TS 6th Class English Study Material Pdf | TS 6th Class English Guide Pdf Telangana

Telangana SCERT Class 6 English Solutions | TS 6th Class English Guide Study Material Telangana Pdf

TS 6th Class English Study Material Pdf Unit 1

TS 6th Class English Guide Pdf Unit 2

6th Class English Guide Pdf Telangana Unit 3

6th Class English Guide Telangana Unit 4

Telangana SCERT Class 6 English Solutions Unit 5

TS 6th Class English Textbook Pdf Unit 6

Unit 7

Unit 8

TS 6th Class English Study Material Pdf

TS 6th Class English Guide Pdf Telangana

TS 6th Class Study Material

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter Wise Pdf 2023-2024 | Jr Inter Botany Important Questions

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter Wise Pdf 2022-2023 | Jr Inter Botany Important Questions

TS AP Intermediate 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter Wise 2023: Here we have created a list of Telangana & Andhra Pradesh BIEAP TS AP Intermediate Jr Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter Wise with Answers 2023-2024 Pdf Download just for you. Those who are preparing for Inter exams should practice the Intermediate 1st Year Botany Important Questions Pdf and do so will clear their doubts instantly. These Jr Inter Botany Important Questions with Answers enhance your conceptual knowledge and prepares you to solve different types of questions in the exam.

Students must practice these AP Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Pdf to boost their preparation for the exam paper. These AP Intermediate 1st Year Botany Important Questions with Answers are prepared as per the latest exam pattern. Each of these chapters contains a set of solved questions and additional questions for practice.

Students can also read AP Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material for exam preparation. Students can also go through AP Inter 1st Year Botany Notes to understand and remember the concepts easily.

AP Intermediate 1st Year Botany Important Questions with Answers Chapter Wise 2023

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material in English Medium

Intermediate 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter Wise 2023

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material in Telugu Medium

TS AP Inter 1st Year Botany Weightage Blue Print

We are providing well-organized Botany Important Questions Inter 1st Year that will help students in their exam preparation. These Botany Inter 1st Year Important Questions are designed by subject experts. So Students should utilise the Intermediate 1st Year Botany Important Questions with Answers 2023 to pass their board exams with flying colours.

The questions given in the Inter First Year Botany Important Questions are designed and laid out chronologically and as per the syllabus. Students can expect that these TS AP Intermediate Inter 1st Year Botany Important Questions Chapter Wise Pdf 2023-2024 might be covered in the final exam paper.

TS 6th Class Telugu Guide Telangana | TS 6th Class Telugu Study Material Telangana Pdf

TS 6th Class Telugu Study Material Pdf | TS 6th Class Telugu Guide Pdf Download Telangana

Telangana SCERT Class 6 Telugu Solutions | 6th Class Telugu Question Bank Pdf Telangana

6th Class Telugu Guide Pdf Telangana ఉపవాచకం

TS 6th Class Telugu Study Material Telangana Pdf

TS 6th Class Telugu Guide Telangana

TS 6th Class Study Material

AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Important Questions Chapter Wise Pdf 2022-2023 | Jr Inter Zoology Important Questions

AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Important Questions Chapter Wise Pdf 2022-2023 | Jr Inter Zoology Important Questions

TS AP Intermediate 1st Year Zoology Important Questions Chapter Wise 2022: Here we have created a list of Telangana & Andhra Pradesh BIEAP TS AP Intermediate Jr Inter 1st Year Zoology Important Questions Chapter Wise with Answers 2022-2023 Pdf Download just for you. Those who are preparing for Inter exams should practice the Intermediate 1st Year Zoology Important Questions Pdf and do so will clear their doubts instantly. These Jr Inter Zoology Important Questions with Answers enhance your conceptual knowledge and prepares you to solve different types of questions in the exam.

Students must practice these AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Important Questions Pdf to boost their preparation for the exam paper. These AP Intermediate 1st Year Zoology Important Questions with Answers are prepared as per the latest exam pattern. Each of these chapters contains a set of solved questions and additional questions for practice.

Students can also read AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Study Material for exam preparation. Students can also go through AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Notes to understand and remember the concepts easily.

AP Intermediate 1st Year Zoology Important Questions with Answers Chapter Wise 2022

Intermediate 1st Year Zoology Important Questions Chapter Wise 2022

AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Important Questions in English Medium

AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Important Questions in Telugu Medium

TS AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Weightage Blue Print

We are providing well-organized Zoology Important Questions Inter 1st Year that will help students in their exam preparation. These Zoology Inter 1st Year Important Questions are designed by subject experts. So Students should utilise the Intermediate 1st Year Zoology Important Questions with Answers 2022 to pass their board exams with flying colours.

The questions given in the Inter First Year Zoology Important Questions are designed and laid out chronologically and as per the syllabus. Students can expect that these TS AP Intermediate Inter 1st Year Zoology Important Questions Chapter Wise Pdf 2022-2023 might be covered in the final exam paper.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium

TS Board TS 8th Class Physics Study Material Pdf TS 8th Class Physics Physical Science Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA1, FA2, FA3, FA4 English Medium

8th Class Physical Science Projects in English Medium

Project – 1. Force.

Introduction :

We can observe many changes around us, like changes in seasons, change during sunrise and sunset, changes in tides of sea etc. In ancient days, people thought that an invisible force was responsible for the changes occurring in nature. Even now many people believe that an invisible force exists that causes whatever is happening in the world.

Later, the concept of force was developed, but it was limited to explaining our efforts and actions. The words force, effort, strength and power had almost the same meaning at that time.

Need of the Project :

Force is just a fancy word for pushing or pulling. If we push on something or pull on it, then we are applying a force to it. Force makes things move or accurately makes things change their motion. Force is the capacity to do work or cause physical change.

It is very interesting to observe different types of forces in our daily life. If we study these forces through our project it will be very useful.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium

Objectives :

Collecting pictures and information from various sources like internet, magazines, news papers etc. to illustrate contact forces and field forces.

Data Analysis :

Types of Contact Forces : There are 6 kinds of forces which act on object when they come into contact with one another. The six forces are

Normal force : A book resting on a table has the force of gravity pulling it toward the earth. But the book is not moving. So there must be opposing forces acting on the book. This force is caused by the table and is known as the normal force.

Applied force : Applied force refers to a force that is applied to an object such as when a person moves a piece of furniture across the room or pushes a button on the remote control, a force is applied.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium 1

Frictional force : Frictional force is the force caused by two surfaces that come into contact with each other.

Tension force : Tension force is the force applied to a cable or wire that is anchored on opposite ends to opposing walls or other objects. This causes a force that pulls equally in both directions.

Spring force : The spring force is the force created by a compressed or stretched spring.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium 2

Resisting forces : Resisting forces like air resistance or friction changes motion. Air friction makes a leaf travel along in the wind.

Forces at a distance : Two natural forces that we experience are the force of gravity and magnetic forces.

These two forces act at a distance and do not require direct contact between the objects to function. Gravity produces force that pulls objects towards each other, like a person towards the ground. It is the force that keeps the earth revolving around the sun and it’s what pulls us towards the ground when we trip.

Magnetism produces a force that can either pull opposite ends of two magnets together or push the matching ends apart. A magnet also attracts objects made of metal. A magnet can attract or repel another magnet without contact so magnetic force is a field force.

The force exerted by a charged body on another charged body is known as electrostatic force. This force comes into play even when the bodies are not in contact. It is an example of a force at a distance. We can conclude that gravitational force, magnetic force and electrostatic forces are examples of field force.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium

Results :

We had collected information about the contact and field forces.

Acknowledgements :

Convey gratitude to those who helped to complete this project References :

  1. General Physics for class IX
  2. Internet
  3. Principles of Physics

Follow up :

Observing different situations which show contact and field forces.

Project – 2. Friction.

Introduction :

In the universe, no body is perfectly smooth. When a body slides over the surface of another body, there is an opposing force acting opposite to the direction of motion. This opposing force is called friction. When a ball is rolled on a rough surface, it comes to rest in a short time due to friction. If the surface is smooth, friction will be less and the ball rolls for a long time. Friction is not only an evil but it is also a necessity. We will notice friction everywhere that objects come into contact with each other. The force acts in the opposite direction to the way an object wants to slide.

Need of the Project :

Friction is a boon :

Without friction between the feet and the ground, it will not be possible to walk. In the absence of friction the brakes of a motor car cannot work. It is the friction between the belt and the pulley that helps in the rotation of the various parts of a machine. When the ground becomes slippery after rain, it is made rough by spreading sand.

Friction is an evil : Wear and tear of the machinery is due to excessive friction. A large amount of power is wasted in overcoming friction and the efficiency of the machine decreases considerably. Excessive friction between the rotating parts of a machine produces enough heat and causes damage to the machinery.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium

Objectives :

Collecting information about various new techniques being adopted by human beings to reduce energy losses due to friction.

Data Analysis :

Reducing friction devices :

1. Devices : Devices such as wheels, ball bearings, roller bearings and air cushion or other types of fluid bearings can change sliding friction into a much smaller type of rolling friction. Many thermoplastic materials such as nylon, HOPE and PTFE are commonly used in low friction bearings.

2. Lubricants : A common way to reduce friction is by using a lubricant; such as oil, water or grease, which is placed between the two surfaces often dramatically lessening the coefficient of friction. Superlubricity, a recently discovered phenomenon has been observed in graphite. It is the substantial decrease of friction between two sliding objects, approaching zero levels.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium 3

3. Polishing: Friction between two surfaces can be reduced by polishing them. The interlockings and projections are minimized by this method. Jewel bearings in watches and highly polished agate knife edges in balances are used to minimize friction considerable.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium 4

4. Ball bearings : Rolling friction is less than sliding friction. Consequently in rotating machinery, the shafts are fixed on ball bearings so that the friction is reduced considerably. The free wheel of a cycle, The axle of a motor car, the shafts of motors, dynamos etc. are provided with ball bearings.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium 5

5. Streamlining : The friction due to air is reduced by making the automobiles streamlined.

Results :

We had collected information about new techniques being adopted by human beings to reduce energy losses due to friction.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium

References :

  1. Principles of Physics
  2. Science magazine
  3. Internet

Acknowledgements :

Convey your gratitude towards those who gave their support to accomplish this project.

Follow up :

Observing other techniques used by humans.

Project – 3. Synthetic Fibres And Plastics.

Introduction :

There are two types of fibres – one which are obtained from natural sources and other which are man – made. Fibers which are obtained from natural sources are called natural fibers. For example – cotton, silk, wool etc. Fibres which are man – made are called man – made or synthetic fibres. For example-rayon, nylon, acrylic etc.. Synthetic fibres are small units of chemicals joined together in the form of chain. The chain so formed is called polymer. Polymer means made of many units joined together. Unlike natural fibres, synthetic fibres are made from petroleum based chemicals or petro chemicals. Petrochemicals are subjected to various chemical processes to obtain synthetic fibres.

Need of the Project :

Synthetic fibres uses range from many household articles like ropes, buckets, furniture, containers etc. to highly specialized uses in aircrafts, ships, spaces crafts, health care etc. The different types of fibres differ from one another in their strength, water absorbing capacity, nature of burning, cost, durbtility etc. Plastics have become a universal material, used for everything from throw away bags to wings for combat aircraft.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium

Objectives :

Collecting information about various synthetic fibres which are used to make household articles from them.

Data Analysis :

The following are the different types of synthetic fibres and uses.

Rayon : Rayon is synthesized from wood pulp. Rayon resembles silk. So it is also known as artificial silk.
Uses: Bed sheets, shirts, sarees and many other clothes are made from rayon.

Nylon : Nylon was first commercially synthesized fibre. Fibre of nylon is very strong and it also resembles silk.
Uses : Nylon was used in making bristles of toothbrush. It is used in making different types of clothes, ropes, socks, curtains, sleeping bags, parachutes etc.

Polyester: Polyester is one of the most popular man – made fibres which used in making clothes.
Uses : Polyester is used in making different types of apparel such as shirts, pants, jackets, bed sheets, curtains, sarees, mouse – pad etc.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium 6

Polyester is used in making ropes, fabrics for conveyor belt, cushioning and insulating material in pillow etc.

Terry cot : Terry cot is a fabric made after mixing of terylene and cotton. Polycot, Play wood etc. are other fabrics which are made by the mixing of polyster with other natural fibres.

PET : (Polyethylene Terephthalate) is very famous term for polyester.
Uses : Water bottles and many containers (used in kitchen) films, wires and many other useful products are made using PET (polyester)

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium 7

Acrylic : Acrylic is man-made fibre since acrylic resembles wool so it is also known as artificial wool or synthetic wool.
Uses : Acrylic is used in making sweater, blanketes and many other clothes.

Plastics : Plastics are also polymers just like synthetic fibres. Plastic can be recycled, coloured, reused, mould or drawn into wires.
Uses : Plastic is used in making toys, suitcase, bags, cabinets, brush, chairs, tables and many other countless items. Polythene is one of the most famous types of plastic, which is used in manufacturing carry bags.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium 8

Types of plastics : Plastic can be divided into two main types – Thermoplastics and thermosetting.

Thermoplastics : Thermoplastics are used in making toys, bottles, combs, containers etc.

Thermosetting plastics : Thermosetting plastics are used in making hard board, electric switch, handles of electrical appliances, handles of kitchen utensils, floor tiles, etc… Bakelite and melamine are examples of thermosetting plastics.

Melamine : Melamine is poor conductor of heat and resists fire, thus it is used in making floor tiles, kitchen materials etc..

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium 9

Bakelite: Bakelite is used in making electrical switches, and other electrical appliances.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium

Results :

We had collected information and pictures of various synthetic fibres.

References :

  1. Beginning Science Chemistry by Richard Hart
  2. How and why in Science
  3. Internet

Acknowledgements :

Convey your gratitude towards those who gave their support to accomplish this project.

Follow up :

Observing different types of synthetic fibres in our daily life.

Project – 4. Metals and Non-Metals.

Introduction :

The first metals that early humans came across were gold, silver and copper. The first discovery of metals may have happened 8000 years before the birth of Christ (8000 BC). The Bronze Age started when tin and copper were mixed by accident to make a much harder metal. This was an alloy called bronze. As man’s understanding increased, so did his technology. He had moved into the Iron Age. The Iron Age had turned to the steel Age.

Of course, iron and steel are not the only metals we use today. Titanium, tungsten, aluminium, copper, zinc and many others are very important in the modern world. But iron is still the most widely used metal of all. The story of metals is not complete, however. We still need to develop new metals to cope with new problems. Here are just a few that are needed : alloys that can withstand the high temperatures and radiation in nuclear reactors; new steels for North sea oil rigs, that will survive very low temperatures and battering by heavy seas: new light alloys for aeroplanes; metals for satellites; carbon fibre alloys for turbine blades in power stations and jet engines …… The list could go on and on.

Need of the Project :

Metals play an important role in our daily life. We use various metals for various purposes like gold and silver as jewellery, copper, iron, aluminium for making conducting wires and for making utensils etc.. We use many household articles made up of metals and their alloys at our home. Studying about the various metals in different areas is an important project.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium

Data Analysis :

The way that metal atoms are arranged to make a crystal lattice gives metals particular properties. We use different metals for different jobs as they have different properties. The following are some of the metals and their uses.

Iron: Iron is found in the ground as haematite (Fe2 O3). It is a metallic chemical element that is very common on our planet. It has many uses in different industries and even in the human body. Iron is a strong metal that is not expensive. That’s why it is used in manufacturing machine tools, automobiles, hulls of large ships, machine parts and even building parts. A good chunk of structures today are made of metallic iron. Iron is also common in surgical equipments and appliances,

Steel : Stainless steel is created when iron is combined with other metals. It is used in aircrafts and automobiles.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium 10

Wrought iron : Wrought iron is used in outdoor items that can beautify the yard and the patio.

Cast iron : Cast iron is used in manufacturing pots, pans, ovens and trays, cookware, cooking items and accessories.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium 11

Aluminium : Aluminium occurs as aluminium oxide or bauxite (Al2 O3). Because it is such a light metal aluminum is used for making aeroplanes, buses and underground trains. It can be squeezed into different shapes when hot, so it is made into window frames and green house structures as well. It can also be rolled into very thin sheets to make cooking foil.

Gold : Special properties of gold make it perfect for manufacturing jewellery. Early transactions were done using pieces of gold or pieces of silver. The most important industrial use of gold is in the manufacture of electronics. Gold is used in connectors, soldered joints, connecting wires and connection strips. It is used in many places in the standard desktop laptop computer. Gold alloys are used for fillings, crowns, bridges and orthodontic appliances. Gold is also used as the first place winner’s medal or trophy in almost any type of contest.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium 12

Copper: Copper is an excellent electrical conductor. Most of its uses are based on this property. It is used for pipes, electrical cables, saucepans and radiators. It is also well suited to decorative use. Jewellery, statues and parts of buildings can be made from copper.

Titanium :

  1. It is used as a structural material for the manufacture of supersonic air crafts. Jet engines, turbine, marine equipments.
  2. It is used for hardening steel.
  3. The oxide of titanium is used as white pigment.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium

Uranium :

1. Uranium is used as a source of nuclear energy.
2. Uranium oxide and sodium dichromate are used as yellow pigments in glass manufacture.

Other uses of metals :

Thin silver foil is decorated on sweets and aluminium foil is used in inner packing of food materials and toffees. Aluminium and copper mixture is used in currency coins, medals and statues. Most of the agricultural instruments are made by iron. Electrical appliances, automobiles satellites, aeroplanes, cooking utencils, machinery, decorative materials made by metals due to to their malleabity, ductility.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium 13

Results :

We have collected the information about the various metals and their uses.

References :

1. Chemistry for diploma Engineers
2. Internet

Acknowledgements :

Convey gratitude to those who helped to complete this project.

Follow up :

Observing different uses of metals in day to day life.

Project – 5. Sound Pollution.

Introduction :

Sound is produced by a vibrating body. We hear the cackling of hens, the moving of a cow, sounds of autos, motor bikes, buses, lorries, tractors, trains and music from loud speakers at public places, television, etc.. throughout the day. Sound is a form of energy. It causes the sensation of hearing. It requires a medium such as solid, liquid or gas for its propagation from one place to the other. In any medium, sound travels with a definite velocity in the form of waves.

Sound is an unavoidable and integral part of our lives. We are always surrounded by sound. It is almost omnipresent. Sound plays an important role in our lives. It helps us to easily communicate with each other.

Need of the Project :

Sound, a normal feature of our life, is the means of communication and environment in most animals including human beings. It is also very effective alarm system. A low sound is pleasant whereas a loud sound is unpleasant and is commonly referred to as “Noise”. Noise can be defined as an unpleasant and unwanted sound.

By definition, noise pollution takes place when there is either excessive amount of noise or an unpleasant sound that causes temporary disruption in the natural balance. Our environment is such that it has become difficult to escape noise. Even electrical appliances at home have a constant hum or beeping sound. By and large, lack of proper urban palanning increases the exposure to unwanted sounds. This is why understanding noise pollution is necessary to curb it in time.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium

Objectives :

Collecting pictures and information about the various situations of sound pollution.

Data Analysis :

Noise is a physical form of pollution and is not directly harmful to the life supporting systems namely air, soil and water. Its effects are more directly on the receiver i.e. man. Noise pollution is the result of modern industrialized urban life and congestion due to over pollution.

Causes of Noise Pollution :

1. Industrialization: Most of the industries use big machines which are capable of producing large amount of noise. Apart from that, various equipments like compressors, generators, exhaust fans, grinding mills also participate in producing big noise.

2. Poor Urban Planning: In most of the developing countries poor urban planning also play a vital role. Congested houses, large families sharing small space, fight over parking, frequent fights over basic amenities lead to noise pollution which may disrupt the environment of society.

3. Social Events: Noise is at its peak in most of the social events. Whether it is marriage, parties, pub, disco, or place of worship, people normally, flout rules set by the local administration and create nuisance in the area.

4. Transportation: Large number of vehicles on roads, aeroplanes flying over houses underground trains produce heavy noise.

5. Construction Activities: Under construction activities like mining, construction of bridges, dams, buildings, stations, roads, flyovers take place in almost every part of the world. The down point is that these constructions are too noisy.

6. Household chores: We use gadgets like TV, mobile, mixer, grinder, pressure cooker, vacuum cleaners. Washing machine and dryer, cooler air conditioners are minor contributors to the amount of noise that is produced.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium 14

Effects of Noise Pollution:

a) Hearing Problems : Constant exposure to loud levels of noise can easily result in the damage of our ear drums and loss of hearing.
b) Sleeping disorders : Loud noise can certainly hamper sleeping pattern and lead to irritation and uncomfortable situation.
c) Cardiovascular Issues : Blood pressure levels, cardiovascular disease and stress related heart problems are on the rise.

Measures to control sound pollution:
We cannot stop production of sound, but we can reduce sound pollution by some measures.

  1. Attach silencers to bikes and other machines to reduce sounds.
  2. Manufacture machines that work with less noise.
  3. During the use of TVs and music players turn down volume of sound.
  4. Plant trees to reduce sound pollution.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium

Result :

We have collected information and pictures showing various situations of sound pollution.

References :

1. Internet
2. Principles of Physics

Acknowledgements :

Convey your gratitude towards those who gave their support to accomplish this project.

Follow up :

Following measures to control sound pollution.

Project – 6. Power Shortage.

Introduction :

We are dependent upon different sources of energy in one way or the directly or indirectly for our energy requirements. Energy is a vital requirement for economic development. Increasing amounts of energy are needed to improve agricultural production, to turn the wheels of industry to provide goods and services throughout the nation and to improve the quality of life of our people.

Need of the Project : We have a very limited reserves of the energy sources like coal, wood, oil and natural gas. We are using mainly these resources for our energy requirements. If we go on using them at the same rate, we may have to run short of these reserves in no time, resulting in energy crisis. It is time that we seek alternative sources of energy on a warfooting. Some of these alternative energy sources are water power, wind energy, solar energy, biomass energy, tidal energy, garbage power, geothermal energy, nuclear energy etc.

In our daily life while doing various day to day activities we use many types of energy resources and fuels without giving a thought about the exhaustibility of these resources and consequences. Advances in science and technology have changed our lives.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium

Objectives :

Showing the data in the form of a bar graph taking power shortage percentage for the years on the Y – axis and the years on the X – axis.
Explaining the effect of shortage percentage of power on human life.

Data Analysis :

Analysis of graph: Except the years 1994, 95 remaining years, power shortage increased. There are so many years, problems due to power shortage. So many industries are not functioning well. Crop yielding decreases. Industrial sector growth decreases which effect the country economy.

Most of us think petroleum is a source of fuel. But advances in our understanding of various chemical processes has led to the use of both coal and petroleum as the starting materials for a wide variety of products. The energy sources that can be replenished, when once they are used up, are called renewable energy sources.

Solar energy, wind energy, water power and bio-mass energy. The energy sources, which once used up, cannot be replenished are called non-renewable sources of energy.
Eg: Coal, oil, and natural gas.

Wood is the chief fuel for cooking and heating. Wood comes from trees. Wood resources are getting rapidly diminished. Plant diseases, forest fires, for construction and for industrial purposes and the conversion of the forest land to other uses have resulted in the loss of wood, decrease in the rainfall, and an increase in the pollution problems.

Petroleum is a fossil fuel. This is also a non-renewable source of energy. It supplies about 45 percent of the world’s energy requirements. If we see the history of petroleum production, from 1859 to 1969 , the total production of oil was 227 billion barrels 50 percent of this total was produced during the first 100 years, while the next 50% was extracted in just ten years. Today our consumption rate of oil is far excess then that of the rate of its formation. Earth takes more that one thousand years to form the oil that we consume in one day. By about 2015 , we would have consumed half of the total reserves of the oil. It would become more and more difficult to extract oil in future.

Coal was the most important fuel in the 19th century. It is an exhaustible resource. Coal was replaced by petroleum with the invention of more efficient engines. Now, coal is mostly used to produce electricity in thermal Power plants.

The entire research and development in the field of sources of energy shows that at the present rate of use of the conventional energy sources like fossil fuels will not last for long. Presently only 10% of non – conventional energy resources like solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy etc. are used. Bio – fuels are one of the major non – conventional energy resources. They are non-toxic and renewable. Bio-diesel is one of the bio – fuel which is an alternative fuel. It is made from the biological ingredients instead of petroleum. Natural gas is another fossil fuel and is a non-renewable source of energy. This supplies 20% of the energy used by the world. Natural gas is not just an important domestic and industrial fuel but also used in the manufacture of fertilizers.

The useful substances which are obtained from petroleum and natural gas are called petro chemicals. These are used in the manufacture of detergents, synthetic fibres (Polyester, Nylon, Acrylic, Polythene etc). We use so many products now, which we did not have 100 or even 50 years ago. Increased consumption has lead to increased production of waste material which created disposal problems.

Both coal and petroleum are exhaustible resources, but we need them, both as fuel and as starting materials for synthesising new compounds. Since supplies are limited they are becoming more expensive as the demand for them increases. We have to conserve these resources as much as possible, and also look for alternatives for these resources.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium 15

Results :

We have drawn bar graph taking power shortage percentage for the years on the Y – axis and the years on the X-axis. We had explained the effect of shortage percentage of power on human life.

References :

  1. Physical Science text book (1997 Edition).
  2. New Physical Science text book.
  3. Internet.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium

Acknowledgements :

Convey your gratitude towards the people who gave their support.

Follow up :

Creating awareness among people about consuming resources and usage of alternate resources.

Project – 7. Fuels.

Introduction :

Energy sources are either renewable or non – renewable. A fuel is a concentrated source of energy. Most fuels are burned in order to release some of their chemical energy as heat. Dead animals and plants are gradually covered over to become sedimentary rocks. Immense pressure and heat applied to these rocks, over millions of years, results in these organic remains being turned into coal, oil or natural gas, these are non renewable energy sources and take so long to be replaced they can effectively runout.

Need of the Project : Fuels are combustible substances of organic origin which are used for producing heat and energy. Wood, diesel, coal domestic gas, petrol and bio gas are some of the examples of fuels. Fuels play an important role in our everyday life providing energy. Fuels like wood, coal, kerosene, domestic gas, cow dung etc. are used in our homes for cooking. Coal, diesel and petrol are used as fuel for road, sea and air transport in automobiles and locomotives. Fuels like coal and natural gas are used in industries to heat up boilers. Specially prepared fuels like hydrazine are used in rockets to explore space.

Objectives :

Collecting information about different fuels. Comparing the cost with calorific value.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium 16

Data Analysis :

Fuels may be classified into two types :
1. Natural or primary fuels
2. Artificial or secondary fuels.
Each type is further classified into : a) Solid fuels b) Liquid fuels c) Gaseous fuels.

State of fuel Natural / Primary Artificial / Secondary
1. Solid Wood, peat, coal Wood, Charcoal, Coke
2. Liquid Crude oil Kerosene, Petrol, Diesel
3. Gaseous Natural gas Water gas, Producer gas

Wood : It may be directly used as a fuel or it may be converted into wood charcoal and used as fuel.

Peat : It is a low grade fuel because of its low carbon content.
Lignite: Lignite are immature coal.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium

Coal : Coal is formed by the burial of partially decomposed vegetation. When coal is heated above 1000°C in the absence of air, many volatile products like coal gas, ammonical liquor, coal tar and coke are obtained.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium 17

Liquid fuels are two types :

1. Light oils
2. Heavy oils

Light oils : Methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, benzene.

Heavy oils : Gas oil and kerosene
Ethyl alcohol is used as a fuel under the name power alcohol. It is a good alternative for petrol. Benzene is mixed with petrol and is used as a fuel in internal combustion engines.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium 18

L.P.G (Liquid Petroleum Gas) : It is used as a domestic fuel, and is used in diesel engines.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium 19

Gaseous fuel : Two main gaseous fuels are 1. Producer gas, 2. Water gas.
Producer gas is a mixture of carbon monoxide and nitrogen. It is used as a fuel in the extraction of metals. Water gas is used as a source of hydrogen. It is used for welding purposes.
The value of a fuels is determined in heat units known as calorific value. Calorific value of different fuels and their costs :

Fuels Calorific value KJ/Kg Cost (1 kg)
Petrol 45,000 ₹. 73.41/litre
Diesel 45,000 ₹. 51.91/litre
CNG 50,000 ₹. 46kg
LPG 55,000 ₹. 67.3/kg
Bio-gas 35,000-40,000 ₹. 17-19/kg
Hydrogen 1,50,000 ₹. 250/kg

The costs of fuels depends on their calorific fuels

Results : We have collected the information about different fuels and compared their cost with calorific values.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium

References :

1. Chemistry For Diploma Engineers
2. Internet

Acknowledgements :

Convey gratitude to those who helped to complete this project.

Follow up :

Finding more information about the costs of different fuels and their calorific values

Project – 8. Electrolysis.

Introduction :

It was discovered as early as 600 B.C. that whenever two bodies are rubbed with one another, they acquire the property of attracting light objects, like Paper, Pith etc. The two bodies are said to be electrified. For example, if a rod of ebonite is rubbed with fur, both get electrified. Further, it is found that two rods of ebonite rubbed with fur, repel one another and a rod of ebonite rubbed with fur attracts a glass rod rubbed with silk. The -ve charge acquired by ebonite is equal to the +ve charge acquired by fur. Thus, when two bodies are rubbed they acquire equal amounts of positive and negative charges. The Greek word for amber is electron and the branch of electricity that deals with the production of charges by friction is called electrostatics,

Need of the Project : Metals like iron which are easily corroded by atmospheric air, moisture and oxygen are coated with deposits of nickel or chromium which are most resistant to such corrosion by electroplating method. Electroplating is also used in ornamentation and decoration. Zinc coated iron is used for bridges and in automobiles. Electroplating is done through Electrolysis process.

Objectives :

Collecting information about electrolysis method from school library books and internet.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium

Data Analysis :

Electrolysis occurs when electricity is passed through an electrolyte and chemical reactions takes place at the electrodes. In these reactions, positive ions, called cations, move to the negative electrode called the cathode. Negative ions called anions move to the positive electrode called the anode. Most metal compounds are ionic and thus consist of both cations and anions. An electrolyte is a substance which can conduct electricity both in solution and in fused state and decomposes as a result of it. eg. sodium chloride, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide etc. In electrolytes the atoms and molecules have positive or negative charges on them. These charged atoms and molecules are called ions. Electrolytes contain ions.

Whenever electricity flows through an electrolyte, the liquid decomposes in some way. This is called electrolysis. If we want to pass electricity through a liquid, we need a source of electricity such as a battery. Next we need some way of getting the electricity into the liquid. For this we can use electrodes. Electrodes are chosen because they are conductors. And because they are very unreactive so will not react with the liquids.

During the electrolysis of brine solution, sodium chloride decomposes to give sodium and chloride ions.
Nacl → Na+ + cl
The anodic reaction is cl → cl + e
(loss of electrons or oxidation)
2 cl → cl2 + 2 e
The cathodic reaction is
Na+ + e → Na
(gain of electrons or reduction)
The total cell reaction is
2 Nacl → 2Na + cl2

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium 20

The Liquid in the crucible is molten sodium chloride. Sodium chloride contains positively charged sodium ions (Na+) and negatively charged chloride ions (cl). When the electrodes are dipped into the electrolyte and the electricity is switched on, the positively charged sodium ions are attracted towards the negatively charged electrode (the cathode). When they get there they change into sodium. In the same way the chloride ions are attracted to the anode and change into chlorine gas. This process is called electrolysis. So, during the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride, liquid sodium is formed at the cathode and chlorine is formed at the anode. The sodium chloride has decomposed to sodium and chlorine.

Results :

We have collected the information about electrolysis method.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium

References :

  1. Beginning science – Chemistry by Richard Hart
  2. Chemistry for Diploma Engineers
  3. Experiments And Investigations in chemistry

Acknowledgements :

Convey gratitude to the those who helped to complete this project.

Follow up :

Collecting information about the electrolysis methods of other solutions.

Project – 9. Earthquakes.

Introduction :

Earthquakes are sudden rolling or shaking events caused by movement under the earth’s surface. Earthquakes happen along cracks in the earth’s surface, called fault lines, and can be felt over large areas, although they usually last less than one minute. Earthquakes can happen at any time of the year. It can damage to human life and property on a huge scale.

Need of the Project :

In ancient times, people did not know the true cause of earthquakes. Their ideas were, therefore, expressed in mythical stories. Now we know that the tremors are caused due to the disturbance at deep down inside portion of upper most layer of the earth called crust, we know from the earlier pages that earthquakes cannot be predicted. It is therefore, important that we take necessary precautions to protect ourselves all the time.

People living in seismic zones, where the earthquakes are more likely to occur, have to be specially prepared. Modern building technology can make it possible. It is advisable to make the structure simple so that it is ‘Quake safe’.

Objectives :

Collect the information and photographs on the recent earthquake in Japan.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium

Data Analysis :

The Japanese archipelago is located in an area where several continental and oceanic plates meet. This is the cause of frequent earthquakes and the presence of many volcanoes and hot springs across Japan.

Many parts of the country have experienced devastating earth quakes and tidal waves in the past. The Great Kanto Earthquake, the worst in Japanese history hit the Kanto plain around Tokyo in 1923 and resulted in the deaths of over 100,000 people.

On March 11, 2011, the strongest ever recorded earthquake in Japan triggered a massive tsunami along the pacific coast of north eastern Japan, known as the Great East Japan Earthquake. The earthquake and particularly the ensuing tsunami killed nearly 20,000 people and caused a nuclear accident at a power plant in Fukushima Prefecture.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium 21

The magnitude 8.9 quake that struck off Japan’s coast on March 11 will go down as one of the country’s largest earthquakes. Japan’s monster earthquake struck about 150km off the coast of the island of Honshu. Japan is one of the world’s most prepared societies when it comes to earthquakes and a recently established warning system broad cast alerts in many areas, including Tokyo, before the shaking began. The total damages from the earthquake and tsunami are estimated at 300 billion dollars according to the Japanese government.

The tsunami caused a cooling system failure at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear power plant which resulted in a level-7 nuclear melt down and release of radio active materials. The tsunami itself died out a long time ago, but the effects in Japan will be there for decade. Titov told live science.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium

Results : We have collected the information about Earthquakes in Japan.

References : Internet, News papers.

Acknowledgements :

Convey gratitude to the those who helped to complete this project.

Follow up :

Collecting more information about the Earthquakes.

Project -10. Cosmic Dust.

Introduction :

Since May 1981, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has used aircraft to collect cosmic dust particles from Earth’s atmosphere. Particles are individually retrieved from the collectors examined and cataloged, and then made available to the scientific community for research. In the strict sense, “Cosmic dust” refers only to those particles which have not been modified during passage from inter planetary space to Earth’s stratosphere.

Need of the Project :

Metals from the cosmic dust play a part in various phenomena that affect our climate. An accurate estimate of dust would also help us understand how particles are transported through different layers of the Earth’s atmosphere. The metals injected into the atmosphere, from evaporating dust particles are involved in a diverse range of phenomena linked to climate change. Cosmic dust is associated with the formation of noctilucent clouds – the highest clouds in the Earth’s atmosphere. Cosmic dust also fertilizes the ocean with iron which has potential climate feed backs because marine phytoplankton emit climate related gases.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium

Objectives :

Collecting information about cosmic dust.

Data Analysis :

The universe is a very dusty place. Cosmic dust consists of tiny particles of solid material floating around in the space between the stars. It is not the same as the dust you find in your house but more like smoke with small particles varying from collections of just a few molecules of grains of 0.1 mm in size.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium 22

The diagram illustrates the cosmic dust cycle. Dust is formed in stars and is then blown off in a slow wind or a marsive star explosion. The dust is then recycled in the clouds of gas between stars and some of it is consumed, when the next generation of stars begins to form. Astronomers used to consider dust as a nuisance because it absorbs the visible light from objects keeping them hidden from our optical telescopes making the universe appear very dark hiding a lot of interesting things from us. But these dusty clouds have silver linings, however.

Cosmic dust is actually very interesting and important to lots of astronomical processes. The dust converts the stolen starlight it absorbs into light at longer wavelengths.

The earth is a dirty place, and we aren’t getting much help from space. Every day dust from meteorites, comets and other 4.6 billion – year – old pieces of our solar system fall into the earth’s atmosphere. Until now, scientists didn’t know how much of this cosmic dust was gathering on Earth. Researchers quessed that any where between 0.4 and 110 tons of the star stuff entered our atmosphere every day. An even larger amounts of spacecraft debris particulates re-enter the earth’s atmosphere everyday.

The terrestrial dust and spacecraft debris particles are of considerable interest to atmospheric scientists and climatologists, since they influence some global atmospheric reactions. Our bodies are made of remnants of stars and massive explosions in the galaxies authors say.

TS 8th Class Physics Project Work FA 1 2 3 4 English Medium

Results :

We have collected information about cosmic dust.

References :

Internet and news papers

Acknowledgements :

Convey gratitude to those who helped to complete this project.

Follow up :

Collecting more information about cosmic dust.

TS 8th Class Telugu Bits with Answers Pdf

TS 8th Class Telugu Important Bits | TS 8th Class Telugu Bit Bank

TS 8th Class Study Material

TS 6th Class Maths Guide Pdf | Telangana 6th Class Maths Textbook Solutions Pdf English Medium

TS 6th Class Maths Guide Pdf

Telangana SCERT Class 6 Maths Solutions | TS 6th Class Maths Solutions Study Material Pdf

TS 6th Class Maths Guide Pdf Chapter 1 Knowing Our Numbers

Telangana 6th Class Maths Textbook Solutions Pdf Chapter 2 Whole Numbers

TS 6th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 3 Playing with Numbers

SCERT Telangana Class 6 Maths Solutions Chapter 4 Basic Geometrical Ideas

TS 6th Class Maths Textbook Pdf Chapter 5 Measures of Lines and Angles

TS 6th Class Maths Study Material Pdf Chapter 6 Integers

TS SCERT Class 6 Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Fractions and Decimals

Telangana 6th Class Maths Solutions Pdf Chapter 8 Data Handling

SCERT Telangana 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 9 Introduction to Algebra

TS SCERT 6th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 10 Perimeter and Area

Telangana SCERT 6th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Ratio and Proportion

6th Class Maths Textbook Telangana Chapter 12 Symmetry

6th Class Maths Solutions Telangana Chapter 13 Practical Geometry

Telangana 6th Class Maths Textbook Pdf Chapter 14 Understanding 3D and 2D Shapes

TS 6th Class Study Material

TS 7th Class Science Important Questions

TS 7th Class Science Important Questions

TS 7th Class Study Material

TS 6th Class Science Important Questions

TS 6th Class Science Important Questions

TS 6th Class Study Material

TS 9th Class Hindi Bits with Answers Pdf

TS 9th Class Hindi Important Bits | TS 9th Class Hindi Bit Bank

TS 9th Class Study Material

TS 8th Class Physical Science Important Questions

TS 8th Class Physical Science Important Questions

TS 8th Class Physics Physical Science Important Questions

TS 8th Class Study Material

Telangana SCERT Class 6 Science Solutions | TS 6th Class Science Guide Study Material Telangana Pdf

TS 6th Class Science Study Material Pdf | Telangana SCERT 6th Class Science Solutions

TS 6th Class Science Guide Pdf Telangana | TS SCERT Class 6 Science Solutions

Telangana SCERT Class 6 Science Solutions

TS 6th Class Science Guide Study Material Telangana Pdf

TS 6th Class Study Material