AP State Board Notes

AP Board 8th Class Social Politics Notes 10th Lesson Law and Social Justice

→ A minimum wage is fixed to protect the workers. And at the same time laws are made to protect the consumers and produces in the market.
→ But merely making laws is not enough. The government has to ensure that these laws are implemented.

→ Fundamental Rights guaranteed by our Indian Constitution like “Right against Exploitation” say that no one can be forced to work for law wages or under bondage.

→ The world’s worst industrial tragedy took place in Bhopal 24 years ago.

→ Union Carbide an American company had a factory in the city in which it produced pesticides. MIC, a highly poisonous gas, started leaking on 2nd December 1984, at midnight.

→ Within three days more than 8,000 people were dead, hundreds of thousands were maimed.

→ Even after 24 years people are still fighting for justice.

→ Foreign companies come to India for cheaper labour.

→ For lower pay, companies can get longer hours of work.

→ Since there is unemployment, there are many workers who are willing to work in unsafe.

→ It is governments to ensure the safety of its citizens.

→ As the lawmaker and enforcer, the government is supposed to ensure that safety laws are implemented..

→ Instead of protecting the interests of the people, their safety was being disregarded both by the government and by private companies.

→ With more industries being setup, there is a great need for stronger laws protecting workers”rights and better enforcement of these laws.

→ Environment is treated as a free entity and industry could pollute the air and water without any restrictions.

→ The pollutor was to be held accountable for the damage done to environment.

→ Supreme Court in many of judgements has also said about the right to healthy life and safe-drinking water as essential part of Article 21 that is Right to life.

→ MARKET :

• All the buyers’and sellers in the area or region under consideration.
• Exchange or transaction of goods and services

→ EXPLOITATION : The action of treating someone unfairly in order to benefit from their work.

→ INVESTMENT : Money spend to purchase new machinery for production.

→ ENFORCEMENT : The process of making people obey a law or rule, or making a particular situation happen or be accepted.

→ VULNERABILITY : The inability to resist a hazard or to respond when a disaster has occurred.

→ ENVIRONMENT : The circumstances, objects, or conditions by which one is surrounded.

→ DISASTER : A sudden accident that causes great damage or loss of life.

→ Producer : A person who produces goods for sale in the market.

→ Consumer : An individual who buys goods for personal use.

→ Investment : Money spend to purchase new machinery for production.

→ Workers union : An association of workers

AP 8th Class Social Notes

AP Board 8th Class Social Politics Notes 9th Lesson Public Facilities

→ Water is not available to all people of Chennai.

→ In Anna Nagar water availability is good.

→ Mylapore area gets water once in two days,

→ Madipakkam gets water once in four days.

→ In Saidapet, for 30 hutments, watercomes from a borewell for 20 minutes twice daily.

→ Water is essential for life and for good health. The Constitution of India recognises the right to water as being a part of the Right to Life under Article 21.

→ Like water, things like electricity, public transport, schools, colleges are also necessary.

→ These are known as public facilities.

→ One of the most important functions of the government is to ensure that these public facilities are made available to every one.

→ In most of the public facilities, there is no profit to be had.

→ But for other public facilities, such as School, hospitals and private companies may well be interested.

→ Private companies provide public facilities but at a price that only some people can afford.

→ Who cannot afford to pay for such facilities will be deprived of the opportunity to live a decent life.

→ Municipal supply meets only about half the needs of the people of the city.

→ Those areas that are close to storage points get more water whereas colonies further away receive less water.

→ Access to ’safe’ drinking water is also available to some and this depends on what one can afford.

→ There is a shortage in supply of water and there are inequalities in distribution.

→ Compared to metros and large cities, towns and villages are under provided.

→ Handing over these facilities to private companies may not be the answer.

→ These facilities are to be provided in an equitable manner.

→ AFFORD : Have enough money to pay for.

→ CONTAMINATION : To make impure or unsuitable by contact or mixture, with something unclean, bad etc.

→ IRRIGATION : The supply of water to crops to help growth.

→ CAMPAIGN : People campaigned against polluted water.

→ SANITATION : Provision of facilities for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces.

→ COMPANY : It is a form of business set up by people or by the government.

→ UNIVERSAL ACCESS : Universal access is achieved when everyone has physical access to a good and can also afford it.

→ BASIC NEEDS : Primary requirements Ex ; Food, shelter, health, etc.

→ VOCATIONAL : Relating to an occupation or employment.

→ ADEQUATE : Satisfactory or acceptable in quality (or) quantity.

→ Sanitation : Provision of facilities for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces.

→ Company : A company is a form of business set up by the private people or by the government.

→ Universal Access : Provision of access to all people on equal grounds.

→ Basic Needs : Primary requirements which are necessary for- survival and for development. Ex:Food, clothing, shelter, health, sanitation, education etc.

AP 8th Class Social Notes

AP Board 8th Class Social Politics Notes 8th Lesson Confronting Marginalisation

→ Fundamental Rights are an important part of the constitution.

→ Article 17 of the Constitution states that untouchability has been abolished – Infact untouchability is a punishable offence.

→ Article 15 of the Constitution notes that no citizen of India shall be discriminated against on the basis of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.

→ Dalit can “invoke” or “draw on” a Fundamental Right in situations, where they feel that they have been treated badly.

→ Otherwise, other minority groups can draw on the Fundamental Rights section of our Constitution.

→ By granting different forms of cultural rights the Constitution tries to ensure cultural justice to such groups.

→ Both state and central government create specific schemes for implementation in tribal areas or in areas that have a high Dalit population.

→ One such policy is the reservation policy that today is both significant and highly contentious.

→ Government across India have their own list of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and backward and most backward castes.

→ Candidate from that caste or tribe can avail the benefit of the reservations. Government also offer special scholarships for these students.

→ The villagers of Jakmalgur are gearing up for a big festival.

→ Once in five years – the cermony begins with a member of the Dalit community washing the feet of all the priests and then bathing in the water used for this.

→ Now it was Rathnam’s turn. He said that he had no faith and refused to perform the ritual.

→ Later he file a case in the local police station under the S.C and the S.T. Act 1989.

→ The ritual was called off but he and his family was ostracised by the powerful castes.

→ During 1970-80 – a number of assertive Dalit groups came into being asserted their rights – insisted on being treated equally.

→ The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes Act was framed in 1989.

→ Firstly, the act lists modes of humiliation.

→ Secondly, it lists actions that dispossess Dalits and Adivasis of their meagre resources.

→ The 1989 Act also guarantees the right of trible people to re-possess their land.

→ MARGINALISED : An unimportant or powerless position within a society or group.

→ UNTOUCHABILITY : The practice of discrimiftating against several individuals and groups with reference to their caste* and the jobs done by them.

→ DISCRIMINATION : The unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people.

→ INVOKE : To petition for help or support.

→ Assertive : An assertive person or group is one that can express themselves and their views strongly.

→ Confront : To come face to face or to challenge someone or something. In the context of this chapter, this refers to groups challenging their marginalisation.

→ Dispossessed : To possess is to own something and to be dispossessed is to have to give up ownership or to give up authority.

→ Ostracise : This means to exclude or banish an individual or a group. In the context of this chapter, it refers to a social boycott of an individual and his family.

→ Morally reprehensible : This refers to an act that violates all norms of decency and dignity that a society believes in. It usually refers to a hideous and repugnant act that goes against all the values that a society has accepted.

→ Policy : A stated course of action that provides direction for the future, sets goals to be achieved or lays out principles or guidelines to be followed and acted upon. In this chapter, we have referred to government policies. But other institutions like schools, companies, etc. also have policies.

AP 8th Class Social Notes

AP Board 8th Class Social Politics Notes 7th Lesson Understanding Marginalisation

→ Adivasis – the term literally means “original inhabitants” – are communities who lived and often continue to live, in close relationship with forests.

→ The Adivasis are not a homogenous population, there are over 500 different Adivasi groups in India.

→ Adivasis are numerous in states like Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, A.P., West Bengal and in North – Eastern states,

→ Adivasis practice a range of tribal religions.

→ These always involve the worship of ancestors, village and nature spirits such as mountain spirits – river spirits, animal spirits, etc.

→ During 19th century, substancial number of Adivasis converted into Christianity.

→ We seem to know, very little about the realities of Adivasis.

→ Forests covered the major part of the our country till the 19th century and Adivasis had a deep knowledge of, access to these forests at least till the end of the 19th century.

→ In the pre colonial period, they were hunter – gatherers, and nomads and lived by shifting agriculture and also cultivating in one place.

→ They were forced to migrate, to work in planatations, to work at constructions sites, to work in industries and in household work.

→ Thus, they lost direct access to the forest territories.

→ Adivasis also lived in areas that are rich in minerals and other natural resources. These are taken for mining and other large industrial projects.

→ Huge tracks of their lands have also gave under the waters of hundreds of dams that have been built in independent India.

→ Losing their lands and access to the forest means that tribals lose their main sources of livelihood and food. Thus,
they get caught in a cycle of poverty and deprivation.

→ They lose their traditions and customs.

→ The term minority is most commonly used to refer to communities that are numerically small in relation to the rest of the population.

→ Muslims are 14.2% of India’s population and are considered to be a maginalized community.

→ The Muslims in India were lagging behind in terms of various development indicators.

→ Finally- the marginalized.

→ DALIT : A member of the lowest class in India.

→ ADIVASI : The Tribes of Indian sub-continent, who are considered to be the indigenous people of India. (OR)
Original inhabitant.

→ COSTUME : A set of clothes in a style typical of a particular country or historical period.

→ NOMADS : A member of a people that travels from palce to place to find fresh pasture for its animals and has no permanent home.

→ INTERPRET : Explain the meaning of.

→ Hierarchy : A graded system or arrangement of persons or things.

→ Ghettoisation : A ghetto is an area or locality that is populated largely by members of a particular community.

→ Main stream :

• Literally it means – the main current of a river or stream.
• In this chapter it refers a cultural context in which the customs and practices that are followed are those of a dominant community.

Displaced : People who are forced or compelled to move from their homes for big development projects including dams, mining, etc.

AP 8th Class Social Notes

AP Board 8th Class Social Politics Notes 6th Lesson Understanding Our Criminal Justice System

→ Key players in criminal justice system are the police, the public prosecutor, the defence lawyer and the judge.

→ The role of police is to investigate, to form an opinion and file a chargesheet in the court.

→ The police investigations have to be in accordance with law with full respect for human rights.

→ Article 22 of the Constitution guarantees certain rights to every arrested person.

→ A criminal offence is regarded as a public wrong as the crime is committed against society as a whole.

→ The public prosecutor must conduct the prosecution on behalf of the state. His duty is to act impartially.

→ The judge is like an umpire in the game.

→ The judge decides whether the accused person is guilty or innocent, then the judge pronounces the sentence.

→ Article 21, states that a person’s life or Liberaty can be taken away only by following a just legal procedure.

→ A fair trial ensures that Article 21 is upheld.

→ The rule of law says that every one who is accused should be given an opportunity for a fair trail.

→ PROSECUTOR : Who institutes legal proceedings against someone.

→ FIR : First Information Report.

→ FICTIONAL : Not real or true.

→ INNOCENT : Free from legal guilt or fault.

→ EVIDENCE : Something legally submitted to a tribunal to ascertain the truth of a matter.

→ ABUSED : Treated with cruelty or violence. (Or) Disrespect.

→ TRAUMATISED : Upset or distressed.

→ INTERROGATION : To question formally and systematically.

→ Accused : The person who is tried by a court for a crime

→ Cognizable :

• In General – the meaning is “perceptable or clearly identifiable.
• In this chapter it refers to “an offence for which the police may arrest a person without the permission of the court.

→ Cross Examine : Questioning of a witness who was already been examined by the opposing side in order to determine the veracity of his / her testimony.

→ Detention :

• The act of stopping a person leaving a place especially keeping him in prison.
• In this chapter it refers to the act of being kept in illegal custody by the police.

→ Impartial :

• Not supporting any of the sides.
• The act of being fair or just and not favouring one side over another

→ Offence : Any act that law defines as a crime.

AP 8th Class Social Notes

AP Board 8th Class Social Politics Notes 5th Lesson Judiciary

→ Courts take decisions on a large number of issues.

→ The work that the Judiciary does can be divided into

• Dispute Resolution
• Judicial Review
• Upholding the Law and Enforcing Fundamental Rights.

→ We have independent judiciary system neither any politician nor the rich people can influence the Judicial process.

→ One aspect of independence is the “separation of powers” that means the legislature and the executive can interfere in the work of the Judiciary.

→ Judges are appointed with little influence from other branches of government.

→ Judges once appointed, it is very difficult to remove them.

→ There are three different courts. District court is the highest at the district level.

→ Every state has a high court which is the highest court in the state.

→ At the top is the Supreme Court located in New Delhi and is presided over by the Chief Justice of India.

→ In India, we have an integrated judicial system.

→ The integration is through the appellate system that exist in India.

→ There are different branches of the legal system

• Criminal law
• Civil law.

→ Though the courts are available for all, in reality access to courts has always been difficult for s’vast majority of the poor people in India.

→ In response to this, the Supreme Court in the early 1980s devised a mechanism of “Public Interest Litigation” or PIL to increase access to justice.

→ However, there are also court judgements, that people believe, work against the interests of the common man. Ex: Dwellers in slums in cities are treated as encroachers in the city.

→ JUDICIARY : A system of courts of law.

→ COURT : Legal place where trials take place.

→ DISPUTE : Any conflict or disagreement.

→ DISPUTE RESOLUTION : It is the process of resolving disputes between parties.

→ APPROACH : A way of dealing with a situation.

→ INTEGRATION : The act of process of uniting different things.

→ WITNESS : A person who sees an event, typically a crime or accident, take place.

→ VERDICT : A decision on an issue of fact in a civil or criminal case.

→ GUILTY : Responsible for a specified wrong doing.

→ RESCUE : Save from a dangerous or difficult situation.

→ INTERPRET : Explain the meaning of.

→ Acquit : This refers to the court declaring that a person is not guilty of the crime which he / she was tried for by the court.

→ To Appeal :

• To make a serious request for something you need or want very much.
• Here in this chapter it refers to “a petition filed before a higher court to hear a case that has already been decided by a lower court.

→ Compensation :

• Money that you pay to somebody because you have injured him / her or damaged his / her property.
• In this chapter it refers to “money given to make amends for an injury or a loss.

→ Eviction : It refers to the removal of persons from land / homes that they are currently living in.

→ Violation : It refers to the act of breaking of a law or breaking of fundamental rights.

AP 8th Class Social Notes

AP Board 8th Class Social Politics Notes 4th Lesson Understanding Laws

→ There are provisions in our constitution that would establish the rule of law.

→ The law cannot discriminate between persons on the basis of their religion, caste or gender.

→ In ancient India, there were innumerable and after, overlapping local law.

→ This slowly began to change as this system of law began to further evolve during the
colonial period.

→ Indian nationalists began protesting and criticising the arbitrary use of authority by the British.

→ By the end of 19th century, the Indian legal profession also began to use law to defend the legal rights of Indians.

→ With the adoption of the constitution, our representatives began making laws for the country and amend the existing laws every years.

→ The Parliament has an important role in making laws.

→ PARLIAMENT : Parliament is the supreme legislative body of India. The Indian Parliament comprises of the President and the two Houses – Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and Lok Sabha (House of the People).

→ LAW : The system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties.

→ CITIZEN : A legally recognized subject or national of a state or common wealth, either native or naturalized.

→ CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY : A Constituent Assembly is a body assembled for the purpose of drafting or revising a constitution.

→ ARBITRARY ARREST : Arbitrary or unlawful detention occurs when an individual is arrested and detained by a government without due process and without the legal protections of a fair trial, or when an individual is detained without any legal basis for the deprivation of liberty.

→ RULE OF LAW : It means that no man is above law and also that every person is subject to the jurisdiction of ordinary courts of law irrespective of their position and rank. The term rule of law’ is originated from England and India has taken this concept.

→ ROWLATT ACT : Rowlatt Act, (February 1919), legislation passed by the Imperial Legislative Council, the legislature of British India, The acts allowed certain political cases to be tried without juries and permitted internment of suspects without trial.

→ DOMESTIC VIOLENCE : Violent or aggressive behaviour within the home, typically involving the violent abuse of a spouse or partner.

→ SEDITION ACT OF 1870 : According to Sedition Act of 1870 any person criticizing or protesting the British government could be arrested without a trial.

→ Arbitrary : Based on random choice and personal whim, rather than any reason or system

→ Sedition : Language or behaviour that is intended to oppose their government.

→ Sedition Act : Under Sedition Act of 1870, the British had a very broad interpretion of what sedition was and they could arrest and detain any persons they wanted under this Act.

→ Succession : A number of people of a similar kind following one after the other.

→ Evolution :

• The process of development from simple to complex form (often used to the development of species)
• In this chapter it refers to the way in which protecting women against domestic violence developed.

→ Domestic : Relating to a home or a family.

→ Criticise :

• Indicate the faults in a disapproving way.
• To find fault with a person, or thing or act or law.

→ Repressive :

• To control severely in order to prevent free and natural development or expression.
• Here it refers to the laws that control persons and prevent them from exercising their fundamental rights.

→ Hawkers : Persons who travels and sell goods especially on streets.

→ Rowlatt Act : The Act pasted in 1919 by the British. This act gives the power to arrest and keep them in prison for upto two years without any trial.

AP 8th Class Social Notes

AP Board 8th Class Social Politics Notes 3rd Lesson Why do we need a Parliament

→ The ideas of freedom, equality and participation in decision making inspired our nationalists.

→ Government of India Act 1909, allowed for some elected representatives.

→ But they did not allow for all adults to vote.

→ After independence, the Constitution of India laid down the principle of Universal Adult Franchise.

→ The Parliament, which is made up of all representatives together controls and guides the government.

→ Parliament of India consists of the President of Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha.

→ The Parliament need to perform…

• Select the National Government.
• Control, guide and inform the government.
• Law-making.

→ Lok Sabha has 545 (2 Anglo Indians Nominated) members.

→ Prime Minister is the majority party leader in Lok Sabha.

→ He selects the Executive – his team of ministers.

→ The Rajya Sabha functions primarily as the representative of the States of India.

→ There are 233 elected members plus 12 members nominated by the President.

→ The Parliament, while in session, begins with a question hour.

→ By asking questions, the government is alerted to its short comings and also knows

the opinion of the people.
→ Parliament now has more and more people from different backgrounds.

→ It is also suggested that there should be reservations for woman too.

→ “Is our democratic system is representative enough”? – is a unresolved question.

→ Democracy : The government in which the highest power is held by the people and is usually used through representatives.

→ CITIZEN : A legally recognized subject or national of a state.

→ PARLIAMENT : Parliament is the supreme legislative body of India.

→ GOVERNMENT : The group of people with the authority to govern a country or state; a particular ministry in office.

→ CONSTITUTION : A body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed.

→ EQUALITY : The state of being equal, especially in status, rights, or opportunities.

→ LEGISLATURE : The legislative body of a country or state.

→ COLONIAL : The control or governing influence of a nation over a dependent country, territory, or people.

→ UNIVERSAL ADULT FRANCHISE : AH citizens of India over the age of 18 have the right to vote
irrespective of their background. They collectively form the Universal Adult Franchise. The people have a direct role in electing their representatives.

→ LOK SABHA : The Lok Sabha, constitutionally the House of the People, is the lower house of India’s bicameral Parliament.

→ RAJYA SABHA : The Rajya Sabha, constitutionally the Council of States, is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of India.

→ COALITION : A temporary alliance of groups of parties.

→ Approval :

• To give one’s consent.
• In this chapter, it refers to formal consent of the people’s representatives in the Parliament.

→ Coalition : An alliance of two or more parties to form government.

→ Unresolved : Unsolved the situation that has no solution.

→ Lok Sabha : The lower house of the Parliament.

→ Rajya Sabha : The upper house of the Parliament.

→ Parliament : Rajya Sabha + Lok Sabha + President.

→ The Prime Minister : The leader of the ruling party in Lok Sabha.

→ M.P. : Member of Parliament

AP 8th Class Social Notes

AP Board 8th Class Social Politics Notes 2nd Lesson Understanding Secularism

→ In some countries, members of one religious community either persecute or discriminate against members of other religious communities.

→ The Indian Constitution allows individuals the freedom to live by their religious beliefs.

→ Secularism refers to separation of religion from the state.

→ The majorities could quite easily prevent minorities from practising their religious.

→ The objectives of a secular state as per our constitution are.

• One religion does not dominate another religion.
• Some members do not dominate other members of the same religious community.
• The state does not enforce any particular religion as any one.

→ Government treat all religions equally.

→ Secularism works with the concept of non-interference.

→ Secularism works to prevent the domination through a strategy of intervention”. Ex : Indian constitution banned “untouchability”.

→ The Indian constitution grants the right to religious communities to set up their own schools. It also gives financial aid.

→ In the U.S.A. the separation between state and religion means that neither the state nor religion can interfere in the affairs of one another.

→ Unlike USA, the Indian constitution intervened in Hindu religious practices in order to abolish untouchability.

→ The Indian constitution guarantees “Fundamental Rights” that are based on these “Secular Principles”.

→ The knowledge of such rights exists makes us sensitive to their violations.

→ DISCRIMINATION : The unfair or prejudicial treatment of people and groups based on characteristics such as race, gender, age or sexual orientation.

→ RETALIATION : Counterattack

→ PERSECUTION : Hostility and ill – treatment

→ MINORITIES : A number or part representing less than half of the whole.

→ COMMUNITY : A group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common.

→ UNTOUCHABILITY : The individual discrimination against certain classes of persons.

→ SECULARISM : Union of several religions and not inclined towards any specific religion.

→ Coercion :

• The use of force to persuade someone to do something that they are unwilling to do.
• In this chapter it refers to the force used by a legal authority like state.

→ Freedom to interpret : It refers to a person s liberty to develop their own under-standing and meaning of the religion they practice.

→ Intervene :

• To interrupt somebody who is speaking in order to say something.
• In this chapter, it refers to the state efforts to influence, a particular matter in accordance with the principles of the constitution.

→ Discrimination :

• Treating one person or group of persons worse than other.
• In this chapter it refers to the treating badly of SC and ST’s by the upper caste people.

→ Persecution :

• Persecution is cruel and unfair treatment of a person or group, especially because of their religious, or political beliefs or their race.
• Here in this chapter it refers to illtreating or killing of Jews by the Germans during Hitler’s period.

AP 8th Class Social Notes

AP Board 8th Class Social Politics Notes 1st Lesson The Indian Constitution

→ A written document in which certain rules are framed through consensus is called a constitution.

→ A constitution lays out certain ideals which citizens aspire to live in.

→ A constitution tells us what the fundamental nature of our society is.

→ A constitution not only decides the type of government but also frames a set of rules and principles.

→ The previous constitution of Nepal, which was adopted in 1990, did not reflect the ideals of the country.

→ Hence, Nepal adopted a new constitution in 2015.

→ The constitution defines the nature of a country’s political system.

→ In democratic societies, the constitution often lays down rules that guard against the authority by our political leaders.

→ Our constitution guarantees the right to equality to all persons.

→ Our constitution safeguards the interests of the minorities.

→ A good constitution does not allow any leader to change its basic structure.

→ A good constitution guarantee rights of citizens and protect their freedom.

→ The Constituent Assembly was formed in 1946 with around 300 members and it took almost 3 years to draft a constitution.

→ The features of our constitution are…

• Federalism : This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country.
• Parliamentary form of government : Our constitution makes Parliament supreme over the President. Parliament members are elected by the people through universal adult suffrage.
• Separation of powers : As per our constitution, there are three forms of government. These are, the Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary.
• Fundamental Rights : Our constitution guarantees Six Fundamental Rights to its citizens.
• Secularism : A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion.

→ CONSTITUTION : It is a set of rules and regulations which are followed by people and government, (or) Containing the rules of governing a sovereign nation state, (or) Consists of a set of rules and principles to govern the country.

→ DEMOCRACY : It means rule by people (or) People’s rule. (or) A form of government in which people largely hold the power of governance.

→ MONARCHY : A political system based upon the undivided sovereignty or rule of a single person, (or) An individual ruler who functions as the head of a state and who achieves his dr her position through heredity.

→ FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS : A group of rights that have been recognised by the supreme court as requiring a high degree of protection from government encroachment.

→ MINORITIES : A group of people representing less than half of the whole.

→ COMMUNITY : A group of people living in the same place (or) having a particular characteristic in common.

→ ACRIMONIOUS : Angry and bitter.

→ TURMOIL : A state of great disturbance.

→ AUTONOMY : A person’s ability to act on his or her own values and interests. (or) Self legislation (or) self governance.

→ FEDERALISM : The existence of more than one level of government. (or) Division of powers between- central and state governments.

→ UNIVERSAL ADULT SUFFRAGE : Right to vote.

→ Arbitary :

• This can be refer to rules that are not fixed or decisions that have no base.
• Arbitary ruler – generally uses unlimited personal power without considering other people’s rights and wishes.

→ Ideal : Perfect principle – a principle in its most perfect form.

→ Indian National Movement : A National movement in India emerged in 19th century to fight against British rule.

→ Polity :

• A form and process of civil government.
• A society that has an organized political structure. India is a democratic polity.

→ Sovereign :

• Ultimate power
• In Indian context- sovereignty vests with people – Hence people are independent.

→ Human Trafficking : Illegal trade of people especially woman and children.

→ Trafficking : Illegal trade

→ Tyranny :

• The cruel and unjust use of power.
• Unjust and oppressive governmental powers.

→ Consensus : A general agreement among people.

→ Acrimonious : Full of anger, bitter, sore, bad feelings.

→ Turmoil : A condition of great confusion, agitation.

→ Princely states : Native states which were not directly ruled by the British but were ruled by native kings. Ex : Kashmir, Hyderabad, Junagarh.

AP 8th Class Social Notes

AP Board 8th Class Social Geography Notes 6th Lesson Human Resources

→ People are a nation’s greatest resource.

→ Healthy, educated and motivated people develop resources as per their requirements.

→ Human resources like other resources are not equally distributed over the world

→ People are spread across the earth surface is known as the pattern of population distribution.

→ 90 per cent of the world’s population lives in about 30 per cent of the land surface.

→ South and South east Asia countries are crowded.

→ Europe and north eastern North America have very few people.

→ Almost three-quarters of the world’s people live in two continents Asia and Africa.

→ Sixty per cent of the world’s people stay in just 10 countries.

→ The number of people living in a unit area of the earth’s surface is called population density.

→ The average density of population in the whole world is 51 persons per square km.

→ South Central Asia has the highest density of population.

→ People always prefer to live on plains.

→ The Ganga plains are the most densely populated areas.

→ People usually avoid extreme climates.

→ Fertile soils provide suitable land for agriculture.

→ Ganga and Brahmaputra in India, Hwang-He,Chang Jiang in China and the Nile in Egypt are densely populated.

→ Areas with mineral deposits are more populated.

→ Areas of better housing, education and health facilities are more densely populated.

→ Places with religion or cultural significance attract people.

→ Large number of people are attracted to Industrial areas, these areas provide employment opportunities.

→ The population change refers to change in the number of people during a specific time.

→ In 1804 the world’s population reached one billion.

→ In 1959 the world’s population reached 3 billion.

→ In 1999 the population doubled to 6 billion.

→ The number of live births per 1,000 people are usually measured using the birth rate.

→ The number of deaths per 1,000 people are usually measured using the death rate

→ Migrations is the movement of people in and out of an area.

→ Births and deaths are the natural causes of population change.

→ The difference between the birth rate and the death rate of a country is called the natural growth rate.

→ People may move within a country or between countries is called migration.

→ Emigrants are people who leave a country.

→ Immigrants are those who arrive in a country.

→ The general trend of international migrations is from the less developed nations to the more developed nations.

→ Improving health care, death rates have fallen, but birth rates still remain high leading to high growth rates.

→ Population composition refers to the structure of the population.

→ The shape of the population pyramid tells the story of the people living in that particular country.

→ Young dependents aged below 15 years and elderly dependents aged over 65 years.

→ Skilled, spirited and hopeful young people endowed with a positive outlook are the future of any nation.

→ Average density of population in India is 382 persons per square km.

→ HUMAN RESOURCE : Healthy and educated people considered as human resource.

→ CROWDED : A place filled with large amount of people.

→ SPARELY POPULATED : Particular place filled with small amount of people.

→ EQUATORIAL FORESTS : These forests look green throughout the year.

→ DENSITY OF POPULATION : The number of people living in a unit area of the Earth’s surface.

→ TROPICAL DESERT : Tropical deserts are located in regions between 5 and 30 degrees latitude. They have the highest average monthly temperature. Environment is very extreme.

→ TOPOGRAPHY : The arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area.

→ CLIMATE : Climate refers to weather situations like temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity and precipitation such conditions over a large area and follows a similar general pattern over many years.

→ SOIL : Earth surface in which plants grown. It is mixture of organic remains, clay and rock particles.

→ WATER : Water helps with the absorption of important nutrients from our food.

→ MINERALS : A mineral Is an element or chemical compound. That Is formed naturally in the earth.

→ CULTURAL FACTORS : They relating to the habits, beliefs, and trodilions of a certain people.

→ ECONOMIC FACTORS : They relating to production, distribution, and consumption Of goods and services.

→ POPULATION CHANGE : It refers to change in the number of people during a specific time.

→ BIRTHRATES : The number of live births per 1000 people.

→ DEATH RATE : The numbers of death per 1000 people.

→ NATURAL GROWTH RATE : The difference between the birth rate and death rate of country.

→ LIFE EXPECTANCY : It is the number of years that an average person can except to live.

→ MIGRATION : Migration is the movement of people from one place to another.

→ IMMIGRATION : When a person enters a new country.

→ EMIGRATION : When a person leaves a country.

→ POPULATION COMPOSITION : It is the description of a population according to character-istics such as age and sex.

→ POPULATION PYRAMID : A population pyramid is a way to visualize two variables are age and sex.

→ SKILLED : Perform a certain activity or task well.

→ SOCIAL FACTORS : People living naturally in groups or communities.

→ Life expectancy : It is the number of years that an average person can expect to live.

→ Immigration : When a person enters a new country.

→ Emigration : When a person leaves a country.

AP 8th Class Social Notes

AP Board 8th Class Social Geography Notes 5th Lesson Industries

→ Change raw materials into products is known as manufacturing.

→ Industries can be classified on the basis of raw materials, size and ownership.

→ On the basis of raw materials industries are classified into agro, mineral, marine and forest based industries.

→ On the basis of capital investment industries are classified into small scale and large scale industries.

→ On the basis of ownership industries are classified into public, private, joint and cooperative sectors.

→ Industrialisation often leads to development and growth of towns and cities.

→ An industrial system consists of inputs, processes and outputs.

→ Location of industries is on the basis of availability of raw materials, water, labour, power, transport, capital and markets.

→ The world’s major industries are the iron and steel industry. The textile industry and the information technology industry.

→ Steel is often called the backbone of modern industry.

→ In Jamshedpur, several other industrial plants were set up after TISCO.

→ Pittsburgh is an important steel city of the United States of America.

→ The first successful mechanized textile mill, was established in Mumbai in 1854.

→ Ahmedabad was often referred to as the “Machester of India”.

→ PRODUCT : An article that is manufactured from raw materials.

→ MANUFACTURING : The processing of raw materials into finished products.

→ UTILITY : The state of being useful.

→ INDUSTRY : Economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories.

→ RAW MATERIALS : The basic material from which a product is made.

→ AGRO BASED INDUSTRIES : Use plant and animal based products as their raw materials. .

→ JOINT SECTOR INDUSTRIES : Industries are owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group of individuals.

→ CO-OPERATIVE SECTOR : Industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both.

→ INCENTIVES : A thing that motivates or encourages someone to do something.

→ REFINING : The process of purification of a substance.

→ SMELTING : The extraction of metal from its ore by a process involving heating and melting.

→ MINERAL BASED INDUSTRIES : Primary industries that used mineral ores as their raw materials.

→ MARINE BASED INDUSTRIES : Use products from the sea and oceans as raw materials.

→ FOREST BASED INDUSTRIES : Utilise forest produce as raw materials.

→ SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES : The industries use less than 1 crore as their capital investment.

→ LARGE SCALE INDUSTRIES : The industries use more than 10 crores as their capital investment.

→ PRIVATE SECTOR INDUSTRIES : Industries are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals.

AP 8th Class Social Notes