AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Model Paper Set 3 with Solutions

Varied difficulty levels in AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Model Papers Set 3 cater to students with diverse academic strengths and challenges.

AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Model Paper Set 3 with Solutions

Time : 3 Hours
Max. Marks: 60

General Instructions:
Note : Read the following instructions carefully.

  1. Answer All questions of Section A. Answer ANY SIX questions in Section B and answer ANY TWO questions in Section C.
  2. In Section A questions from Sr. Nos. 1 to 10 are of “Very Short Answer Type”. Each question carries TWO marks. Every answer may be limited to 5 lines. Answer all these questions at one place in the same order.
  3. In Section ‘B’, questions from Sr. Nos. 11 to 18 are of “Short Answer Type”. Each question carries FOUR marks. Every answer may be limited to 20 lines.
  4. In Section’C’, questions from Sr. Nos. 19 to 21 are of “Long Answer Type”. Each question carries EIGHT marks. Every answer may be limited to 60 lines.
  5. Draw labelled diagrams wherever necessary in Sections ‘B’ and ‘C’.

Section – A (10 × 2 = 20)

Note : Answer all the questions in 5 lines each.

Question 1.
What is meant by Tautonymy ? Give two examples.
Answer:
The practice of naming the animals, in which the generic name and species name are the same, is called tautonymy. So the name is called tautonym.
e.g : Naja naja (Indian cobra), Axis axis (spotted deer)

Question 2.
Mention any two substances secreted by Mast cells and their functions.

  1. Heparin – an anticoagulant (Prevents blood clotting).
  2. Histamine – vasodilators (Cause inflammation in response to injury and infection).

Question 3.
What is Sesmoid bone ? Give an example.
Answer:
Sesmoid bones are formed by ossification in tendons, e.g: Patella (Knee cap)

AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Model Paper Set 3 with Solutions

Question 4.
What is the Haematocrit value ?
Answer:
The percentage of total volume occupied by RBCs in blood is called haematocrit value.

Question 5.
What is the function of Radula ? Give the name of the group of molluscs which do not possess a radula.
Answer:
The buccal cavity of molluscs contain a file like rasping organ called radula for feeding. It is absent in the class bivalvia or pelecypoda.

Question 6.
Distinguish between Milt and Spawn.
Answer:
a) Mass of eggs released by a female frog into water is called Spawn.
b) Mass of sperms released by a male frog into water is called Milt.

Question 7.
List any two differences between a Flagellum and Cilium.
Answer:

Flagellum Cilium
1. The long whip like locomotor organelles are called flagella. 1. These are small hair like structures found in ciliate protists, genital ducts, respiratory ducts.
2. Flagellum helps only in locomotion. 2. Cilia serve as organelles or locomotion, food collection and also act as Sensory structures.
3. Flagellum perform undular movement. 3. Cilia perform pendular movement.

Question 8.
Define Conjugation with reference to Ciliates. Give two examples.
Answer:
Conjugation is a temporary union between two senile ciliates that belong to two different mating types for the exchange of nuclear material and its reorganization. This is observed in Paramoecium and Vorticella.

Question 9.
What do you mean by parasitic castration ? Give one example.
Answer:
Some parasites cause the degeneration of gonads of the host, making it sterile. This effect is called parasitic castration, e.g : Sacculina (crustacean) causes degeneration of ovaries in the crab carcinus.

AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Model Paper Set 3 with Solutions

Question 10.
Why are incinerators used in hospitals ?
Answer:
Hospitals generate hazardous wastes that contain disinfectants, harmful chemicals and also pathogenic micro-organisms. Such wastes also require careful treatment and disposal. The use of incinerators (to burn wastes) is essential for disposal of hospital waste.

Section – B (6 × 4 = 24)

Note : Answer any six questions in 20 lines each.

Question 11.
Explain ‘Rivet popper’ hypothesis.
Answer:
What if we lose a few species? Will it affect man’s life? Paul Ehrlich experiments Rivet popper, hypothesis, taking an aeroplane as an ecosystem, explains how removal of one by one ‘rivets’, (species of an ecosystem) of various parts can slowly damage the plane (ecosystem) shows how important a ‘species’ is in the overall functioning of an ecosystem. Removing a rivet from a seat or some other relatively minor important parts may not damage the plane, but removal of a rivet from a part supporting the wing can result in a crash. Likewise, removal of a ‘critical species’ may affect the entire community and thus the entire ecosystem.

Question 12.
Describe the structure of a multipolar neuron with the help of diagram.
Answer:
A neuron usually consists of a “cell body” with one to many dendrites and a single axon.
AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Model Paper Set 3 with Solutions 1
Cell body : It is also called perikaryon, cyton or soma. It contains abundant granular cytoplasm and a large spherical nucleus. The cytoplasm has Nissl bodies (they represent RER, the sites of protein synthesis), neurofibrils and lipofuscin granules (the products of cellular wear and tear, accumulating in lysosomes with age). A group of cell bodies in the central nervous system is called a ‘nucleus’, and in the peripheral nervous system, it is called a ‘ganglion’.

Dendrites:
Several short, branched processes which arise from the cyton are called dendrites. They also contain Nissl bodies and neurofibrils. They conduct nerve impulses towards the cell body (afferent processes).

Axon:
An axon is a single, long, cylindrical process that originates from a region of the cyton called axon hillock. Plasmalemma of an axon is called axolemma, and the cytoplasm is called axoplasm, which contains neurofibrils. However, Nissl bodies are absent. An axon may give rise to collateral branches. Distally it branches into many fine filaments called telodendria, (axon terminals), which end in bulb like structures called synaptic knobs or terminal boutons. Synaptic knobs possess ‘synaptic vesicles’ containing chemicals called neurotransmitters. Axon transmits nerve impulse away from the cyton (efferent process) to an interneuronal or neuromuscular junction called synapse.

Question 13.
Mention any eight general characters of Arachnida.
Answer
Class – Arachnida general characters :

  1. They are terrestrial.
  2. Prosoma bears a pair of chelicerae, a pair of pedipalpi and four pairs of walking legs.
  3. Mesosomal appendages are modified into book-lungs.
  4. Four pairs of posterior abdominal appendages are modified into spinnerets in spiders.
  5. Respiratory organs are book.- lungs (scorpions and some spiders), tracheae (some spiders) or both (some spiders).
  6. Respiratory pigments is ‘copper’ containing haemocyanin.
  7. Excretory organs are malpighian tubules and coxal glands.
  8. Development is direct; scorpions are viviparous.
    Example : Palamnaeus (scorpion), Aranea (spider), Sarcoptes (itch mite).

AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Model Paper Set 3 with Solutions 2

AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Model Paper Set 3 with Solutions

Question 14.
Compare and contrast cartilaginous and bony fishes.
Answer:

Cartilaginous fishes Bony fishes
1) Caudal fin is heterocercal 1) Caudal fin is diphycercal or homocercal.
2) Scales if present placoid scales. 2) Scales are ganoid, cycloid or ctenoid scales.
3) Endoskeleton is entirely cartilage. 3) Endoskeleton is bony.
4) Mouth and nostrils are ventral. 4) Mouth is usually terminal.
5) Digestive tract opens into cloaca, If present. 5) Digestive tract opens out by anus.
6) Air bladder is absent. 6) Air bladder Is often present.
7) Fertilization is internal. Mostly viviparous, e.g: Scoliodon. 7) Fertilization is external. Mostly oviparous, e.g : Catla catla

Question 15.
Describe the process of transverse binary fission in Paramecium with the help of diagram.
Answer:
During favourable conditions, Paramecium stops feeding after attaining its maximum growth. At first the micronucleus divides by mitosis and the macronucleus divides into two daughter nuclei by amitosis. The oral groove disappears. After karyokinesis, a transverse constriction appears in the middle of the body, which deepens and divides the parent cell into two daughter individuals, the anterior proter and the posterior opisthe. The proter receives the anterior contractile vacuole, cytopharynx and cytosome from its parent individual. It develops posterior contractile vacuole and a new oral groove. The opisthe receives the posterior contractile vacuole of its parent. It develops a new anterior contractile vacuole, cytopharynx, cytostome and a new oral groove. Binary fission is completed in almost two hours, in favourable conditions and paramecium can produce fourenerations of daughter individuals by binary fission in a day.

The transverse binary fission is also called homothetogenic fission, because the plane of fission is at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the body. As it occurs at right angles to the kineties, it is also called perkinetal fission.
AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Model Paper Set 3 with Solutions 3

Question 16.
What are the adverse effects of tobacco ?
Answer:
Effect : Smoking increases the carbon monoxide (CO) level and reduces the oxygen level in the blood. Nicotine stimulates the adrenal gland to release adrenaline and nor-adrenajine into blood.

These hormones raise the blood pressure and increase the heart rate. Smoking is associated with bronchitis, emphysema, coronary heart disease, gastric ulcer and increases the incidence of cancers of throat, lungs, urinary bladder etc. Smoking also paves the way to hard drugs. Yet smoking is very pravalent in society, both among young and old. Tobacco chewing is associated with increased risk of cancer of the oral cavity.

Question 17.
Draw a neat labelled diagram of the mouth parts of Cockroach.
Answer:
AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Model Paper Set 3 with Solutions 4

Question 18.
What are the deleterious effects of depletion of Ozone in the stratosphere ?
Answer:
The depletion of ozone is particularly marked over the Antarctic region. This has resulted in the formation of a large area of thinned ozone layer, commonly called as the ‘ozone hole’.

UV radiation with wavelengths shorter than that of UV-B, are almost completely abosorbed by Earth’s atmosphere, provided that the ozone layer is intact. But UV-B damages DNA and may induce mutations. It causes ageing of skin, damage to skin cells and various types of skin cancers. In human eye, cornea absorbs UV-B radiation, and a high dose of UV-B causes inflammation of cornea, called snow – blindness, cataract, etc. Such exposure may permanently damage the cornea.

AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Model Paper Set 3 with Solutions

Section – C (2 × 8 = 16)

Note: Answer any two questions in 60 lines each.

Question 19.
Describe the life cycle of Plasmodium vivax in man with the help of diagram.
Answer:
Life cycle of Plasmodium in man (The human phase): In man, the Plasmodium reproduces by asexual reproduction called schizogony. It occurs in liver cells (hepatocytes) as well as in RBC. In liver cells, it is called hepatic schizogony and in RBC it is called erythrocytic schizogony.

Hepatic schizogony : This was discovered by Shortt and Garnham. Whenever, a mosquito infected by Plasmodium bites a man, nearly 2000 sporozoites are released into the blood of man through its saliva. Within half an hour, they reach the hepatocytes where they undergo pre-erythrocytic and exoerythrocytic cycles.

Pre-erythrocytic cycle: Whenever the sporozoites reach the liver cells, they transform into trophozoites. Theyfeed on the contents of the hepatic cells, assume spherical shape and attain the maximum size. This stage is called schizont stage. Its nucleus divides several times mitotically, followed by the cytoplasmic divisions resulting in approximately 12,000 daughter individuals called cryptozoites or the 1stgeneration merozoites. They enter the sinusoids of the liver by rupturing the cell membrane of the schizont and the liver cells. This entire process is completed approximately in 8 days. Now these first generation merozoites have two options i.e., they can enter either fresh liver cells and continue exo-erythrocytic cycle or they can enter RBC and continue erythrocytic cycle.

Exo-erythrocytic cycle : If the cryptozoites enter the fresh liver cells, they undergo the changes similar to that of the pre-erythrocytic cycle and produce the second generation merozoites called metacryptozoites. These are of two types – the smaller micro- metacryptozoites and larger macro- metacryptozoites. This entire process is completed approximately in two days. The macro-metacryptozoites attack fresh liver cells and continue another exo – erythrocytic cycle, whereas the micro- metacryptozoites always enter blood stream and attack fresh RBC , to continue erythrocytic cycle.

Prepatent period : The interval between ‘the first entry of Plasmodium into the blood in the form of sporozoites and the second entry of Plasmodium into the blood in the form of cryptozoites is called prepatent period. It lasts approximately 8 days. During this period, the host does not show any clinical symptoms of the disease. It is only a means of multiplication.

Erythrocytic cycle: It was first described by Camillo Golgi. Hence it is also called Golgi cycle. This cycle is initiated either by the cryptozoites of pre-erythrocytic cycle or the micro- metacryptozoites of exp – erythrocytic cycle. In the fresh RBC, these stages assume spherical shape and transform into trophozoites. It develops a small vacuole which gradually enlarges in size, pushing the cytoplasm and nucleus to the periphery. Now the Plasmodium looks like a finger ring. Hence this stage is called signet ring stage. Soon it loses the vacuole, develops pseudopodia and becomes amoeboid stage. With the help of pseudopodia, it actively feeds on the contents of the RBC and increases in size. As a result, the RBC grows almost double the size. This process is called hypertrophy.

The malaria parasite digests the globin part of the ingested haemoglobin and converts the soluble haem into an insoluble crystalline haemozoin. It is called the ‘malaria pigment’ which is a disposable product. During this stage, small red coloured dots appear in the cytoplasm of the RBC known as Schuffners dots. These are believed to be the antigens released by the parasite. Now the Plasmodium loses the pseudopodia, further increases in size, occupies the entire RBC and becomes a schizont. It undergoes schizogony similar to that of the pre-erythrocytic cycle and produces 12 to 24 erythrocytic merozoites. They are arranged in the form of the petals of a rose in the RBC. Hence, this stage is called the rosette stage. Finally the erythrocyte bursts and releases the merozoites along with haemozoin into the blood. This cycle is completed approximately in 48 hours.

Incubation Period : The period between ‘the entry of Plasmodium into the blood in the form of sporozoite and the first appearance of symptoms of malaria in man’ is called incubation period. It is approximately 10 to 14 days.

Formation of gametocytes : After repeated cycles of erythrocytic schizogony, when the number of fresh RBC decreases, some merozoites enter the RBC and transform into gametocytes instead of continuing the erythrocytic cycle. This process generally takes place when the RBCs are present in spleen and bone marrow.

The gametocytes are of two types namely, smaller microgametocytes or male gametocytes and larger macrogametocytes or female gametocytes. The gametocytes cannot undergo further development in man as the temperature and pH of the blood of man are not suitable for further development. These gametocytes reach the blood circulation and wait to reach the next host. They degenerate and die if they are not transferred to mosquito within a week.
AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Model Paper Set 3 with Solutions 5

Question 20.
Describe the digestive system of Cockroach with the help of neat labelled diagram.
Answer:
The digestive system of cockroach consists of an alimentary canal and the associated glands. The preoral cavity, surrounded by the mouth parts, is present in front of the mouth. The hypopharynx divides it into two chambers called cibarium (anterior) and salivarium (posterior).

Alimentary canal : The alimentary canal of cockroach is a long tube and is coiled at some places. lt extends between the mouth and the anus. It is divided into three regions, namely, foregut or stomodaeum, midgut or mesenteron and hindgut or proctodaeum. The foregut and hindgut are internally lined by ectoderm. The mesenteron is lined by the endodermal cells.

Foregut of stomodaeum : The foregut includes pharynx, oesophagus, crop, and gizzard. It is internally lined by a chitinous cuticle. Mouth opens into the pharynx, which in turn leads into a narrow tubular oesophagus. The oesophagus opens behind into a thin walled distensible sac called crop. The crop serves as a reservoir for storing food. Its outer surface is covered by a network of tracheae.
AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Model Paper Set 3 with Solutions 6
Behind the crop there is a thick walled muscular proventriculus, or gizzard. The chitinous inner lining of the gizzard has six powerful teeth, which form an efficient grinding apparatus. Behind each tooth is a hairy pad, which bears backwardly directed bristles. Among these plates, food is thoroughly ground into fine particles. These food particles are filtered by the bristles. The gizzard thus acts both as a grinding mill and also as a sieve. There Is a membranous projection of the gizzard into the mesenteron in the form of a funnel called stomodeai valve. This valve prevents the entry (regurgitation) of food from the mesenteron back into the gizzard.

Midgut (mesenteron or ventriculus) : The midgut is a short and narrow tube behind the gizzard. It is also called mesenteron or ventriculus. Between the ventriculus and the gizzard, arising from ventriculus, there are six to eight finger like diverticula called hepatic caecae. They are helpful in digestion and absorption of the digested food materials. Ventriculus is functionally divided into an anterior secretory part and a posterior absorptive part.

The secretory part of the ventriculus has many gland cells and it secretes several enzymes. The ‘bolus’ of food in the mesenteron is enveloped by a chitinous and porous membrane called peritrophic membrane, which is secreted by the funnel like stomodeal valve of the gizzard.

Digested food is absorbed into the blood through the peritrophic membrane in the posterior absorptive region of the ventriculus. The peritrophic membrane protects the wall of the ventriculus from hard food particles in the food. The opening of the ventriculus into the hindgut is controlled by a sphincter muscle. It prevents entry of undigested food and uric acid from the hindgut into the midgut.

Hindgut or proctodaeum : The hindgut is a long coiled tube, consisting of three regions namely ileum, colon and rectum, it is internally lined by chitinous cuticle. The ileum that lies behind the mesenteron is a short tube. Six bundles of fine yellow, blind tubules called malpighian tubules open into the ileum near the junction of mesenteron and ileum. Malpighian tubules are excretory in function. Ileum collects uric acid from the malpighian tubules and undigested food from the mesenteron. Ileum opens behind into a long coiled tube called colon. Colon leads into a short and wide rectum, which opens out through the anus. Rectum bears on its inner side six longitudinal chitinous folds called rectal papillae. They are concerned with the reabsorption of water from the undigested food.

Digestive glands : The digestive glands associated with the alimentary canal of cockroach are salivary glands, hepatic caecae and glandular cells of the mesenteron.

Salivary glands : There is a pair of salivary glands attached to the ventrolateral sides of the crop, one on each side. Each salivary gland has two lobes. Each lobe of salivary gland has many lobules called acini. Each acinus is a group of secretory cells called zymogen cells with a small ductule. The ductules of both the lobes of a salivary gland unite to form a common salivary duct on each side.
AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Model Paper Set 3 with Solutions 7
The two common salivary ducts are joined to form the median salivary duct. Between the two lobes of a salivary gland of each side is a sac called salivary receptacle that stores saliva. It leads into a receptacular duct, or ‘reservoir duct’. The receptacular ducts of both the sides are united to form a common receptacular duct, or ‘common reservoir duct’. The median salivary duct opens into the common receptacular duct. Later these two form an efferent salivary duct. The efferent salivary duct opens at the base of the hypopharynx. Acinar cells secrete saliva, which contains starch digesting enzymes such as amylase.

AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Model Paper Set 3 with Solutions

Question 21.
Describe different types of food chains that existin an Ecosystem.
Answer:
Energy flows into biological systems (ecosystems) from the Sun. The biological systems of environment include several food levels called trophic levels. A trophic level is composed of those organisms which have the same source of energy and having the same number of steps away from the sun. Thus a plant’s trophic level is one, while that of a herbivore – two, and that of the first level carnivore – three. The second and third levels of the carnivores occupy fourth and fifth trophic levels respectively.
AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Model Paper Set 3 with Solutions 8
A given organism may occupy more than one trophic level simultaneously. One must remember that the trophic level represents a functional level. A given species may occupy more than one trophic level in the same ecosystem at the same time; for example, a sparrow is a primary consumer when it eats seeds, fruits, and a secondary consumer when it eats insects and worms.

The food energy passes from one trophic levels to another trophic level mostly from the lower to higher trophic levels. When the ‘path of food energy is ‘linear’, the components resemble the ‘links’ of a chain, and it is called ‘food chain’. Generally a food chain ends with decomposers. The three major types of food chains in an ecosystem are Grazing Food Chain, Parasitic Food Chain and Detritus Food Chain.

I. Grazing Food Chain (GFC): It is also known as predatory food chain. It begins with the green plants (producers) and the second, third and fourth trophic levels are occupied by the herbivores, primary carnivores and secondary carnivores respectively. In some food chains there is yet another trophic level – the climax carnivores. The number of trophic levels in food chains varies from 3 to 5 generally. Some examples for grazing food chain (GFC) are given below.
AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Model Paper Set 3 with Solutions 9
AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Model Paper Set 3 with Solutions 10
II. Parasitic food chain : Some authors included the ‘parasitic Food Chains’ as a part of the GFC. As in the case of GFCs, it also begins with the producers, the plants (directly or indirectly). However, the food energy passes from large organisms to small organisms in the parasitic chains. For instance, a tree which occupies the 1st trophic level provides shelter and food for many birds. These birds host many ectoparasites and endo-parasites. Thus, unlike in the predator food chain, the path of the flow of energy includes fewer, large sized organisms in the lower trophic levels, and numerous, small sized organisms in the successive higher trophic levels.

III. Detritus Food Chain : The detritus food chain (DFC) begins with dead organic matter (such as leaf litter, bodies of dead organisms). It is made up of Decomposers which are heterotrophic organisms, mainly the ‘fungi’ and ‘bacteria’. They meet their energy and nutrient requirements by degrading dead organic matter or detritus. These are also known as saprotrophs (sapro : to decompose)

Decomposers secrete digestive enzyme that breakdown dead and waste materials (such as faeces) into simple absorbable substances. Some examples of detritus food chains are :

  1. Detritus (formed from leaf litter) – Earthworms – Frogs – Snakes.
  2. Dead animals – Flies and maggots – Frogs – Snakes.

In an aquatic ecosystem, GFC is the major ‘conduit’ for the energy flow. As against this, in a terrestrial ecosystem, a much larger fraction of energy flows through the detritus food chain than through the GFC. Detritus food chain may be connected with the grazing food chain at some levels. Some of the organisms of DFC may form the prey of the GFC animals. For example, in the detritus food chain given above, the earthworms of the DFC may become the food of the birds of the GFC. It is to be understood that food chains are not ‘isolated’ always.

AP Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Paper Set 2 with Solutions

Exploring a variety of AP Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Papers Set 2 is key to a well-rounded exam preparation strategy.

AP Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Paper Set 2 with Solutions

Time : 3 Hours
Max Marks : 100

सूचनाएँ :

  1. सभी प्रश्न अनिवार्य हैं ।
  2. जिस क्रम में प्रश्न दिये गये हैं, उसी क्रम से उत्तर लिखना अनिवार्य है ।

खण्ड – ‘क’
(60 अंक)

1. जाति न पूछो साधु की, पूछ लीजियो ग्यान ।
मोल करो तरवार का पडी रहन दो म्यान ॥
उत्तर:
प्रसंग :- यह दोहा कबीरदास के द्वारा लिखी गयी ‘साखी’ नामक रचना से लिया गया है । वे निर्गुणशाखा के अन्तर्गत ज्ञानमार्ग शाखा से संबंधित सन्त कवि थे ।
संदर्भ :- इसमें कवि जातिपांति के भेदभाव का खंडन कर रहे हैं ।
व्याख्या:- कवि का कहना है कि यदि कोई साधू हमें मिल जाय, तो उसकी जाति के बारे में मत पूछो । उसके ज्ञान के बारे में पूछो । जिस प्रकार तलवार को खरीदते समय उसकी म्यान को नंही उसकी धार के बारे में देखना है । उसी प्रकार साधु की जाति के बारे में नहीं, उसके ज्ञान के बारे में देखना चाहिए ।

विशेषताएँ :-

  1. कवि साधु की महानता के बारे में कह रहे हैं ।
  2. उनकी भाषा सदुक्कडी है ।

अथवा

रहिमन देखि बडेन को, लघु न दीजिए डारि ।
जहाँ काम आवै सुई, कहा करै तरवारि ॥
प्रसंग :- यह दोहा रहीम के द्वारा लिखी गयी दोहावली से लिया गया है । वे भक्तिकाल से सम्बन्धित कृष्ण भक्त कवि थे ।
संदर्भ :- इसमे कवि सबको समान रूप में देखने का सन्देश दे रहे है।
व्याख्या :- रहीम का कहना है कि बडे लोगों को देखकर छोटे लोगों की उपेक्षा मत करो । जिसप्रकार कपडे सिलाने के लिए छोटी सुई की ही जरूरत होती है । वहाँ तलवार से काम नही चलता । उसी प्रकार कभी-कभी छोटे लोगों से होने वाले काम बड़े लोगों से नही हो सकते ।

विशेषताएँ :-

  1. इसमें कवि छोटे-बडे भेदभाव को दूर करने का उद्देश दे रहे हैं ।
  2. उनकी भाषा व्रज भाषा है ।

2. कविता का सारांश लिखिए ।

1) फूल की चाह
उत्तर:
कवि परिचय :- माखनलाल चतुर्वेदी का जन्म सन् 1889 मे बाबई, होशंगाबाद मध्यप्रदेश मे हुआ | वे एक भारतीय आत्मा के रूप मे प्रसिद्ध थे । उनकी रचनाओं मे राष्ट्रीयता और देश भक्ति स्पष्ट झलकती है । उनहें कवि और राष्ट्र सेवी के रूप मे सम्मान प्राप्त हुआ । हिमकिरीटिनी, हिमतरंगिणी, माता, युगचरण, मरण ज्वर आदि उनकी प्रसिद्ध रचनाएँ है। उनकी मृत्यु सन् 1968 मे हुई । प्रस्तुत ‘फूल की चाह कविता मे कवि फूलों के द्वारा अपनी देश भक्ति और जीवन के लिए कुछ लक्ष्य रखने का सन्देश दे रहे हैं ।

सारांश :- कवि फूलो के द्वारा अपनी इच्छा व्यक्त कर रहे है कि मुझे देवताओं के गले मे गहनों के बीच गूंध जाने की इच्छा नहीं है । प्रियतम के हाथो मे माला बनकर प्रेयसी को ललकारने की इच्छा नहीं है । बडे-बडे लोगों के शवों पर माला बनकर पडने की इच्छा भी नही है । ईश्वर के सिर पर चढकर अपने भाग्य पर घमंड करने की भी इच्छा नही है पर हे वनमाली ! मुझे अवश्य तोड लो | देश के लिए बलिदान देने वाले वीर जिस मार्ग मे चलते है उनके जाने के रास्ते पर मुझे फेंक दो। क्योंकि मै उनके चरणो के स्पर्श से पवित्र हो जाऊँगी और उनके चरणों को आराम पहुँचा दूँगी ।

इस प्रकार कवि फूलो के द्वारा अपनी देशभक्ति भावना, देश के लिए मर मिटने वाले वीरो के प्रति गौरव और जीवन के लिए कुछ-न-कुछ लक्ष्य रखने का सन्देश दे रहे हैं। उनकी भाषा सरल ‘खड़ी बोली है ।

2) अकाल और उसके बाद
उत्तर:
कवि ने इस्के अकाल के समय और अकान के बाद की स्थिती को दो पद्यों के द्वारा विस्तार रूप मे वर्णन किया । अकाल के समय मे घर पर खाने के लिए अनाज का अभाव है इसलिए कई दिनो से जला और अनाज के अभाव से आठा न पीसने के कारण चक्की के भी काम नही किया । चूहे चूल्हा न जलने से घर का एक का अंख वाला कुत्ता उसी के पास सो रही है । खाना न मिलने से सारा घर और आदी जन्तुएँ भी उदास है । घर के लोग उदास से एक बैठे हुए है । और दीवार पर छिपकलियाँ गस्ती देखे हैं । कई दिनों से अकाल से पीडित होते वाले घरों में अनाज न मिलने से चूहो की स्थिति भी बडी दयनीय थी ।

अब अकाल चल गया | बहुत दिनों के बाद घर मे अनाज आया । चूल्हे जलने से घर के आंगन मे धुँआ उठा । घर के सभी लोगो की आँखों में चमक उठी अर्थात सब लोगों मे असाह भर गया । भोजन के बाद केंके हुए अन्न से अपने पेट भरने की आशा से काँठा भी पंख खुजलाकर इत्तर इन्तजार कर रही हैं ।

इस्प्रकार कवि ने अकाल से पीडित जनता की दयनी स्थिति और बाद की स्थिति का मार्मिक रूप से चित्रण किया है। अकल की दुस्थिति केवल लोंगों पर ही नहीं बल्कि उनके चारों ओर वातारिण को किस प्रकार प्रभावित करती है, उस्का स्पश्ट चित्रण किया है । उनकी भाषा सरल खडी बोली है।

AP Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Paper Set 2 with Solutions

3. किसी एक पाठ का सारांश लिखिए ।

1) अभतो घुमक्कड जिज्ञासा
उत्तर:
शास्त्रों मे व्यक्ति और समाज के लिए जिज्ञासा को हितकारी माना गया है। लेकिन लेखक के अनुसार घुमक्कडी से अधिक सर्वश्रेष्ठ वस्तु समाज के लिए और कोई नही है । प्राकृतिक आदिम मनुष्य परम घुमक्कड था जिस ने आज की दुनिया को बनाया है । आदिम घुमक्कडों में से आयों, शको और हूणों ने अपने शूनी पथों द्वारा मानवता के पथ को प्रशस्त किया । मंगोल घुमक्कडों के द्वारा वैज्ञानिक युग का आरम्भ हुआ ।

कोलम्बस और वास्को-डि-गामा अपनी घुमक्कडी प्रकृति से अमेरिका पर झंडी गाडकर पश्चिमी देशो को आगे बडाया । सदियों पहले चीन और भारत घुमक्कड धर्म से विमुख रहने से ही आस्ट्रेलिया की अपार संपत्ति और अपार भूमि से वंचित रहे ।

दुनिया के अधिकांश धर्मनायक घुमक्कड थे । धर्माचार्यों में आचार-विचार, बुद्धि और तर्क तथा सहृदयता से सर्वश्रेष्ट बुद्ध घुमक्कड राजा थे । बुद्ध ने सिर्फ पुरुषों के लिए घुमक्कडी करने का आदेश नहीं दिया, बल्कि स्त्रियों के लिए भी यही उपदेश उन्होंने दिया ।

जैन धर्म भी प्राचीन धर्म है जिसके श्रमण महावीर भी प्रथम श्रेणी के घुमक्कड थे । वे आजीवन घूमते ही रहे । शंकराचार्य जो साक्षात् ब्रह्मस्वरूप थे, जिन्हे बडा बनानेवाला धर्म यही घुमक्कडी धर्म था । अपने थोडे से जीवन मे उन्होंने तीन भाष्य भी लिखे और अपने आचरण से अनुनायियों को घुमक्कडी पाठ भी पढाया । रामानुज, माध्वाचार्य जैसे धार्मिक अनुयायी अपनी धार्मिक पाखण्डता से दूसरी श्रेणी के घुमक्कड बन गए । इसलिए शैव हो या वैष्णव, वेदान्ती हो या सदान्ती, सभी को केवल घुमक्कडी धर्म ने ही आगे बढाया ।

गुरूनानक, स्वामी दयानन्द, अपनी घुमक्कडी धर्म से ही महान बन गए । बीसवी शताब्दी में भारत देश में अनेक धार्मिक सम्प्रदायों का आना-जाना हो गया । जैसे यहूदी, मारवाडी जैसे लोग अपनी हस घुमक्कडी धर्म से केवल व्यापार कुशल, उद्योग – निष्णात ही नही बल्कि विज्ञान, दर्शन, साहित्य, संगीत सभी क्षेत्रों को आगे बढ़ाया ।

इस प्रकार घुमक्कड होना आदमी के लिए परम सौभाग्य की बात है । घुमक्कडी के लिए चिन्ताहीन होना और चिन्ताहीन के लिए घुमक्कडी होना आवश्यक है । जाति का भविष्य घुमक्कडी पर निर्भर करता है । घुमक्कडी की गति को रोकनेवाला इस दुनिया में कोई नहीं है | सभी को घुमक्कड़ की दीक्षा लेनी चाहिए ।

इस प्रकार निबन्धकार इसमें कहते है कि दुनिया मे मनुष्य जन्म एक ही बार होता है और जवानी भी केवल एक ही बार आती है। इसलिए साहसी स्त्री और पुरुष दोनों को घुमक्कड धर्म को स्वीकारना चाहिए । उनकी भाषा शुद्ध खडी बोली है ।

2) शिवाजी का सच्चा स्वरूप
उत्तर:
शिवाजी मराठा शासक थे । एक बार सेनापति मोरोपंत पिंगले के नेतृत्व में शिवाजी की सेना ने कल्याण प्रान्त पर आक्रमण किया था । उस किले के सूबेदार अहमद को परास्त कर वहाँ के खजाने को लूटा था । साथ-साथ सुबेदार की पुत्रवधू को भी बन्दी बनाया गया था ।

सुबेदार अहमद की पुत्रवधू बडी सुन्दरी थी । जब वह भेंट के रूप मे प्रस्तुत की गई, तो शिवाजी बहुत हैरान हो गये । उसमें उन्हे बहुत दुख हुआ । ‘माँ’ के रूप में उसको सम्बोधित करते हुए शिवाजी ने अपने सेना द्वारा किये गये इस घृणित कार्य के लिए उससे क्षमा मांगी और कहा कि उसकी खूबसूरती की मात्र पूजा कर सकते है। अहमद की पुत्रवधू को सादर उसके शौहर के पास पहुँचाकर शिवाजी ने यह घोषणा की कि भविष्य में यदि कोई ऐसा कार्य करेंगे तो उन्हे मृत्यु दंड दिया जायेगा ।

इस प्रकार यह एक ऐतिहासिक एकांकी है। इसमें नाटक की तरह पात्र तथा चरित्र चित्रण, वार्तालाप आदि का चित्रण किया गया है एकांकी का नायक शिवाजी के चरित्र को महान और नारी के प्रति सम्मान रखने के रूप में दर्शाया गया है । उनकी भाषा सरल और सुबोध है ।

4. किसी एक कहानी का सारांश लिखिए ।

1) पूस की रात
उत्तर:
हल्कू एक निर्धन किसान था । मुन्नी उसकी पत्नी थी । हल्कू खेती करता था । किन्तु उसकी उपज इतनी नहीं होती कि उसे बेचकर साहूकार का ऋण चुका सके। सर्दी से बचने के लिये वह एक कम्बल खरीदना चाहता था । इसके लिये उसने पत्नी के पास तीन रूपये जमाकर रखे । लेकिन साहूकार से तुरंत बचने के लिए उसने उन तीन रूपयों को उसे दे दिया । पूस की थी । हल्कू खेती की रखवाली करने गया था ।

कड़ी सर्दी थी । वह काँपने लगा । उसके पास का चांदर उसे बचा न सकता था । सर्दी से बचने या गर्माई पाने वह बार बार तमाखू पीता रहा । आखिर विवश होकर अपने कुत्ता ‘जबरा’ को उठाकर गोद में सुलाया । इससे कुछ गर्मी मिल रही थी ।

इस बीच नील गायों ने चरकर खेत साफ कर दिया । किन्तु वह उठ न सका । दूसरे दिन वह खुश इसलिए रहा कि अगले दिन से रखवाली केलिये आने की जरूरत नहीं थी ।

साहूकारों से, एवं जमींदारों से पीडित किसानों की दयनीय स्थिति, आर्थिक विषमता, शोषण और उसके दुष्परिमाणों को प्रकाश में लाना ही उनका उद्देश्य है ।

2) परमात्मा का कुत्ता ।
उत्तर:
‘परमात्मा का कुत्ता’ मोहन राकेश की प्रसिद्ध कहानियों में से एक है। इसमें आप सरकारी दफ़्तरों में व्याप्त लालफीता शाही, भ्रष्टाचार तथा उदासीनता का सजीव चित्रण करते हैं ।

कहानी के आरंभ में एक सरकारी दफ्तर के परिसर का चित्रण किया गया। वहाँ कई लोग अपनी फाइलों का काम पूरा होने की आशा रखकर इंतजार कर रहे होते हैं । उनमें बाल-बच्चे, बूढ़े, निस्सहाय बहुत होते हैं, किन्तु वहाँ के कर्मचारियों पर इनकी स्थितिगतियों का कोई प्रभाव नहीं रहता । एक बूढ़ी अपने मरे हुए बच्चे को मिली ज़मीन के बारे में पूछती है किन्तु उसका जवाब देनेवाला कोई नहीं है। सभी कर्मचारी अपने में मस्त और इन लोगों के प्रति उदासीन रहते हैं । कुछ सरकारी बाबू कविता – ग़जलें आदि सुनने-सुनाने में मग्न हैं तो कुछ कर्मचारी मजे में बातें करते रहते हैं । कई लोग चाय पीते रहते हैं । फाइलों का काम उन्हीं का जल्दी होता है जो इन लोगों को कुछ पैसे घूस के रूप में देते हों। इन सबके ऊपर अधिकारी जो कमीशनर साहब हैं वे भी कुछ दस्तख़त करके मैगजीन वगैरा पढ़ने में व्यस्त रहते ।

ऐसे में एक अधेड़ आदमी अपनी भाभी और बच्चों के साथ दफ़्तर के परिसर में प्रवेश करता है। आते ही वह अपनी पगड़ी जमीन पर बिछाकर परिवार सहित बैठ जाता है और ऊँची आवाज से कहने लगता है कि सरकार इतने सालों से उसकी अर्जी पर फैसला नहीं ले सकी । वह पाकिस्तान से आया हुआ भारतीय है और उसके कुछ रिश्तेदार अभी पाकिस्तान में ही हैं । उसके पुनरावास की समस्या हल नहीं हुई । सात वर्ष घूमने के बाद ज़मीन के रूप में नालायक गड्ढा मिला । उसने अर्जी रखी कि उस गड्ढे के बदले थोड़ी कम ज़मीन ही क्यों न हो, अच्छी दिलवायें । उसके अर्जी रखे दो साल बीत गये किन्तु सरकार का फैसला अब तक नहीं हुआ। वह सरकार की कार्रवाई से ऊब जाता है और आज सीधे कार्यालय में घुस पड़ता है कि काम करके ही वापस जाऊँगा । वह कहता है कि कर्मचारियों ने उसका नाम भी बदल डाला अब वह ‘बारह सौ छब्बीस बटा सात’ है क्योंकि वही उसकी फाइल का नंबर है । धीरे-धीरे सबका ध्यान उस पर जाने लगता है और चरपासी उसे बाहर निकालने की कोशिश करता है । इतने में वह अचानक सरकारी कर्मचारियों को ‘कुत्ता साला’ कहते हुए गाली देने लगता है ।

वह इसका विवरण भी प्रस्तुत करता है कि सरकारी कर्मचारी सब के सब कुत्ते हैं जो आम लोगों की हड्डियाँ चूसते हैं और सरकार की तरफ से भौंकते हैं। पर वह तो परमात्मा का कुत्ता है जो परमात्मा की तरफ से भौंकता है । परमात्मा का कर्तव्य है इन्साफ़ ( न्याय) की रक्षा करना । अतः वह आज भौंककर इन सरकारी कुत्तों के कान फाड़ देगा । यह शोर-शराबा सुनकर कुछ सरकारी बाबू बाहर आते हैं और उसे शांत करने की कोशिश करते हैं । एक बाबू कहता है कि उसका काम ‘तकरीबन’ (लगभग) हो गया । पर अधेड़ व्यक्ति मानता नहीं और कहता है कि यदि आज उसका काम पूरा नहीं हुआ तो वह नंगा होकर कमीशनर साहब के पास जाएगा । धमकी के तौर पर वह अपनी कमीज़ भी उतार देता है जिससे वहाँ के सब कर्मचारी डर जाते हैं । कमीशनर साहब बाहर आते हैं और उसे लेकर कार्यालय के अपने कमरे में जाते हैं। आधे घण्टे में अधेड़ व्यक्ति का काम हो जाता है। अधेड़ आदमी विजयगर्व से बेताज बादशाह की तरह अकड़कर (రొమ్ము విరుచుకుని) बाहर आता है । वह बाहर इंतजार करते लोगों से कहता है कि ‘इस तरह चूहों की तरह रहने से काम नहीं बनेगा, जागो-भौंको और इनके कान फाड़ दो’ । अधेड़ आदमी के व्यवहार से स्पष्ट होता है कि भद्र व्यवहार से सरकार ही नींद नहीं खुलेगी, बेहयाई (నిస్సిగ్గుగా వ్యవహరించుట) से ही सरकारी दफ़्तरों में काम होता है ।

इस कहानी में समाज की वास्तविक परिस्थितियों का चित्रण किया गया । कहानी की पृष्ठभूमि सरकारी कार्यालय है । ‘कुत्ता एवं भौंकना’ मात्र प्रतीक हैं । इन दोनों शब्दों के लिए ‘जागरूक’ तथा ‘सचेत कार्यवाही’ के अर्थ लेने चाहिए । मोहन राकेश इस कहानी के द्वारा बताते हैं कि जनता जब सचेत बनेगी तभी भ्रष्टाचारों का नाश होगा ।

दुःख की बात यह है कि आज भी सरकारी कार्यालयों की कार्यवाही में इस कहानी से भिन्न आचरण दिखाई नहीं पड़ता ।

5. निम्नलिखित दो पद्यांशों की संदर्भ सहित व्याख्या कीजिए :

(1) चाह नहीं, मैं सुरबाला के गहनों में गूँथा जाऊँ,
चाह नहीं प्रेमी माला में बिंध प्यारी को ललचाऊँ,
चाह नही सम्राटों के शव पर हरि डाला जाऊँ,
चाह नही देवों के सिर पर चढूँ भाग्य पर इठलाऊ |
उत्तर:
प्रसंग :- यह पद्य ‘फूल की चाह’ नामक कविता से लिया गया है । यह कविता माखनलाल चतुर्वेदी के द्वारा लिखी गई है । वे भारतीय आत्मा के रूप से प्रसिद्ध है ।
सन्दर्भ :- इस में कवि एक फूल की इच्छा के द्वारा अपनी भावनाओं को व्यक्त कर रहे हैं ।
ब्याख्या :- एक फूल के माध्यम से कवि अपनी इच्छा व्यक्त कर रहा है कि मुझे देवताओं के गहनों में गूँथ जाने की इच्छा नहीं है । अर्थात देवताओं के गले में माला बनने की इच्छा नही हैं। प्रियतम के हाथो में माला बनकर प्रेयसी को ललकारने की इच्छा नही है । सम्राटों के शवो पर पुष्प माला बनने की चाह नही है और देक्ता ईश्वर के सिर पर चढकर अपने भाग्य पर घमंड करने की इच्छा भी मूझे नही है । अर्थात यहां फूल अपने जीवन के लिए कुछ-न-कुछ विशेषता होने की मांग कर रहा है ।

विशेषताएँ :-

  1. इसमें जीवन के लिए कुछ ऊँचे उमंग रखने की इच्छा फूल के द्वारा व्यक्त कर रहे है ।
  2. उनकी भाषा सरल खड़ीबोली है ।

2) दाता – भाग्य विधाता से क्या पाते ।
घूँट आसूओं के पीकर रह जाते ।
चाट रहे है जूठी पत्तल कभी सड़क पर खड़े हुए
और झपट लेने को उनसे कुत्ते भी हैं अडे हुए ।
उत्तर:
प्रसंग :- यह पद्य निराला जी के द्वारा लिखी गयी ‘भिक्षुक’ नामक कविता से लिया गया है वे छायावादी कवि है ।
सन्दर्भ :- इसमें एक भिखारी और उसके दो बच्चों की दयनीय स्थिति का वर्णन किया गया है ।
व्याख्या :- एक भिक्षुक रास्ते पर आ रहा है और उसके साथ दो बच्चे भी है । वे अपने बाए हाथ से अपने भूखे पेट को मल रहे है और दाहिने हाथ से दया की भीख माँग रहे है। भूख के कारण उनके ओठ सूख गए है । अपने भाग्य के लिए वे तडप रहे है । सडक पर जूठी पत्तल चाटने के लिए भी उनके पहले ही कुत्ते उन पत्तलों को लपटने के लिए वहाँ खडे हो रहे है ।

विशेषताएँ :-

  1. शोषित वर्ग के प्रति कवि की सहानुभूति व्यक्त होती है ।
  2. इसके कवि की प्रगतिवादी धारणा स्पष्ट होती है ।
  3. उनकी भाषा शुद्ध खडीबोली है ।

AP Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Paper Set 2 with Solutions

3) सुख दुःख के मधुर मिलन से
यह जीवन हो परिपूरन,
फिर घन में ओझल हो राशि,
फिर शशि से ओझल हो घन.
उत्तर:
प्रसंग :- यह पद्य सुमित्रानंदन पंत के द्वारा लिखी गयी ‘सुख-दुख’ नामक कविता से लिया गया है । वे प्रकृति का सुकुमार कवि कहे जाते है |
सन्दर्भ :- इसमें कवि सुख-दुख को समान रूप में स्वीकार करने की बात कह रहे हैं । व्याख्या :- कवि का कहना है कि सुख और दुख को समान रूप से स्वीकारने से ही जीवन परिपूर्ण होता हैं । जिसप्रकार आकाश में कभी बादलों के पीछे चाँद और चाँदनी मे बादल ओझल हो जाते हैं उसी प्रकार सुख और दुख दोनों का आना जाना भी स्वाभाविक है

विशेषताएँ :-

  1. जीवन के लिए सुख और दुख होने का आवश्यकता के बारे में कवि कह रहे हैं ।
  2. उनकी भाषा खडीबोली हैं ।

4) दाने आए घर के अंदर कई दिनों के बाद ।
धुआँ उठा आँगन के ऊपर कई दिनों के बाद ||
चमक उठीं घर भर की आँखे कई दिनों के बाद ।
कौए ते खुजलाई पाँखे कई दिनों के बाद ||
उत्तर:
प्रसंग :- यह पद्य को नागार्जुन द्वारा लिखे गयी अकाल और उसके बाद कविता से लिया गया है । वे प्रगतिवादी कवि थे और आधुनिक कबीर से प्रसिद्ध थे ।
सन्दर्भ :- अकाल समाप्त होने के बाद जिसप्रकार की रोशनी घर के चारो ओर दिखाई पडती है, उसका मार्मिक चित्रण इसमें मिलता है ।
व्याख्या :- अकाल के बाद अनाज घर को आया । खाना पकाने के लिए घर मे चूहा जलाया गया। इस खुशी मे घर के सारे लोगों के मन उत्साह से भर गया । भोजन के बाद केंके हुए अन्न से पेट भरने की आशा मे कौए भी पँस खुजलाकर इन्तजार कर रही है ।

विशेषताए :-

  1. कवि की प्रगतिवादी धारणा का चित्रण हो रहा है ।
  2. उनकी भाषा सरल खडीबोली है ।

6. निम्नलिखित किन्हीं दो गद्यांशों की संदर्भ सहित व्याख्या कीजिए :

1) ओजोन की सुरक्षात्मक परत को नुकसान होने से उससे निकलनेवाली किरणों से त्वचा को हानि होने लगी है और त्वचा कैंसर जैसी बीमारियों का जन्म हो रहा है ।
उत्तर:
प्रसंग :- यह संदर्भ पर्यावरण और प्रदूषण नामक लेख से लिया गया है ।
सन्दर्भ :- ओजोन परत के प्रति वैज्ञानिक दृष्टि कोण इसमें वर्णन किया गया है ।
व्याख्या :- ओजोन जो पृथ्वी का सुरक्षा कवच है जो कास्मिक विकिरणों से हमें सुरक्षा देती है । लेकिन आज पर्यावरण प्रदूषण से आजोन की सुरक्षात्मक परत को नुकसान हो रहा है और उससे निकल वाली कास्मिक विकिरणों से त्वचा को हानि पहुँच रही है। इससे त्वचा कैंसर जैसी बीमारियाँ हो रही हैं ।

विशेषताएँ :-

  1. पर्यावरण प्रदूषण के बारे में लेखक कह रहे है ।
  2. उनकी भाषा सरल है ।

2) सम्पूर्ण भौत्कि कोश में आप अकेले जर्मन लेखक नही थे ।
उत्तर:
प्रसंग :- यह उद्धरण ‘चन्द्रशेखर वेंकटरमन् नामक जीवनी से लिया गया वे बडे वैज्ञानिक तथा राष्ट्रीय और अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय सम्मानों से प्रतिष्ठित थे ।
सन्दर्भ :- चन्द्रशेखर वेंकटरामन् अनुसंदान के क्षेत्र में कितने महान थे, उसका उदाहरण सहित वर्णन किया गया है ।
व्याख्या :- कलकत्ते के भारत परिषद की प्रयोगशाला में ध्वनि के कम्पन और कार्यों का सिद्धांत पर अनुसंधान किया । उन्हें वाद्यों की भौतिकी का इतना गहरा ज्ञान था। जर्मनी में प्रकाशित बीस खण्डों वाले भौतिकी विश्वकोश के खण्ड के लिए उनसे वाद्ययंत्रों की भौतिकी का लेख तैयार करवाया गया । सम्पूर्ण भौतिक कोश केवल चन्द्रशेखरन जी का लेख छोडकर अन्य सभी लेख जर्मन लेखक के ही थे । इतना सम्मान चन्द्रशेखरन जी को प्राप्त हुआ ।

विशेषताएँ :-

  1. वैज्ञानिक चन्द्रशेखर वेंकटरामन् की महानता का परिचय हमें मिलता है ।
  2. भाषा सरल है |

3) आंध्रप्रदेश धार्मिक रूप से संपन्न राज्य है ।
उत्तर:
प्रसंग :- यह वाक्य ‘आन्ध्र संस्कृति नामक पाठ से लिया गया है इसमें आन्ध्र संस्कृति पर विभिन्न रूपों में दृष्टि डाला गया है ।
सन्दर्भ :- आन्ध्र प्रान्त विभिन्न धर्मों का मिश्रित रूप है । इन सभी धर्मों से विकसित आन्ध्र राष्ट्र का चित्रण किया गया है |
व्याख्या :- संस्कृति का मूल रूप धर्म में है । आन्ध्र प्रदेश धार्मिक रूप से एक संपन्न राज्य है यहाँ पर वैदिक, बौद्ध, जैन, अद्वैत, विशिस्टाद्वैत इस्लाम, ईसाई धर्म आदि धर्मों का विकास हुआ है । यहाँ पर अनेक जातियों और अलग-अलग संस्कृतियों का सहयोग दिखाई पडता है ।

विशेषताएँ :-

  1. आन्ध्र संस्कृति के विकास के प्रति ध्यान दिया गया है ।
  2. उनकी भाषा खडीबोली है ।

4) जिस जाति था देश ने इस धर्म को अपनाया, वह चारों फलों का भागी हुआ और जिसने इसे दुराया, उसकेलिए नरक में भी ठिकाना नहीं ।
उत्तर:
प्रसंग :- यह उद्धरण राहुल सांस्कृत्यायन के द्वारा लिखी गयी अथातो घुमक्कड जिज्ञासा नामक यात्रा वृत्तांत है । वे पुरातत्व इतिहास के विशेष ज्ञाता रहे हैं और उनका यात्रा साहित्य अत्यन्त महत्वपूर्ण रहा है।
सन्दर्भ :- लेखक इसमें घुमक्कडी प्रवृत्ति को सर्वश्रेष्ठ माना है और उसकी महानता को इसमें स्पष्ट करते हैं ।
व्याख्या :- समाज कल्याण के लिए घुमक्कड धर्म आवश्यक चीज है । जिस देश या जाति घुमक्कड धर्म को अपनाती है तो उज्वल भविष्य को प्राप्त कर लेती है यदि घुमक्कड प्रकृति से दूर तो जाते है तो भविष्य अंधकारमय होता है । घुमक्कड धर्म का अनुसरण करने से देश की उन्नति होती है ।

विशेषताएँ :-

  1. घुमक्कड धर्म को अपनाने का सन्देश लेखक देते हैं ।
  2. उनकी भाषा सरल खडीबोली है ।

7. एक शब्द में उत्तर लिखिए ।

(1) कबीर की भाषा क्या थी ?
उत्तर:
सधुक्कड़ी

(2) “फूल की चाह में कवि किसके द्वारा अपनी देशभक्ति प्रकट कर रहे है ?
उत्तर:
फूल के द्वारा

(3) “सुजान” शब्द का अर्थ क्या है ?
उत्तर:
सज्जन

(4) सुख दुख कविता के कवि कौन है ?
उत्तर:
सुमित्रानंदन पंत

(5) भिक्षुक के साथ कौन हाथ फैलाकर भीख माँग रहे हैं ?
उत्तर:
उसके दो बच्चे

8. एक शब्द में उत्तर लिखिए | ( Prose)

(1) भारतीय संस्कृती का सौन्दर्य बोध किस से अविच्छिन्न सबन्ध से जुडा हुआ है ?
उत्तर:
नारी रूप से

(2) चंद्रशेखर वेकंटरामन की मृत्यु कब हुई ?
उत्तर:
1970 में

(3) जैविक पदार्थ के कुछ उदाहरण लिखिए ?
उत्तर:
पेड़, पशु-पक्षी, मानव

(4) आन्ध्र प्रान्त में मनाये जाने वाले कुछ त्योहारों के नाम बताओ ?
उत्तर:
उगादि, संक्रांति, विनायक चविति, दीपावली, रमजान, क्रिसमस

AP Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Paper Set 2 with Solutions

(5) किस किस ने घुमक्कड प्रवृत्ति से ज्ञान का विकास किया ?
उत्तर:
बुध्द, जैनमहावीर, शंकराचार्य

खण्ड – ‘ख’
(40 अंक)

9. निम्नलिखित में से कोई एक पत्र लिखिए :
पुस्तक विक्रेता के नाम पर पत्र लिखिए ।
उत्तर:

नागार्जुन सागर,
दिनांक 23.02.2018.

प्रेषक :
वी. मोनिका सहानी,
इंटर प्रथम वर्ष,
मकान नं. बी – 832
नागार्जुन सागर,

सेवा में,

व्यवस्थापक,
लोकमान्य हिन्दी बुक सेंटर,
एल्लुरु रोड, गवर्नरपेट,
विजयवाडा – 2.

मान्यवर महोदय,

कृपया निम्नलिखित हिन्दी पाठ्य पुस्तकों को वी. पी. पी. के द्वारा यथाशीघ्र भेजने का कष्ट करें । अग्रिम राशि के रूप में रू 500/- भेज रही हूँ आपकी ओर से उचित कमीशन मिलने की आशा है ।

  1. साहित्य परिमल – 5 प्रतियाँ
  2. कथा कुंज – 5 प्रतियाँ
  3. हिन्दी व्याकरण – 5 प्रतियाँ
  4. हिन्दी पत्र लेखन – 5 प्रतियाँ

धन्यवाद !

भवदीय
वी. मौनिका सहानी.

अथवा

नगर पालिका के नाम पर एक शिकायती पत्र लिखे ।
उत्तर:

कर्नूलु,
दिनांक 19.11.2018.

सेवा में,
सवास्थय अधिकारी,
नगरपालिका,
कर्नूलु ।

आदरणीय महोदय,

विषय : नंदन कालनी की सफाई के संबंध में ।

मान्यवर महोदय,

मैं कर्नूलु नगरपालिका के नंदन कालनी का निवासी हूँ । आपसे विनम्र निवेदन है कि गत तीन हफ्तों से हमारे मुहल्ले में सफाई कर्मचारी नहीं आ रहे हैं । अतः स्थिति बहुत खराब हो गयी है और कचरे के ढेर यहाँ-वहाँ जमा होते जो रहे हैं। दो दिन पहले हुई लगातार बारिश के कारण मच्छर बहुत फैल चुके हैं। सफाई निरीक्षकों से कई बार अनुरोध करने पर भी कोई प्रयोजन नहीं है | अतः आपसे अनुरोध है कि यथाशीघ्र उक्त विषय में कार्यवाही करें तथा हमारे मुहल्ले की सफाई करवायें । अन्यथा यहाँ कई बीमारियाँ फैलने की आशंका है ।
धन्यवाद ।

आपका विनीत,
सुजन रंजन आचार्य ।

10. किन्हीं पाँच (5) शब्दों के विलोम शब्द लिखिए ।

1) कृतज्ञ × कृतघ्न
2) कीर्ति × अपकीर्ति
3) आथ × व्यथ
4) आकाश × पाताल
5) क्रेता × विक्रेता
6) गौण × प्रधान / मुख्य
7) रक्षक × भक्षक
8) सेवक × स्वामी
9) स्वतंत्र × परतंत्र
10) वीरता × कायरता

11. किन्हीं पाँच (5) शब्दों के समानार्थी शब्द लिखिए |

1) ईश्वर – ईश, परमात्मा, प्रभु, भगवान
2) औरत – स्त्री, नारी, महिला, कामिनी
3) नदी – सरिता, तटिनी, तरंगिणी, निर्झरिणी
4) माता – माँ, अम्बा, जननी, जन्मधात्री
5) हाथी – गज, करि, द्विप, कुंजर
6) राजा – नृप, नृपति, सम्राट, नरेश
7) घर – गृह, भवन, निकेतन, आलय
8) मछली – मीन, मकर, मत्स्य
9) सरस्वती – शारदा, वीणापाणि, भारती, वाणी
10) सूर्य – दिनेश, दिनकर, भानु, रवि, भास्कर

12. किन्हीं पाँच (5) शब्दों की शूद्ध वर्तनी लिखिए ।

(a) रामायन – रामायण
(b) चन्दर – चंद्र
(c) रिषि – ऋषि
(d) उतपात – उत्पात
(e) बन – वन
(f) ग्यापन – ज्ञापन
(g) इस्कूल – स्कूल
(h) धोका – धोखा
(i) देस – देश
(j) लछमी – लक्ष्मी

13. किन्हीं पाँच (5) शब्दों का अनुवाद हिन्दी में कीजिए ।

a) Admission Test – प्रवेश परीक्षा
b) Lecturer – प्रध्यापक
c) Clerk – लिपिक
d) Space – अंतरिक्ष
e) Arts – कला
f) Governor – राज्यपाल
g) Valley – घाट
h) Constitution – संविधान
i) Nurse – परीचालिका
j) Commerce – वाणिज्य

14. कारक चिह्नों की सहायता से रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति कीजिए ।

(1) मै भारत का निवासी हूँ ।
(2) राम गोपाल से होशियार है ।
(3) ये शीला के बच्चे हैं ।
(4) हम रेलगाड़ी में बैठे हैं ।
(5) तुम ने यह क्या काम कर दिया ?

AP Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Paper Set 2 with Solutions

15. सूचना के अनुसार वाक्य में परिवर्तन कीजिए ।

(1) शेर जंगल में रहता है। (रेखांकित शब्द का लिंग बदलकर लिखिए ।)
उत्तर:
शेरनी जंगल में रहती है ।

(2) ठकुराइन घर में है । (रेखांकित शब्द में प्रत्यय क्या है ।)
उत्तर:
आइन

(3) लड़के पढ़ते है । (रेखांकित शब्द का वचन बदलकर लिखिए ।)
उत्तर:
लडका पढ़ता है ।

(4) गोपाल अनपढ़ नही है । (रेखांकित शब्द में उपसर्ग क्या है ?)
उत्तर:
अन

(5) मैं गाना गाऊँगा । (भूतकाल में लिखिए |)
उत्तर:
मैं ने गाना गाया ।

16. सूचना के अनुसार भाषा विभाग को पहचानिए ।

1) नितिन घर पर सो रहा है । (इस वाक्य में संज्ञा क्या है)
उत्तर:
नितिन, घर

2) वहाँ सीढ़ियों में कौन खड़ा है । (इस वाक्य में सर्वनाम पहचान)
उत्तर:
कौन

3) वेलू घर जा रहा है । (इस वाक्य में क्रिया क्या है)
उत्तर:
जाना

4) हिंदी मधुर भाषा है । (इस वाक्य में विशेषण क्या है)
उत्तर:
मधुर

5) बच्चे उधर खेल रहे हैं । (हस वाक्य में क्रिया विशेषण पहचानकर लिखिए)
उत्तर:
उधर

AP Inter 1st Year Sanskrit Model Paper Set 1 with Solutions

Self-assessment with AP Inter 1st Year Sanskrit Model Papers Set 1 allows students to take charge of their own learning.

AP Inter 1st Year Sanskrit Model Paper Set 1 with Solutions

Time : 3 Hours
Max Marks : 100

सूचना : प्रथम, द्वितीय, तृतीयप्रश्नान् अनुवादप्रश्नं च विहाय अन्ये प्रश्नाः संस्कृतभाषायामेव समाधातव्याः ।

I. एकं श्लोकं पूरयित्वा भावं लिखत । (6 × 1 = 6M)

अ) जयन्ति ……………………. भयम् ।।
जवाब:
जयन्ति ते सुकृतिनो रससिद्धाः कवीश्वराः ।
नास्ति तेषां यशः काये जरामरणजे भयम् ||
Victorious are those accomplished and blessed poets, whose bodies of fame do not have the fear of old age or death.

आ) एकः स्वादु ………………… प्रचिन्तयेत् ।।
जवाब:
एकः स्वादु न भुञ्जीत नैकः सुत्पेषु जागृयात् ।
एको न गच्छेदध्वानं नैकश्चार्थान् प्रचिन्तयेत् ॥
One should not eat a sweetmeat alone. One should not be awake while others are asleep. One should not travel alone. One should not decide matters alone.

II. एकं निबन्धप्रश्नं समाधत्त । (6 × 1 = 6M)

अ) दशरथस्य पश्चात्तापः इति पाठस्य सारांशं लिखत ।
जवाब:
Introduction : The lesson दशरथस्य पश्चात्ताप: is an extract from the Ayodhya Kanda of Ramayana, written by Sage Valmiki. Rama went to the forest at the command of Kaikeyi. Dasaratha could not bear separation from Rama. Then he told Kausalya that he was cursed by a sage during his youth.

Dasaratha’s Lamentation :
Dasaratha told Kausalya that one would receive the good or bad fruits of one’s own deeds only. Dasaratha committed a sin during his youth. He was famous for his ability to shoot at sound. He received the fruit of his action just as a boy who had eaten poison out of ignorance.

Going for hunting at night :
Once, when it was rainy season, Dasaratha went to the bank of river Sarayu at night for hunting. There, he heard the sound of a pitcher being filled with water. He mistook it for the sound made by an elephant and released an arrow towards that sound. अचक्षुर्विषये घोषं वारणस्येव नर्दतः ।

The painful human cry :
Then he heard a human voice crying how anyone could hit a hermit, who came to the river to carry water. He grieved for his old parents. It was a cruel stupid, who killed all of them.

Dasaratha rushed to the bank of the river to find a hermit hit by his arrow. His hair was scattered, and the water pitcher fell at a distance. The boy asked the king what harm he did to him. He was about to carry water to his parents. Dasaratha killed his parents also who were weak and blind. He asked Dasaratha to carry the news to his father. पितुस्त्वमेव मे गत्वा शीघ्रमाचक्ष्व राघव ।

The old and blind couple :
Carrying the water pot, Dasaratha went to the hermitage and saw the weak and blind parents of the boy who were without any support, and who looked like birds with clipped wings. The old man thought that it was his son, and asked him to give him some water. Then Dasaratha said that he was not their son, and he was Dasaratha, a Kshatriya. He told them that he went at night to the bank of the river Sarayu to kill any wild animal or an elephant that came to drink water. He mistook the sound of filling a pitcher with water for that of an elephant, and killed it with an arrow. द्विपोऽयमिति मत्वाऽयं बाणेनाभिहतो मया । But he saw their son with the arrow struck in the heart.

The curse uttered by the old man :
On hearing those cruel words, the sage could not control his emotion. He cursed Dasaratha saying that he would die lamenting for his son. एवं त्वं पुत्रशोकेन राजन् कालं करिष्यसि ।

AP Inter 1st Year Sanskrit Model Paper Set 1 with Solutions

आ) सर्वभाषाणां जनन्याः संस्कृतवाण्याः प्राशस्त्यं लिखत ।
जवाब:
Introduction: The lesson अमरवाणीप्रशस्तिः is taken from सुरवाणीमणिहारः written by Sri E. Sathakopacharya. The greatness of Sanskrit, the language of the gods is described in a beautiful way in this lesson.

Salutations to Amaravani: The poet salutes to Sanskrit, which is affectionately fondled by Brahma and other gods, praised by Valmiki, Vyasa and other poets, and decorated by Kalidasa and other poets.

The poet says that the speech of the gods has descended to the earth showing compassion on humans, who cannot roam in the heaven or enjoy with the celestial damsels. धरणिममरवाणि प्राप्य नाकीकरोषि ।

He further says that had not the goddess come down thus, men would have fallen in the well of birth and death. Because they would not have known god.

The greatness of Sanskrit: The poet says that Sanskrit is the mother of all languages. भवसि सकलभाषाजन्मदात्री यत्स्तवम् । Other language s shine by their association with Sanskrit just as moon lotuses bloom because of their association with the moon. This language shines with many meanings in every syllable like the ocean with gems. विराजसे अनल्परन्नाद्याश्रयः सागरो यथा | Even if some people criticize her, it does not diminish her greatness. Bursting meteors do not dry up the ocean.

It the greatness of Sanskrit that even after ages passed, one still remembers Valmiki, Vyasa and Kalidasa.
None equals the goddess of speech: Men may make rockets, travel in space reaching the moon or go to the heaven with human bodies, still they pray for the grace of the mother of speech. She subdues the suffering of birth by teaching brahmavidya, delights with the poems of Kalidasa etc. and leads to the path of prosperity by preaching dharma. There is none equal to her. त्वत्समा कास्ति मान्या । There may be many languages in the world. But they are of no use. A river which quenches the thirst of the traveller in summer is the best.

The poet asks man that what happens to him if the bombs he is making explode. If one wants to follow the panchasheel of Nehru, then one should resort to Sanskrit that develops the spiritual knowledge.

III. एकं निबन्धप्रश्नं समाधत्त । (6 × 1 = 6M)

अ) पुण्डरीकमुद्दिश्य कपिञ्जलः किम् उपदिदेश ।
जवाब:
Introduction : The lesson Kapinjalopadesa is an extract from the Kadambari, written by Bana. Pundarika, an ascetic fell in love with a celestial nymph Mahaswetha, His friend Kapinjala advised him that it was not proper for him to lose his selfcontrol. He asked him to condemn the Love-god.

Kapinjala’s questions :
Kapinjala told Pundarika that it was not proper for Pundarika to behave in such a way as the common men would behave. The ascetics had the wealth of courage. धैर्यधना हि साधवः । He asked Pundarika why he did not restrain himself. How he was attacked by the senses. Where had his courage, self-restraint, calmness, celibacy, learning, disinterestedness and distaste for pleasures gone? If people like him were also sullied by passion then there was no use of intellect, study of the scriptures, culture, knowledge received from the teachers, and awakening. निरर्थक: संस्कारः।

He asked him how did he not notice the crystal rosary that fell from his hand and taken away by that evil woman. He exclaimed that Pundarika was absent minded, and thought of rescuing him before his heart was stolen by that evil woman. अहो विगत चेतनत्वम् ।
When Pundarika accepted that he was attracted by the beauty of Mahaswetha, Kapinjala further advised thus.

Kapinjala’s advice :
He asked Pundarika whether it was taught by his teachers of he studied it in the scriptures. Was it a means to acquire Dharma, a new kind of penance, a mystic vow or path leading to heavens? Could he even imagine this, let alone tell or see ? Why did he allow the Cupid make him a laughing-stock ? Only fools are tormented by the Cupid मूढो हि मदनेन आयास्यते Could he have happiness in something condemned by the virtuous and honoured only by the vile ?

He said that he was a fool, who watered a garden of poisonous plants, embraced a sword creeper, held a black serpent or touched a burning coal thinking them to be something else. If he could not restrain his senses or control his mind, what was the use of his knowledge like that of the light of a firefly ? And he advised him to condemn the stupid Love-god.

आ) स्वेदस्य पुष्पाणि इति पाठ्यभाग सारांशं लिखत ।
जवाब:
The Teacher’s Query:
Once a teacher, while going to the forest along with his students asked them which water was the best in the world. The students gave different answers such as the water of the Gangas, rain water and tears. The teacher then told them a story.

Sabari’s Hospitality :
While searching for Sita in the forest, Rama and Lakshmana met Sabari. She worshipped Rama, and offered him sweet fruits. There were beautiful and fra- grant flowers in front of the place where Sabari lived. Rama asked her about those flowers.

Matanga and his students:
Sabari told him that the hermitage of Matanga used to be there at that place. Many students came for their studies to the hermitage. Once it was the end of the summer, and monsoon was about to set in. But no arrangement to store fuel sticks was made.

Sage Matanga and his students went to the forest, and cut wood. The young and the old carried the load on their heads and returned to the hermitage. Every- one was drenched in sweat. Beads of sweat dropped from the bodies on the ground.

The fragrance :
The next day everyone at the hermitage was surprised at the fragrance that spread there. The students found that the fragrance came from the direction of the forest where they went the day before. They went there and saw beautiful flowers blossomed here and there. Those flowers were not there the day before. The students ran back to Matanga, and reported to the teacher that strange inci- dent. Matanga went there, and touched those flowers affectionately.

The flowers of sweat :
Matanga told his students that the flowers were born from their sweat. Sweat born of labour was pure. The heart of Mother Earth seemed to have bloomed up on seeing their effort. He told them that there was nothing purer than physical labour. If the farmer and the weaver did not work, there would be no crop or clothes. The world moved on because of the labourers. He advised them to respect the workers. The students promised Matanga that they would respect the labourers and see that they were comfortable.
Rama and Lakshmana bowed to those flowers and went away.

The real sweat :
Having told the story the teacher explained to his students that the sweat from which any useful thing was produced was the sacred and true sweat. He advised his students to make the lives of the workers happy when they grew up.

AP Inter 1st Year Sanskrit Model Paper Set 1 with Solutions

IV. चतुर्णां प्रश्नानां समाधानानि लिखत । (4 × 2 = 8M)

अ) अर्थशास्त्रे कति अधिकरणानि सन्ति ?
जवाब:
अर्थशास्त्रे पञ्चदश अधिकणानि सन्ति । तेषु 150 अध्यायाः सन्ति ।

आ) राजसान्नवाच्याः के भवन्ति ?
जवाब:
अतिकषायपदार्थः, अतिलवणम्, अत्युष्णापदार्थः अतिक्षारपदार्थः, अत्याम्लपदार्थः, अतिक्षातिदाहपदठार्थाः राजसान्नवाच्या भवन्ति ।

इ) सर्वे छात्राः बोपदेवं किमिति कथयन्ति स्म ?
जवाब:
सर्वे छात्राः बोपदेवं मूर्खशिखामणि इति कथयन्ति स्म ।

ई) कृपणस्य अग्रे गमनं दृष्ट्वा सर्वे किं कृतवन्तः ?
जवाब:
कृपणस्य अग्रे गमनं दृष्ट्वा सर्वे अट्टहासं कृतवन्तः ।

उ) नागार्जुनः कः ?
जवाब:
नागार्जुनः रसायनशास्त्रज्ञः प्रसिद्धः चिकित्सकः च ।

ऊ) पेटिकायां व्यापारी किम् अपश्यत् ?
जवाब:
पेटिकायां व्यापारी एवं जीर्णं धौतवस्त्रम् एकं प्राचीनं करांशुकम् एकं पुरातनं पादत्राणम् च अपश्यत् ।

V. द्वयोः संदर्भ व्याख्यानं लिखत | (2 × 3 = 6 M)

अ) पितुस्त्वमेव मे गत्वा शीघ्रमाचक्ष्व राघव ।
जवाब:
परिचयः – एतत् वाक्यं दशरथस्य पश्चात्तापः इति पाठ्यभागात् स्वीकृतम् । अयं पाठ्यभागः वाल्मीकिरामायणे अयोध्याकाण्डतः स्वीकृतः ।
सन्दर्भः – तापसकुमारः दशरथम् एवम् उक्तवान् ।
भावः – राजन्, भवान् एव शीघ्रं गत्वा मम पितरम् एनम् वृत्तान्तम् वदतु ।
विवरणम् – मृगयार्थं गतः दशरथः गजः इति मत्वा रात्रौ बाणेन तापसं हतवान् । नदीतीरे पतितः तापसः दशरथम् उवाच यत् भवान् मम पितरं मम मरणवार्ता वदतु इति ।

आ) न रत्नमन्विष्यति मृग्यते हि तत् ।
जवाब:
परिचयः – एतत् वाक्यं मायावटुः इति पाठ्यभागात् स्वीकृतम् । एषः भागः कालिदासस्य कुमारसम्भवे पञ्चमसर्गात् स्वीकृतः ।
सन्दर्भः – मायावटुः पार्वतीम् एवं वदति ।
भावः – रत्नं अन्वेषणं न करोति । तत् अन्विष्यते ।
विवरणम् : – पार्वत्याः तपोवनं एकः जटिलः प्रविवेश । सः अवदत् यत् यदि पार्वती पतिमिच्छति तपसा अलम् । रत्नं न अन्विष्यति । तत् अन्वेष्यते ।

इ) जगति विबुधवाणि ! त्वत्समा कास्ति मान्या |
जवाब:
परिचयः – एतत् वाक्यं अमरवाणीप्रशस्तिः इति पाठ्यभागात् स्वीकृतम् । अस्य कविः श्रीमान् ई. शठकोपाचार्यः ।
सन्दर्भः – कविः अमरवाणीं प्रशंसन् एवं वदति ।
भावः – जगति संस्कृतभाषासमा अन्या भाषा नास्ति ।
विवरणम् – संस्कृतभाषा भवतापं शमयति, आनन्दं जनयति तथा शुभगार्गं दर्शयति । संस्कृतसमा अन्या भाषा नास्ति ।

ई) उपोष्य धर्मं प्रथमं कुरुध्वम् ।
जवाब:
परिचयः एतत् वाक्यं कपीनामुपवासः इति पाठ्यभागात् स्वीकृतम् । अस्य कविः श्रीशैलं ताताचार्यः ।
सन्दर्भः – कपिसार्वभौमः अन्यान् कपीन् एवं वदति ।
भावः उपवासं कृत्वा धर्मम् आचरन्तु |
विवरणम् – कपिसार्वभौमः वदति यत् कपयः क्लेशं सहित्वा एकादश्याम् उपवासं कृत्वा धर्मम् आचरन्तु इति ।

VI. द्वयोः संदर्भ व्याख्यानं लिखत | (2 × 3 = 6 M)

अ) धैर्यधना हि साधवः |
जवाब:
परिचयः एतत् वाक्यम् ‘कपिञ्जलोपदशः इति पाठ्यभागात् स्वीकृतम् । अस्य मूलग्रन्थः कादम्बरी | अस्य कविः बाणः ।
सन्दर्भः महाश्वेतायाम् अनुरक्तम् पुण्डरीकम् सन्मार्गे प्रवर्तयितुं कपिञ्जलः एवम् उपदिशति ।
अर्थः – साधुजनानां तु धैर्यम् एव धनम् ।
विवरणम् – कपिञ्जलः पुण्डरीकं वदति यत् पुण्डरीकस्य स्थितिः तस्य अनुरूपा न । साधुजनानां धैर्यमेव धनम् । परन्तु पुण्डरीकः विक्लीभवति स्म ।

आ) ईश्वरे च दरिद्रे च मृत्योः सर्वत्र तुल्यता ।
जवाब:
परिचयः – एतत् वाक्यं भोजस्य औदार्यम् इति पाठ्यभागात् स्वीकृतम् । अस्य कविः बल्लालः ।
सन्दर्भः – गोविन्दः भोजम् एवम् अवदत् ।
भावः – मृत्युः धनिकदरिद्रभेदं न गणयति ।
विवरणम् – गोविन्दः भोजम् अवदत् यत् पण्डिते, मूर्खे, बलवति, अबले, धनिके, दरिद्रे च मृत्युः समानः एव ।

इ) न हि परिश्रमात् ऋते पवित्रम् इह किमपि विद्यते ।
जवाब:
परिचयः – एतत् वाक्यं स्वेदस्य पुष्पाणि इति पाठ्यभागात् स्वीकृतम् । अस्य रचयित्री डा. माधवी जोषी ।
सन्दर्भः – मातङ्गः छात्रान् एवम् उपदिष्टवान् ।
भावः – परिश्रमं विना अन्यत् पवित्रम् नास्ति ।
विवरणम् – श्रमजातः स्वेदः पवित्रः इति मातङ्गः उपदिष्टवान् । परिश्रमः एव पवित्रः । श्रमस्य स्वेदः न भवति चेत् जगत् न प्रचलति । इति उक्तवान् ।

ई) जीर्णम् अड़गे सुभाषितम् ।
जवाब:
परिचयः – एतत् वाक्यम् वर्षापरिदेवनम्इति पाठ्यभागात् स्वीकृतम् । अस्य रचयिता आचार्य गुल्लपल्लि श्रीरामकृष्णमूर्तिः ।
सन्दर्भः – स्वच्छतापरिरक्षणार्थं चिन्तयन्ती वर्षादेवी एतत् वदति ।
भावः – सुभाषितम् मनसि एव स्थापितम् ।
विवरणम् – वर्षादेवी स्वच्छतापरिरक्षणार्थं जनान् बोधयितुम् इष्टवती । परन्तु कः श्रृणोति माम् इति सुभाषितम् अङ्गे जीर्णम् ।

AP Inter 1st Year Sanskrit Model Paper Set 1 with Solutions

VII. त्रयाणां प्रश्नानां समाधानानि लिखत । (3 × 2 = 6M)

अ) सरयूनदीतीरे दशरथः कम् अपश्यत् ?
जवाब:
सरयूनदीतीरे दशरथः इषुणा हतं तापसम् अपश्यत् ।

आ) पार्वत्याः तपोवनं कीदृशः वटुः विवेश ?
जवाब:
अजिनाषाढधरः प्रगल्भवाक् ब्रह्ममयेन तेजसा ज्वलन् शरीरबद्धः प्रथमाश्रमः यथा कश्चित् वटुः पार्वत्याः तपोवनं विवेश |

इ) दुरात्मनां सहजलक्षणानि कानि ?
जवाब:
दुरात्मनां सहजलक्षणानि – अकरुणत्वम्, अकारणविग्रहः, परधने परयोषिति च कांक्षा, सुजनबन्धुजनेषु असहिष्णुता

ई) चञ्चलाः मकाराः कति ? ते च के ?
जवाब:
चञ्चलाः मकाराः दश । ते मनः, मधुकरः, मेघः, मानिनी, मदनः, मरुत्, मा, मदः, मर्कटः तथा मत्स्यः ।

उ) कालेऽतीतेऽपि कान् स्मरामः ?
जवाब:
काले अतीते अपि व्यासवाल्मीकि कालिदासादीन स्मराम |

ऊ) कपीनां लौल्यं कथं जातम् ?
जवाब:
सशब्दं पतितानि रसवन्ति फलानि दृष्ट्वा कपीनां लौल्यं जातम् ।

VIII. त्रयाणां प्रश्नानां समाधानानि लिखत । (3 × 2 = 6M)

अ) कपिञ्जलः कस्मिन् संदर्भे पुण्डरीकं प्रति उपदेशवचनानि अवदत् ?
जवाब:
पुण्डरीकः महाश्वेतायाम् अनुरक्तः अभवत् । तपोजपादिनियमेषु अनासक्तः च अभवत् । तस्मिन् सन्दर्भे तं सन्मार्गे प्रवर्तयितुम् कपिञ्जलः उपदेशवचनानि अवदत् ।

आ) धनिनां धनं किम् ?
जवाब:
यत् ददाति यत् अश्नाति तदेव धनिनां धनम् ।

इ) पञ्चतन्त्रे कति भागाः सन्ति, ते के ?
जवाब:
पञ्चतन्त्रे पञ्च तन्त्राणि सन्ति । मित्रभेदः, मित्रसंप्राप्तिः, काकोलुकीयम्, लब्धप्रणाशः तथा अपरीक्षितकारकम् इति ।

ई) शिक्षकः छात्रान् किं प्रश्नं पृष्टवान् ?
जवाब:
अस्मिन् जगति किं जलम् अतीव उत्तमम् ? अतीव पूतं जलं किम् ? किंच जलं मूल्यवत् ? इति शिक्षकः छात्रान् प्रश्नं पृष्टवान् ।

उ) व्यासाश्रमद्वारा प्रकटिताः ग्रन्थाः के ?
जवाब:
व्यासाश्रमद्वारा प्रकटिताः ग्रन्थाः योगवासिष्ठम्, शङ्करविजयः, पातञ्जल योगदर्शनम्, विवेकचूडामणिः, अष्टावक्रगीता, बृहदारण्यकोपनिषद्, छान्दोग्योपनिषद् इत्यादयः ।

ऊ) वर्षादेव्याः संदेशः कः ?
जवाब:
सर्वे वयं जागृयाम | स्वच्छतायै प्रयतामहे । यः क्रियावान् स पण्डितः ।

IX. पुस्तकप्रेषणविषये पत्रं लिखत । (1 × 5 = 5M)
जवाब:

कडप
दिनाङ्कः 20-01-2018

सविधे –
मान्यसञ्चालकाः,
सरस्वतीविद्याप्रकाशन्,
विजयवाटिकॉ
मान्याः !

भवद्भिः प्रकाशितेषु अधोनिर्दिष्टानि पुस्तकानि मया यथानिर्दिष्टम् अपेक्ष्यन्ते ।

क्र.सं पुस्तकनाम कविः प्रतय:
1 कुमारसम्भवम् कालिदासः 5
2 श्रीमद्रामायणम् वाल्मीकिः 4
3 पञ्चतन्त्रम् विष्णुशर्मा 6
4 भर्तृहरिसुभाषितानि भर्तृहरिः 3

कृपया एतानि पुस्तकानि वि.पि. पि. द्वारा अधोसूचितं सङ्केतं प्रति प्रेषयन्तु ।
सधन्यवादम् ।

भवदीयः । भवदीया
नाम : ……………..
गृहसंख्या 2-11-18
गान्धीरोड्, कडप |

(अथवा)

ज्वरार्तस्य विरामग्रहणाय अभ्यर्थनपत्रम् लिखित ।
जवाब:

राजमहेन्द्रवरम्
दिनाङ्कः 03-12-2018

सविधे –
प्रधानाध्यापकः / प्रांशुपालः
प्रभुत्व (जूनियर्) उच्चमाध्यमिक कलाशाला,
राजमहेन्द्रवरम् |

मान्याः !
विषयः – विरामस्य कृते अभ्यर्थनम् ।
अहम् अस्मिन् कलाशालायां प्रथमसंवत्सरं पठामि । मम स्वास्थ्यं सम्यक् नास्ति । अहं ज्वरेण पीडितो भवामि | अतः विश्रान्तिं स्वीकर्तुं मह्यं दिनत्रयं 10-22-2018 तः 12-12-2018 पर्यन्तं विरामं यच्छन्तु इति सादरप्रणामपूर्वकं विज्ञापयामि । मम अनुपस्थितिसमये पाठ्यमानान् पाठान् मित्रसकाशात् ज्ञात्वा अहं पठिष्यामि ।
सधन्यवादम् ।

भवतां विधेयः छात्रः
नाम : …………….
अनुक्रमसंख्या
राजमहेन्द्रवरम् ।

X. द्वयोः शब्दयोः सविभक्तिकरूपाणि लिखत । (2 × 6 = 12M)

प्रभुत्व (जूनियर्) उच्चमाध्यमिक कलाशाला,

अ) राम
जवाब:
AP Inter 1st Year Sanskrit Model Paper Set 1 with Solutions 1

आ) लता
जवाब:
AP Inter 1st Year Sanskrit Model Paper Set 1 with Solutions 2

इ) वारि
जवाब:
AP Inter 1st Year Sanskrit Model Paper Set 1 with Solutions 3

ई) युष्मद्
AP Inter 1st Year Sanskrit Model Paper Set 1 with Solutions 4

AP Inter 1st Year Sanskrit Model Paper Set 1 with Solutions

XI. द्वयोः धातुरूपाणि लिखत । (2 × 3 = 6M)

अ) अभवत्
जवाब:
AP Inter 1st Year Sanskrit Model Paper Set 1 with Solutions 5

आ) पठति
जवाब:
AP Inter 1st Year Sanskrit Model Paper Set 1 with Solutions 6

इ) अभाषत
जवाब:
AP Inter 1st Year Sanskrit Model Paper Set 1 with Solutions 7

ई) लभते
जवाब:
AP Inter 1st Year Sanskrit Model Paper Set 1 with Solutions 8

XII. त्रीणि सन्धिनामनिर्देशपूर्वकं विघटयत । (3 × 2 = 6M)

अ) रामालयः
जवाब:
राम + आलय: = सवर्णदीर्घ सन्धिः

आ) देवेन्द्रः
जवाब:
देव + इन्द्र = गुण सन्धिः

इ) एकैकः
जवाब:
एक + एकः = वृद्धि सन्धिः

ई) प्रत्युपकारः
जवाब:
प्रति + उपकारः = यणादेश सन्धिः

उ) गायकः
जवाब:
गै + अक: = अयवायाव सन्धिः

ऊ) कोऽपि
जवाब:
कः + अपि = पूर्वरुप सन्धिः

XIII. त्रीणि सन्धिनामनिर्देशपूर्वकं सन्धत्त । (3 × 2 = 6M)

अ) वाणी + ईशः
जवाब:
वाणीश: = सवर्णदीर्घ सन्धिः

आ) नव + उदयः
जवाब:
नवोदयः = गुण सन्धिः

इ) दिव्य + औषधम्
जवाब:
दिव्यौषधम = वृद्धि सन्धिः

ई) इति + अत्र
जवाब:
इत्युवाच् = यणादेश सन्धिः

उ) हरे + ए
जवाब:
हरये = अयवायाव सन्धिः

ऊ) वृक्षे + अपि
जवाब:
वृक्षेऽपि = पूर्वरुप सन्धिः

XIV. आन्ध्रभाषायां वा आङ्ग्लभाषायां वा अनुवदत । (5 × 1 = 5M)

अ) सः देवं नमति ।
जवाब:
He bows to god.

आ) सीता अन्नम् अखादत् ।
जवाब:
She drank milk.

इ) ते पाठं पठिष्यन्ति ।
जवाब:
They read the lesson.

AP Inter 1st Year Sanskrit Model Paper Set 1 with Solutions

ई) सर्वे गुणाः काञ्चनमाश्रयन्ते ।
जवाब:
All the virtues depend on gold.

उ) यत्ने कृते यदि न सिध्यति कोऽत्र दोषः ।
जवाब:
What is wrong if an attempt is made but result is not gained?

XV. एकेन पदेन समाधत्त । (5 × 1 = 5M)

अ) अयोध्यानगरस्य राजा कः ?
जवाब:
दशरथः ।

आ) ‘मायावटुः’ इति पाठ्यभागः कस्मात् स्वीकृतः ?
जवाब:
कुमारसम्भावात् ।

इ) महतां चित्तं सम्पत्सु कथं भवेत् ?
जवाब:
उत्पलकोमलं ।

ई) कुलपावनः कः ?
जवाब:
पुत्रः ।

उ) नेहूबोधितः सिद्धान्तः कः ?
जवाब:
पञ्चशीलः ।

XVI. एकेन पदेन समाधत्त । (5 × 1 = 5M)

अ) महाश्वेता का ?
जवाब:
एका गन्धर्वकन्या |

आ) भोजस्य मुख्यामात्यः कः ?
जवाब:
बुद्धिसागरः ।

इ) पञ्चतन्त्रं केन विरचितम् ?
जवाब:
विष्णुशर्मणा ।

ई) स्वेदबिन्दवः कुत्र पतन्ति स्म ?
जवाब:
भूमौ ।

उ) मलयालस्वामिनः जननीजनको कौ ?
जवाब:
नोट्टियम्माकरियप्पौ ।

TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper March 2019

Varied difficulty levels in TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Model Papers and TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper March 2019 cater to students with diverse academic strengths and challenges.

TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper March 2019

Time: 3 Hours
Max. Marks: 60

General Instructions:
Note : Read the following instructions carefully :

  1. Answer all the questions of Section – ‘A’. Answer any six questions in Section – ‘B’ and answer any two questions in Section – ‘C’.
  2. In Section – ‘A’, questions from Sr. Nos. 1 to 10 are of Very Short Answer Type. Each question carries two marks. Every answer may be limited to 5 lines. Answer all these questions at one place in the same order.
  3. In Section – ‘B’, questions from Sr. Nos. 11 to 18 are of Short Answer Type. Each question carries four marks. Every answer may be limited to 20 lines.
  4. In Section – ‘C’ questions from Sr. Nos. 19 to 21 are of Long Answer Type. Each question carries eight marks. Every-answer may be limited to 60 lines.
  5. Draw labelled diagrams wherever necessary in Sections – B and C.

Section – A (10 × 2 = 20)

Note : Answer all the questions in 5 lines each.

Question 1.
Write the full form of IUCN. In which book threatened species are enlisted ?
Answer:
IUCN – International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
All the threatened species are enlisted in the Red Data Book Published by IUCN.

Question 2.
What are dynein arms ? What is their significance ?
Answer:
‘A’ tube of each peripheral doublet bears paired arms along its length called dynein arms made up of protein dynein.
The dynein arms of ‘A’ tubule face the tubule ‘B’ of the adjacent doublet.

Question 3.
What are the respiratory structures of Limulus and Palam- naeus respectively ?
Answer:
The respiratory structures of Limulus are book-gills, and in palamnaeus are book-lungs.

Question 4.
Distinguish between Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts.
Answer:
Osteoblasts are immature bone cells and secrete the organic components of matrix and also play an important role in mineralization of bone and become Osteocytes. Osteoclasts are phagocytic cells involved in resorption of bone.

TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper March 2019

Question 5.
How do you justify the statement “heart in fishes is a branchial heart” ?
Answer:
Heart of fishes is ‘two chambered’ and is described as branchial heart as it supplies blood only to the gills.

Question 6.
What is a Kinety ?
Answer:
In the ciliate protozoans a longitudinal row of kinetosomes together with kinetodesmata constitute a unit called kinety.

Question 7.
What are Retroperitoneal organs ?
Answer:
Certain organs such as the kidneys of the vertebrates are cov-ered by the parietal peritoneum only on their ventral side. Such a peritoneum is called the ‘retroperitoneum’ and the organs lined by it are called ‘retroperitoneal organs’.

Question 8.
Distinguish the terms Phototaxis and Photokinesis.
Answer:
Phototaxis is oriented locomotion of an organism towards or away from the direction of light.   Ex : As seen in Euglena.
Photokinesis is the influence of light on non-directional movement of organisms. Ex : Mussel crab.

Question 9.
“The eggs of Ascaris are called Mammillated eggs.” Justify it.
Answer:
Each egg of Ascaris is surrounded by a protein coat with rippled surface. Hence the eggs of Ascaris are called “mammilated eggs”.

Question 10.
What are Microglia and what is their origin and add a note on their function ?
Answer:
Microglial cells are the Neurogila (supporting cells) of cells of CNS which are phagocytic cells, of mesodermal origin.

TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper March 2019

Section – B (6 × 4 = 24)

Note : Answer any six questions in 20 lines each.

Question 11.
Explain “Rivet Popper hypothesis”.
Answer:
What if we lose a few species? Will it affect man’s life? Paul Ehrlich experiments Rivet popper, hypothesis, taking an aeroplane as an ecosystem, explains how removal of one by one ‘rivets’ (species of an ecosystem) of various parts can slowly damage the plane (ecosystem)-shows how important a ‘species’ is in the overall functioning of an ecosystem. Removing a rivet from a seat or some other relatively minor important parts may not damage the plane, but removal of a rivet from a part supporting the wing can result in a-crash. Likewise, removal of a ‘critical species’ may affect the entire community and thus the entire ecosystem.

Question 12.
Describe the structure of cardiac muscle.
Answer:
Cardiac (striped and involuntary) muscle : The cardiac muscle is striated like the skeletal muscle (shows sarcomeres). Cardiac muscle is found in the ‘myocardium’ of the heart of vertebrates. The cardiac muscle cells or the myocardial cells’ are short, cylindrical, mononucleate or binucleate cells whose ends branch and form junctions with other cardiac muscle cells. Each myocardial cells is joined to adjacent myocardial cells by ‘electrical synapses’ or ‘gap junctions’. They permit ‘electrical impulses’ to be conducted along the long axis of the cardiac muscle fibre.

The dark lines across cardiac muscle are called intercalated discs (IDs). These discs are highly characteristic of the cardiac muscle.
TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper March 2019 1

Question 13.
What are the salient features exhibited by Polychaetes ?
Answer:

  1. These are commonly known as bristle worms.
  2. All are marine. Many are burrowing, others are free swimming or crawling or tubicolous.
  3. Head is distinct with sensory structures like eyes, antennae, palps, cirri.
  4. Clitellum is absent.
  5. Each segment has a pair of lateral apaendages called parapodia in which bundles of setae are arranged.
  6. Animals are unisexual. Most segments bear glands. Gonoducts are absent.
  7. Gametes are shed into coelom.
  8. Fertilization is external.
  9. Development includes a trochophore larva. Ex : Nereis.

TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper March 2019 2

TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper March 2019

Quetsion 14.
Describe the structure of the heart of frog.
Answer:
The blood vascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood. The heart is a muscular organ situated in the upper part of the body cavity. It has two separate atria and a single undivided ventricle. It is covered by a double layered membrane called peri – cardium. A triangular chamber called sinus venosus joins the right atrium on the dorsal side. It receives blood through three vena cavae (caval veins). The ventricle opens into the conus arteriosus on the ventral side. The conus arteriosus bifurcates into two branches and each of it divides into three aortic arches namely carotid, systemic and pulmocutaneous. Blood from the heart is distributed to all parts of the body by the branches of aortic arches. Three major veins collect blood from the different parts of the body and carry it to the sinus venosus.
TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper March 2019 3

Question 15.
Describe the process of transverse binary fission in Paramecium.
Answer:
Transverse binary fission is performed by Paramecium. Binary fission is the most common method of a sexual reproduction in protozoans.

During favourable conditions, Paramecium stops feeding after attaining its maximum growth. At first the micronucleus divides by mitosis and the macronucleus divides into two daughter nuclei by amitosis. The oral groove disappears. After karyokinesis, a transverse constriction appears in the middle of the body, which deepens and divides the parent cell into two daughter individuals, the anterior proter and the posterior opisthe. The proter receives the anterior contractile vacuole, cytopharynx and cytosome from its parent individual. It develops posterior contractile vacuole and a new oral groove. The opisthe receives the posterior contractile vacuole of its parent.
TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper March 2019 4
It develops a new anterior contractile vacuole, cytopharynx, cytostome and a new oral groove. Binary fission is completed in almost two hours, in favourable conditions and Paramecium can produce four generations of daughter individuals by binary fission in a day.

The transverse binary fission is also called homothetogenic fission, because the plane of fission is at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the body. As it occurs at right angles to the kineties, it is also called perkinetal fission.

Question 16.
What is the need for parasites to develop special adaptations ? Mention some special adaptations developed by the parasites.
Answer:
Parasites have to evolve mechanisms to counteract and neutralize the host’s defence in order to be successful with in the host. For this purpose, the parasites have developed many special adaptations such as the loss of unnecessary sensory organs, formation of organs for adhesion, high reproductive capacity, etc.

Parasitic adaptations : Parasites have evolved special adaptations to meet the requirements and lead successful life in the hosts.

  1. In order to live in the host some parasites have developed structures like hooks, suckers, rostellum etc., for anchoring. e.g : Taenia solium.
  2. Some intestinal parasites have developed protective cuticle to with stand the action of the digestive enzymes of the host, e.g : Ascaris lumbricoides.
  3. Some intestinal parasites produce antienzymes to neutralize the effect of host’s digestive enzymes, e.g : Taenia solium.
  4. Some parasites live as obligatory anaerobes as the avail-ability of oxygen is very rare for them, e.g : Entamoeba histolytica, Taenia solium etc.
  5. Some intestinal parasites live as facultative anaerobes, i.e., if oxygen is not available, they live anaerobically and if oxygen is available, they respire aerobically, e.g : Ascaris lumbricoides.

TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper March 2019

Question 17.
Draw a neat labelled diagram of the mouthparts of cockroach.
Answer:
TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper March 2019 5

Question 18.
Define ecological pyramids and describe with examples pyramids of numbers and biomass.
Answer:
It is a graphical representation of the trophic structure and function of an ecosystem. The base of each pyramid represents the producers of the first trophic level, while the apex represents the tertiary or top level/top order consumers. The three types of ecological pyramids that are usually studied are (a) pyramid of number (b) pyramid ofbiamass and (c) pyramid of energy. These pyramids were first represented by Elton, hence the name ELTONIAN pyramids / Ecological pyramids.

Any calculations of energy content, biomass or numbers has to include all organisms at that trophic level. No generalizations we make will be true if we take only a few individuals of any trophic level into account. In most ecosystems, all the pyramids – of numbers, energy and biomass are uprights, i.e., producers are more in number and biomass than the herbivores, and herbivores are more in number and biomass than the carnivores. Also energy (available) at a lower trophic level is always more than that at a higher level.
TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper March 2019 6
There are exceptions to this generalization. In the case of a parasitic food chain, the pyramid of numbers is inverted. A large tree (single producer) may support many herbivores like squirrels and fruit eating birds. On these herbivores many ectoparasites such as ticks, mites and lice (secondary consumers) may live. These secondary consumers may support many more top level consumers and also the hyper parasites. Thus in each trophic level from the bottom to the top, the numbers of organisms increase and form an ‘inverted pyramid’ of numbers.

The pyramid of biomass in sea is also generally inverted because the biomass of fishes far exceeds that of phytoplankton.

Section – C (2 × 8 = 16)

Note : Answer any two questions in 60 lines each.

Question 19.
Explain the structure and lifecycle of Entamoeba histolytica with the help of neat and labelled diagrams.
Answer:
Entamoeba histolytica (Gr. entos – within: amoiba – change histos – tissues ; lysis – dissolve) is a microscopic and monogenetic parasite that inhabits the large intestine and causes amoebic dysentery or amoebiasis in man.

It is cosmopolitan in distribution but more common in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It is common in the people of rural and densely populated urban areas wherever the hygienic conditions are poor.

Structure : Entamoeba histolytica passes through three distinct stages in its life cycle namely :
i) Trophozoite stage
ii) Precystic stage &
iii) Cystic stage.

i) Trophozoit stage : It is the most active, motile, feeding and pathogenic stage that lives in the mucosa and sub-mucosa membrane of the large intestine. It moves with the help of a lobopodium which is produced anteriorly. The body of the trophozoite is surrounded by plasma- lemma. Its cytoplasm is differentiated into outer clear, viscous non-granular ectoplasm and inner fluid like, granular endoplasm.

Ribosomes, food vacuoles and vesicular, cartwheel shaped nucleus are present in the endoplasm. The absence of mitochondria indicates the obligate anaerobic nature of Entamoeba histolytica. It produces the proteolytic enzyme called histolysin due to which the species name histolytica was assigned to it. Due to the effect of this enzyme the mucosa and sub-mucosa of the gut wall are dissolved releasing some amount of blood, tissue debris which are ingested by the trophozoites.
TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper March 2019 7
Hence the food vacuoles are with erythrocytes fragments of epithelial cells and bacteria. Presence of RBC in food vacuoles and cartwheel shaped nucleus are the characteristic features of the trophozoites of Entamoeba histlytica.

ii) Precystic stage : It is the non-feeding and non-pathogenic stage of Entamoeba histolytica that is found in the lumen of large intestine.

It is a small, spherical or oval, non-motile form. The cytoplasm of the precystic stage stores glycogen granules and chromotoid bars (made of ribonucleo protein) which act as reserve food.
TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper March 2019 8

iii) Cystic stage : It is round in shape and is surrounded by a thin, delicate and highly resistant cyst wall. It is found in the lumen of the large intestine.

The process of development of cyst wall is called encystation. Which is a means of tide over the unfavourable conditions that the parasite is going to encounter while passing to a new host. Soon after the encystation, the nucleus undergoes two successive mitotic divisions to form four daughter nuclei. This type of cystic stage is called tetranucleate cyst or mature cyst which is the stage infective to man.
TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper March 2019 9
Life cycle : The trophozoites undergo binary fissions in the wall of the large intestine and produce a number of daughter entamoeba. They feed upon the bacteria and the host’s tissue elements, grow in size and again multiply. After repeated binary fission some of the young ones enter of the lumen of the large intestine and transform into precystic stages. Here, the precystic stages transform into cystic stages which in turn develop into tetranucleate cysts. The entire process is completed only in a few hours. These tetranucleate cysts come out along with the faecal matter and can remain alive for about 10 days. The cyst reach new host through contaiminated food and water. In the small intestine of a new human host the cyst wall gets reptured releasing the tetranucleate amoebae. Such tetranucleate excystic amoebae are called metacysts.
TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper March 2019 10
The four nuclei of the metacyst undergo mitotic divisions and produce eight nuclei. Each nucleus gets a bit of the cytoplasm and thus eight daughter entamoebae or metacystic trophozoites are produced. These young ones develop into feeding stages called trophozoites. They invade the mucous membrane of the large intestine and grow into mature trophozoites.

TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper March 2019

Question 20.
Describe the digestive system of cockroach with the help of a neat labelled diagram.
Answer:
The digestive system of cockroach consists of an alimentary canal and the associated glands. The preoral cavity surrounded by the mouth parts, is present infront of the mouth. The hypopharynx divides it into two chambers called cibagium (anterior) and salivarium (posterior).

Alimentary canal: The alimentary canal of cockroach is a long tube and is coiled at some places. It extends between the mouth and the anus. It is divided into three regions namely foregut of stomodaeum, midgut or mesenteron and hindgut are internally lined by ectoderm. The mesenteron is lined by the endodermal cells.

Forgut or stomodaeum: The foregut includes pharynx oesophagus, crop and gizzard. It is internally lined by a chitinous cuticle. Mouth opens into the pharynx, which in turn leads into a narrow tubular oesophagus. The oesophagus opens behind into a thin walled distensible sac called crop. The crop serves as a reservoir for storing food. Its outer surface is covered by a network of tracheae. Behind the crop there is a thick walled muscular proven-triculus or gizzard.

The chitinous inner living of the gizzard has six powerful teeth, which form an efficient grinding apparatus. Behind each tooth is a hairy pad, which bear?; backwardly directed bristles. Among these plates, food is through!} ground into fine particles. These food particles are filtered by the bristles. The gizzard thus acts both as a grinding mill and also as a sieve. There is a membranous projection of the gizzard into the me senteron in the form of a funnel called stomodeal valve. This valve prevents the entry (regurgitation) of food from the mesenteron back into the gizzard.
TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper March 2019 11
Midgut (mesenteron or ventriculus) : The midgut is a short and narrow tube behind the gizzard. It is also called mesenteron or ventriculus. Between the ventriculus and the gizzard, arising from ventriculus there are six to eighth finger like diverticule called hepatic caecae.

They are helpful in digestion and absorption of the digested food materials. Ventriculus is functionally divided into an anterior secretory part and a posterior absorptive part.

The secretory part of the ventriculus has many gland cells and it secretes several enzymes. The ‘bolus’ of food in the mesenteron is nveloped by a chitinous and porous membrane called peritrophic membrane, which is secreted by the funnel like stomodeal valve of the gizzard. Digested food is absorbed into the food through the peritrophic membrane in the posterior absorptive region of the ventriculus. The peritrophic membrane protects the wall of the ventriculus from hard food particles in the food. The opening of the ventriculus into the hindgut is controlled by a sphincture muscle. It prevents entry of undigested food from the hindgut into the midgut.

Hindgut or proctodaeum : The hindgut is a long coiled tube, consisting of three regions namely ileum, colon and rectum. It is interanlly lined by chitinous cuticle. The ileum that lies behind the mesenteron is a short tube. Six bundles of fine yellow, blind tubules called Malpighian tubules open into the ileum near the junction of mesenteron and ileum. Malpighian tubules are excretory in function. Ileum collects uric acid from the malpighian tubules and undigested food from the mesenteron. Ileum opens behind into a long coiled tube called colon. Colon leads into a short and wide rectum which opens out through the anus. Rectum bears on its inner side six longitudinal chitinous folds called rectal papillae. They are concerned with the reabsorption of water from the undigested food.

Digestive gland : The digestive glands associated with the alimentary canal of cockroach are salivary glands, hepatic caecae and glandular cells of the mesenteron.

Salivary glands : There is a pair of salivary glands attached to the vetrolateraf sides of the crop, one on each side. Each salivary gland has two lobes. Each lobe of salivary gland has many lobules called acini. Each acinus is a group of secretory cells called zymogen cells with a small ductule. The ductules of both the lobes of a salivary gland unite to form a common salivary duct on each side.
TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper March 2019 12

The two common salivary ducts are joined to form the median salivary duct. Between the two lobes of a salivary gland of each side is a sac called salivary receptacular duct or common reservoir duct. The midioiis salivary duct opens into the common receptacular duct. Later these two form an efferent salivaryduct. The efferent salivary duct opens at the base of the hypopharynx. Acinar cells secrete saliva, which contains starch digesting enzymes such as amylase.

Hepatic caecae : The hepatic caecae are also termed midguts caecae. They contain secretory and absorptive cells.

Glandular cells of the mesenteron : The glandular cells of the mesenteron secrete enzymes such as maltase, invertase, proteases and lipase.

TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper March 2019

Question 21.
Describe different types of food chains that exist in an ecosystem.
Answer:
The food energy passes from one trophic level to another trophic level mostly from the lower to higher trophic levels. When the path of food energy is ‘linear’ the components resemble the ‘links’ of a chain and it is called ‘food chain’. Generally a food chain ends with decomposers. The three major types of food chains in an ecosystem are Grazing Food Chain, Parasitic Food Chain and Detritus Food Chain.
TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper March 2019 13
i) Grazing food chain: It is also known as predatory food chain, it begins, with the green plants (producers) and the second third and fourth trophic levels are occupied by the herbivores, primary carnivores and secondary carnivores respectively. In some food chains these is yet another trophic level – the climax carnivores. The number of trophic levels in food chains varies form 3 to 5 generally. Some examples from grazing food chain (GFC) are given below.
TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper March 2019 14
ii) Parasitic food chain : Some authors included the Parasitic Food Chains as a part of the GFC. As in the case of GFCs, it also begins with the producers, the plants (directly or indirectly). However, the food energy passes from large organisms to small organisms in the parasitic chains. For instance, a tree which occupies the 1st trophic level provides shelter and food for many birds. These birds host many ectoparasites and endo parasites. Thus, unlike in the predator food chain, the path of the flow of energy includes fewer, large sized organisms in the lower trophic levels and numerous, small sized organisms in the successive higher trophic levels.

iii) Detritus Food Chain : The detritus food chain (DFC) begins with dead organic matter (such as leaf litter, bodies of dead organisms). It is made up of decomposers which-are heterotrophic organisms, mainly the ‘fungi’ and ‘bacteria’. They meet their energy and nutrient requirements by degrading dead organic matter or detritus. These are also known as saprotrophs (sapro : to decompose).

Decomposers : Secrete digestive enzymes that breakdown dead and waste materials (such as faeces) into simple absorbable substances. Some examples of detritus food chains are :

  1. Detritus (formed from leaf litter) – Earthworms – Frogs – Snakes.
  2. Dead animals – Flies and maggots – Frogs – Snakes.

In an aquatic ecosystem, GFC is the major ‘conduit’ for the energy flow. As against this in a terrestrial ecosystem, a much larger fraction of energy flows through the detritus food chain than through the GFC. Detritus food chain may be connected with the grazing food chain at some levels. Some of the organisms of DFC may form the prey of the GFC animals. For example, in the detritus food chain given above, the earthworms of the DFC may become the food of the birds of the GFC. It is to be understood that food chains are not isolated1 always.

AP Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Paper Set 1 with Solutions

Exploring a variety of AP Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Papers Set 1 is key to a well-rounded exam preparation strategy.

AP Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Paper Set 1 with Solutions

Time : 3 Hours
Max Marks : 100

सूचनाएँ :

  1. सभी प्रश्न अनिवार्य हैं ।
  2. जिस क्रम में प्रश्न दिये गये हैं, उसी क्रम से उत्तर लिखना अनिवार्य है ।

खण्ड – ‘क’
(60 अंक)

1. साँच बराबर तप नहीं, झूठ बराबर पाप ।
जाके हिरदै साँच है, ताके हिरदै आप ॥
उत्तर:
प्रसंग :- यह दोहा कबीरदास के द्वारा लिखी गयी ‘साखी’ नामक रचना से लिया गया है । वे निर्गुणशाखा के अन्तर्गत ज्ञानमार्ग शाखा से संबंधित सन्त कवि थे ।
संदर्भ :- इसमे कवि सत्य की महानता के बारे में कह रहे हैं ।
व्याख्या :- कवि का कहना है कि सत्य तपस्या के समान पुण्य है और झूठ पाप है । जिसके हृदय मे सत्य की भावना रहती है, उसके हृदय में हमेशा ईश्वर निवास करता है ।

विशेषताएँ :

  1. हमेशा सत्य बोलने का सन्देश कवि दे रहे है ।
  2. उनकी भाषा सदुक्कडी है ।

(अथवा)

रहिमन धागा प्रेम का, मत तोडो झटकाय ।
टूटे से फिर ना जुरे, जेरे गाँठ पड जाय ॥
उत्तर:
प्रसंग :- यह दोहा रहीम के द्वारा लिखी गयी दोहावली से लिया गया है । वे भक्तिकाल से सम्बन्धित कृष्ण भक्त कवि थे ।
सन्दर्भ :- इसमें कवि प्रेम की महानता के बारे में कह रहे हैं ।
व्याख्या :- रहीम का कहना है कि प्रेम रूपी कच्चे धागे को खीचकर मत तोडो। क्यों कि उसको फिर ठीक करना आसान नहीं है । यदि टूटे धागे को बाँधा भी जाय, फिर भी उसमे जोडने के गाँठ दिखाई पडते हैं । उसी प्रकार यदि प्रेम की भावना नही होती तो मानव सम्बन्ध भी ठीक से नही चलते |

विशेषताए :-

  1. सब के साथ प्रेमपूर्वक व्यवहार करने का सन्देश कवि देते हैं ।
  2. उनकी भाषा व्रज भाषा है ।

2. किसी एक कविता का सारांश लिखिए ।

(1) सुरज – दुःख
उत्तर:
प्रसंग :- सुमित्रानंदन पंत जी का जन्म सन् 1900 ई. मे. उत्तर प्रदेश अल्मोडा जिले के कौसानी ग्राम मे हुआ । उन्होने हिन्दी के साथ साथ संस्कृत, बंगला, अंग्रेजी आदि भाषाओं का अध्ययन किया । प्रकृति के उपासक होने के कारण उन्हे प्रकृति का सुकुमार कवि कहा जाता है। पल्लव, वीणा, ग्रथि, ग्राम्या, स्वर्णधूलि आदि प्रमुख रचनाएँ हैं । उनकी भाषा संस्कृत के तत्सम शब्दों से युक्त खडीबोली है ।

सारांश :- कवि का कहना है कि हमेशा सुख और दुख भी जीवन के लिए अच्छा नही । सुख और दुख दोनों के साथ खेल मिचौनी करना चाहिए । अर्थात् जीवन में सुख और दुख एक दूसरे के साथ आना ही चाहिए । सुख और दुख होने के साथ ही जीवन परिपूर्ण होता है । जिस प्रकार आकाश में घने बादलों के बीच चन्द्रमा और चाँदनी से बादल घेरे जाते हैं उसी प्रकार सुख और दुख एक दूसरे के बाद आते जाते है ।

सारा जगत कभी कभी अति दुख से और अति सुख से पीडित होता रहता है । लेकिन मानव जीवन में सुख और दुख दोनों को समान रूप में स्वीकारना चाहिए । हमेशा सुख और हमेशा । दुख दोनो भी जीवन के लिए दुखदायक है। जिस प्रकार जीवन में दिन और रात का आना जाना स्वाभाविक है | उसी प्रकार जीवन में सुख और दुख का आना जाना भी स्वाभाविक है ।

जिस प्रकार सायंकाल सूर्योदय का आगमन विरह के बाद मिलन जीवन के लिए आनन्ददायक होता है | आनन्द और दुख हमेशा जीवन मे आता जाता रहता है । यही मानव जीवन है ।

इस प्रकार कवि इसमें जीवन मे स्वाभाविक और प्राकृतिक नियमों के बारे मे चित्रण करते हुए जीवन के लिए सुख और दुख जितना स्वाभाविक होते है उनके बारे मे व्यक्त कर रहे है । सुख । और दुख दोनो को समान रूप मे स्वीकारने का सन्देश दे रहे हैं। उनकी भाषा सरल खडीबोली है ।

(2) अकाल और उसके बाद
उत्तर:
कवि ने इस्के अकाल के समय और अकान के बाद की स्थिती को दो पद्यों के द्वारा विस्तार रूप मे वर्णन किया । अंकाल के समय मे घर पर खाने के लिए अनाज का अभाव है इसलिए कई दिनो से जला और अनाज के अभाव से आठा न पीसने के कारण चक्की के भी काम नही किया । चूहे चूल्हा न जलने से घर का एक का अंख वाला कुत्ता उसी के पास सो रही है । खाना न मिलने से सारा घर और आदी जन्तुएँ भी उदास है । घर के लोग उदास से एक बैठे हुए है । और दीवार पर छिपकलियाँ गस्ती देखे हैं । कई दिनों से अकाल से पीडित होते वाले घरों में अनाज न मिलने से चूहो की स्थिति भी बडी दयनीय थी ।

अब अकाल चल गया | बहुत दिनों के बाद घर मे अनाज आया । चूल्हे जलने से घर के आंगन मे धुँआ उठा । घर के सभी लोगो की आँखों मे चमक उठी अर्थात सब लोगों मे असाह भर गया । भोजन के बाद केंके हुए अन्न से अपने पेट भरने की आशा से काँठा भी पंख खुजलाकर इत्तर इन्तजार कर रही हैं ।

इस्प्रकार कवि ने अकाल से पीडित जनता की दयनी स्थिति और बाद की स्थिति का मार्मिक रूप से चित्रण किया है । अकल की दुस्थिति केवल लोंगों पर ही नहीं बल्कि उनके चारों ओर वातारिण को किस प्रकार प्रभावित करती है, उस्का स्पश्ट चित्रण किया है । उनकी भाषा सरल खडी बोली है।

AP Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Paper Set 1 with Solutions

3. किसी एक पाठ का सारांश लिखिए |

(1) आन्ध संस्कृति
उत्तर:
संस्कृति अर्जित आचरणों की एक व्यवस्था है। संस्कृति मानव की जीवन पद्धति है और विचारों, आचरणों और जीवन के मूल्यों का सामूहिक नाम है । भारतीय संस्कृति के बारे में दिनकर जी का कहना है कि संस्कृति जिंदगी का एक तरीका है और यह तरीका सदियों से जमा होकर एक उस समाज में छाया रहता है जिसमें हम जन्म लेते है ।

भारतीय संस्कृति वैदिक संस्कृति है । उसका प्रादेशिक रूप तेलुगु संस्कृति है और यही आन्ध्र संस्कृति कहलाती है । आन्ध्र राज्य का इतिहास शातवाहनों से आरंभ होता है । इनके समय मे आंध्र मे आर्य व द्रविड संस्कृतियों का अपूर्व संगम हुआ था । शातवाहनों के बाद आन्ध्र संस्कृति के विकास में इक्ष्वाकु, चोल, चालुक्य, पल्लव, काकतीय, विजयनगर राजाओं का महत्वपूर्ण योगदान रहा । काकतीयों के समय 14 वी शताब्दी में आंध्र मे मुसलमानों का प्रवेश हुआ | जिससे एक और नयी संस्कृति का समावेश हो गया । ऐतिहासिक व राजनीतिक रूप से आंध्र प्रदेश दो भागों में विभक्त है – कोस्ता तटीयान्ध्र तथा रायलसीमा । गोदावरी, कृष्ण, आन्ध्र की प्रमुख जीव- नदियाँ है इनके अलावा छोटी-छोटी नदियों भी प्रवाहि पायी जाती है । आन्ध्रप्रदेश कृषि प्रधान राज्य है और अनाज मुख्य फसल है इसके अलावा मकई, मिर्च, कपास, मूंगफली, तम्बाकू व जूट अन्य फसल है | आंगेलु पशुओं की भारतभर प्रसिद्धि है । आन्ध्र का एक विशेष उद्योग है – नौका निर्माण उद्योग |

आन्ध्र प्रदेश धार्मिक रूप से एक संपन्न राज्य है । यहाँ पर वैदिक, बौद्ध, जैन, अद्वैत, विशिष्टाद्वैत, इस्लाम, सिख, ईसाईधर्म, नास्तिक धर्म आदि विराजमान हैं । बौद्ध संस्कृति और जैन धर्म से संबंधित मन्दिर और स्तूप और अनेक विहार यहाँ पर व्याप्त है । हिन्दू देवी-देवताओं के मंदिर भी निर्मित हुए जैसे द्राक्षारामम्, हंपी, ताडिपत्रि, लेपाक्षी आदि। कला और संस्कृति का भी विकास यहां पर हुआ । यहाँ पर नाग, यक्ष जातियों के साथ-साथ अनेक पर्वत और जंगलों जातियों भी विकास हुआ ।

संस्कृति मानव जीवन की आदर्श आचार सहित है । संगीत, नृत्य, शिल्प, चित्रकलाओं के साथ हरिकथा, बुर्राकथा, चेंचु नाटक भी प्रचार मे है । अन्नमाचार्य, रामदास, त्यागराज और क्षेत्रच्या के साथ 3 बीसवी राती के मंगलंपल्लि बालमुरली कृष्ण भी प्रसिद्ध वाग्गेयकार थे । कूचिपूडि, भरतनाट्यम, कथकली, कथक नृत्यों के साथ कलंकारी, कोंडपल्लि गुडियाँ, एटिकोप्पाका गुडिया, मंगलगिरि, उप्पाडा, पोंडूरू, वेंकटगिरि वस्त्र आदि प्रसिद्धि है ।
आन्ध्र प्रान्त मे अनेक पर्व और त्योहार मनाये जाते है जैसे संक्रांति, महाशिवरात्रि, उगादि, श्रीरामनवमी एरुवाका पूर्णिमा, विनायक चविति, दशहरा, दीपावली रमजान क्रिसमस आदि बनाया जाता है | विवाह तो जीवन मे सबसे महत्वपूर्ण संस्कार है । यहाँ के स्त्री-पुरुष कईतरह के आभूषण पहना करते थे । अनेक तरह के खेल खेला करते थे । यहाँ के व्यंजन भी सांप्रदायिक और प्रसिद्ध है | चावल प्रधान भौजन है । अमरावती, अन्नवरम् तिरूपति कनकदुर्गम्मा नन्दिर, पंचारामम यहाँ के प्रसिद्ध मन्दिर है ।

आंध्रसंस्कृति का आरंभ ही भारतीय संस्कृति की सुरक्षा के उद्देश्य से हुआ। संस्कृत के प्रायः सभी इतिहास, पुराण, काव्य व नाटक तेलुगु मे अनुदित हुआ है। आंध्र में अष्टावधान नामक एक विशिष्ट साहित्य प्रक्रिया विकसित हुआ । आन्ध्र की राजभाषा तेलुगु है । नन्नया, तिक्कना, एराप्रगडा ने महाकाव्य महाभारत का तेलुगु मे अनुवाद किया। प्राचीनकाल के रचनाकारों में पालकुरिक सोमनाथ, श्रीनाथ, पोतना और आधुनिक साहित्यकारों मे गुरजाडा, कंदुकूरी, कृष्णाशास्त्री, श्री श्री, गुर्रम जाषुआ, चिन्नयसूरी जैसे और भी अनेक है ।

इस प्रकार आन्ध्र संस्कृति विभिन्न जाति, धर्म, जाति, व वर्ण के लोगों से मिश्रित है । फिर भी राज्य मे सामाजिक, सांस्कृतिक व धार्मिक एकरूपता का आभास स्पष्ट झलकता है ।

(2) पर्यावरण और जीवन
उत्तर:
मानव एक सामाजिक प्राणी है । व्यक्ति और परिवार से समाज का निर्माण होता है । वह अपनी आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति के लिए एक दूसरे भर निर्भर रहता है । मानव समाज के विकास में विज्ञान, वैज्ञानिक आविष्कारों, परिवाहन तथा संचार के साधनों और विविध यंत्रों आदि की महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका रही। इस प्रकार जहाँ मानव सभ्यता के विकास के साथ ही प्रकृति का शोषण आरम्भ हुआ, वहीं जनसंख्या की वृद्धि के साथ पृथ्वी पर प्रदूषण भी बढने लगा । इसके लिए प्रकृति की रक्षा और सुरक्षा को मानव जीवन के लिए अनिवार्य अंग बनाना होगा ।

पर्यावरण हमारे चारों ओर के वातावरण से सम्बंध है । पर्यावरण समस्त जीव-जन्तुओं, प्राणियों और मनुष्य के जीवन का आधार और अधिरचना अर्थात् पर्यावरण सभी के जीवन का अभिन्न अंग है, यही कारण कि आदिकाल से प्रकृति के सान्निध्य मे मानव ने अपने जीवन को विकसित किया है | जब जैविक तथा अजैविक पदार्थों के बीच संतुलन को पर्यावरण संतुलन कहा जाता है । आजकल पर्यावरण संतुलन बिगड़ रहा है ।

मनुष्य अपनी सुख-सुविधा के लिए प्राकृतिक सम्पदाओं को क्षति पहुँचा रहा है । पर्यावरण संकट प्रदूषण और असंतुलन का परिणाम है । यह संकट भूमि, जल वायु, ताप, ऊर्जा, खनिज, ध्वनि तथा वनस्पति आदि सभी क्षेत्रों मे उत्पन्न हो चुका है । यहा प्रदूषण विभिन्न रूपों में देखा जा सकता है । जैसे – भूमिप्रदूषण, वायुप्रदूषण, जल प्रदूषण, ध्वनि प्रदूषण आदि । इन प्रदूषणों ने न केवल मानव जीवन को संकटमय बना दिया है अपितु उसके लिए कई प्रकार की बीमारियों को भी उत्पन्न कर दिया । जैसे कम उम्र के बच्चों और वृद्धों के लिए स्वाँस की समस्या, ब्रोंकाइटिस, फेफडो की टी.बी. कैंसर, त्वचा का रोग आदि समस्याएँ बढती जा रही है । प्रदूषित पानी पीने से उदर संबंधी रोग बढ़ रहे है । ध्वनि प्रदूषण से महानगरों मे बहरेपन की समस्या बढ रही है ? मोबाइल फोन से निकलने वाले रेडिएशन से मनुष्य मे चिड़चिड़ापन, बेचैनी, हाई ब्लडप्रेशर एवं डिप्रेशन आदि मानसिक बीमारियाँ होने लगी है इसके इलावा कारखानों, अस्पतालों, प्लास्टिक से निकलने वाली जहरीली राख और केमीकल्स मिट्टी की उवराशक्ति कम हो रही है और कीटनाशक केमिकल्स स्वास्थ्य को प्रभावित कर रहे है ।

प्रदूषण निवारण के लिए उपाय : सबसे पहले आबादी का नियन्त्रण करना चाहिए । जंगलों को न काटना, औद्योगीकरण के समय में नियमों का पालन, जल की रक्षा, स्वच्छ भारत कार्यक्रम, पेड़ों को रोपना, कारखानों के विष पदार्थ को पानी में फेकने पर पाबंद रखना, प्रदूषण फैलाने वालों को दण्ड देना इन सभी के पालन करने से पर्यावरण की रक्षा और प्रदूषण से मुक्त हो जाएंगे |

4. किसी एक कहानी का सारांश लिखिए ।

(1) चीफ का द्रावत
उत्तर:
मिस्टर शामनाथ अपने घर में ‘चीफ’ को दावत पर बुलाते है । अपनी धर्म पत्नी के साथ मिलकर सारी तैयारियाँ करने लगता है । चीफ अमेरिकन है । उसको खुश करने से शामनाथ को नौकरी में तरक्की होगी । इसलिए दावत की शाम घर की सभी चीजों को चीफ के अनुरूफ बनाने की चेष्टा की जाती है । ड्रिंक का इंतजाम बैठक में कर दिया गया 1 घर का फालतू सामान अलमारियों के पीछे और पलंगों के नीचे छिपाया जाने लगा । तब उसको अपनी बूढ़ी माँ की याद आती है । अब प्रश्न उठता है कि उसको कहाँ छिपाना है । उस बुढ़िया लोगों के सामने आना- जाना, नींद में उठे खर्राटे की आवाज ये सब किसी के सामने प्रस्तुत होना शामनाथ के लिए पसंद नही है | इसलिए माँ को अनेक चेतन चेतावनियाँ देते है कि ठीक से कुर्सी पर बैठकर रहना है, पार्टी खतम होने तक नही सोना है। माँ सब के लिए राजी होकर उसके कहे अनुसार अच्छी साडी पहनकर अपने घर में बैठ जाती है ।

चीफ अपनी पत्नी के साथ दावत पर आते है । सभी अतिथि लोग आते है । दावत शुरु हो जाती है। ड्रिंक होने के बाद बरामदे में आते तो वहाँ उसकी माँ कुर्सी पर पैर रखकर सो रही है । यह दृश्या देखकर शामनाथ कृद्ध हो उठे । पर चीफ और उसकी पत्नी उस पर बडी सहानुभूति देखने है । चीफ माँ को वहाँ से जाने नही देते तथा पंजाबी लोक गीत सुनाने का आग्रह करते है | माँ शामनाथ की सोच के विरुद्ध अच्छी तरह गाकर चीफ एवं मेहमानों को प्रश्न करती है । माँ के हाथों में बनी ‘फुलकारी’ चीफ को बहुत पसंद आता है । उसके हाथों से बनी फुलकारी के लिए वापस आने का वादा करता है । इस प्रकार उसकी बूढ़ी माँ अचानक ही मूल्यवान सिद्ध हो उठती है । जो बेकार थी वही तरक्की का जरिया बन जाती है। उससे फुलकारी बनाने की ताकत नही होने पर भी अपने बेटे की तरक्की के लिए खुद बनाना चाहती है ।

इस प्रकार आजकल माँ-बेटे के संबंध में प्रेम आदर भावनाएँ लुप्त हो रही है। शामनाथ अपनी नौकरी के लिए माँ को आतंक मानता है। लेकिन उसी के द्वारा उसकी इच्छा पूर्ण हो जाती है। माँ के पाश्चात्य सभ्यता का प्रभाव, माँ की ममता का सजीव चित्रण उसमें किया गया है ।

(2) वापसी
उत्तर:
गजाधर बाबू रेल्वे में नौकरी करते है । पैंतीस साल वहाँ क्वार्टरो मे रहकर परिवार से दूर जीवन बिता रहा था । यहाँ पर उसका जीवन गौरवमय और प्रशान्त था । पर उनकी एक ही कमी थी कि परिवार उससे दूर था। अब वह रिटाइर होकर घर वापस जा रहा था। परिवार के साथ मिलकर रहने की खुशी उसमे अधिक है । पर वापस आने के बाद उसको ऐसा लगता है कि परिवार के सदस्थ उसके वापसी पर सन्तृष्ट नही थे । घर आने के बाद सब मे कुछ-न- कुछ परिवर्तन लाना चाहता है । सब को सुखी देखना चाहता है । लेकिन कोई भी इसके लिए तैयार नहीं थे । इतना तक कि पत्नि भी उसके प्रति सन्तुष्ट नही है ।

गजाधर बाबू के मन मे संघर्ष उत्पन्न होता है । वह सभी असंतोष से निराश होकर सभी विषयो से दूर रहना चाहता है । लेकिन अन्त मे वह यह निष्कर्ष पर पहुँचता है कि घर मे रहकर सभी विषयों से दूर रहना आसान नही है । पैंतीस साल से परिवार के सभी लोग उसके अलग रहने से आदत हो गए । अब उसको अपने साथ शामिल करने मे परिवार के सदस्यों को अनेक समस्याए आ रही हैं | यह विषय जानकर गजाधर बाबू फिर घर से दूर होने का निश्चय कर लेता है । सेठ रामजीमल की चीनी मील मे नौकरी प्राप्त कर लेता है । सब से विदा लेते हुए पत्नी से अपने साथ आने का अनुरोध करता है। लेकिन उसकी पत्नी पति को छोडकर परिवार सभी सदस्यों के साथ रहना पसंद करती है । यह विषय जानकर विरक्त होकर गजाधर बाबू घर से दूर एकांत जीवन को बिताने चला जाता है । पत्नी भी इसी मे सबकी भलाई समझती है ।

इस प्रकार इसमे मध्यवगीर्य बदलते पारिवारिक संबंधों की यथार्थ झाँकी प्रस्तुत की गई है । नयी पीढी की आधुनिक जीवन शैली तथा हृदयहीनता पर प्रकाश डाला गया है ।

5. निम्नलिखित दो पद्यांशों की संदर्भ सहित व्याख्या कीजिए ।

(1) मुझे तोड़ लेना वनमाली !
उस पथ पर देना तुम फेंक ।
मातृ भूमि पर शीश चढने,
जिस पभ जावें वीर अनेक ।
उत्तर:
प्रसंग :- यह पद्य ‘फूल की चाह’ नामक कविता से लिया गया है । यह कविता माखनलाल चतुर्वेदी के द्वारा लिखी गई है । वे भारतीय आत्मा के रूप से प्रसिद्ध है ।
सन्दर्भ :- कवि फूल की चाह के द्वारा अपनी देशभक्ति भावना को व्यक्त कर रहे हैं । व्याख्या :- कवि फूलों के द्वारा अपना विचार व्यक्त कर रहे है कि हे वनवाली ! मुझे अवश्य तोड़ लो | पर तोड़कर उस रास्ते मे मुझे फेंक दो जिस रास्ते पर मातृभूमि के लिए बलिदान करने के लिए वीर जाते है । ताकि उनके चरणों के नीचे पड़कर मैं पवित्र हो जाऊँगी और उनके पैरों को मै राहत दूँगी ।

विशेषताएँ :-

  1. देश के लिए बलिदान करने वाले वीरो के प्रति कवि का गौरव स्पष्ट हो रहा है ।
  2. उनकी भाषा सरल खडीबोली है ।

(2) दो टूक कलेजे के करता पछताता पथ पर आता
पेट – पीठ दोनों मिलकर है एक
चल रहा लकुटिया टेक
मुट्टी भर दाने को – भूख मिटाने को
मुँह फटी पुरानी झोली का फैलता –
दो टूक कलेटे के करता पछताता पभ पर आता ।
उत्तर:
प्रसंग :- यह पद्य निराला जी के द्वारा लिखी गयी ‘भिक्षुक’ नामक कविता से लिया गया है वे छायावादी कवि है ।
सन्दर्भ :- इसके एक भिक्षुक की दयनीय स्थिति का वर्णन किया गया है ।
व्याख्या : – कवि एक भिक्षुक के जीवन का वर्णन कर रहा है कि एक भिक्षुक अपनी दयनीय स्थिति पर टूटे हृदय से उस पथ पर आ रहा है । भूख के कारण उसका पेट और पीट दोनों मिले हुए है । अपनी भूख मिटाने एक मुट्ठी भर अन्न के लिए लकडी टेकता हुआ आ रहा है । वह लकडी के सहारे खडे होकर अपने फटे हुए झोले का मुँह फैलाता है । अपनी दयनीय स्थिति से वह टूटे हृदय से मन ही मन रो रहा हैं ।

विशेषताएँ :-

  1. शोषित वर्ग के प्रति कवि की सहानुभूति व्यक्त होती है |
  2. इसके कवि की प्रगतिवादी धारणा स्पष्ट होती है ।
  3. उनकी भाषा शुद्ध खडीबोली है ।

(3) जग पीडित अति दुख से
जग पीडित रे अति – सुख से
मानत – जग में बंद जाएँ
दुख सुख से औ सुख दुख से
उत्तर:
प्रसंग :- यह पद्य सुमित्रानंदन पंत के द्वारा लिखी गयी ‘सुख-दुख’ नामक कविता से लिया गया है । वे प्रकृति का सुकुमार कवि कहे जाते है ।

सन्दर्भ :- इसमें कवि सुख-दुख को समान रूप में स्वीकार करने की बात कह रहे हैं ।
व्याख्या :- कवि का कहना है कि यह संसार हमेशा अति दुख से और अति सुख से पीडित होता रहता हैं | लेकिन मानव जीवन मे सुख और दुख समान रूप मे बाँट जाना चाहिए ।

विशेषताएँ :-

  1. जीवन के लिए सुख और दुख होने का आवश्यकता के बारे में कवि कह रहे हैं ।
  2. उनकी भाषा खडीबोली हैं ।

(4) कई दिनों तक चूल्हा रोया, चक्की रही उदास ।
कई दिनों तक कानी कुतिया सोई उनके पास ||
कई दिनों तक लगी भीत पर छिपकलियों की गरत ।
कई दिनों तक चूहों की भी हालत रही शिकरत ॥
उत्तर:
प्रसंग :- यह पद्य को नागार्जुन द्वारा लिखे गयी अकाल और उसके बाद कविता से लिया गया है । वे प्रगतिवादी कवि थे और आधुनिक कबीर से प्रसिद्ध थे ।
सन्दर्भ :- इस्में कवि अकाल के समय देश की स्थिति और लोगों की दयनीय स्थिति की ओर सकेत कर रहे है ।
व्याख्या :- अकाल के समय अनाज न मिलने के कारण घर में चूलहा नही जल रहे हँ । आटा न पिसने के कारण चक्की भी बन्द भी । चूलहे न जलने से उसे घर का कुत्ता सो रहा है । घर के लोगों की उदासी से दीवार के छिपकलियां मस्तसे गस्ती दे रहे है और अनाज न मिलने से घर के चूहों की स्थिति भी दयनीय हो गयी ।

विशेषताएँ :-

  1. कवि की प्रगतिवादी धारणा का चित्रण हो रहा है ।
  2. उनकी भाषा सरल खडीबोली है ।

AP Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Paper Set 1 with Solutions

6. निम्नलिखित किन्हीं दो गद्यांशों की संदर्भ सहित व्याख्या कीजिए :

(1) आंध्र संस्कृति का आरंभ ही भारतीय संस्कृति की सुरक्षा के उद्देश्य से हुआ ।
उत्तर:
प्रसंग :- यह वाक्य ‘आन्ध्र संस्कृति नामक पाठ से लिया गया है इसमें आन्ध्र संस्कृति पर विभिन्न रूपों में दृष्टि डाला गया है ।
सन्दर्भ :- भारतीय संस्कृति के अंतर्गत आन्ध्र संस्कृति का विकास किस प्रकार हुआ है, इसके प्रति ध्यान दिया गया है ।
व्याख्या :- भारतीय संस्कृति की सुरक्षा को दृष्टि में रखकर ही आन्ध्र संस्कृति का विकास हुआ है । मूल मे भारतीय संस्कृति वैदिक संस्कृति है । संस्कृत के प्रायः सभी इतिहास, पुराण, काव्य व नाटक तेलुगु मे अनुदित है । चंपु काव्य शैली, गद्य रहित द्विपद, शतक, आदि, तेलुगु मे भी लिखे गये । संस्कृत का महाभारत भी तेलुगु मे अनुदित किया गया है। उससे भारतीय संस्कृति सुरक्षित और सर्वव्याप्त हो जाती है ।

विशेषताएँ :-

  1. भारतीय संस्कृति के प्रति लेखक की रुचि स्पष्ट हो जाती है ।
  2. उनकी भाषा खड़ीबोली है।

(2) प्रकृति के दोहन और शोषण के स्थान पर प्रकृति के पोषण और रक्षण का दायित्व अपनाना होगा ।
उत्तर:
प्रसंग :- यह संदर्भ पर्यावरण और प्रदूषण नामक लेख से लिया गया है ।
सन्दर्भ :- इसमें पर्यावरण प्रदूषण से होने वाले नष्टों के बारे कहकर उसका निवारण के लिए सुझाव दे रहे हैं।

व्याख्या :- प्रकृति ही हमारे जीवन का आधार और पोषित करने वाली शक्ति है जिसके बिना पृथ्वी पर किसी भी जीव-जन्तु और मानव और पशु के जीवन की कल्पना ही संभव नही है । इसलिए पर्यावरण को सोषित करना और प्रदूषण मुक्त रखना आवश्यक है । इसलिए पर्यावरण प्रदूषण से प्रकृति की हानी को रोककर उसकी सुरक्षा करने का दायित्व हम सब पर है ।

विशेषताएँ :-

  1. इसमें पर्यावरण प्रदूषण के बारे मे कहा गया है ।
  2. उनकी भाषा सरल है ।

(3) जिस जाति या देश ने इस धर्म को अपनाया, वह चारों फलों का भाग्यी हुआ और जिसने इसे दुराया, उसके लिए नरक में भी टिकाना नहीं ।
उत्तर:
प्रसंग :- यह उद्धरण राहुल सांस्कृत्यायन के द्वारा लिखी गयी अथातो घुमक्कड जिज्ञासा नामक यात्रा वृत्तांत है । वे पुरातत्व इतिहास के विशेष ज्ञाता रहे हैं और उनका यात्रा साहित्य अत्यन्त महत्वपूर्ण रहा है।
सन्दर्भ :- लेखक इसमें घुमक्कडी प्रवृत्ति को सर्वश्रेष्ठ माना है और उसकी महानता को इसमें स्पष्ट करते हैं ।
व्याख्या :- समाज कल्याण के लिए घुमक्कड धर्म आवश्यक चीज हैं । जिस देश या जाति घुमक्कड धर्म को अपनाती है तो उज्वल भविष्य को प्राप्त कर लेती है यदि घुमक्कड प्रकृति से दूर तो जाते है तो भविष्य अंधकारमय होता है । घुमक्कड धर्म का अनुसरण करने से देश की उन्नति होती है ।

विशेषताएँ :-

  1. घुमक्कड धर्म को अपनाने का सन्देश लेखक देते हैं ।
  2. उनकी भाषा सरल खडीबोली है ।

(4) माँ आपकी खूबसुरती को मैं एक ….. सिर्फ एक काम ला सकता हूँ – उसका हिन्दू विधि से पूजन कँरु, उसकी इस्लामी तरीके से इबादत करूँ ।
उत्तर:
प्रसंग :- यह उद्धरण ‘शिवाजी का सच्चा स्वरूप’ नामक एकांकी से लिया गया है। इसके लेखक सेठ गोविन्ददास जी है । आप गाँधी जी से प्रभावित होकर स्वतंत्रता संग्राम मे भी भाग लेकर जेल भी गये ।
सन्दर्भ :- इसमें स्त्री के प्रति शिवाजी का सम्मान और हिन्दू-मुस्लिम के बीच एकता की भावना स्पष्ट होती है ।
व्याख्या :- सेनापति मोरोपंत पिंगले के नेतृत्व में शिवाजी की सेना ने कल्याण प्रान्त को परास्त करके उसका खजाना और साथ-साथ अहमद की पुत्र वधू को भी लाकर शिवाजी के सामने प्रस्तुत करता है । वह बहुत खूबसूरत थी । पर शिवाजी उसको देखने होकर क्षमा याचना करता है | उसकी सुन्दरता को वह हिन्दू विधि से पूजा कर इस्लामी तरीके से इबादत करना चाहता है ।

विशेषताएँ :-

  1. स्त्री मे माता के दर्शन करने में भारतीय संस्कृति को दर्शाया गया है ।
  2. इनकी भाषा सरल है ।

7. एक शब्द में उत्तर दीजिए ।

(1) कबीरदास जी ने सच ओर झूठ के महत्व को कैसे बताया है ?
उत्तर:
कबीरदास जी ने सच को तपस्या के समान पुण्य और झूठ को पाप कहा है ।

(2) रहीम ने छोटे का महत्व किस प्रकार स्थापित किया है ?
उत्तर:
रहीम ने कहा कि छोटे लोगों को उपेक्षा करके बड़े लोगों की प्रशंसा करना अच्छा नही है ।

(3) ‘वनमाली’ शब्द का अर्थ बताइये ।
उत्तर:
बागवानी करने वाला ।

(4) किस के मधुर मिलन से यह जीवन परिपूरन हो जाता है ?
उत्तर:
सुख दुख के मधुर मिलन से यह जीवन परिपूरन हो जाता है ।

(5) (‘भिखारी’) कविता के कवि कौन हैं ?
उत्तर:
भिखारी / भिक्षुक कविता के कवि सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी निराला जी है।

8. एक शब्द में उत्तर लिखिए ।

(1) कौन सी संस्कृति ही आन्ध्र संस्कृति है ?
उत्तर:
तेलुगु संस्कृति ही आन्ध्र संस्कृति है ।

(2) एक बार सेनापति पिंगले के नेतृत्व में शिवाजी की सेना ने किस प्रान्त पर आक्रमण किया था ?
उत्तर:
कल्याण प्रान्त पर आक्रमण किया था ।

(3) दुनिया में मनुष्य का जन्म कितने बार होता है ?
उत्तर:
एक ही बार होता है ।

(4) पर्यावरण दिवस कब मनाते है ?
उत्तर:
जून 5 को पर्यावरण दिवस मनाते है |

(5) श्री चन्द्रशेखर वेंकटरामन को 1930 में कौन सा पुरस्कार दया गया ?
उत्तर:
नोबेल पुरस्कार

खण्ड – ‘ख’
(40 अंक)

9. निम्नलिखित में से कोई एक पत्र लिखिए ।
नौकरी केलिए आवेदन पत्र लिखिए ।
उत्तर:

नरसराव पेट,
दिनांक 17.07.2018.

प्रेषक :
वी. सहदेवी,

मकान नं. बी – 185
एन. जी. वो कॉलोनी,
नरसराव पेट 522601.

सेवा में,
प्रधानाचार्य जी,
एस.के.बीर. आर. कॉलेज,
माचर्ला

विषय : हिन्दी प्राध्यापक के लिए आवेदन पत्र |
संदर्भ : दैनिक ईनाडु में 20.6.2018 को प्रकाशित विज्ञापन ।

दैनिक ईनाडु में प्रकाशित आपके विज्ञापन के द्वारा मुझे पता चला कि आपके कॉलेज में हिन्दी प्राध्यापक की नौकरी खाली है । इसके उत्तर में मैं आपना आवेदन पत्र आपकी सेवा में विचारार्थ भेज रही हूँ । आपसे प्रार्थना है कि मेरा आवेदन स्वीकार करें मेरे संबंध में विवरण साथ संलग्न हैं ।

भवदीय,
वी. सहदेवी

संलग्न :

1. दसवी कक्षा प्रमाण पत्र |
2. इंटरमीडियट प्रमाण पत्र |
3. बी. ए. प्रमाण पत्र |
4. एम. ए. प्रमाण पत्र ।
5. चिकित्सा प्रमाण पत्र |
6. अनुभव प्रमाण पत्र |
7. यू.जी.सी. नेट प्रमाण पत्र |

अनुभव- मैं स्थानीय प्रभुत्व जूनियर कलाशाला में तीन वर्ष से हिन्दी प्राध्यापिका का काम कर रही हूँ | अंग्रेजी माध्यम से पढने वाले छात्रों के आवश्यकतानुसार मैं अंग्रेजी में भी समझा सकती हूँ ।

धन्यवाद !

हस्ताक्षर
वी. सहदेवी

(अथवा )

पुलिस स्टेशन के नाम शिकायती पत्र लिखिए ।
उत्तर:

पिडुगुराला,
दिनांक 25.11.2018.

प्रेषक :
बी. सुरेश,
मकान नं. – 177,
कस्तूरी नगर,
पिडुगुराल्ला – 522413.

सेवा में,
पुलिस इंसपेक्टर,
पुलिस थाना,
पिडुगुराल्ला – 522413,
महोदय,

निवेदन है कि कल रात हमारे घर में चोरी हुई है । आज सुबह हम गुंटुर से लौटे तो देखा कि घर का दरवाजा खुला पड़ा है हम बहुत भयभीत हुए घर के अंदर जाकर देखे तो पूरा सामान बिखरे पड़े हुए हैं । अलमारी का भी दरवाजा खुला पड़ा है । अलमारी में रखे पाँच हजार रूपये, सोने का हार तथा कुछ प्रमाण पत्र की चोरी की गयी है । इसलिए आपसे प्रार्थना है कि आप शीघ्रातिशीघ्र चोरों का पता लगाएँ और हमारी चीजों को दिलवाने की कृपा करें ।

आपका,
बी. सुरेश

AP Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Paper Set 1 with Solutions

10. किन्हीं पाँच (5) शब्दों के विलोम शब्द लिखिए ।

(1) अपना × पराया
(2) गुप्त × प्रकट
(3) विशेष × सामान्य
(4) महात्मा × दुरात्मा
(5) राजा × रंक
(6) आयात × निर्थात
(7) गर्मी × सर्दी
(8) जङ × चेतन
(9) पाप × पुण्य
(10) जीवन × मरण

11. किन्हीं पाँच शब्दों के समानार्थी शब्द लिखिए ।

(1) राजा = सम्राट, भूपति, नृपति, नरेश
(2) पानी = जल, नीर, सलिल, वारि
(3) वन = कानन, जंगल, अरण्य
(4) शरीर = देह, तनु, तन, कलेवर
(5) कमल = नलिन, अरविंद, पद्म, पंकज
(6) इच्छा = अभिलाषा, अभिप्राय, चाह, कामना
(7) फूल = पुष्प, कुसुम, सुमन, प्रसून
(8) ओंठ = ओष्ठ, होंठ, अधर
(9) अंधकर = तम, तिमिर, तमिस्त्र, अंधेश
(10) आकाश = नभ, गगन, अम्बर, व्योम, आसमान

12. किन्हीं पाँच शब्दों की शुद्ध वर्तनी लिखिए ।

(a) मरन – मरण
(b) धरम – धर्म
(c) बारत – भारत
(d) पूल – फूल
(e) सुरज – सूरज
(f) नर्क – नरक
(g) जै – जथ
(h) जावो – जाओ
(i) विध्या – विधा
(j) चात्र – छात्र

13. किन्हीं पाँच शब्दों का अनुवाद हिन्दी में कीजिए ।

(a) Secretary = सचिव
(b) Class = कक्षा, वर्ग
(c) Player = खिलाडी
(d) Parliament = संसद
(e) Typist = टंकण
(f) Senior = वरिष्ठ
(g) Cashier = रोकडिया
(h) Fual = इंधन
(i) Earth Quake = भूकंप
(j) Supreme Court = सर्वोच्च न्यायालय

14. कारक चिह्नों की सहायता से रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति कीजिए ।

(1) हिन्दी भारत ____ राजभाषा है ।
(2) कृष्ण ने कंस _____ मारा |
(3) पेड _____ फल गिर गये ।
(4) मेज़ _____ किताबें रखी हैं ।
(5) यह शीला ______ माँ है ।
उत्तर:
(1) हिन्दी भारत की राजभाषा है ।
(2) कृष्ण ने कंस को मारा |
(3) पेड से फल गिर गये ।
(4) मेज़ पर किताबें रखी हैं ।
(5) यह शीला की माँ है ।

AP Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Paper Set 1 with Solutions

15. सूचना के अनुसार वाक्य में परिवर्तन कीजिए ।

(1) गाथक गीत गाता है । (रेखांकित शब्द का लिंग बदलकर लिखिए |)
उत्तर:
गायिका गीत गाती है ।

(2) छत पर कौआ बैठा है । (रेखांकित शब्द का वचन बदलकर लिखिए |)
उत्तर:
छत पर कौआ बैठे हैं ।

(3) गोपाल निडर लड़का है । (रेखांकित शब्द में उपसर्ग क्या है ?)
उत्तर:
नि – उपसर्ग

(4) दूधवाला दूध बेचता है | (रेखांकित शब्द में प्रत्यय क्या है ?)
उत्तर:
वाला प्रत्यय

(5) गोपाल पुस्तक पढ़ता है । (भविष्यत् काल में लिखिए ।)
उत्तर:
गोपाल पुस्तक पढेगा |

16. सुचना के अनुसार भाषा विभाग को पहाचानिए :

(a) मौनिका पुस्तक पढती है | (इस वाक्य में संज्ञा क्या है)
उत्तर:
मौनिका

(b) आप क्या कर रहे हैं ? (वाक्य में सर्वनाम को सुचित कीजिए)
उत्तर:
आप

(c) कल वेदवात्सव पुस्तक लाएगा । (इस वाक्य में क्रिया क्या है)
उत्तर:
लाना

(d) मोटा आदमी चल रहा है । (इस वाक्य में विशेषण क्या है)
उत्तर:
मोटा

(e) बह धीरे धीरे चलता है । (इस वाक्य में क्रिया विशेषण पहचानकर लिखिए)
उत्तर:
धीरे – धीरे

TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper May 2022

Varied difficulty levels in TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Model Papers and TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper May 2022 cater to students with diverse academic strengths and challenges.

TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper May 2022

Time: 3Hours
Max. Marks: 60

Section – A
10 x 2 = 20

Note:

  • Answer ANY TEN questions.
  • Each Question carries TWO marks.
  • All are very short answer-type questions.

Question 1.
What does ICZN stand for?

Question 2.
What is meant by tautonymy? Give two examples.

Question 3.
Distinguish between a tendon and a ligament.

TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper May 2022

Question 4.
What is Aristotle’s lantern? Give one example of an animal possessing it.

Question 5.
Distinguish between mut and spawn.

Question 6.
What is a hyper-parasite? Mention the name of one hyper-parasite.

Question 7.
What is biogenesis?

Question 8.
Distinguish between holocrine and apocrine glands.

Question 9.
What are circadian rhythms?

Question 10.
What is a Sesamoid bone Give an example.

Question 11.
What are the functions of canal system of sponges?

Question 12.
Define species richness.

Question 13.
What do you call the first and second pairs of cephalic appendages of a scorpion?

TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper May 2022

Question 14.
What are claspers? Which group of fishes possesses them?

Question 15.
Define neoplasia. Give one example.

Section – B
6 x 4 = 24

Note:

  • Answer ANY SIX questions.
  • Each Question carries FOUR marks.
  • All are of short answer type questions.
  • Draw labelled diagrams wherever necessary.

Question 16.
Explain ‘Rivet Popper hypothesis.

Question 17.
Write a short note on lymph.

Question 18.
What is the class to which the flukes belong? Write short notes on the chief characters of that group.

Question 19.
What are the reasons for greater biodiversity in the tropics?

Question 20.
Compare and contrast cartilaginous and bony fishes.

Question 21.
Describe the structure of a multipolar neuron.

Question 22.
Write eight salient features of the class Amphibia.

Question 23.
What is the evil quartet?

Question 24.
Explain the pathogenicity of Wuchereria bancrofti in man.

Question 25.
What are the features peculiar to ratite birds? Give two examples of ratite birds.

TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper May 2022

Question 26.
What are the adverse effects of tobacco?

Question 27.
Write short notes on pneumonia and its prophylaxis.

Question 28.
How do terrestrial animals protect themselves from the danger of dehydration of bodies?

Question 29.
Distinguish between euryhaline and stenohaline animals.

Section – C
2 x 8 = 16

Note:-

  • Answer ANY TWO questions.
  • Each Question carries EIGHT marks.
  • All are of long answer type questions.
  • Draw labelled diagrams wherever necessary.

Question 30.
Describe the digestive system and process of digestion on Pheretima.

Question 31.
Describe the life cycle of Plasmodium vivax in mosquito.

Question 32.
Describe different types of food chains that exist in an ecosystem.

TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper May 2022

Question 33.
Give an account of “formed elements”, of Blood.

AP Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper April 2022

Collaborative study sessions centered around AP Inter 1st Year Commerce Model Papers and AP Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper April 2022 can enhance peer learning.

AP Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper April 2022

Time : 3 Hours
Max. Marks : 100

Part – I (50 Marks)
Section – A

Answer any TWO of the following questions in not exceeding 40 lines each.

Question 1.
Define partnership. Discuss its merits and limitations.
Answer:
Partnership has been defined by Haney as “The relation existing between persons to make contracts who agree to carry on a lawful business with a view to private gains.” Partnership is defined by Section-4 of Indian Partnership Act of 1932 as “The relation between persons who have agreed to share the profits of the business carried on by all or any of them acting for all”.

Merits:

  1. Easy formation : It is very easy and simple to form a partnership. There are no legal formalities to start the business. No formal documents are required. A simple agreement among partners is sufficient to start the business. Even the registration is not compulsory.
  2. Large resources : The resources of more than one person are available for the business. The partners can contribute to start a moderately large scale concern.
  3. Higher managerial power : We can pooi capital, organising ability, managerial capacity, technical skill etc., in the partnership. It will leads to work efficiently among partners.
  4. Promptness in decision making : The partners meet frequently and they can take prompt decisions.
  5. Flexibility The partnership is flexible in nature. At any time the partners can decide the size or nature of business or area of its operations after taking necessary consent of all the partners.
  6. Sharing risks : The risk of business is shared by more persons.
  7. Cautions and sound approach : The principle of unlimited liability induces the partners to work hard for the success of the business. They take keen interest in the affairs of the business.
  8. Business secrecy : Annual accounts are not published and audit report is also not required. So, business secrets can be maintained.
  9. Benefits of specialisation : All partners actively participate in the business as per their specialisation and knowledge.

Limitations:

  1. Unlimited liability : The unlimited liability is fundamental drawback of partnership. The partners are personally liable for the debts of the firm.
  2. Instability : The partnership concern suffers from uncertainity of duration because it can be dissolved on the death, lunacy or insolvency of the partner.
  3. Limited resources : There is limitation in raising additional capital for expansion purposes. The business resources are limited to the personal funds of the partners.
  4. Non-transferabifity of share : No partner can transfer his share to third party without the consent of other partners.
  5. Mutual distrust : The mutual distrust among partners is the main cause for dissolution of partnership firms.
  6. Delay in decisions : Before any decision is taken all the partners must be consulted. Hence quick decisions cannot be taken.

Question 2.
What are the various factors that determine the selection of sources of finance ?
Answer:
The following factors should be considered for selecting the sources of finance.

  1. Cost factor: While deducting the sources of funds that is utilised by the business concern, the cost of procuring the funds and the cost of utilising are to be considered.
  2. Sound financial position: In the choice of source funds, the business should be financially sound so that it can repay the principle amount together with interest.
  3. Form of business organisation : The form of business organisation influences the choice of source raising money. Ex: A partnership firm cannot raise money by issue of equity shares.
  4. Purpose and period of time: While selecting the sources of finance, purpose and period of time is to be taken into account. A short term need can be met by borrowing funds through trade credit, commercial paper etc., with low rates of interest. For long term finance, sources like issue of shares and debentures are more appropriate.
  5. Risk factor: Business should evaluate each of the sources of finance in terms of risk involved. Ex: If equity shares are issued, they are to be repaid only at the time of winding up and dividends are not paid if the profits are not available. There is little risk involved. On the other hand, a loan is to be repaid as per the schedule and the interest is to be paid whether firm earns profits or not.
  6. Control : A particular sources of funds may affect the control and power of the owners on the management of the firm. As the equity shareholders enjoy voting rights, by the issue of equity shares the financial institutions may take control of the assets or may impose conditions as per loan agreement.
  7. Effect on credit worthiness : Depending on certain sources of finance may affect the credit worthiness in the market. Ex : Issue of secured debentures may affect the interests of the creditors and they may not be willing to extend furthur loans to the company.
  8. Flexibility and ease : Another factor which may affect the choice of sources of finance is flexibility and ease of obtaining funds. In order to secure loans from banks, they may impose restrictions and documentation is necessary. If other sources are available, traders may not prefer approaching banks and financial institutions.
  9. Tax benefits : Tax is not deducted on dividend on preference shares. Interest paid on loans and debentures is tax deductable. In order to take advantage of tax benefits, firms may issue debentures of take loans.

AP Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper April 2022

Question 3.
Distinguish between a private company and a public company.
Answer:
The following are the differences and a Public Company between Private Company and a Public Company.

Private Company Public Company
1. To form a Private company the minimum number of members is 2 and maximum number of members is 50. 1. Minimum number of members is 7 and maximum number of members is unlimited.
2. It cannot issue prospectus. 2. Public company can issue prospectus.
3. The transferability of shares is generally restricted by its articles. 3. The shareholders can freely transfer their shares.
4. It can commence its business as soon as it obtains certificate of incorporation from the registrar. 4. The business can be started only after getting certificate of commencement of the business.
5. If need not conduct statutory meeting and file copy of statutory report to the registrar of Joint Stock Companies. 5. A statutory meeting must be held within 6 months from the date of receiving certificate of commencement of business. Statutory report is to be submitted to the registrar.
6. A private company can proceed with the allotment of shares before minimum subscription is received. 6. Shares cannot be allotted before minimum subscription is received.
7. The word private limited at the end of the name. 7. The word limited at the end of the name.
8. The minimum number of directors is 2 and there is no maximum limit. 8. The minimum number of directors is 3. The maximum number of directors is 20.
9. The directors need not take qualification shares. 9. Qualification shares are necessary to become a director.
10. The directors need not retire by rotation. 10. 1/3 of the directors must retire by rotation.
11. There is no age limit to become a director. 11. Age limit for the directors is 65 years.
12. The directors need not sent their consent to act as directors. 12. The directors must send their consent to act as directors.
13. There is no restriction on the remuneration payable to the directors and managing directors. 13. The remuneration

payable to the directors and others shall not exceed 11% of the net profits.

14. It can grant loans to the directors without the consent of the central government. 14. Permission from the central government is necessary to grant loans to the directors.
15. Quorum for the meeting is 2. 15. Quorum for the meeting is 5.

Section – B
(4 × 5 = 20)

i) Answer any FOUR of the following questions in not exceeding 20 lines.
ii) Each question carries 5 marks.

4. Explain any five types of industries.

5. Explain any five merits of sole proprietorship.

6. Explain the classification of sources of finance.

AP Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper April 2022

7. Define service enterprises as per MSME Act, 2006.

8. Explain the merits of MNCs to home country.

9. What are the benefits of e-business to customers ?

Section – C (5 × 2 = 10)

i) Answer any FIVE of the following questions in not exceeding 5 lines.
ii) Each question carries 2 marks.

Question 10.
Employment
Answer:
Employment: Employment involves working under a con­tract of employment for or under some one known as employer in return for a salary. The person engaged under employment works as per the directions of the employer.

11. Commerce

12. Sleeping Partner

13. Partnership deed

AP Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper April 2022

14. What do you mean by a statutory company ?

15. Define MOA (Memorandum of Association)

16. Fixed Capital

17. Define FDI

Part – II (1 × 20 = 20)
Section – D

Answer the following question.

Question 18.
From the following Trial Balance, Prepare Trading, Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet.
AP Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper April 2022 1
Answer:
AP Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper April 2022 9

Balance Sheet of Mr Paramesh as on 31.3.2016
AP Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper April 2022 10

Section – E (1 × 10 = 10)

Answer any ONE of the following questions.

Question 19.
Prepare three column Cash Book from the following information :
AP Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper April 2022 2

20. Reddy Limited’s Pass Book showed a balance ₹ 20,000 as on 31.12.2020. On comparing the cash book the following discrepancies were noted.
AP Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper April 2022 3
Prepare a bank Reconciliation statement showing balance as per Cash Book.

Section – F (2 × 5 = 10)

Answer any TWO of the following questions.

21. Write different types of Accounts along with their debit, credit rules.

22. Prepare Kavya’s account from the following particulars :
AP Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper April 2022 4

23. Record the following transactions in proper subsidiary Books.
AP Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper April 2022 5

AP Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper April 2022

24. Explain the merits and demerits of Trial Balance.

Section – G (5 × 2 = 10)

Answer any FIVE of the following questions. 

25. Define Accounting.

26. Explain money measurement concept.

27. Journalise the following transactions in the books of Mr. Balu :
AP Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper April 2022 6

30. Prepare Trial Balance from the following :
AP Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper April 2022 7

31. Capital income.

32. Drawings

AP TS Inter 1st Year English Model Papers 2024-2025 – TS AP Inter 1st Year English Previous Question Papers

English Model Paper Inter 1st Year, AP TS Inter 1st Year English Model Papers 2024-25, English Inter 1st Year Model Papers, AP TS Inter 1st Year English Question Papers 2024, AP TS Inter 1st Year English Previous Question Papers with Answers, English Inter 1st Year Previous Question Papers, Inter Second Year English Model Papers, AP TS Intermediate 1st Year English Model Papers with Answers.

AP TS Intermediate 1st Year English Model Papers Previous Question Papers Telangana

  • AP Inter 1st Year English Model Paper Set 1
  • AP Inter 1st Year English Model Paper Set 2
  • AP Inter 1st Year English Model Paper Set 3
  • AP Inter 1st Year English Model Paper Set 4
  • AP Inter 1st Year English Model Paper Set 5
  • AP Inter 1st Year English Model Paper Set 6
  • AP Inter 1st Year English Model Paper Set 7
  • AP Inter 1st Year English Model Paper Set 8
  • AP Inter 1st Year English Model Paper Set 9
  • AP Inter 1st Year English Model Paper Set 10
  • AP Inter 1st Year English Question Paper May 2019
  • AP Inter 1st Year English Question Paper March 2019
  • AP Inter 1st Year English Question Paper April 2022
  • AP Inter 1st Year English Question Paper March 2023

English Model Paper Inter 1st Year, TS AP Inter 1st Year English Model Papers 2024-25, English Inter 1st Year Model Papers, TS AP Intermediate 1st Year English Question Papers 2024, TS AP Intermediate Second Year English Previous Question Papers with Answers, English Inter 1st Year Previous Question Papers, Inter Second Year English Model Papers, TS AP Intermediate 1st Year English Model Papers with Answers.

AP Inter 1st Year Model Papers

AP TS Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Papers 2024-2025 – TS AP Inter 1st Year Hindi Previous Question Papers

Hindi Model Paper Inter 1st Year, AP TS Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Papers 2023-24, Hindi Inter 1st Year Model Papers, AP TS Inter 1st Year Hindi Question Papers 2023, AP TS Inter 1st Year Hindi Previous Question Papers with Answers, Hindi Inter 1st Year Previous Question Papers, Inter Second Year Hindi Model Papers, AP TS Intermediate 1st Year Hindi Model Papers with Answers.

AP TS Intermediate 1st Year Hindi Model Papers Previous Question Papers Telangana

Hindi Model Paper Inter 1st Year, TS AP Inter 1st Year Hindi Model Papers 2023-24, Hindi Inter 1st Year Model Papers, TS AP Intermediate 1st Year Hindi Question Papers 2023, TS AP Intermediate Second Year Hindi Previous Question Papers with Answers, Hindi Inter 1st Year Previous Question Papers, Inter Second Year Hindi Model Papers, TS AP Intermediate 1st Year Hindi Model Papers with Answers.

AP Inter 1st Year Model Papers

TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper May 2019

Varied difficulty levels in TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Model Papers and TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper May 2019 cater to students with diverse academic strengths and challenges.

TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper May 2019

Time: 3 Hours
Max. Marks: 60

General Instructions:
Note : Read the following instructions carefully :

  1. Answer all the questions of Section – ‘A’. Answer any six questions in Section – ‘B’ and answer any two questions in Section – ‘C’.
  2. In Section – ‘A’ questions from Sr Nos. 1 to 10 are of Very Short Answer Type. Each question carries two marks. Every answer may be limited to 5 lines. Answer all these questions at one place in the same order.
  3. In Section – ‘B’ questions from Sr. Nos. 11 to 18 are of Short Answer Type. Each question carries four marks. Every answer may be limited to 20 lines.
  4. In Section – ‘C’, questions from Sr. Nos. 19 to 21 are of Long Answer Type. Each question carries eight marks. Every answer may be limited to 60 lines.
  5. Draw labelled diagrams wherever necessary in Sections – B and C.

Section – A (10 × 2 = 20)

Note : Answer all the questions in 5 lines each.

Question 1.
What does ICZN stand for ?
Answer:
ICZN stands for ‘International Code of Zoological Nomenclature which specifies the mandatory rules to be followed for the naming animals by International congress (ICZ) in 1898.

Question 2.
Why are incinerators used in hospitals ?
Answer:
Disposal of hospital wastes that contain disinfectants, harmfull chemicals and also pathogenic micro-organisms incinerators are used in hospitals.

Question 3.
Distinguish between milt and spawn.
Answer:
During amplexus, the mass of eggs and the mass of sperms released by the female and male are called spawn and milt.

Question 4.
What is the haematocrit value ?
Answer:
The percentage of total volume occupied by RBCs in blood is called haematocrit value.

TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper May 2019

Question 5.
Distinguish between brown fat and white fat.
Answer:
White fat : It is the predominant type in the adults, the adipocyte has a single large lipid droplet. White fat is matabolically not active.

Brown fat : It is found in foetus and infants. Adipocyte of Brown fat has several small ‘lipid droplets’ and metabolicaly active and generates heat to maintain body temperature required by infants.

Question 6.
What is the strongest cartilage ? In which regions of the human body, do you find it ?
Answer:
The fibrous cartilage is the strongest of all types of cartilages. It occurs in the intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis of the pelvis.

Question 7.
Distinguish between proter and opisthe.
Answer:
During transverse binary fission in Paramecium two daughter individuals are formed. The anterior one is called proter and the posterior is called opisthe.

Question 8.
What do you mean by parasitic castration ? Give one example.
Answer:
Some parasites cause the degeneration of gonads of the host making it sterile. This effect is called parasitic castration, eg: Sacculina (root headed barnacle, a crustacean) causes the degeneration of ovaries in the crab Carcinus maenas.

Question 9.
Distinguish between amphids and phasmids.
Answer:
Amphids : These are the cuticular depressions present on the lips surrounding the mouth in the nematodes such as Aphasmidia animals and serve as Chemoreceptors.

Phasmids : These are the well developed sensory organs and they occur in some nematodes such as phasmidia animals.

Question 10.
Draw a labelled diagram of T.S of flagellum.
answer:
TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper May 2019 1

TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper May 2019

Section – B (6 × 4 = 24)

Note : Answer any six questions in 20 lines each.

Question 11.
What are the adverse effects of tobacco ?
Answer:
Effect : Smoking increases the carbon monoxide (CO) level and reduces the oxygen level in the blood. Nicotine stimulates the adrenal gland to release adrenaline and nor-adrenajine into blood.

These hormones raise the blood pressure and increase the heart rate. Smoking is associated with bronchitis, emphysema, coronary heart disease, gastric ulcer and increases the incidence of cancers of throat, lungs, urinary bladder etc. Smoking also paves the way to hard drugs. Yet smoking is very pravalent in society, both among young and old. Tobacco chewing is associated with increased risk of cancer of the oral cavity.

Question 12.
What are the chief characters of the crustaceans ?
Answer:

  1. This includes prawns, crabs, lobsters, cray fishes etc.
  2. Mostly marine, a few are fresh water and some are adapted to terrestirial life.
  3. In most species, head and thorax fuse to form cephalo thorax.
  4. Cephalic appendages are five pairs – first antennae (antennules) second antennae, mandibles, first maxillae and second maxillae.
  5. Thoracic and abdominal appendages, are typically biramous.
  6. Respiration is by gills.
  7. Excretory organs are green glands or antennal glands.
  8. Sense organs include statocysts, compound eyes and antennae.
  9. Gonopores are paired.
  10. Development is direct or indirect involving several larval stages. Basic larva is nauplius.
    Ex : Pqlaemon (Prawn) ; Cancer (Crab).

TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper May 2019 2

Question 13.
Compare and contrast cartilaginous and bony fishes.
Answer:

Cartilaginous fishes Bony fishes
1. These are marine farms. 1. These are live in all kinds of aquatic habits.
2. Endoskeleton made by cartilaginous. 2. Endoskeleton made by bone.
3. Body covered by plocoid scales. 3. Body covered by cosmoid, ganoid, cycloid or ctenoid scales.
4. Caudal fin is heterocercal. 4. Caudal fin is homocercal.
5. Operculum absent. 5. Operculum present.
6. Air bladder absent. 6. Air baldder present.
7. Gills are lamelliform and are five to seven in each side. 7. Gills are filamentous and are four in each side.
8. These are ureotelic. Ex : Scoliodon, Pristic, Torpedo. 8. These are mostly ammonotelic. Ex: Catla, Labeo, Exocetus, Hippocampus.

Question 14.
Explain ‘Rivet Popper’ hypothesis.
Answer:
What if we lose a few species? Will it affect man’s life? Paul Ehrlich experiments Rivet popper, hypothesis, taking an aeroplane as an ecosystem, explains how removal of one by one ‘rivets’, (species of an ecosystem) of various parts can slowly damage the plane (ecosystem) shows how important a ‘species’ is in the overall functioning of an ecosystem. Removing a rivet from a seat or some other relatively minor important parts may not damage the plane, but removal of a rivet from a part supporting the wing can result in a crash. Likewise, removal of a ‘critical species’ may affect the entire community and thus the entire ecosystem.

TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper May 2019

Question 15.
Give an account of glandular epithelium.
Answer:
Glandular epithelium : Some of the columnar or cuboidal cells the get specialised for the productions of certain secretions, form glandular epithelium. The glands are of two types.

Unicellular glands : Consisting of isolated glandular cells such as goblet cells of the gut.

Multicellular glands : Consisting of clusters of cells such as salivary glands. On the basis of the mode of pouring of their secretions, glands are divided into two types namely exocrine and endocrine glands.

Exocrine glands : These glands provided with ducts secrete mucus, saliva, earwax, oil, milk, digestive enzymes etc.

Endocrine glands : These glands are the ductless and their products are hormones, which are carried to the target organs by blood.

Based on the mode of secretion, Exocrine glands are further divided into three types :

  1. Merocrine glands : Which release the secretoiy granules without the lost of other cellular material. Ex : Pancreas.
  2. Apocrineglands : The apical part of the cell is pinched off along with the secretoiy product. Ex : Mammary glands.
  3. Holocrine glands : The entire cell disintegrates to discharge the contents. Ex : Sebaceous gland.

Question 16.
What are the deletorious effects of depletion of ozone in the stratosphere ?
Answer:
The depletion of ozone is particularly marked over the Antarctic region. This has resulted in the formation of a large area thinned ozone layer commonly called as the ‘ozone hole’.

UV radiation with wavelengths shorter than that of UV-B, are almost completely absorbed by Earth’s atmosphere, provided that the ozone layer is intact. But UV-B damages DNA and may induce mutations. It causes ageing of skin, damage to skin cells and various types of skin cancers. In human eye, cornea absorbs UV-B radiation and a high dose of UV-B causes inflammation of cornea called snow – bindness, cataract, etc., such exposure may permanently damage the cornea.

Question 17.
Give an account of pseudopodia.
Answer:
Locomotion in protozoans is performed by cellular extensions such as pseudopodia are found in rhizopods organisms. The pseudopodia are temporary extensions of cytoplasm that develop in the direction of the movement. These temporary structures are useful to move on the s’ubstratum as our legs do, hence the name ‘pseudopodia’. There are four kinds of pseudopodia in protozoans.
TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper May 2019 3

  1. Lobopodia : blunt + finger like Pseudopodia. Ex : Amoeba, Entamoeba.
  2. Filopodia : fiber like pseudopodia contain ectoplasm. Ex : Euglypha
  3. Reticulopodia : net like pseudopodia. Ex : Elphidium.
  4. Axopodia or heliopodia : Sun ray-like pseudopodia. Ex : Actinophrys.

TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper May 2019

Question 18.
Draw a neat, labelled diagram of Ommatidium.
Answer:
TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper May 2019 4

Section – C (2 × 8 = 16)

Note : Answer any two questions in 60 lines each.

Question 19.
Describe lake as an ecosystem giving examples for the various zones and the biotic components in it.
Answer:
Deep water lakes contain three distinct zones namely :
i) Littoral zone,
ii) limnetic zone and
iii) profundal zone.

Littoral Zone : It is the shallow part of the lake closer to the shore. Light penetrates up to the bottom. It is euphotic (having good light) has rich vegetation and higher rate of photosynthesis, hence rich in oxygen.

Limnetic Zone : It is the open water zone away from the shore. It extends up to the effective light penetration level, vertically. The imaginary line that separates the limnetic zone from the profundal zone is known as zone of compensation/compensation point light compensation level. It is the zone of effective light penetration. Here the rate of photosynthesis is equal to the rate of respiration. Limnetic zone has no contact with the bottom of the lake.

Profundal Zone : It is the deep water area present below the limnetic zone and beyond the depth of effective light penetration. Light is absent. Photosyntheti’c organisms are absent and so the water is poor in oxygen content. It includes mostly the anaerobic organisms which feed on detritus.

The organisms living in lentic habitat are classified into pedonic forms, which live at the bottom of the lake and those living in the open waters of lakes, away from the shore vagetation are known as limnetic forms.

Biota (animal and plant life of a particular region) of the littoral zone : Littoral zone is rich with pedonic flora (especially up to the depth of the effective light penetration). At the shore proper emergent vegetation is abundant with firmly fixed roots in the bottom of the lake and shoots and leaves are exposed above the level of water. These are amphibious plants. Certain emergent rooted plants of littoral zone are the cattails (Typha), bulrushes (scirpus) arrowheads (sagittaria),. Slightly deeper are the rooted plants with floating leaves, such as the water lilies (Nymphaea), Nelumbo, Trapa, etc., still deeper are the submerged plants such as Hydrilla – Chara, potamogeton, etc…. The free floating vegetation includes pistia, wolffia, Lemna (duck weed), Azolla, Eichhomia etc.

The phytoplankton of the littoral zone composed of diatoms. (Coscinodiscus, Nitzschia, etc) green algae (Vblvox, spirogyra etc), euglenoids (Euglena, phacus, etc) and dinoflagellates (Gymnodinium, Cystodinium, etc….)

Animals, the consumers of the littoral zone, are abundant in this zone of the lake, these are categorized into zooplankton, neuston, nekton, periphyton, and benthos. The Zoo-plankton of the littoral zone consists of water fleas such as Daphnia, rotizers and ostracods.

The animals living at the air-water interface constitute the neuston. They are of two types. The epineuston and hyponeuston. Water striders (Gerris), beetles, water bugs (Dineutes) form the epineuston/supraneuston and the hyponeuston/infraneuston includes the larvae of mosquitoes.

The animals such as fishes, amphibians, water-snakes, terrapins, insects like water scorpion (Ranatra), back swimmer (Notonecta), driving beetles (Dytiscus), capable of swimming constitute the nekton.

The animals that are attached to / creeping on the aquatic plants, such as the ‘water snails’, nymphs of insects, bryozounsa, turbellarians, hydras etc, constitute the periphyton.

The animals that rest on or move on the bottom of the lake constitute the ‘benthos’, e.g.: red annelids, chironomid larvae, Cray fishes, some isopods amphipods, clams etc.

Biota of the limnetic zone: Limnetic zone is the largest zone of a lake. It is the region of rapid variations of the level of the water, temperature, oxygen availability etc., from time to time. The limnetic zone has autotrophs (photosynthetic plants) in abundance. The chief autotrophs of this region are the phytoplankton such as the euglenoids, diatoms, cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates and green algae. The consumers of the limnetic zone are the zooplanktonic organisms such as the copepods, Fisher frogs, water snakes etc., form the limnetic nekton.

Biota of the profundal zone : It includes the organisms such as decomposers (bacteria), chironomid larvae, Chaoborus (phantom larva), red annelids, clams etc., that are capable of living in low oxygen levels. The decomposers of this zone decompose the dead plants and animals and release nutients which are used by the biotic communities of both littoral and limnetic zones.

The lake ecosystem performs all the functions of any ecosystem and of the biosphere as a whole. i.e., conversion of inorganic substances into organic material, with the help of the radiant solar energy by the autotrophs, consumption of the autotrophs by the heterotrophs; decomposition and mineralization of the dead matter to release them back for reuse by the autotrophs (recycling of minerals).

TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper May 2019

Question 20.
Describe the structure and life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides with the help of a neat and labelled diagram.
Answer:
Ascaris lumbricoides is commonly called the common round worm. It lives in the small intestine of man, more frequently in children. It is cosmpolitan in distribution. Mode of infection is through contaminated food and water. Infective stage is the embryonated egg with the 2nd stage rhabditiform larva.

Structure : Sexes are separate and the sexual dimorphism is distinct. In both males and females the body is elongated and cylindrical. Mouth is present at the extreme anterior end and is surrounded by three chitinous lips close to the mouth. Mid ventrally there is a small aperture called excretory pore.

Male : It has a curved posterior end which is considered the tail. The posterior end possesses a cloacal aperture and a pair of equal sized chitinous pineal spicules or pineal setae which serve to transfer the sperms during copulation.

Female : It has a straight posterior end, the tail. The female genital pore or vulva is present mid ventrally at about one third the length from fnouth. The anus is present a little in front of the tail end.

Life history : Copulation takes place in the small intestine of man. After copulation, the female releases approximately two lakh eggs per day. Each egg is surrounded by a protein coat with rippled surface. Hence the eggs of Ascaris are described as mammillated eggs. The protein coat is followed by a chitinous shell and a lipid layer internally. These eggs come out along with faecal matter. In the moist soil, development takes place inside the egg so that the 1st stage rhabditiform larva is produced. It undergoes the 1st moulting and becomes the 2nd stage rhabditiform larva which is considered the stage infective to man. They reach the alimentary canal of man through contaminated food and water.
TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper May 2019 5
In the small intestine, the shell gets dissolved so that the 2nd stage larva is released. Now it undergoes extra intestinal migration. First it reaches the liver through the hepatic portal vein. From there it reaches the heart through the post caval vein. It goes to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries. In the alveoli of lungs it undergoes the 2nd moulting to produce the 3rd stage larva. It undergoes the 3rd moulting so that the 4th stage larva is produced in the alveoli only. It leaves the alveoli and reaches the small intestine again through bronchi, trachea, larynx, glottis, pharynx, oesophagus and stomach. In the small intestine. It under goes the 4th and final moulting to become a young one which attains sexual maturity with in 8 to 10 weeks.
TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper May 2019 6

TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper May 2019

Question 21.
Describe the digestive system of cockroach with the help of a neat labelled diagram.
Answer:
The digestive system of cockroach consists of an alimentary canal and tfie associated glands. The preoral cavity surrounded by the mouth parts, is present in front of the mouth. The hypophaiynx divides it into two chambers called cibagium (anterior) and salivarium (posterior).

Alimentary canal : The alimentary7 canal of cockroach is a long tube and is coiled at some places. It extends between the mouth and the anus. It is divided into three regions namely foregut of stomodaeum, midgut or mesenteron and hindgut are internally lined by ectoderm. The mesenteron is lined by the endodermai cells.

Forgut or stomodaeum : The foregut includes pharynx oesophagus, crop and gizzard. It is internally lined by a chitinous cuticle. Mouth opens into the pharynx, which in turn leads into a narrow tubular oesophagus. The oesophagus opens behind into a thin walled distensible sac called crop. The crop serves as a reservoir for storing food. Its outer surface is covered by a network of tracheae. Behind the crop there is a thick walled muscular proventriculus or gizzard.

The chitinous inner living of the gizzard has six powerful teeth, which form an efficient grinding apparatus. Behind each tooth is a hairy pad, which bears backwardly directed bristles. Among these plates, food is throughly ground into fine particles. These food particles are filtered by the bristles. The gizzard thus acts both as a grinding mill and also as a sieve. There is a membranous projection of the gizzard into the mesenteron in the form of a funnel called stomodeal valve. This valve prevents the entry (regurgitation) of food from the mesenteron back into the gizzard.
TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper May 2019 7

Midgut (mesenteron or ventriculus) : The midgut is a short and narrow tube behind the gizzard. It is also called mesenteron or ventriculus. Between the ventriculus and the gizzard, arising from ventriculus there are six to eighth finger like diverticule called hepatic caecae.

They are helpful in digestion and absorption of the digested food materials. Ventriculus is functionally divided into an anterior secretory part and a posterior absorptive part.

The secretory part of the ventriculus has many gland cells and it secretes several enzymes. The ‘bolus’ of food in the mesenteron is enveloped by a chitinous and porous membrane called peritrophic membrane, which is secreted by the funnel like stomodeal valve of the gizzard. Digested food is absorbed into the food through the peritrophic membrane in the posterior absorptive region of the ventriculus. The peritrophic membrane protects the wall of the ventriculus from hard food particles in the food. The opening of the ventriculus.into the hindgut is controlled by a.sphincture muscle. It prevents entry of undigested food from the hindgut into the midgut.

Hindgut or proctodaeum : The hindgut is a long coiled tube, consisting of three regions namely ileum, colon and rectum. It is interanlly lined by chitinous cuticle. The ileum that lies behind the mesenteron is a short tube. Six bundles of fine yellow, blind tubules called Malpighian tubules open into the ileum near the junction of mesenteron and ileum. Malpighian tubules are excretory in function.- Ileum collects uric acid from the malpighian tubules and undigested food from the mesenteron. Ileum opens behind into a long coiled tube called colon. Colon leads into a short and wide rectum which opens out through the anus. Rectum bears on its inner side six longitudinal chitinous folds called rectal papillae. They are concerned with the reabsorption of water from the undigested food.

Digestive gland : The digestive glands associated with the alimentary canal of cockroach are salivary glands, hepatic caecae and glandular cells of the mesenteron.

Salivary glands : There is a pair of salivary glands attached to the vetrolateral sides of the crop, one on each side. Each salivary gland has two lobes. Each lobe of salivary gland has many lobules called acini. Each acinus is a group of secretory cells called zymogen cells with a small ductule. The ductules of both the lobes of a salivary gland unite to form a common salivary duct on each side.
TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper May 2019 8

The two common salivary ducts are joined to form the median salivary duct. Between the two lobes of a salivary gland of each side is a sac called Salivary receptacular duct or common reservoir duct. The midious salivary duct opens into the common receptacular duct. Later these two form an efferent salivary duct. The efferent salivary duct opens at the base of the hypopharynx. Acinar cells secrete saliva, which contains starch digesting enzymes such as amylase.

Hepatic caecae : The hepatic caecae are also termed midguts caecae. They contain secretory and absorptive cells.

Glandular cells of the mesenteron : The glandular cells of the mesenteron secrete enzymes such as maltase, invertase, proteases and lipase.

TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper March 2023

Varied difficulty levels in TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Model Papers and TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper March 2023 cater to students with diverse academic strengths and challenges.

TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper March 2023

Time: 3 Hours
Max.Marks:60

Section – A
10 x 2 = 20

Note:

  • Answer All questions.
  • Each question cames TWO marks.
  • All are very short answer-type questions.

Question 1.
What is mean by tautonymy ? Give two examples.

Question 2.
Mention the animals that exhibited a “tube-within-a-tube” organisation for the first times. Name their body cavity.

Question 3.
What is botryoidal tissue?

Question 4.
What is a kinety?

Question 5.
“Cardiac muscle is highly resistant to fatigue” justify?

TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper March 2023

Question 6.
How do you distinguish a male frog from a female frog?

Question 7.
Distinguish between exocrine glands and endocrine glands with examples.

Question 8.
What is BOD?

Question 9.
Distinguish between synchronous metachronous movements.

Question 10.
What are haemozoin granules? What is their significance?

Section – B
6 x 4 = 24

Note:

  • Answer ANY SIX questions.
  • Each question carries FOUR marks.
  • All are short answer type questions.
  • Draw labelled diagrams wherever necessary.

Question 11.
Explain ‘Rivet Papper’ hypothesis.

Question 12.
What are the chief characters of the crustaceans?

Question 13.
What are the modifications that are observed in birds that help them in flight?

TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper March 2023

Question 14.
Describe the process of longitudinal binary fission in Euglena.

Question 15.
What are the adverse effects of tobacco?

Question 16.
Explain Haversian system.

Question 17.
Draw a neat labelled diagram of the mouth parts of cockroach?

Question 18.
Describe ‘Green House Effect.

Section – C
2 x 8 = 16

Note:

  • Answer ANY TWO questions.
  • Each question cames EIGHT marks.
  • All are of long answer type questions.
  • Draw labelled diagrams wherever necessary.

Question 19.
Describe different types of food chains that exist in an ecosystem.

Question 20.
Describe the blood circulatory system of Periplaneta in detail and draw a neat and labelled diagram of it?

TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Question Paper March 2023

Question 21.
Explain the structure and life cycle of Entamoeba histolytica with the help of neat and labelled diagrams.

TS Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper May 2018

Collaborative study sessions centered around TS Inter 1st Year Commerce Model Papers and TS Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper May 2018 can enhance peer learning.

TS Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper May 2018

Section – A
(2 × 10 = 20)

Answer any two of the following questions in not exceeding 40 lines each.

Question 1.
Define partnership. Discuss its merits and limitations.
Answer:
Partnership is defined by section 4 of Indian Partnership Act of 1932 “as the relation between persons who have agreed to share the profits of the business carried on by all or any of them act for all”.

Merits :

  1. Easy formation : It is very easy and simple to form a partnership. There are no legal formalities to start the business. No formal documents are required. A simple agreement among partners is sufficient to start the business. Even the registration is not compulsory.
  2. Large resources: The resources of more than one person are available for the business. The partners can contribute to start a moderately large scale concern.
  3. Higher managerial Capacity : They pool capital, organising ability, managerial capacity etc., in the partnership. It will leads to work efficiently among partners.
  4. Promptness in decision making : The partners meet frequently and they can take prompt decisions.
  5. Flexibility : The partnership is flexible in nature and at any time after mutual consent, the partners can decide the size or nature of business or area of its operations.
  6. Sharing risks : The risk of business is shared by more persons.
  7. Cautions and sound approach: The principle of unlimited liability induces the partners to work hard for the success of the business. They take keen interest in the affairs of the business.
  8. Business secrecy : Annual accounts are not published and audit report is also not required. So, business secrets can be maintained.
  9. Benefits of specialisation: All partners actively participate in the business as per their specialisation and knowledge.

Limitations :

  1. Unlimited liability : The unlimited liability is’the funda-mental drawback of partnership. The partners are personally liable for the debts of the firm.
  2. Instability: The partnership firm suffers from uncertainity of duration because it can be dissolved on the death, lunacy or insolvency of the partner.
  3. Limited resources: There is limitation in raising additional
    capital for expansion purposes. The business resources are limited to the personal funds of the partners.
  4. Non-transferability of share : No partner can transfer his share to third party without the consent of other partners.
  5. Mutual distrust: The mutual distrust among partners is the main cause for the dissolution of the partnership firms.
  6. Delay in decisions : Before any decision is taken all the partners must be consulted. Hence quick decisions cannot be taken.

Question 2.
Distinguish between a private Company and a public company.
Answer:
Introduction :
On the basis of Public Interest, companies may be classified into two types. They are

(1) Private company and
(2) Public company

(1) Private company : According to companies Act, private company is a company which is formed with the association of at least two members but not exceed fifty and with minimum paid up capital of one lakh rupees. It is prohibited from issue of share to the public and also transfer of shares.

(2) Public Company : Public company is a company which is formed with the Association of minimum seven members and there is no limit on maximum number of members. Public companies are required to issue a prospecters for inviting people to purchase their shares. Public company minimum paid up capital is five Lakhs rupees.

Difference between private company and public company :
TS Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper March 2018 8

TS Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper May 2018

Question 3.
What are the factors that determine the selection of sources of finance ?
Answer:
The requirement of funds by business firm to accomplish its various activities is called Business Finance. R.C.Osborn defines business finance as “The process of acquiring and utilising funds by business”.

B.O.Wheeler defined business finance as follows : “Finance is that business activity which is concerned with the acquisition and conservation of capital funds in meeting the financial needs and overall objectives of a business enterprise”.

Need for business finance :

1. To start a new business : Money is needed to start a business and to procure fixed assets like buildings, plant and machinery, furniture and fixtures etc., working capital is required for holding current assets such as stock of materials, transportation expenses etc. The amount of finance to be procured depends on the type of business, nature of business and usage of technology.

2. To expand the business : Huge amount of funds are required for purchasing sophisticated machinery and for employing technically skilled labour. The quality of the product can be improved and cost per unit can be reduced by adopting new technology.

3. To develop and market new products : Business needs money to spend on developing and marketing new products. Invention and innovation of products should be given much priority to sustain in the market. Marketing research needs more funds.

4. To enter new markets : Creation of new markets leads attracting new customers. Business spend money on advertisement and retail shops in busy areas.

5. To take over another business : Business needs money to overcome competition or to get strengthened. An enterprise may decide to take over another business.

6. To move to new premises: A business unit may be forced to shift the business to new premises according to directions of the government. In such case, finance is needed for expenses like transport, packaging, installation of machinery etc.

7. Pay for the day-to-day running of the business : A business enterprise needs money to meet the day-to-day expenses like wages, taxes advertisement, rent etc. If also needs to meet liabilities like repayment of loan, installments, creditors etc.

The following factors should be considered for selecting the sources of finance.

1. Cost factor : While deciding the sources of funds that is utilised by the business concern, the cost of procuring the funds and the cost of utilising are to be considered.

2. Sound financial position : In the choice of sources of funds, the business should be financially sound so that it can repay the principle amount together with interest.

3. Form of business organisation : The form of business organisation influences the choice of source for raising money.
Ex: A partnership firm cannot raise money by issue of equity shares.

4. Purpose and period of time: While selecting the sources of finance, purpose and period of time is to be taken into account. A short term need can be met by borrowing funds through trade credit, commercial paper etc., with low rates of interest. For long term finance, sources like issue of shares and debentures are more appropriate.

5. Risk factor: Business should evaluate each of the sources of finance in terms of risk involved. Ex: If equity shares are issued, they are to be repaid only at the time of winding up and dividends are not paid if the profits are not available. There is little risk, involved. On the other hand, a loan is to be repaid as per schedule and the interest is to be paid whether the firm earn profits or not.

6. Control : A particular sources of funds may affect the control and power of the owners on the management of the firm. As the equity shareholders enjoy voting rights, by the issue of equity shares the financial institutions may take control Of the assets or may impose conditions as part of loan agreement.

7. Effect on credit worthiness : Depending on certain sources of finance may effect the credit worthiness in the market.
Ex : Issue of secured debentures may effect the interests of the creditors and they may not be willing to extend further loans to the company.

8. Flexibility and ease : Another factor which may effect the choice of sources of finance is flexibility and ease of obtaining funds. In order to secure loans from banks, they may impose restrictions and documentation is necessary. If other sources are available traders may not prefer approaching banks and financial institutions.

9. Tax benefits: Tax is not deducted on dividend of preference shares. Interest paid on loans and debentures is tax deductable. In order to take advantage of tax benefits firms may issue debentures of take loans.

Section – B

Answer any FOUR of the following questions not exceeding 20 lines each.

Question 4.
What is meant by Industry ? Explain four types of Industries.
Answer:
Refer Q.No : 4 T.S/A.P.2018 March Paper.

Question 5.
Briefly explain the different types of co-operative societies.
Answer:
According to the needs of people different types of co-operative societies are started in India. They are :

1) Consumers Co-operative Society : These are started to help lower and middle class people. These societies protect weaker sections from the clutches of profit hungry businessmen.
These societies make bulk purchases directly from producers and sells these goods to members on retail basis. The commission and profit of the middlemen are eliminated. The members contribute capital and membership is open to all irrespective of caste, creed, colour etc.

2) Producers Co-operative Society : Small producers find it difficult to collect various factors of production they also face marketing problem. The production of goods is undertaken by members in their houses or at common place. They are paid wages for their services. They are supplied raw material and equipment by the society. The output is collected and sold by the society. The profits are distributed among members after retaining some profit in the general pool. Ex: Appco, Co-Optex, Emniganur weavers co-operative society.

3) Marketing Co-operative Society : These societies are established by producers for selling their products at remunerative prices. These societies pool production from different members and undertake to sell these products by eliminating middlemen. The goods are sold when the market is favourable. The societies provide some advance money to the members for helping them in meeting their urgent needs. The sale proceeds are shared among members according to their contributions. These societies provide services like grading, warehousing, insurance, finance etc.

4) Co-operative Credit Society: The people with moderate means are formed with the object of extending short term credit to their members. They also develop thrift among the members. The funds are contributed by the members. These societies are divided into rural credit co-operative societies and urban credit co-operative societies.

5) Co-operative Housing Society: The low and middle income group of people are not able to construct their own house for want of money. Co-operative society arrange loans for their members from financial institutions and government agencies against security of the houses. These societies helps the members to become owners of house over a period of time. Ex: Housing Board Colonies.

6) Co-operative Farming Societies : These societies are basically agricultural co-operatives. These are formed by the small land owners. They pool their resources to achieve the benefits of large scale farming and maximising agricultural product. They solve the problems of finance, irrigation seeds, fertilizers etc.

Question 6.
What is Article of Association ? Explain its contents.
Answer:
The rules and regulations framed for the internal management of a company are set out in a document is called as “Articles of Association”. It is a supplementary document to the Memorandum of Association”.

The Articles must be printed, divided in paragraphs, stamped adequately and signed by each subscriber to the memorandum of Association.

According to section 2(2) of the Companies Act “Articles of Association of the company as originally framed or as altered from time to time in pursuance of any previous companies law or of this Act”.

The contents of Articles of Association :

  1. Procedure of issuing share capital.
  2. Procedure for transfer and forfeiture of shares.
  3. Procedure for issue of debentures and stocks
  4. Powers of after as well as reduce share capital and its procedure of alternation.
  5. The appointment of directors, their powers, duties and remuneration.
  6. The appointment of the managing director.
  7. Provisions regarding conducting the general meeting special meetings, noting proxies, resolutions etc.
  8. Provisions related to dividends and reserves
  9. Rules for preliminary contracts
  10. Provisions related to use of common seal
  11. Preparation of Accounts and audit maintenance of Bank accounts.
  12. Procedure for winding up the company.

TS Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper May 2018

Question 7.
Differentiate between the equity shares and preference shares.
Answer:
Difference between Equity shares and preference shares :
TS Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper May 2018 9

Question 8.
What are the sources of short term finance ?
Answer:
The following are the sources of short-term finance :

1. Bank credit : Commercial banks extend short term financial assistance to business in the form of loans, cash credits, overdrafts and discount bills. Bank loans are provided for a specific short period. Such advance is credited to loan account and the borrower has to pay interest on the entire amount of the loan sanctioned. Bank grants cash credits upto a specific limit. The firm can withdraw any amount within that limit. Interest is charged on the actual amount withdrawn. In overdraft, the customer can overdraw his current account. The arrangement is for short period only. Commercial banks finance the business houses by discounting the bills of exchange and promissory notes.

2. Trade credit: Just as firm grants credit to customers, so it often gets credit from suppliers. It is known as trade credit. It does not make available funds in cash but it facilitates the purchase of goods without immediate payment of cash.

3. Installment credit: Business firm gets credit from equip-ment suppliers. The supplier may allow the purchase of equipment with payments extended over a period of 12 months or more. Some portion of the cost price is paid on delivery and the balance is paid in number of instalments. The supplier charges interest on unpaid balance.

4. Customers advance : Many times, the manufacturer of goods insist on advance by customers, in case of big orders. The customers advance represent a part of the price of the product which will be delivered at a later date.

5. Commercial Paper : Commercial paper is an unsecured promissory note issued by a firm to raise funds for shorter period, varying from 90 days to 365 days. It is issued by one firm on another firm. The amount raised by C.P is large. As the debt is totally unsecured, firms having good credit rating can issue commercial paper.

Question 9.
List out the features of MNCs.
Answer:
MNCs means Multinational Corporations. The word “Multinational” is a combination of words “Multi” which refers to many and ” national” refers to a country. So multinationals means a company which operates in more than one country. MNC refers to an enterprise whose managerial headquarters are located in one country, while it carries out operations in a number of other countries.

According to David E. Liliental, defines the MNCs as “Corporations which have their home in one country but operate and live under the laws and customs of other countries as well”.

Features of MNCs:

  1. Giant size ; The assets aind sale of MNCs are very large. These companies operate on large scale as they trade in more than one country. Sometimes their sales turnover exceeds the Gross National product (GNP) of developing countries.
  2. International Operation : A MNC operates and sells their products in different countries. It operates through a network of branches and subsidiaries in host countries.
  3. Professional Management : A Multinational corporation employees professional experts, specialized people. MNCs try to keep their employees updated by training from time to time to handle the advance in technology effectively.
  4. Oligo polistic powers : Oligopoly means power in the hands of few companies only. Due to their gaint size, the MNCs occupy dominating position in the market.
  5. Centralized control : MNC’s will have managerial head-quarters in the home country. All the subsidiary and branches work under the supervision, guidance and control of the head office.
  6. Sophisticated Technology : Multinational companies make use of latest, advanced and innovative technology to produce quality goods.

Section – C
(5 × 2 = 10)

Answer any FIVE of the following questions not exceeding 5 lines each.

Question 10.
What do you mean by Commerce ?
Answer:
Commerce is concerned with exchange of goods. It includes all those activities which are related to transfer of goods from the places of production to the ultimate consumer. Commerce enables all these processes which helps to break the barriers between producers and consumers. It is sum of those processes which are engaged in the removal of hindrances of persons, place and time in exchange.

Question 11.
What is Sole Proprietorship.
Answer:
Sole trade is the oldest and most commonly used form of business organisation. It is also known as sole proprietorship, individual partnership, single entrepreneurship. In sole trade concern a single individual introduces his own capital, skill and intelligence in the management of its affairs and is solely responsible for the results of its operations. It is the easiest to form and is also the simplest in organisation. All that is required is that the individual concerned should decide to carry on particular business and find the necessary capital. For this purpose, he may depend mostly on his own savings or he may borrow part or whole from his friends or relatives. He can start business in his own house or on rented premises. He may run the business on his own or may obtain the assistance of his family members or paid employees.

A sole trader is a person who sets up the business with his own resources, manages the business himself by employing persons for his help and alone bears all gains and risks of the business.

Question 12.
Coparcener.
Answer:
In Joint Hindu Family business Organisation, family members of three successive generations own the business Jointly. This interest in inheritence is called coparcenary interest. Hence the members of the joint Hindu family firm are called “coparceners.

Question 13.
What is a Government Company.
Answer:

  1. Any company in which not less than “51” percent of the paid up share capital is held by the central government or state Government is called a Government company.
  2. For example: ONGC, NTPC

Question 14.
Define fixed capital.
Answer:
The capital which is used to acquire fixed assets such as land and buildings, plant and machinery etc., is called fixed capital. Capital used by the business organisations to meet the long term requirements is called fixed capital or block capital. The amount of fixed capital required by the business concern depends on the size and nature of business.

Question 15.
Retained earnings.
Answer:
Retained earnings or ploughing back of profits refers to the process of reinvestment of the earning of the year after year. In this technique all the profits are not distributed to share holders. A part of the profit is retained in the business as a reserve which are used for financing long term and short term needs of the company.

TS Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper May 2018

Question 16.
Define Service Enterprises.
Answer:
TS Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper May 2018 10

Question 17.
Define E-Banking.
Answer:
E-banking means “Electronic Banking” which is one of the most successful online business. E-Banking allows customers to access their accounts, and execute orders through use of website. With the help of e-banking a customer can view their accounts, transfer funds and can pay bills. Eg : Net Banking.

Part – II (50 Marks)
Section – D

Answer the following question.

Question 18.
From the following Trial Balance, Prepare final accounts of sachin company as on 31-12-2016.
Trial Balance
TS Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper May 2018 20

Adjustments :
1. Outstanding salaries ₹ 500.
2. Closing stock ₹ 4,500.
3. Prepaid Insurance ₹ 400.
4. Outstanding wages ₹ 300.
5. Depreciation on Machinery 10%.
Answer:
Trading and Profit and Loss A/c of Sachin company for year ending 31.12.2016
TS Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper May 2018 11

Balance Sheet of Sachin Company as on 31.12.2016
TS Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper May 2018 12

Section – E
(1 × 10 = 10)

Answer any ONE of the following questions.

Question 19.
Prepare Three Column Cash Book from the following :
TS Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper May 2018 2
Answer:
TS Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper May 2018 13

Question 20.
From the following information prepare a Bank Reconci-liation statement of Shiva Traders as on 31-12-2016.
TS Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper May 2018 3
Answer:
Bank Reconciliation Statement of Shiva Traders as on 31.12.2015
TS Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper May 2018 14

Section – F

Answer any TWO of the following questions.

Question 21.
Explain different types of accounts along with their debit, credit rules.
Answer:
The accounts are broadly divided into two types.

1. Personal Accounts
2) Impersonal accounts.

1) Personal Accounts : These accounts which relate to the persons, group of persons or institutions are called personal accounts. Ex.: Rama’s a/c, Andhra Bank a/c., LIC a/c, Infosys Ltd. The rule in personal accounts is “Debit the receiver and credit the giver”. According to this, benefit receivers account is debited and benefit givers account is credited.

2) Impersonal accounts : Impersonal accounts are those accounts which are not personal accounts. They are again divided into

i) Real Accounts
ii) Nominal Accounts.

i) Real Accounts : These accounts are related to the assets and properties of the business firm. Ex.: Building, machinery, stock, goodwill etc.
The rule in real accounts is “Debit what comes in and credit what goes out”. When an asset is received the asset account is debited and when the asset goes out of the business, the asset is credited.

ii) Nominal Accounts : These accounts relate to expenses, incomes or gains or losses. Ex.: Salary a/c, Rent a/c, Commission received a/c etc.
The rule in nominal accounts is “Debit all expenses and losses and credit all incomes and gains”.

Question 22.
Prepare Ramya Sri account from the following.
TS Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper May 2018 4
Answer:
TS Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper May 2018 15

Question 23.
Record the following transactions in the purchases book.
TS Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper May 2018 5
Answer:
TS Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper May 2018 16

Question 24.
What are the errors disclosed by the Trial Balance?
Answer:
The errors which affect the agreement of Trial Balance are called Errors disclosed by the Trial Balance.
The following are the errors disclosed by Trial Balance :

  1. Posting of Transaction to wrong side of an account: Posting of transaction to wrong side of account affect the agreement of Trial Balance.
    Eg : Discount allowed posted to credit side of discount account.
  2. Posting of wrong amount to an account: Posting of wrong amount affect the agreement of Trial Balance.
    Eg : Sales of ₹ 5000 posted as ₹ 500 to sales account.
  3. Errors in totaling : Errors in totaling it may be over cast or undercast affects the agreement of trial Balance. Eg: Sales Returns Book Overcast by ₹ 100.
  4. Errors of carrying forward: If a mistake in carrying forward a total of one page to the next page. This error affect the agreement of Trial Balance. Eg: purchase Book total is carried forward as ₹ 1,500 instead of ₹ 150.
  5. Posting of only one aspect of Journal Entry into ledger :
    Some times accountant may post only one aspect of entry to the ledger account, it affect the Agreement of Tril Balance. Eg: Sale of goods to Ramesh ₹ 200 Posted to sales book only.
  6. Recording one aspect twice :
    An accountant may be record one aspect twice it affect the Agreement of Trial Balance.
    Eg : Paid salaries ₹ 600 debited twice in salaries account.

Section -G

Answer any FIVE of the following questions.

Question 25.
What is an Account ?
Answer:
An Account is a summary of relevant transactions at one place related to a person asset expense revenue named is the heding. An account is a brief history of financial transactions of a particular person or item which has two sides called debit side and credit side.

Question 26.
Explain money measurement concept.
Answer:
According to Money Measurement concept, we record all transactions which can be measured in terms of money. The transactions and events which cannot be expressed in term of money are not recorded in books of Accounts.

TS Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper May 2018

Question 27.
Journalize the following transactions. In the books of Dhoni.
TS Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper May 2018 6
Answer:
Journal entries is the books of Dhoni
TS Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper May 2018 17

Question 28.
What is Contra Entry ?
Answer:
An Entry which appears on both the sides (debit side as well as credit side of the tree column Cash Book is called “contra Entry ? For contra entries letter “c” is written is L.F. column.

Question 29.
Pass Opening Entry from the following particulars as on 01-01-2015.
TS Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper May 2018 7
Answer:
Opening Entry as on 1-1-2015
TS Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper May 2018 18

Question 30.
What is Overdraft ?
Answer:
Bank overdraft is an arrangement made by the customer with banker to drawn an excess amount of what the customer has in his bank account balance subject to a specific predetermined limit.

Question 31.
Prepare Trial Balance of Raviteja from the following balances as on 31-3-2016.
TS Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper May 2018 8
Answer:
Trial Balance of Ravi Teja as on 31-3-2016
TS Inter 1st Year Commerce Question Paper May 2018 19

Question 32.
Define Drawings.
Answer:
It is the amount of cash or value of goods withdrawn from the business by the proprietor for his personal use. It is deducted from the capital.