who directly or indirectly participate or extend assistance to anti-state, anti-social, and anti-governmental activities, will loose their citizenship by a special notification’ to that effect.

7. Desertion from Army: Desertion from Army thereby jeopardizing the security of a state leads to the forfeiture of citizenship.

Question 7.
What are the two types of Democracy?
Answer:
Democracy is an important and most significant form of government. The term Democracy is derived from two Greek words namely Demos and Kratio. In Greek language Demos means the people and Kratio means power. Hence Democracy means power of the people.

Definitions of Democracy:
Abraham Lincoln: ‘ Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people’.
J.R. Seeley: “Democracy is a government in which everyone has a share.”

Lord Bryce: ‘Democracy is that form of government in which the ruling power of the state is vested not in a particular class but in the members of the community as a whole”.

Types of Democracy: Democracy is mainly classified into two types, namely Direct Democracy and indirect Democracy. These two types are explained as below.

1. Direct Democracy: When the people themselves directly express their will on public affairs, this type of government is called direct democracy. In direct democracy the citizens are the real makers of the state policy and programme of action. The will of the state is directly formulated by them and not through their elected delegates.

Some direct democratic checks such as referendums and initiatives are in operation today in Switzerland and in a few states of the United States. In some small Cantons of Switzerland, adult citizens meet in any Sunday in April or May and by show of hands, elect their representative offices as also approve the measures they needed.

2. Indirect Democracy: Indirect democracy is also known as representative democracy. In this type of democracy a clear distinction is made between the immediate sovereign and the ultimate sovereign. The legislature which consists of the elected representatives of the people formulates and expresses the will of the state. Hence, the legislature is the immediate sovereign authority. In this type of democracy, the people elect their representatives periodically and review their activities during their full term.

If their activities are proved to be unsatisfactory, the people can withdraw their trust in them and choose new representatives. Representative democracy thus combines efficient administration with popular sovereignty. In representative democracy the parties articulate and organize the will of the people and act as the transmission belt between the government and the governed. In a representative democracy the ultimate source of authority remains the people.

Question 8.
What is essence of secularism?
Answer:
Secularism is essentially an advocacy in independent, separate or distinct ideologies separate from religion. It is a view of Life based on the principle that morality, education, and government should not be related to the religion. It contends that ethical standards of society and norms of governance should be determined exclusively on the basis of the present life and world, not of the divine.

Secularism does not aim at repudiation of religion. It merely affirms that church and state are two separate entities. Secularism enables the individuals to enjoy their religious freedom to their full extent. The state will not interfere in the religious affairs of individuals. Secularism preaches tolerance and kindness. It believes in universal brotherhood of man. Secularism serves as the best means for fostering national units and integrity feelings among the people.

Question 9.
Explain the differences between Written and Unwritten constitutions.
Answer:

Written Constitution	Unwritten Constitution
1. Written constitution implies a document or few documents in which the rules regulating the main institutions of Government are written down.	1. Unwritten constitution denotes a sum of customs, conventions, and usages which have not been systematically documented.
2. All the basic principles of the State are clearly written.	2. All the basic principles of the State exist in the form of customs and traditions.
3. Written constitution is framed by a special assembly convened at a particular point of time.	3. Unwritten constitution contains some written elements also in the form of enactments of fundamental charters made from time to time.
4. It is suitable to the educated and literate people.	4. It is suitable to the uneducated and illiterate people.
5. Courts of law protect the liberties of the citizens.	5. Courts of law cannot provide much protection.
6. It is formulated at a particular time.	6. It is evolutionary in nature.
7. It provides political Stability.	7. It could not ensure political stability.
8. It cannot be easily amended.	8. It can easily be amended.
9. It is useful to federal states.	9. It is advantageous to the unitary states.

Question 10.
What is Judicial Activism?
Answer:
According to the idea of judicial activism judges should use their powers to correct injustices, especially when the other branches a Government do not act to do so. The courts play an active role In’ shaping social policy on such issues as civil rights, political unfairness protection of individual rights, and public morality.

Judicial activism is policy-making function of judiciary in competition with poilcy making by the legislative and executive. This element is associated with the doctrine of judicial review. The essence of true judicial activism lies in rendering decisions by the judiciary which are in tuhe with the temper and tempo of the times.

Behind every judicial decision, judicial activism and judicial restraint are the two aspects that describe the philosophy and motivation. The concept of judicial activism is the polar opposite of judicial restraint. Judicial activism refers to a theory of judgement that takes into account the spirit of the law and the changing times, whereas judicial restraint relias on a strict interpretation of the law and the importance of Legal precedent.

Judicial activism is a dynamic process of judicial outlook in a changing society. Arthur Schlesinger jr. intrõducéd the term ‘Judicial activism’ in 1947. According to BlacWs Law Dictionary, ” Judicial activism is a judicial philosophy which motivates judges to depart from. traditional precedents in favour of progressive and new social policies”.

Question 11.
What is Parliamentary form of Government?
Answer:
In a parliamentary system a clear distinction is made between the head of the state and the head of the Government here, the head of the state King or Queen in Britain or President of India, possesses nominal or titular authority whereas real authority rests with the government of which Prime Minister is the head. Example : Australia, Canada, Japan etc.

Parliamentary form of government as a system in which the real executive, the cabinet, is immediately and legally responsible to the Legisture for its political policies and acts, ultimately responsible to the electorate.

Features of Parliamentary Governments:
a) Nommai and Real executives: In the parliamentary form of government there should be two kinds of executive in the Political system one of them, National Executive is the Head of the state and other one is real executive, Head of the government is president and Head of the government is the Prime Ministers.

b) Coordination between the Legislature and executive: Another important feature a mong, is that, there is a close relationship and coordination between legislature and executive bodies of the government. The executive members are selected from the Legislature and so executive remained as responsible for the Legislature for all its acts.

c) Significant role of the prime minister: In a parliamentary form of government, the prime minister hold the real executive authority. He holds the government as cornerstone. He has the authority to from the council of ministers and also has right to reshuffle and dissolve the government.

d) Collective responsibility: The most important feature of the parliamentary government works on the principle of collective responsibility. It means the ministers enjoy the office only as long as they have confidence of the parliament.

e) Individual responsibility: In a parliamentary government, every minister is individually responsible to the Legislature for the efficient conduct of his department or office. In case there is any lapse in the administration, the ministers are personal answerable to parliament.

f) Dissolution of Lower House: The head of the state can dissolve the lower house on the recommendation of the prime minister. If deadlock rises between cabinet and Legislature they can appeal to the electorate through elections.

g) Effective opposition: In a parliamentary form of government opposition party is considered as soul of the democracy. If the ruling party loses its confidence in the Legislature, opposition party is the alternative to form a government and it works against ruling party through questioning the acts.

Question 12.
Define power and explain its different kinds of power.
Answer:
The concept of power has become a key concept covering all aspects of politics. Suppose the politics is viewed as the process of resolution of the conflict. In that case, the distribution of power within a political community determines how the conflict is to be resolved and whether the resolution is to be effectively accepted by all parties.

Definition of power:

• H.V. Wiseman defined power as “the abilits’ to get one’s wishes carried out despite resistance”.
• Hans J.Morgenthan defined power as “Man’s control over the minds and actions of other men”.
• Edward A.Schiils defined power as ‘The ability to influence the behaviour of others in accordance with one’s own ends”.

Different kinds (or) Forms of power:
1. Political Power: Political power refers to the influence exercised by formal and informal órgans of the state. Power, in politics, is always political power, power of the state, power of the government, and power of the laws through which government operates. But these formal organs, in turn, are influenced by the informal organs which not only take the form of political parties in power and in opposition, but also large number of pressure groups, public opinion, popular movements, mass media, etc. Therefore, the comprehensive analysis of power goes beyond formal organs of the state and includes informal organs of the state.

2. Technological Power: Technology, in modern times, has become an important element in the exercise of power. In recent times, the down of intelligent machine in the form of Artificial intelligence (AI) revolution will have immense influence on man, society, and politics. The computers, unintelligeñt machines, are already doing much of the work in contemporary democracies. Political parties rely on large automated database fo help run their campaigns.

Governments increasingly utilize big data systems to manage and deliver health care and other public services. Our dependence on the technology leaves us ripe for exploitation. Its visible signs are fake news and the micro-targeting of voters with machine-generated messages designed to trigger their individual prejudices so as to influence voting behavior. Therefore, whoever gains paper hand technologically will have a decisive influence on politics.

3. Economic Power: Economic power is the power derived from the possession of wealth, especially the major means of
production and distribution. Economic power plays a vital role in decision-making processes in liberal democracies. If a nation possesses abundant natural and other resources, it will have more economic power. The major newspapers and TV channels are owned by a handful big business houses who take full advantage of these media to promote opinion which suits their opinion. Consumer culture is promoted in a big way to suit their business interests.

4. Ideological Power: Ideological power represents the manipulative power of the dominant or ruling classes which hold sway on the thinking and emotions of the people and try to create an illusion of consent. Thus, the people are led to believe that they are governed with their approval while they are actually continued to be governed according to the designs of the ruling classes.

This ideological domination by the ruling class through the consent of the ruled is conceptualized as ‘hegemony by the Italian Marxist, Antonia Gramsci (1891 – 1937). Thus, an outstanding feature of political ideology is that it provides legitimacy to the ruling classes and helps them maintain their stronghold or political power. When people are made to believe that a particular system of government is the best system, they will not be inclined to challenge the authority of the ruling classes.

5. National Power: From the point of view of realist’s perspective, politics is a struggle for power’. Whatever may be the ultimate aims of international politics, power is the immediate aim’. In the context of international relations, the national power implies a sovereign state (s) attempt to influence other sovereign state (s) in terms of achieving its own goals in international affairs. In this context, the terms like ‘uni-polar’, ‘Bi-polar and ‘multi-polar’ world systems represent the world politics as dominated by one, two, and many nations respectively.

There are different methods of exercising national power through force, influence, and authority. Force is the explicit threat or the use of military, economic, and other instruments of coercion. Influence is the use of instruments of persuasion in order to alter the behavior of other nations. Authority is the compliance by one nation to the directives issued by another nation nurtured by the perception of respect, solidarity, affection, affinity, leadership, knowledge, and expertise.

Section – C
15 x 2 = 30 Marks

Note: Answer any FIFTEEN of the following questions in not exceeding 5 lines each. Each question carries 2 Marks.

Question 1.
Aristotle.
Answer:
The Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle is regarded as the Father of political Science because of his objective and scientific study of the affairs of the government and politics. Aristotle used the term Politics’ to designate the science of the state. He called politics a Master Science. He was the disciple of Plato.

Question 2.
What is Society?
Answer:
Society: Society is a group of men brought together by a system of common ideas, interests, and aspirations.

Question 3.
What is State?
Answer:
The term ‘State is comparatively modern. To the Greeks the term was not known. They used the word Polis’ which we translate as City State. Ancient Romans used the word Civitas’ for State. After the disintegration of the great Roman Empire towards the end of the fifth century, the. Teutonic tribes established their principalities and they used the word Status’ from which the English word ‘State’ is derived. Thus the word Status is a Teutonic word. The exact meaning of the status is society.

Question 4.
Write any two merits of Nationalism.
Answer:

1. Nationalism made the people obey the government.
2. It helped in achieving the, progress of a nation in a short period.

Question 5.
Write any two definitions of Law.
Answer:
Political thinkers defined law in different ways which are listed below.

1. “Law is the command of the sovereign.” – John Austin
2. “Law is the system of rights and obligations which the state enforces’. – T.H. Green

Question 6.
Mention the names of four types of liberty.
Answer:
Liberty is of in the following types namely:

1. Natural liberty
2. Civil liberty
3. Economic liberty
4. Political liberty and
5. National liberty.

Question 7.
What are the implications of Legal Justice?
Answer:
Legal Justice has two implications:

• It implies that there is just application of the laws in the society on the basis of rule of law.
• Laws are made in accordance with the principle of Natural Justice.

Question 8.
Meaning of Socialism.
Answer:
Hughan regarded socialism as the political movement of the working class which aims to abolish exploitation be means of collective ownership and democratic management of the instruments of production and distribution. Some writers regarded socialism as a democratic movement meant for promoting justice and liberty and for managing the society on efficient principles.

Question 9.
Natural Rights.
Answer:
Natural rights are those rights which are enjoyed by men by birth. Men enjoyed these rights even before the origin of civilized society. The society and the state recognized and respected these rights. John Locke, who propounded the theory of natural rights, claimed that rights are pre-social and pre-political in nature. He cited the right to life, right to liberty and right to property as the basic natural rights. The state cannot deprive men of these rights.

Question 10.
List out two conditions of loss of citizenship.
Answer:

• Renunciation: A person is deprived of his citizenship if he wishes to become the citizen of any other State.
• Marriage: Generally a woman lose her citizenship when she marries an alien.

Question 11.
What is public opinion?
Answer:
Public opinion occupies an important place in democratic states. People express their opinion in times of elections or through the legislatures. They obey and follow those laws which are formulated in accordance with the public opinion. If the government acts against the wishes of people it has to face the consequences. Public opinion keeps the government responsible and responsive. It keeps the government alert and vigilant in its functioning.

Question 12.
What is Secularism?
Answer:
Secularism is one of the characteristic feature of a modern state. The concept of secularism was popularised by the state authority to control the religion and religious authority over the safe affairs. Secularism is an important social and political phenomenon. Secularism is essentially an advocacy in independent, separate or distinct ideologies separate from religion.

Question 13.
Write about any two features of Secular Stale.
Answer:
Features of Secular State: Secular State comprises the following features.
1. No place for religion: Secular Stateš does not assign significance to any particular religion. It will not make laws or implement them on religious grounds.

2. Equal status: Secular state accords equal status to its people. It makes no differentiation between individuals on the grounds of their caste, colour, community, religion, race, region, language etc. As a result, people will have satisfaction and extend cooperation to the government in the implementation of various policies and programmes. They live together with the fellow members of other religious denominations.

Question 14.
What is Rigid Constitution?
Answer:
Rigid Constitution is one whose provisions can be changed easily. In this system the constitutional amendment methods are different from those of ordinary laws. There will be a special procedure for amending the provisions of the Rigid Constitution. The Rigid Constitution will have firmness due to its special procedures of amendment. Ex.: Constitution of United States of America.

Question 15.
Council of States.
Answer:
Council of States is the Upper House of indian Parliament. It is also known as the Rajya Sabha. It consists of 250 members out of them 238 members are elected by the members of state legislative assemblies through the system of proportional representation by means of single transferable vote. The remaining 12 members are nominated by the President of India from the fields of Arts’, Literature, Social Service, Cooperative Movement, Science and Technology. It is a permanent house and it can never be dissolved. Each member shall remain in office for a period of 6 years. For every 2 years 1/3 of its members shall retire.

Question 16.
What is meant by Plural Executive?
Answer:
Among various types of Executive, Plural Executive is one. If the executive powers are exercised by a body of persons having coequal authority, it is called “Plural Executive”. The Swiss Federal Council and the President in the former U.S.S.R. are the examples of Plural Executives. This Plural Executive combines the merits of both the parliamentary and the presidential executives, avoiding their defects.

Question 17.
Federal Government.
Answer:
Governments are classified into Federal and Unitary on the basis of the distribution of powers between the Centre and the States. A federal system is one in which the powers of the government are distributed constitutionally between the Centre and the State Governments. Ex: America, Switzerland, etc. Meaning: The term “Federatloñ” is derived from a Latin word “Foedus” which means “Treaty of Agreement”.

Question 18.
No-Confidence Motion.
Answer:
No,- confidence motion is an important power of the Legislature, especially in a parliamentary system of government in which the legislature exercises control over the executive for all its decisions over policies, the Council of Ministers are directly responsible to the Lok sabha in India and to the House of Commons in Britain where the parliamentary system is in existence. The Lok Sabha in India and the House of Commons in Britain can fail the government by passing the direct vote of No – Confidence against the prime minister and his Ministers.

Question 19.
What are the Informal organs of power in the state?
Answer:
These are the eight main informal organs of power in the state. They are popularly known as agents of political socialization. They are namely:

• The family
• The school
• Peer groups (or) Reference groups
• Employment experiences
• Mass – media
• Government and Party agencies
• Symbols
• Direct contact.

Question 20.
What is equality of Opportunity?
Answer:
The idea of equality refers to the equality of rights and opportunities.

1. Harold Laski, in his book, ‘A Grammar of Politics’, mentioned that Equality implies fundamentally a leveling process.
2. According to Barker, equality implies “Equal rights for all the people and abolition of all special rights and privileges’.