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SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 19th Lesson Expansion of Democracy Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 19th Expansion of Democracy

9th Class Social Studies 19th Lesson Expansion of Democracy Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
Map 1: Democratic Governments in 1900 – 1950

Map 2 : Democratic Governments in 2011

a) On the basis of these maps, identify up to three countries (in some cases you won’t find three countries) that were democratic in these continents for the given years and make a table as given.

Answer:

b) identify some African countries with democracy in 2011.
Answer:
Egypt, Libya, Tunisia are countries which got independence in and around 2011.

c) Make a list of big countries that were not democratic in 2011.
Answer:
1) Asian countries :
China, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Saudi Arabia, etc.

2) African countries :
Algeria, Ethiopia, Chad, Zaire, Morocco, Mauritania, Angola, etc.

The above countries were not democratic in 2011.

Question 2.
Read the maps again and think about the following points.
a) Based on the maps, can we say that the Twentieth century was a significant era for the spread of democracy?
Answer:

1. At the beginning of the 20th century only few countries of Europe and America were independent, e.g.: Spain, France, England, Norway, Argentina, Chile, Bolivia and Peru, the USA, Canada, Alasca.
2. After World War II almost all countries fought against colonial powers and got independence.
3. Though there are still some non-democratic countries, we can call 20th century as an era of democracy.

b) During the early 20 century, democracy was mostly in the continents like Europe and Americas. While in certain continents like Africa and Asia there were almost no democratic countries.

c) Even today there are certain areas that have not established democratic governments such as Saudi Arabia and Ethiopia.

Question 3.
Most countries often claim themselves to be democratic by conducting elections. How did this occur in the context of Myanmar and Libya?
Answer:

1. Both the countries Myanmar and Libya claim themselves as independent and democratic.
2. But in practical view, they are not democratic countries.
3. Unlike democratic countries –
   a) They did not allow multi-party elections and one party usually ruled for several years.
   b) Even they did not allow free elections.
   c) Sometimes they did not allow the elected representatives to form governments.
   Ex : NLD, led by Suu Kyi got 80% seats, was not allowed to form government.
   d) They did not allow freedom of expression or freedom to form organizations, or freedom to protest against government.

Both the countries did not have any conditions for a democracy to flourish. Hence they cannot claim themselves to be democratic by conducting elections.

Question 4.
Why do you think the rulers try to control the media? Do you know how is media controlled in your area?
Answer:

• Mass Media is powerful weapon which can make or break any governments.
• Restrictions on media helps them to remain in power.
• Hence the rulers always try to control the media.
• So many times in India too government censors certain news. This generally happens without the notice of common man.

Question 5.
Write an imaginary dialogue between a person from Libya and Myanmar comparing the events and struggle for democracy in their respective countries.
Answer:
Person from Libya : Hai, I am xxxx, as I have already told you the monarchy is over thrown in our country.
Person from Myanmar : Yes, I came to know about that who is ruling your country now.
Libya : Gaddafi has taken control of our country. What about your country.
Myanmar : In 1962, the government was overthrown and ‘Ne Win’ military rule is going on.
Libya : First of all we thought he could rule us. He laid foundation for development. What is your country’s position?
Myanmar : Under military rule, our country did not make any progress.
Libya : UNO is supporting our people’s to demands.
Myanmar : Other countries are also showing sympathy us.
Libya : We protested against.
Myanmar : Suu Kyi is in house arrest she played good role.
Libya : Gaddafi is overthrown in 2012. O.K. Bye.
Myanmar : We got new government in 2012. Bye.

Question 6.
How do literacy and mass education help for the functioning of democracy?
(OR)
How do the literacy help for the effective functioning of democracy?
Answer:

• Literacy and education play an important role in the development of individual and society.
• Knowledge liberates citizens from ignorance.
• Any society needs a vigilant, conscious, and informed public for the successful functioning of the democracy.
• Education enables people to think critically, rationally, and scientifically.
• The right to vote can be properly exercised when voter can read newspapers, follow national and international developments, and participate in democratic process effectively.
  Hence the proper functioning of democracy always depends on the literacy and mass education.

Question 7.
What is the difference between democracy and dictatorship?
Answer:
Differences between democracy and dictatorship :

Democracy	Dictatorship
1. Democracy is a political system in which sovereignty vests with people.	1. Dictatorship is a political system in which sovereignty vests in one single person’s hands.
2. Free and fair elections are necessary for the successful running of the democracy.	2. Dictatorship does not require elections.
3. Democracy operates on the recognition of dissent.	3. Right of disagreement is not recognized.
4. Public opinion has important place in democracy.	4. Pubic opinion is not taken into consideration.
5. A high degree of social and economic equality is also essential for true democracy.	5. Dictatorship leads to concentration of power and wealth in few hands.

Question 8.
What is the role played by Aung San Suu Kyi in fighting for democracy in Myanmar?
Answer:

• Aung San Suu Kyi, daughter of Aung San who took the lead in staging protest against the military rule.
• Suu kyi fought for reforms in Burma.
• She established a new political party “National League for Democracy (NLD) and won majority (80%) of the seats even though she was in prison.
• Suu Kyi was released from house arrest after the elections of 2010.
• She questioned on the malpractices of elections.
• In 2011 Suu Kyi’s ‘NLD’ contested in the elections and have won 43 out of 45 parliamentary seats that were vacant.
• The freeing of Suu Kyi and the successful participation of NLD in elections are considered the beginning of democracy in Burma.

Question 9.
Read the last paragraph of this chapter and answer the question.

Today, it is increasingly becoming clear to the people that democracy which respects the freedom and rights of all people may be the best way to solve some of the complex problems the countries face. Today, a new kind of democracy is being forged across the world in which even the poorest and the most vulnerable people will have a voice and will be able to influence policies and ensure justice and peace for all.

What is a new kind of democracy?
Answer:

1. The poorest and the most vulnerable people will have a voice.
2. The poorest will be able to influence the policies.
3. The new kind of democracy will ensure justice and peace for ail.

Question 10.
Read the newspapers and note down any news regarding struggle for democracy in Libya or Egypt or any other country. Prepare a file of such news clippings and display in the classroom.
Answer:
Struggle for democracy in Libya :
A few months ago the National Transitional Council (NTC), which has governed Libya since the first few weeks of the revolt in 2011, announced that the assembly would not draft the constitution itself but instead appoint a 60-member committee to draft it. The members of this committee were supposed to be chosen from outside the assembly and represent the country’s three geographic regions of Libya – Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, and Fezzan — in equal numbers. Yet, a few weeks ago, the NTC changed policy again at the last moment, declaring that the members of the constitutional committee would not be appointed by the assembly but directly elected by the people, though it’s not clear when. Confused? So are Libyans.

There are rumors in Libya that most members of the NTC are not happy about the idea of dissolving the institution and going back home. It’s just a rumor, but the group’s decision to revoke constitution-writing powers from the new assembly is making people suspicious, and that’s the point. The NTC likely fears too much power going to Islamists, who are notoriously less friendly toward the NTC than are other groups. We can’t know the NTC’s motivations for sure, but their recent moves diminished the power of the new assembly, which they may have feared would be dominated by Islamists, who swept national elections in neighboring Tunisia and Egypt. A more democratic Libya would re¬ject the NTC’s odd rule-changing and reinstate the elected assembly’s power to write the constitution. After all, this is what Libyans voted for. So should the same Western powers that supported the Libyan revolt.

Libya has come a long way since Gaddafi’s fall, but it still hasn’t been able to solve two major security problems: the armed militias that still roam the country and the state’s deteriorating control of its national borders. Fortunately, this is where new assembly can step in, finding agreement among the various parties and militias and forming a govern-ment, one that is as inclusive as possible, to administer and rebuild Libya. The interna-tional community can help, including by training and equipping the police and security forces, both of which were devastated by the recent conflict.

A successful election is just the start of dealing with one of Libya’s most important challenges right now: national unity. Regional and local claims and jockeying for power threaten to undermine the legitimacy of and support for the national government. A few thousand inhabitants of the eastern provinces care calling for a federalist state, if not of outward secession. While this is definitely a minority position, it is a very dangerous one because it could easily, at the administration’s first real difficulty, split the government and the people, thus slowing or even reversing Libya’s progress toward stability. Most Libyans, as well as the interested Western nations, are rightly happy with Libya’s progress toward becoming a stable, unified, democratic state. But if they want that progress to continue, they’ll all have to work together.

9th Class Social Studies 19th Lesson Expansion of Democracy InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What kind of problems do you think these pose for establishing democratic government? (Text Book Page No. 235)
Answer:

• Bringing democratic participation of all the people under conditions of tribalism, normalism, illiteracy, and restrictions on women was difficult.
• Encouraging participation of common people in public affairs through peoples councils and elected Peoples Assembly in the centre in also difficult.

Question 2.
Even though the people had benefited much from the Gaddafi government, why do you think they rose in rebellion against it? (Text Book Page No. 237)
Answer:

• The government of Gaddafi was not ready to trust these democratic bodies.
• “Revolutionary Councils” were appointed.
• The democratic bodies had to implement the decisions of these non-elected leaders.
• The RCC used brute armed force to arrest, torture, and kill political opponents.
• There was no freedom of press and no one could start any trade union or other associations.
• The civic amenities were deplorable.
  Hence rebellions rose against the government of Gaddafi.

Question 3.
Even though the Gaddafi government claimed to be a democratic government, what aspects of democracy were absent? What aspects of democratic government were present in it? (Text Book Page No. 237)
Answer:
Aspects of democracy absent in the government of Gaddafi:

1. Democratic bodies had to implement the decisions of non-elected leaders.
2. Freedom of press, freedom to form trade unions and associations were prohibited.
3. No political parties were allowed to function in Libya.
4. This led to concentration of power and wealth in the hands of few.

Aspects of democracy present in the government of Gaddafi :

1. Free universal education was provided.
2. Free medical care for all was also provided.
3. Oil profits were distributed to all the citizens.
4. Subsidised housing schemes were introduced.
5. Women were given with equal opportunities and status in the society.

Question 4.
Why are civil liberties important for democracy? Explain in the context of Libyan experience. (Text Book Page No. 237)
Answer:

• “Liberty” is one of the aspects of democracy.
• Civil liberties include liberty of thought, speech, expression, faith, belief and worship.
• These “liberties” were missing in Libya.
• Liberty of expression was brutally crushed.
• The RCC was also very intolerant of criticism and opposition.
• People were not at liberty to express their discontent.
  Thus lack of civil liberties led to the downfall of the government of Gaddafi in Libya.

Question 5.
Why do you think democracy was not able to establish itself in Burma after its independence? (Text Book Page No. 240)
Answer:

• Burma became independent just 5 months after Indian independence.
• It appeared that Burma too would emerge as a democratic republic.
• However, the Burmese did not have a united political party to lead them at the time.
• Burma consisted of a large number of small states and ethnic linguistic regions.
• Aung San, the leader of the nationalist movement and the leader of the ethnic group was assassinated.
• Burmese military began its slow advance into the ethnic states to rule by force.
• They were illiterate, no able leader, no power to fight with military, etc., were the reasons for the failure to establish democracy in Burma.
• Finally, in 1962, the elected government was overthrown by a coup, and army “General Ne Win” took over the charge of the country.

Question 6.
Why do you think democracy was not able to establish itself in Libya after its independence? (Text Book Page No. 240)
Answer:

• Libya got its independence in 1951 and the power was transferred to king Idris.
• In the year 1969 under the leadership of Gaddafi monarchy was abolished and the country was declared as the “Socialist Libyan Arab Republic”.
• But the people were concerned about their own tribe and its honour than about the welfare of the people.
• Most of the people were poor nomadic animal herders who were also illiterates.
• Women were confined to purdah and were not allowed to participate in public activities.
• On top of this the government of Gaddafi was not ready to trust the bodies of democracy. Hence the democratic participation of all people under these conditions was difficult.

Question 7.
How did students and youth play an important role in bringing democracy to both Libya and Burma? (Text Book Page No. 240)
Answer:

• People from across the country began to interact through internet and mobile phones to share their misery.
• Use of internet and Facebook helped them to get the support of the people all over the world.
• The youth and people started protesting against delay in the building of houses and political corruption.
• In Burma, the students took the lead in staging protest against the military rule. Finally military power was overthrown in both the countries and democracies are established.

Question 8.
What similarities of events do you find in the description of events in Libya and Burma? (Text Book Page No. 240)
Answer:

• In both the countries, students, youth and people participated in the protest movements.
• Use of mobiles and internet and social networking sites like Facebooks were common.
• “UNO” supported both the countries and declared Libya as “No fly zone” and ordered for a referendum in Burma.
• Economic sanctions were imposed on both the countries.
• In both the countries the protest was to overthrow the military regime and establish a democratic form of government.
• Lastly both the countries successfully conducted elections in a fair way and elected their new leader.

Question 9.
Underline the statements that are related to political party and voting in both Libya and Burma. (Text Book Page No. 240)
Answer:
a) Libya

1. RCC – Revolutionary Command Council.
2. Election – 2012 new government sworn in on Nov. 2012. Over 100 political parties participated and 200 representatives were elected.

b) Burma

1. 1951, 56 and 60 elections were held.
2. 1990 elections – NLD party established by Suu Kyi.
3. 2010 elections were held.
4. In 2011 ‘NLD’ won 43 out of 45 seats.

Question 10.
Track the changes that you may have heard about Libya and Burma during the year 2012 and write it. (Text Book Page No. 240)
Changes in Libya :

1. In 2012 the National Transitional Council (NTC) handed overthe powerto Libya’s newly elected Parliament the General National Congress (GNC).
   The Congress appointed a Prime Minister Ali Zidan, who formed an interim government.

Changes in Burma :
Burma’s Pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi greeted supporters from her vehicle during her election campaign in Aung Pan in the southern Shan State of Burma (Myanmar) on March 1, 2012.

Question 11.
Dictators try to control press and TV media. Do you know other ways of sharing information and ideas between people? (Text Book Page No. 237)
Answer:

• Mobile phone occupies the first place in sharing information and ideas.
• ‘Fax’ is one of the ways of sending message from one place to another.
• Today internets are available everywhere.
• We can send e-mails to exchange information and ideas.
• Social networking sites play important role in sharing informations.
  Ex : Facebook, Twitter, etc.

Question 12.
The Tunisian struggle began with the death of one trader. The struggle gained strength largely through the use of social networking websites like Facebook. Why do you think it is not easy for governments to control them? (Text Book Page No. 237)
Answer:

• Technology has changed much.
• For development, every country has to work on internet.
• Computer have become a part of our life.
• Hence it is difficult to control social networking websites.

Question 13.
Locate “Libya” and “Myanmar” in the world map. Which continents are they located on? (Text Book Page No. 234)
Answer:
Libya is in Africa continent.
Myanmar is in Asia continent.

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 17th Lesson Colonialism in Latin America, Asia and Africa Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 17th Colonialism in Latin America, Asia, and Africa

9th Class Social Studies 17th Lesson Colonialism in Latin America, Asia and Africa Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
Match the following :

Group – A	Group – B
1. Opium war	A) Belgium
2. Ottoman empire	B) Spain
3. Personally owned the	C) Controlled trade before colonization
4. Setting farmers	D) China

Answer:

Group – A	Group – B
1. Opium war	D) China
2. Ottoman empire	C) Controlled trade before colonization
3. Personally owned the	A) Belgium
4. Setting farmers	B) Spain

Question 2.
How is the word ‘discovery’ and ‘exploration’ used by Europeans? What did it mean to people who were already living in those geographical locations?
Answer:
Discovery:

• The word “discovery” means “finding something that we did not know about it before”.
• But in European concept “discovery” is to find faster and easier routes to countries like India, China etc., without passing through regions controlled by Italian traders.

Exploration :

• The step next to discovery is exploration.
• Exploration in European context means “Sending expedition to countries and finding out what resources were available.”
• Europeans explored the backward African and Asian countries for natural resources like, gold, silver, silk, porcelain etc.

Views of native people :

• But the Europeans did not explore these countries but exploited them.
• Virtually the Europeans enslaved them, plundered them, forced them to trade with them etc.
• In South America the natives were deprived of their land and were massacred and driven to interiors.

Question 3.
What role did trade play in the colonisation?
(OR)
“Trade played a major role in the colonisation.” Do you agree? Why?
Answer:
Yes. I agree with this statement.
Reasons:

• Trade played an important role in colonizations.
• Trading items include silk, porcelain, tea, etc., from China; cotton textiles, steel and spices from India; tin, petroleum, rubber, spices, etc., from Indonesia and natural resources from Africa.
• The Europeans had established trading centres in these countries.
• They demanded monopolistic trade relations for the benefit of the colonial powers.
• The European powers had bought these exotic goods and sold them in Europe and made high profits.
• The first Dutch expedition, for example, fetched about 400% profit on its investment.
• As much of 25% of the Dutch government budget came from these profits.
• The English people forced Indians to produce opium and sold that opium in China and earned heavy profits.
• Thus trade played an important role in colonization.

Question 4.
How did the lives of native people in different countries affect the colonisation? Write two ideas each in the context of – crops cultivated/religion/use of natural resources – for the three continents.
Answer:

• Most of the countries were self-sufficient before colonization.
• These colonies were impoverished during colonial powers.

Crops cultivated :

• They were cultivating food crops and the colonies in all three continents were forced to cultivate commercial crops.
• There were shortage of food items and famines and droughts were frequent.

Religion :

• In Asia people were Hindus, Muslims and Buddhists. In Indonesia Muslims were massacred and forced to convert into Roman Catholism.
• In other continents also the Catholic Church played important role in the governance of the colonies.

Use of natural resources :

• All the natural resources like gold, diamonds, silver, iron, coal, tin, rubber, silk, copper were plundered and taken into their countries.
• Colonial powers developed industries in their countries with these resources.

Question 5.
Compare the nature of colonial rule over China and India and Indonesia. What difference and similarities do you find between them?
Answer:

Question 6.
Locate the Portuguese, Dutch, British and French colonies in the world map and filled with different colours.
Answer:

Question 7.
If you were a citizen of Britain, could you support its colonisation? As an Indian citizen could you support or reject colonisation. Give a brief account of your views.
Answer:
Attitudes towards colonialism have varied greatly from time to time and from place to place. I think this is ever present truth that the strong dominate the weak.

If I were a citizen of Britian or as Indian I strongly oppose this colonisation. Because every living being in this world has the freedom in the world. So I don’t like to arrest the others’ freedom.

9th Class Social Studies 17th Lesson Colonialism in Latin America, Asia and Africa InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which of the continents were they not familiar with at all? (Text Book Page No. 205)
Answer:
The Europeans were not familiar with the continents of South America and North America.

Question 2.
Which were the continents whose coastal areas were known to them but not the interior regions? (Text Book Page No. 205)
Answer:

• The coastal areas of Africa were known to the Europeans.
• They established trade relations with Asian countries during ancient and medieval periods. Hence the coastal areas of Asia were also known to them.

Question 3.
Why do you think the Spanish Settlers were not allowed positions of importance in the government of the colonies? (Text Book Page No. 208)
Answer:

• Even though the direct colonial rule ended, many remains of the old colonial rule remained.
• Latin Americas had a social system which consisted of very large landlords, a large number of slaves, semi slaves and poor small farmers.
• Industry and trade were under the control of the landlords.
• These landlords paid no interest in developing.
• Old colonialism continued to influence the Latin Americas even after the end of the colonial regime.

Question 4.
Compare the Zamindari system in the Nizam state and the haciendas of South America. What similarities and differences do you find between them? (Text Book Page No. 209)
Answer:

• Haciendas were estates of thousands of acres which contained silver and copper mines, agricultural lands and also factories. They were owned by landlords.
• “Zamindari System” was created by the government. Zamindars were appointed and they were made the owners of the lands. Original owners became tenants.
• Landlords used to employ peons or unfree Indians and African slaves to work on Haciendas.
• Tenents used to work on the lands in Zamindari system and taxes were collected by the Zamindars.

Question 5.
Why do you think the Latin American countries remained undeveloped despite getting independence from colonial rule? (Text Book Page No. 211)
Answer:
I think that the Latin American countries remained undeveloped despite getting independence form colonial rule due to the following reasons :

1. Poverty,
2. Corruption,
3. Lack of a manufacturing base,
4. Drugs,
5. Poor leadership and
6. The U.S.A.

Question 6.
In what way did the Munroe doctrine protect the independence of Latin America? Did it also limit their freedom? (Text Book Page No. 211)
Answer:

• The Munroe doctrine had no clarity regarding the independence of Latin America.
• It asserts that European powers should not consider colonising any American country but it allows an American country to colonize these countries.

Question 7.
How did Britain gain from the Munroe Doctrine? (Text Book Page No. 211)
Answer:

• Britain which had a powerful navy supported the Munroe Doctrine.
• Britain was keen that the American colonies were not under political control of any European power so that they would be free to trade with England and purchase its industrial goods.

Question 8.
Fill in the blanks : (Text Book Page No. 215)
a) Main products imported by western countries from China were ………………………….. and ………………………….. .
b) The product that western countries tried to sell in China was …………………………..
c) Asian country that tried to influence trade in China was …………………………..
Answer:
a) silk, porcelain and tea
b) opium
c) Japan

Question 9.
Read the following passage and answer the questions given below.

Most of the trade routes connecting Europe and Asia around 1400 were controlled by Muslim kingdoms, especially the Ottoman Empire which was constantly at war with the European Christian powers. The Italians were able to work out an understanding with the Arab traders who brought Asian goods to the Alexandria (in Egypt) and sold them to the Italians. As traders and governments of western Europe like Holland, Spain, Portugal and England realised the importance of this trade, they wanted to find faster and easier routes to countries like India and China, without passing through regions controlled by Italian traders. The Portugese for example, wanted to find a route around Africa to reach India. The Spanish wanted to know if it was possible to reach India by crossing the Atlantic Ocean. They invested huge fortunes by hiring experienced sea mariners and giving them ships and other resources to explore. This led to the discovery of Central America by Christopher Columbus in 1492 and of sea route to India around Africa by Vasco Da Gama in 1498. Columbus was working on behalf of the Spanish queen while Vasco da Gama was working for the Portugese king. Soon English and Dutch governments too were sending their sailors to these regions.

a) Why do you think the Italians were controlling the trade with Asia in 1400 and not other Europeans like Portuguese or Spanish? (Text Book Page No. 206)
Answer:

• As per theory the Italians came to an understanding with the Arab trader who brought Asian goods to the Alexandria and sold them to the Italians.
• But in reality Italy is in the Mediterranean sea and is very accessible to Egypt, Middle east and east Asian countries. Hence developed good trade with them.

b) Why were the Portuguese and Spanish keen to find other routes to reach Asia? (Text Book Page No. 206)
Answer:

• Italy developed due to the Asian trade.
• So other countries realised the importance of this trade.
• They wanted to find faster and easier routes to countries like India and China without passing through regions controlled by Italian traders.

Question 10.
Look at the map of South America around 1800 to identify the countries controlled by the different powers. (Text Book Page No. 202)

Answer:
Student activity.

Question 11.
Try to formulate the grievances of the following people of the Latin American colonies. (Text Book Page No. 209)
1) Spanish settlers who owned haciendas
2) Small Spanish farmers settled in America
3) Native Americans
4) African slaves settled in Latin America.
Answer:

1.  a) Haciendas were estates of thousands of acres.
   b) These estate owners had no intensives to use modern methods of cultivation or production as they had a supply of cheap abour.
2. Small Spanish farmers did not have any role in the administration of the colonies which were controlled by the Spanish from Europe.
3. A large number of native Americans had been killed. The survied were heavily taxed, and had to provide labour supply to the mines and farms owned by the Spanish.
4. Most of the African slaves were forced to work on the haciendas.

Question 12.
Look at the Map of Africa in 1913 to see the extent of colonial possessions of the European powers in Africa.
Compare the map with a modern map of Africa.
Make a list of the large African countries and write against their names the countries that had colonised them. (Text Book Page No. 216)

(OR)
Look at the two maps given beiow Map A shows the European colonies in Africa in 1913-14 and Map B shows the modern countries of Africa.

Compare the information in this two maps. Draw the table given below in yours answer sheet and write the name of the colonising country against the African Country given.
Answer:

Modern country	Colonial power in 1913
1. South Africa	Britain
2. Egypt	Britain
3. Nigeria	Britain
4. Ghana	Britain
5. Libya	Italy
6. Algeria	Italy
7. Angola	Portuguese
8. Congo	Belgium (Later it became French colony)

 

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 16th Lesson Social Protest Movements Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 16th Social Protest Movements

9th Class Social Studies 16th Lesson Social Protest Movements Textbook Questions and Answers

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Question 1.
Which of the following statements about lives of industrial workers are correct? And correct the false statements.
a) Workers controlled the industries.
b) Living conditions of the workers were comfortable.
c) Low wages was ones of the reasons for discontent among the workers.
d) During the phase of industrialization there was emphasis on emotions and feelings.
e) Romantic writers and artists tried to highlight values of closeness to nature as described in the folk tales and folk songs.
Answer:
a) False
b) False
c) True
d) False
e) True
Correction of false statements :
a) Workers did not control the industries.
b) Living conditions of the workers were not comfortable.
d) Duringthe phase of industrialization there was no emphasis on emotions and feelings.

Question 2.
List some of the problems faced by workers of those times. Discuss if such problems exist in our times too.
Answer:

• The workers were under the control of unsympathetic foreman and managers.
• There was no security for their lives and they lost their jobs. Working hours were long and unbroken.
• Wages were meagre and frequently owners tried to cut down wages or retrench workers or increase work load on them.
• The lifespan of the workers decreased.
• Workers were prone to accidents and no compensations were given.
• Workers used to live in slums and deaths were caused by spread of diseases.
• Children were taken as child labour in risky coal mines.

Present condition of workers :

• Salaries or wages are regularized.
• Factory regulation act prohibited children in coal mines. Later child labour is now prohibited.
• Working conditions are improved.
• Compensations are paid for accidents or deaths but it is very less.

Question 3.
Write a paragraph comparing the ideas of capitalism and socialism. How were they similar or different?
(OR)
Distinguish between socialism and capitalism.
(OR)
Compare and contrast between Socialism and Capitalism.
(OR)
What are the differences between captalism and socialism?
Answer:

Capitalism	Socialism
1. Capitalism is based on private ownership of means of production.	1. Undersocialism the means of production are under the control of the government.
2. Supply and demand forces determine the prices.	2. There will be centralized planning mechanism.
3. The objective of production is profit maximisation.	3. The objective of production is welfare of the state and people.
4. Concentration of power or wealth will be in few hands.	4. Socialism opposes concentration of power or wealth.
5. The resources are controlled by the capitalists.	5. Social control of resources is seen here.
6. There is no individual freedom or equality of opportunities.	6. The individual freedom and equality of opportunities are given high priority.
7. Eg : West Europe and North America.	7. Eg : Eastern European countries and China.

Question 4.
How was the idea of equality being similar or differently challenged by women and workers movements?
Answer:

1. Workers demands regarding equality –
   a) Equality of opportunities, status, etc., irrespective of birth status.
   b) Opposed discrimination of any sort.
2. The idea of equality challenged by women –
   a) Equality of opportunities to all public dignities, offices and employments.
   b) They demanded equal access to property.
   c) They demanded equal access to civil rights such as voting …. etc.

Question 5.
Draw a poster to illustrate the ideas of “liberty, equality and justice” with in the context of workers and women. Identify occasions where these idea are being violated.
Answer:

In the following occasions the ideas are violated.

• Still the wages given to women labour are low when compared with men.
• Even domestic violence against women is still not able to be controlled.
• Assaults against women are seen everywhere.
• Certain job opportunities are available only for men.

Question 6.
Locate the countries in the world map in which the protest movements took place.
Answer:
The protest movements took place in the following countries.

1. USA
2. England
3. France
4. Germany
5. Italy
6. India
7. China
8. Russia

Question 7.
Read the last paragraph of page 203 and first paragraph of page 204 and comment on them.

You would have read about the struggles of social reformers in 19th century India to end practices like Sati, killing of girl children at birth, enforced widowhood for life etc. and also to extend modern education to women. The growth of education among women enabled many women to take part in public life and organise other women like themselves. This gave rise to women’s movement in India too. Women participated in the national movement and leaders like Gandhiji specially emphasised the importance of women in the movement. Thousands of women joined the freedom movement and helped to shape the ideas of the nationalists. As a result when India became independent women were given complete legal equality vis a vis men. It also sought to end discriminations against them in property laws etc.

Answer:

• The status of women in India has been subject to many great changes over the past few millenia.
• From equal status with men in ancient times though the low points of the medieval period, to the promotion of equal rights by many reformers, the history of women in India has been eventful.
• In modern India women have held high offices including that of the President, Prime Minister, Speaker, etc.

Question 8.
Do you find any social protest movements around you? Interview with the leaders of that movement and prepare a report and present in your class.
Answer:
Yes I found a social movement in my surrounding Area. That is “Prohibition”.
Students : Good morning Madam
Leader (Lady) : Good morning Children
Students : Madam, why did you start the movement on prohibition?
Leader : Because to protect the human beings.
Students : How did you protect them?
Leader : If we start a movement against the liquor, then the government will stop the production.
Students : Why did the government to stop the production of liquor.
Leader : Liquor it is the harmness to the health of the consumer. And how much the worker earn half ofthe amount they spend on liquor. Not spend for his family.
Students : Is it known to the government or not.
Leader : Yes, it is known by government. But they did not take any steps. That’s why we started movement for the safe of families.
Students : How far this movement is helpful to families?
Leader : Children, 90% of our families in India are poor. They are not able to fulfill they proper basic needs also. But they addict to liquor and spoil their life and health and they did not take care about families and education of their children. Gradually, the families become a poor, due to the movement they stop the use of liquor, and use the money for the welfare ofthe family and live happily.
Students : Very good Madam, how did you raise the movement?
Leader : I create awarness among the family members who affected these and gathered and maintain a group and started the movement.
Students : Did you successful any?
Leader : Yes, due to the movement government ban on “cheap liquor”. That’s why we continue our movements to “complete prohibition.”
Students : Very good Madam, you are doing a great job for society. So, we also participated in this movement.

9th Class Social Studies 16th Lesson Social Protest Movements InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
In what ways do you think ideas of liberty, equality and fraternity wouid have helped to inspire protest movements? (Text Book Page No. 198)

• Industrialization deeply affected the working class.
• Human values were lost.
• There was less scope for dignity and security of life.
• Workers started protesting against their conditions.
• The spread of new political ideas of “liberty”, “equality” and “fraternity” pioneered by the French Revolution gave boost to the protest movements.
• The workers inspired by these ideas demanded
  a) “Liberty” from the bonds of capitalists.
  b) “Equality” of opportunities irrespective of social status.
  c) “Fraternity” inspired them to fight for their dignity.

Question 2.
The government passed a law which provided capital punishment to those who broke machines. Do you think this was justified? (Text Book Page No. 199)
Answer:
No. Giving capital punishment for these who broke machines was not justifiable.

Question 3.
In what way did Marx’s Socialism disagree with Luddism? (Text Book Page No. 202)
Answer:

• Luddism is social protest movement.
• It demanded minimum wages, control over the labour of women and children.
• Demanded work for those who lost jobs because of coming of machines.
• It also demanded right to form trade unions.

Socialism as profounded by Karl Marx

• He wanted production to be an all-society affair rather than a matter of one family.
• He gave importance to collective interest.
• He forced workers not only to fight for better wages but for ending the capital system itself.
• He argued that workers should organize themselves and throughout the capitalists.

Question 4.
Why did Marx consider factory production as superior and desirable? (Text Book Page No. 202)
Answer:

• Marx believed that industrial production is progressive because it has made possible the industrial transformation of the world.
• Marx believed that industrial production made it possible for people to live and earn their livelihood.
• Factory production enabled us to work on small scale too.

Question 5.
What was the main difference between Marx and the earlier socialists? (Text Book Page No. 202)
Answer:
Marx asserts that revolution, which is a political action, is the only way to achieve socialism.

But according to early socialist, reforms and peaceful means are the best way to achieve socialism.

That was the main difference.

Question 6.
Do you think people have achieved ideas of “liberty, equality and fraternity” in the 21st century? (Text Book Page No. 198)
Answer:

• Modern states are welfare states.
• They always provide their people with the ideas of liberty.
• These ideas are included in the constitution itself.
• Now the people have
  a) Liberty of thought and expression.
  b) Equality irrespective of caste, sex, religion and race.
  c) “Fraternity” which protects their dignity.

Question 7.
In India too such laws which protected our farmers from competition from import of cheap agricultural products are being ended. Do you think such imports will benefit the poor people in India? (Text Book Page No. 198)
Answer:
No. I do not think so. Such imports will not benefit poor people in Inaienjecauseney may cause damage to our production also.

Question 8.
Why do you think workers would have supported the ending of the ComLawsandwhy do you think the landowners supported them? (Text Book Page No. 198)
Answer:
The artificially high corn prices encouraged by the Corn Laws meant tnatuiewomng class had to spend the bulk of their income on corn just to survive. Since they had no income. Left over for other purchases, they could not afford manufactured goods. Thus the economical spiral worsened for everyone involved. So the workers would have supported the ending of the Corn Laws.

The beneficiaries of the Corn Laws were the nobility and the other large land holders. Landowners had vested interest in seeing the Corn Laws remain in force. The voting members of parliament had no interest in repeating the Corn Laws. So the landowners supported them.

Question 9.
To what extent do you think breaking the machines helped the workers? (Text Book Page No. 199)
Answer:

• The breakingof machines did not give any direct and immediate benefit to the workers.
• Rather they were given punishments like death sentence or life imprisonment.
• Of course it had long term benefit like their right against exploitation, right to express their views and right to job security were recognized.

Question 10.
Do you see any social movements which are still inspired by these idea round you? (Text Book Page No. 198)
Answer:
A) Yes, so many social movements are inspired by the ideas of “liberty, equality and fraternity”. Some of them are-

1. Social movement of protection of tribals rights is based on the principles of equality.
2. “SC”s demands of equality of opportunity is one of the social movements.
3. “Assault” against “women” in Delhi has led to a mass social movement. That has resulted in the enactment of ‘Nirbhay Act”.
4. “Prohibition of children in factories or any other work” is also based on these ideas.

Question 11.
When new machines are brought in a factory, some workers are usually rendered jobless. Why do you think this happens ? Can there be ways of improving technology without creating unemployment for workers? (Text Book Page No. 199)
Answer:

• A machine can perform the work of 100 workers in lesser time.
• Hence when new machines are brought in a factory, some workers usually rendered jobless.
• When new technology is introduced new jobs are created.
• Therefore, workers should be given propertrainingin “technical know how” to get new job opportunities.

 

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 15th Lesson Industrialisation and Social Change Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 15th Industrialisation and Social Change

9th Class Social Studies 15th Lesson Industrialisation and Social Change Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Fill in the blanks with correct options :
Question 1.
Britain did not depend on different parts of the world for ________ and ________ (labourers; raw material; capital; inventions)
Answer:
labourers, capital

Question 2.
Two important types of transport during the Industrial revolution were ________ and ________ (road, air, water, rail)
Answer:
water, rail

Question 3.
Write two sentences each on following aspects in the context of Industrial revolution:
a) Technology
b) Financing and money
c) Agriculture revolution
d) Transport systems
Answer:
a) Technology :
The commencement of industrial revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations, beginning in the second half of the 18th century. By the 1830s the following gains had been made in important technologies, e.g. : Textiles, steam power and iron making.

b) Financing and money:
The whole industrial revolution got founded by a few people who held power to issue essentially infinite credit. Most new industries were financed by small investors, merchants, shopkeepers and farmers.

c) Agriculture Revolution :
The Agriculture Revolution was period of agriculture development between 18th and the end of 19th century, which saw a massive and rapid increase in agricultural productivity and vast improvement in farm technology. Many inventions were created and improved during this revolution.

d) Transport Systems :
The growth of industrial revolution developed on the ability to transport raw materials and finished goods over long distances. These facilities were of three main types – Water ways, Roadways and Rail roads.
Out of these three, water transportation was the cheapest.

Question 4.
What do you think is special about inventions happening during the industrial revolution ?
Answer:

• Most inventions were more the product of determination, interest, curiosity, even luck, than the application of scientific knowledge.
• Some inventors in the cotton industry, like John Kay and James Hargreaves, were familiar with the skills of weaving and carpentry.
• Richard Arkwright, however, was a barber and wig-maker, Samuel Crompton was not technically skilled and Edmund Cartwright studied literature, medicine and agriculture, initially wished to become a clergyman and knew little of mechanics.
• By contrast, in the area of steam engines, Thomas Savery, an army officer, Thomas Newcomen, a blacksmith and locksmith, and James Watt, with a strong mechanical bent, all had some knowledge relevant to their inventions.
• The road-builder John Metcalf, who personally surveyed surfaces for roads and planned them, was blind.
• The canal builder James Brindley was almost illiterate, with such poor spelling that he could never spell the word ‘navigation’, but he had tremendous powers of memory, imagination and concentration.

Question 5.
How were the lives of different classes of British women affected by the Industrial revolution?
(OR)
“All classes of British women were affected by the industrial revolution” Write your comments.
Answer:

• The Industrial Revolution was a time of important changes in the way that women worked.
• The village women were actively involved in farm work, they reared livestock, gathered firewood and spun yarn on spinning wheels in their homes.
• Their earnings were necessary to supplement men’s meagre wages.
• Women were the main workers in the silk, lace making and knitting industries, as well as in the metal industries of Birmingham.
• Women may well have gained increased financial independence and self-esteem from their jobs; but this was more than offset by the humiliating terms of work they endured.
• Most classes eventually benfited in some way from the huge profits.
  Thus the lives of different classes of British women were affected by the industrial revolution.

Question 6.
What were the relative advantages of canal and railway transportation?
Answer:

• It is easy to shipping goods.
• Both are cheap means of transport when compared to roadways.
• Bulk quantity of goods can be transhipped.

Question 7.
Locate the places where iron and textile Industries are mainly concentrated in England during Industrial revolution.
Answer:

Question 8.
Prepare a table on invention during the time of Industrial Revolution.
Answer:

Inventions	Inventors
Cotton – textile
1. Flying shuttle – 1733	John Kay
2. Waterpowered loom – 1784	Edmud Cartwright
3. Spinning Jenny – 1764	James Hargreaves
4. Spinning mule – 1779	Samuel Crompton
5. Cotton gin – 1794	Eli Whitney
6. The Factory system – 18th Century	Richard Arkwright
7. Stem engine – 1712	James Watt
8. Steam boat – 1786	Robert Fulton
9. Rail roads – 1869	George Stephenson
10. Steel making – 1855	Henry Bessemer
11. Electricity and the light bulb – 1879	Thomas Edison
12. Road building – 1836	John Loudon Mc Adam
13. Photography – 1839	George Eastman
14. Telegraph – 1837	Samuel F B Morse
15. First electric lamp – 1809	Humphy Dally

Question 9.
Read the para under the title “The workers” of Page No. 192 and comment on it.

The Workers : A survey in 1842 revealed that the average lifespan of workers was lower than that of any other social group in cities: it was 15 years Birmingham, 17 in Manchester, 21 in Derby. More people died, and died at a younger age, in the new industrial cities, than in the villages they had come from. Half the childern failed to survive beyond the age of five. The increase in the population of cities was because of immigrants, rather than by an increase in the number of childern born to families who already lived there. Deaths were primarily caused by epidemics of disease that sprang from the pollution of water, like cholera and typhoid, or of the air, like tuberculosis. More than 31,000 people died from an outbreak of cholera in 1832. Until late in the nineteenth century, municipal authorities were negligent in attending to these dangerous of life. The medical knowledge to understand and cure these diseases was unknown.

(OR)

A survey in 1842 revealed that the average lifespan of workers was lower than of any other social group in cities

Q: “What were the problem faced by workers in those days”. Comment it.
Answer:

• The life of the workers was hard.
• Multiple families were living in one apartment.
• Very poor sanitary conditions in the factories and in houses.
• No enough earning to buy basic needs.
• Poor living standards.
• Short span of lives.
• Lack of medical facilities.
• Epidemic diseases.
  It was miserable to lead life.

Question 10.
Mention the consequences of the Industrial Revoltuion in the Economic field. Write a report and present in your class.
Answer:
Some 20th century historians argued that the process of economic change took place gradually.

1. GDP, per capita income was broadly stable before the industrial revolution and the emergence of the modern capitalist economy.
2. The Industrial Revolution began an era of per capita economic growth in capitalist economies.
3. Economic historians are in agreement that the onset of the industrial revolution is the most important event in the history of humanity.
4. Rapid increase in technology which affects production.
5. Standardisation of production process and parts.
6. Substantially lower transportation costs and development of improved transportation systems.
7. Better and cheaper intermediate good production and
8. Vast increase in global trade.

9th Class Social Studies 15th Lesson Industrialisation and Social Change InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write two important inventions which revolutionised the textile industry. (Text Book Page No. 188)
Answer:

1. Water powered loom – Edmund Cartwright.
2. Spinning Jenney – James Hargreaves.

Question 2.
Mention two important industrialisation effects on women and children’s life. (Text Book Page No. 193)
Answer:

• Women lost their family life and children their childhood.
• Women had gained increased financial independence and self-esteem. Children worked in factories and stayed away from education.

Question 3.
Compare the industrialisation in Germany and France. Identify similarities and differences. (Text Book Page No. 195)
Answer:
Similarities :

• Germany and France lacked colonial resources.
• In both the countries industrialisation received a boost by the introduction of.railways in 1830s.
• Railways stimulated trade, communication and economic growth.

Differences :

Germany	France
1) German industrialisation was greatly facilitated by the German government.	1) France, in contrast, was slow in industrialising.
2) The needed heavy capital investment was received from large banks.	2) France did not develop banks which could mobilise large amount of capital and lend them to industrialists.
3) Market facilities were provided on large scale.	3) Market facilities were provided after 1860.
4) Germany gained back her coal mines.	4) France lost her coal mines to Germany.
5) The industrial units were very large.	5) The units were run at homes only.

Question 4.
Discuss the developments in Britain and in other parts of the world in 18th entury that encouraged British Industrialisation. (Text Book Page No. 187)
Answer:

• The Industrial Revolution took place in Great Britain almost a century before any other country.
• At that time Great Britain was a very powerful country that controlled many colonies.
• The country gained abundant useful resources from these colonies that aided its growth.
• The country had also just experienced an Agriculture Revolution.
• The country could support the demand for workers in factories. It has many natural resources.
• During the Industrial Revolution, the government of Britain was stable, wealthy and supportive of economy growth. So the Industrial Revolution was emerged first in Great Britain.
• The Industrial Revolution on continental Europe came a little later than in Great Britain, this involved the application of technology developed in Great Britain in new places. Often the technology was purchased from Britain or British engineers and entrepreneurs moved in search of new opportunities.
• The German, Russian and Belgian governments also provided state funding to the new industries.
• France’s economic growth industrialisation process was slow and steady along the 18^th and 19^th centuries.
• U.S. also supported Industrial Revolution and provided fuels for economic and industrial growth.
• Japan : There Industrial Revolution began about 1870 as Meiji period leaders decided to catch up with the west.

Question 5.
Discuss the effects of early industrialisation on British towns and villagesandcompare these with similar situation in India. (Text Book Page No. 194)
Answer:
New technology and techniques in agriculture paved the way for change. As surplus of cheap agriculture labour led to serve unemployment and rising poverty in many rural areas. As a result, many people left the countryside to find work in towns and cities. So the scene was set for a large scale labour intensive factory system. It led to urbanization.

In India during colonial rule, the British exported all the raw material to Britain. They did not establish or develop any industry here. They did not encourage the agriculture. They imported the finished goods. Both the agriculture and cottage industries were disturbed. As the agriculture is the backbone of India, the dependants suffered a lot. The dependants on agriculture became cheap labour.

Question 6.
What factors enabled Germany to outstrip England and France in industrialisation? (Text Book Page No. 195)
Answer:
The factors that enabled Germany to outstrip England and France in industrialisation:

1. Its government assistance.
2. Transport facilities.
3. The governments’s control over working class, movement with a heavy hand.
4. The government provided for many social benefits and insurance for the workers.
5. Benefit from the technical developments achieved by Britain and U.S.A.
6. Heavy capital investment facilities from large banks.
7. A great proportion of Germany’s industrial production was used to build up Germany’s military and naval power.

Question 7.
Why is high quality steel and iron necessary for industrialisation? Discuss in the class. (Text Book Page No. 188)
Answer:
Throughout the 18 and 19 centuries the English steel and iron makers produced blister and crucible steel and iron. In the 18th century innovations like steam boats, rail road and guns increased the demand for fine iron and steel.

Question 8.
Why do you think the mining of iron ore and coal received equal importance? (Text Book Page No. 188)
Answer:
I think coal is used for smelting iron. So the mining of iron ore and coal received equal importance.

Question 9.
Why do you think the early industrial centres were situated near the iron and coal mines? (Text Book Page No. 188)
Answer:
I think there were no proper transportation facilities to transport the coal and iron. And it is very difficult also to transport such heavy things from one place to another place. Later the canal and rail road transports were introduced and developed. So the early industrial centres were situated near the iron and coal mines.

Question 10.
Why do you think France lagged behind in industrial development? (Text Book Page No. 195)
Answer:
France was slow in industrialising. Even by the end of 19^th century she remained a rural country with a large majority of people cultivating small plots of land. Manufacturers found it more profitable to give out work to rural workers who worked at home rather than to set up factories in towns. Such rural domestic production began to decline after 1850 resulting in economic adversity for the people. Machines in towns began to take over much of the work and only delicate hand work was given out to rural workers. Much of French industrialisation was a result of the spread of railway and road networks after 1860 which created a wide market for its industrial goods.

France also did not develop Banks which could mobilise large amount of capital and lend them to industrialists. As a result most of French manufacturers depended upon family resources. They remained small companies as a result. It also made them slow in adopting new ideas and technologies.

Heavy industry based on iron and coal was slow to develop in France as she did not have good reserves of coal and depended upon expensive imports. Thus French industrialisation remained focused on consumer products like textiles, which were basically small scale enterprises. This was in contrast to the German and British Industrial situation where heavy industries predominated.

So France lagged behind industrial development.

Question 11.
What were the difficulties faced by women and children during industrial revolution? (Text Book Page No. 186)
(OR)
What are the difficulties faced by Women and Children during industrial revolution? What is your reaction towards this?
Answer:
The following selections are testimonies from England and Wales collected by Parliamentary Commission who began to investigate the industrial employment of women and children in the early 1840s.

1. Working conditions were unsanitary and the work was dangerous.
2. Education of the children suffered because of the demands of work.
3. Home life suffered as women were faced with the double burden of factory work formed by domestic chores and child care.
4. Men assumed supervisory roles over women and received higher wages.
5. Unsupervised young women away from home generated societal fears over their fate.
6. As a result of the need for wages in the growing cash economy, families became dependent on the wages of women and children.
7. There was some worker opposition to propagate that child and female labour should be abolished from certain jobs.
8. Children as young as 5 years old worked hard hours for little or no pay (sometimes 19 hours a day)
9. Large, heavy and dangerous equipment was very common for children to be using or working near.
10. Many accidents occurred injuring or killing children on the job.

My reaction :
This is very cruel and inhuman treatment. If it is there now-a-days the factory owners should be punished by govt severely.

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 14th Lesson Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions 19th Century Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 14th Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions 19th Century

9th Class Social Studies 14th Lesson Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions 19th Century Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Choose the correct options.
a) Democraticand nationalist movements assumed that a nation has a ___________ ; (shared history; shared culture; shared economy; all the above; none of the abovd)
b) Jacobin clubs were established in different countries by ___________ (peasants; royalty; middle class; army)
c) During the mid 18th century the land was owned by ___________ and cultivated by ___________ (middle class, army, aristocrats, tenants)
Answer:
a) All the above
b) army
c) aristocrats, tenants.

Question 2.
After readingabout mid-eighteenth century Europe, what similarities or differences amongst people existed in the context of: language, ethnicity, trade practices.
Answer:

• Within the territories of the empire there lived diverse people.
• In the Alpine regions the aristocracy were predominently German – speaking.
• In Lombardy and Venetia people spoke Italy.
• In Galicia people spoke Polish.
• Bohemians, Slovaks, Slovens, Croats and Roumans were certain ethnic groups.
• The majority of the population was made up of the peasantry.
• Vast estates were there and they were cultivated by serfs.
• Trade and industry developed, commercial classesemergedduetothesedevelopments.
• A group of new middle class emerged due to the access to education and new ideas.

Question 3.
Do you agree with the statement: “when the emergence of nation states, the dominance of Aristocracy declined and middle class increased”. Give reasons.
Answer:

• Europe witnessed growth of industrial production and trade.
• This led to the growth of towns and the emergence of commercial classes whose existence was based on production for the markets.
• In its wake, new social groups came into being, (a working-class population and middle classes.)
• They had access to education and new ideas.
• It was among them that ideas of national unity and the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity.
• There after the dominance of Aristocracy declined and middle class increased.

Question 4.
Write an imaginary dialogue between Mazzini and any of the Indian nationalist you have studied.
Answer:
Mazzini : We can’t form a nation state through talks, lectures, and discussions. We should do something.
Indian Nationalist : We can’t achieve freedom by revolutions and violent movements. We can’t achieve the unity of the nation. Time will decide it.
Mazzini : How long is this procrastination? We can achieve the unity through revolutionary organizations and secret fightings.
Indian Nationalist : It takes time for the people to get awareness. Nationality is strengthened when change comes in people.
Mazzine : We have to create the atmosphere of war. We should put an end to the monarchical and despotic rule.
Indian Nationalist : There is a way for that ………. We have to wait for some more time.
Mazzini : The situation will get worst if we still wait …………
Indian Nationalist : You know how French revolution was possible and what results it got.
Mazzini : The circumstances then were different.
Indian Nationalist : Agitations will not show solutions.
Mazzini : We have to decide soon. The flames of revolution should be lit in young people.

Question 5.
Mark sentences that describe conservatives and liberals. Try to identify examples in our contemporary context.
Answer:

Conservatives	Liberals
1. Conservatives are political philosophers who believe in preserving of traditional institutions like, church, monarchy etc.	1. Liberals are political philosophers who believe in the freedom of the individuals.
2. Conservatives stress on the streng­thening of the autocratic monarchies.	2. Liberals insist on a constitution and representative government through Parliament.
3. They believe in the preserving of the privileges of the church.	3. They stand for the end of privileges of the church.
4. They believe in a dynamic economy with certain restrictions.	4. They stand for the development of free trade and market and the abolishment of restrictions.
5. Ex : Vatican City in Rome ruled by Pope.	5. Ex: India.

Question 6.
Draw a table to show the differences and similarities in the nation building process of France, Germany and Italy.
Answer:

France	Germany	Italy
1. Revolutionswereledby liberal nationalists espe­cially middleclassesand commercial classes.	1. Prussia, under the chief ministership of Bismark, took on the leadership for national unfication.	1. Italian princely state of “Sardinia” took on the leadership.
2. Reform Party leader “Theirs”, and social­ist party leader “Louis Blanc” etc., are the leaders involved.	2. Germany unification was a one man ship i.e., Otto von Bismarck with his policy “Blood and Iron” achieved the unification.	2. Mazzini, a Philosopher, Gari-baldi, a sailor, Cavour, the chief minister and Victor Emmanuel II the ruler were involved in nation building process.
3. People and leaders revolted against the kings and overthrown them.	3. Bismark waged three wars, one with Denmark, second with Austria and finally with France, to achieve unification.	3. There were five stages in the unification of Italy. The Southern states were united with the support of the local people.
4. CharlesX was replaced by Louis Philippe in 1830. Louis Philippe was overthrown and a republic was estab­lished which was tem­porary.	4. In January 1871, the Prus­sian king, William I, was pro­claimed as German Em­peror.	4. Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy.

Question 7.
Explain what is meant by 1848 revolution of liberals. What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals?
Answer:
1848 revolt occurred duringthe period of Louis Philippe. Ideas of Socialism, Liberalism and Nationalism were increasing and finally resulted as Revolution of 1848. This revolution was led by liberal nationalists belonging to the educated middle-class and members of the commercial middle classes.
The ideas supported by the liberals were –

1. All the parties opposed monarchy as the king grew more and more reactionary and conservative.
2. Liberals raised their voice against the corruption of the government’s officials.
3. Work to every citizen was the demand of the socialistic party.
4. Reform Party leader ‘Theirs’ demanded extension of the suffrage and limitation of royal power.
   Not finding any other alternative Louis Philippe abdicated the throne and fled away to England. In 1848, Liberals took control of France and abolished monarchy.

Question 8.
Briefly trace the process of Germany unification.
(OR)
Describe the unification of Germany.
Answer:

• Nationalist feeling wide spread among middle class Germans.
• They tried to unite the different regions of the Germany in 1848.
• But it was oppressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military.
• Later Prussia took on the leadership for national unification.
• Its Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of this process.
• He carried out this with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy.
• He waged three wars in seven years.
  a) War with Denmark
  b) Austro – Prussian war
  c) Franco – Prussian war
• Unification of Germany was accomplished by 1871.
• In January 1871, the Prussian king, William -1, was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.

Question 9.
Locate some changes on Europe map drawn up by the Vienna Congress.
Answer:

Question 10.
Read the last para of page 178 and comment on it.

The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe. The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe. In most countries, there were more seekers of jobs than employment. Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums. Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods from England, where industrialization was more advanced than on the continent. This was especially so in textile production, which was carried out mainly in homes or small workshops and was only partly mechanized. In those regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.

Answer:

• Increasing economic hardship during the 1830s.
• Widespread unemployment, urban congestion, competition flow, machine-made goods from England, Feudal dues, rising food prices, failed crops.
• Popular revolt in France in 1848 resulted in Louis Philippe fleeing, France declared a republic with voting for all men above – 21 and national workshops for more employment.
• Very critical conditions were prevailed.

Question 11.
Compare the map of Europe of mid 18th century (1815) with that of the present map of Europe and note down the changes you find, in a note book.
Answer:

The Congress of Vienna was held in order to draw up a plan to alter Europe politically and territorially so as to prevent the extensive expansion of any one great power, such as that Napoleon had brought about. To main¬tain the balance of power and establish a old regimes and to pacify the situations Vienna congress divided the different regions of Europe were brought under the power of different strongholds of Europe.

Later on, when the nations like Italy and Germany took up the ideas of Nationalism and moved for unification, they defeated those powers, which were being ruled by the other European powers. As a result of this, the structure of Europe, established by the congress of Vienna, got redrawn, and the present day Europe is established.

9th Class Social Studies 14th Lesson Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions 19th Century InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
In what ways do you think Napoleon’s conquests would have helped in the emergence of nationalism in those countries? (Text Book Page No. 174)
Answer:

• Napoleon formed a new political union under French patronage and called it “confederation of the Rhine”.
• He had abolished 112 small states and merged them into a bigger nation.
• As a result the complicated political map of Germany was made easy.
• These confederations raised the feeling of the nationalism in those countries.

Question 2.
How did nationalism and the idea of the nation-state emerge? (Text Book Page No. 174)
Answer:

• A nation state was one in which the majority of its citizens came to develop a sense of common identity and shared common history.
• This commonness did not exist from time immemorial, it was forged through struggles, through the actions of leaders and the common man.
• The French revolution gave the term “nation” its modern meaning.
• A nation is not the territory but the people who make it.
• The French revolution gave the meaning of sovereignty that the people constituting the nation are the source of all power and authority.
• Government is answerable to its people.
  All these ideals led to the formation of the nation -states.

Question 3.
Discuss the importance of language and popular traditions in the creation of national identity. (Text Book Page No. 174)
Answer:

• Language and popular traditions are important in the creation of national identity.
• National identity means people feeling that they belong to a nation irrespective of their caste, religion, colour etc.
• The language makes people identify themselves as a one race or a nation.
• Also the popular traditions such as Roman culture and tradition etc., easily attracted the people and strengthened the national integrity.

Question 4.
Explain why Charles X and Louis Philippe fled from france. (Text Book Page No. 180)
Answer:

• Revolutions means transformation of ideas and thoughts.
• Sometimes this transformations became violent and may lead to the execution of the king and queen.
  Ex : Charles X and Louis X VI
• In orderto avoid such kind of situations Charles X and Louis Philippe fled from France.

Question 5.
Describe the caricature. How does it represent the relationship between Bismarck and the elected deputies of parliament? What interpretation of democratic processes is the artist trying to convey? (Text Book Page No. 181)

Answer:
Bismarck’s dominance over the elected deputies of the Parliament is shown in the caricature. He followed ‘Blood and iron’ policy. He firmly believed that this policy only could achieve the unification of Germany but not the songs, speeches and festivals.

Question 6.
In what ways do you think the old kingdoms prevented the growth of trade and industry? (Text Book Page No. 176)
Answer:

• There was no free trade and there were lot of state-imposed restrictions.
• A merchant had to pass through so many customs barriers and pay a customs duty of about 5% at each customs officers.
• Due to these conditions, the growth of trade and industry was prevented in the old kingdom.

Question 7.
In what ways would liberal democracy have helped to develop trade and industry in those countries? (Text Book Page No. 176)
Answer:

• Liberal democracy stood for the freedom of markets.
• It also insisted on the abolition of state-imposed restrictions.
• Through the above measures, the liberal democracy have helped to develop trade and industry in their countries.

Question 8.
Do you think our country has a liberal democratic political system ? Give your reasons. (Text Book Page No. 176)
Answer:

• In India supreme power rests with the people.
• India is a republic country.
• Everyone is equal before law.
• Every citizen of 18 years and above has the right to vote.
• Any citizen is eligible to contest for any political office.
  Hence we can say India has liberal democratic political system.

Question 9.
Why do you think conservatism needs to curb freedom to express ones opinion and criticise? (Text Book Page No. 176)
Answer:

• Conservatism is the dominance of society by an aristocracy. It is incompatible with democracy, prosperity and civilization in general.
• The conservatives did not tolerate criticism and dissent, and sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic governments.
• They imposed censorship laws to control the ideas of liberty and freedom associated with the French Revolution.

Question 10.
What is the caricaturist trying to depict? (Text Book Page No. 177)

Answer:
The caricaturist is trying to depict the thoughts of Jacobin clubs and the discontentment among people on the freedom of speech.

Question 11.
Indian nationalists also sought to revive and give importance to folk arts in India. Why do you think they thought this was important?
Answer:

• Our Indian nationalists sought to revive and give importance to folk arts in India.
• This was done to carry the message to large audience who were mostly illiterate.
• Another reason to use folk art was to revive our ancient national spirit.

Question 10.
Do you think Italy became a true nation state with its unification under King Emmanuel II? Give your reasons.
Answer:
No, because the unification of Italy was only made territorially. The much of the Italian population was illiterate. They had no idea of nationalist ideology. The peasant masses in Southern Italy had never heard of Italia. Hence, we can say that Italy did not become a true nation state.

Question 11.
Hold a debate in the class between those who agree with conservatism and those who agree with liberal democracy on what is best for the welfare and development of people in Europe or in India.
Answer:
Conservatism means supporting monarchy. The conservatives wanted to protect traditional institutions of state and society like the monarchy, the church, social hierarchies, property and family. They supported the modernisation initiated by Napoleon.

In monarchy, the king is the final. It he is good administrator, the people under him will be benefited. Otherwise they will suffer a lot.

Liberal democracy means the representative of the people rules the country for the will and wish of the people only. Without the concern of the people, he may not have whole right to take any action. The people have the power to remove him from the power when he goes wrong. Hence the government itself is people’s. Thus, democracy is the best form of government.

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 13th Lesson Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions 17th and 18th Centuries Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 13th Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions 17th and 18th Centuries

9th Class Social Studies 13th Lesson Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions 17th and 18th Centuries Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Identify the name of the country in the context of the following statement: (the UK, USA, and France)
1) revolution where parliament system was established
2) country where king continues to play some role even after the revolution
3) country that had to war against another in order to establish its democracy
4) The bill of rights was adopted
5) Overthrow of the monarchy was led by the peasants
6) Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen was adopted
Answer:

1. UK
2. UK
3. USA
4. USA
5. France
6. France

Question 2.
What were the main ideas of social thinkers, which were significant to the establishment of new forms of governments? How did they gain popularity?
Answer:

• Philosophers such as John Locke and Rousseau envisaged a society based on freedom and equal laws and opportunities for all.
• Locke in his “Two Treatises of Government” advocated theory of Natural rights and opposed the doctrine of the divine and absolute right of the monarch.
• Rousseau carried the idea forward and laid foundation for democracy in his book “The Social Contract”.
• Montesquieu, in his book “The Spirit of Laws” proposed a division of power between the legislature, the executive and the judiciary.
• Voltair advocated restricted powers.
• Thomas Jefferson advocated to fight for the political rights of the people.
• These ideas were discussed in salons and coffee-houses.
• Spread among the people through books.
• These ideas were read aloud in groups to benefit those who could not read and write.

Question 3.
Describe the circumstances leading to the outbreak of revolutionary protest in France.
Answer:
The French Revolution is an important political revolution in the world. It has laid foundation for democracy and human rights. The following are the circumstances that led to the outbreak of the French Revolution.
1. Social causes:

1. The French society was divided into three estates.
2. The members of the first two estates, that is, the clergy and the aristocracy, enjoyed certain privileges and were exempted from paying taxes.
3. The burden of taxes was borne by the third estate alone. This problem was compounded by failure of crops.

2. Political causes :

1. In 1774, Louis XVI ascended the throne of France.
2. He was quite inefficient and was influenced by his wife.
3. The influence of nobles and priests also had bad effect on the administration.

3. Growth of Middle class :

1. The eighteenth century witnessed the emergence of new social groups, collectively termed the middle class.
2. This group of the third estate became powerful due to their access to education and new ideas.
3. They believed that no group in the society should be privileged by birth.

4. Intellectual causes :
The third estate was influenced by the philosophical thoughts of Locke, Rousseau, etc.

5. Summoning of Estate General :

1. Long years of war had drained the financial resources of France.
2. To increase the taxes to meet the expenses, in 1789, summoned the Estates General.
3. Summoning of Estate General was the immediate causes of the French Revolution.

Question 4.
Which groups of French society benefited from the revolution? Which groups were forced to relinquish power? Which sections of society would have been disappointed with the outcome of the revolution?
Answer:

• The third estate, i.e. landless labour, small peasants, middle class were benefited as their rights were recognized.
• The privileges enjoyed by the members of the first two estates were abolished.
• Hence the first two estates, i.e. the clergy and the aristocracy were disappointed with the outcome of the revolution.

Question 5.
After completing the chapter on Fundamental Rights, draw up a list of the democratic rights that we enjoy today whose origins could be traced back to the French Revolution.
Answer:
The origins of the following democratic rights we enjoy today were traced to the French Revolution.

1. Liberty
2. Equality
3. Right to participate in the formation of Legislature and Executive
4. Rule of law
5. Freedom of expression
6. Right to property.

Question 6.
Would you agree with the view that the message of Universal Rights was beset with contradictions? Explain.
Answer:

• Yes. The message of Universal Rights was beset with contradictions.
• Contradiction was evident as regards women. Women did not enjoy the same political rights nor were their wages equal to men.
• The French revolution has been the symbol of liberty, equality and fraternity but later the French became the conquerers instead of liberators.
• And it was the direct contradiction of the terms.
• Slave trade, the most inhuman practice was yet another blatant contradiction.

Question 7.
What made the American colonists to raise the slogan ‘No Taxation without Representation’?
(OR)
How did you understand the slogan ‘No Taxation without Representation?
Answer:

• The English Parliament assumed powers to make laws for the American states but the people of those states did not vote for the Parliament.
• American colonies were taxed heavily by the British Government.
• The Parliament often passed laws that favoured English traders at the cost of the people of the colonies.
• The American colonies therefore raised the slogan “No Taxation without Representation”.

Question 8.
What do understand by middle class ? How did it emerge in Europe?
(OR)
‘The eighteenth century witnessed the emergence of new social groups collectively termed the middle class’ – Explain about the emergence of middle class in Europe.
Answer:

• Within the Third Estate, a group of people had access to education and new ideas and became prosperous.
• They earned their wealth through expanding means of overseas trade and from the manufacture of goods such as woollen and silk textiles.
• This new social group was collectively termed as middle class.

Question 9.
Locate England, France, Prussia, Spain and Austria on the map of Europe.
Answer:

Question 10.
How do you understand women’s role in French Revolution
Answer:
Women’s role in French Revolution : From the very beginning women were active participants in the events which brought about so many important changes in French society. They hoped that their involvement would pressurise the revolutionary govern¬ment to introduce measures to improve their lives. Most women of the Third Estate had to work for a living. They worked as seamstresses or laundresses, sold flowers, fruits and vegetables at the market, or were employed as domestic servants in the houses of prosperous people. Most women did not have access to education or job training.

In order to discuss and voice their interests women started their own political clubs and newspapers. About sixty women’s clubs came up in different French cities. The Society of Revolutionary and Republican Women was the most famous of them. One of their main demands was that women enjoy the same political rights as men. They demanded the right to vote, to be elected to the Assembly and to hold political office.

During the Reign of Terror, the new government issued laws ordering closure of women’s clubs and banning their political activities. Many prominent women were arrested and a number of them executed. It was finally in 1946 that women in France won the right to vote.

Question 11.
Read the paragraph under the title “The Reign of Terror” of page 169 and comment on it.

The Reign of Terror The period from 1793 to 1794 is referred to as the Reign of Terror. Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and punishment. All those whom he saw as being ‘enemies’ of the republic – ex-nobles and clergy, members of other political parties, even members of his own party who did not agree with his methods – were arrested, imprisoned and then tried by a revolutionary tribunal. If the court found them ‘guilty’ they were guillotined. Robespierre’s government issued laws placing a maximum ceiling on wages and prices. Meat and bread were rationed. Peasants were forced to transport their grain to the cities and sell it at prices fixed by the government. The use of more expensive white flour was forbidden. All citizens were required to eat the pain d’egalite (equality bread), a loaf made of whole wheat. Churches were shut down and their buildings converted into barracks or offices. Robespierre pursued his policies so relentlessly that even his supporters began to demand moderation. Finally, he was convicted by a court in July 1794, arrested and on the next day sent to the guillotine.

Answer:
The Reign of Terror:
In the autumn of 1793, Robespierre and the Jacobins focused on addressing economic and political threats within France. What began as a proactive approach to reclaiming the nation quickly turned bloody as the government instituted its infamous campaign against internal opposition known as the reign of terror.

Beginning in September, Robespierre, under the auspicious of the committee of public safety, began pointing an accusing finger at any one whose beliefs seemed to be counter revolutionary – citizens who had committed no crime but merely had social or political agendas that varied too much from Robespierre. The committee targeted even those who shared many Jacobin views but were perceived as just slightly too radical or conservative. A rash of executions ensured in Paris and soon spread to smaller towns and rural areas.

During the nine-month period that followed, anywhere from 15,000 to 50,000 French citizens were beheaded at the guillotine. Even longtime associates of Robespierre such as Georges Danton, who had helped orchestrate the Jacobin rise to power, fell victim to the paranoia. When Danton wavered in his conviction, questioned Robespierre increasingly. The lives were on the edge of a blade.

Question 12.
Learn something more about the different personalities who played an important role in American and French revolution. Which of them impresses you the most and why? Write a paragraph on him/ her.
Answer:

1. Jacques – Pierre Brissot
2. Charles de Calonne
3. Lazare carnot
4. Marquis de Lafayatte
5. Jacques Necker
6. Maximillian Robespierre
7. Emmanuel – Joseph Sieyes
8. Thomas Jafferson

These are all participated and played an important role in French and America revolu-tions. But I like more Marquis de Lafayatte. Why because he participated in American and French Revolutions both.

Marquis de Lafayette :
Lafayate was one of the generals of Louis XVI. Born in a noble family of France, he displayed great qualities of courage and adventure on various occassions. He was also known for his political acumen. He was sent to America during American war of Independence. He helped George Washington in defeating England. While he was in America, he was deeply influenced by the drafting of a constitution and the grant of declaration of rights. On his return from America, he was elected to the estate general and participated in the French Revolution.

Jacques – Pierre Brissot:
A member of the Legislative Assembly and National Conven¬tion who held a moderate stance and believed in the idea of a constitutional monarchy.

Charles de calonne :
The controller general of finance appointed by king Louis XVI after Jacques Necker was forced out of office in 1781.

Lazare carnot :
A French soldier appointed by the committee of public society to help reorganise the failing war effort against Austria and Prussia.

Jacques Necker:
He was appointed as a genera! of finance in the late 1770s.

Maximilien Robespierre :
A brilliant political factician and leader of the radical Jacobins in the National Assembly.

Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyes :
A liberal member of the clergy, supporter of the third estate and author of the fiery 1789 pamphlet “What is the Third Estate”?

9th Class Social Studies 13th Lesson Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions 17th and 18th Centuries InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What was the effect of the Civil war on the king and the people of the England? (Text Book Page No. 161)
Answer:

• A civil war lasted in England for five years.
• Ultimately, Charles, I was defeated and executed in 1649.
• After Glorious Revolution in 1688, the powers of the king were restricted. Thus the Parliament’s supremacy was established.
• After a consistent struggle, the right to vote was gradually extended to all adults by 1928.

Question 2.
(Look at the chart on P.No. 166) Which groups of French society would have gained from the Constitution of 1791? Which groups would have had reason to be dissatisfied? (Text Book Page No. 168)
Answer:

• The Third Estate and the newly developed middle class were benefited from the revolution.
• They got equal rights with other social groups. They were given right to vote.
• They were given the rights such as right to live, freedom of speech, freedom of opinion and equality before law.
• Common tax is levied. It must be assessed equally on all citizens in proportion to their means. Thus the burden of taxes on common people was removed.
• The clergy the nobles and the king were forced to relinquish their powers and privileges.
• The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen declared that no group or individual may exercise authority that does not come from the people. With this the clergy and the nobles were deprived of their special rights and privileges.
• The new Constitution limited the powers of the monarch. Thus the king had to relinquish the powers of his autocracy. The powers concentrated in the hands of one person, were now separated and assigned to different institutions – the legislature, executive and Judiciary.
• According to the Declaration of Rights the common tax is levied. It must be assessed equally on all citizens in proportion to their means. Thus the clergy and the nobles lost their privilege and were forced to pay the taxes.

Question 3.
Fill in the blank boxes in the figure below with appropriate terms from among the following: (Text Book Page No. 163)
1) Food riots
2) Social unrest
3) Increase number of death
4) Rising food prices
5) Weaker bodies.
Answer:

Question 4.
Write an imaginary dialogue between persons from a king’s party and parliamentary party in our context. (Text Book Page No. 161)
Answer:
Parliamentary Party :
The parliament had now a better army in so much that if the Earl of Essex had immediately followed the king of Oxford, not yet well fortified, he might in all likelihood have taken it. For he could not want either men or ammunition. Whereof the city of London, which was wholly at the parliments devotion, had store enough.

Kings’ Party :
I cannot judge that. But this is manifest, considering the estate the king was in at his first marching from York, when he had neither money nor men nor arms enough to put them in hope of victory, that this year, take it altogether, was very prosperous.

Question 5.
Imagine the impact of the events of France on neighbouring countries such as Prussia, Austria-Hungary or Spain, all of which were absolute monarchies. How would the kings, traders, peasants, nobles or members of the clergy have reacted to the news of what was happening in France? (Text Book Page No. 168)
Answer:

• It is said that whenever France sneezes Europe catches cold.
• After the great French Revolution of 1789, France was acknowledged the leader of the progressive opinion in Europe.
• The 1830 revolution raised national spirit in the countries like Belgium, Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Poland. They led the movements for achieving National Independence.
• The rising tide of revolution in different countries became the cause of fear among the autocrat rulers. They joined to check the spread of the revolution.
• The main gift of French Revolution was the ideas of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity.
• It ended the dominance of the theory of the divine right of kingship.
• It give death blow to social status by birth. The clergy and nobles lost their supremacy, dominance over polity and other sections of society.
• The clergy and the noble were devoid of their privileges in society.
• The Third Estate and the middle class were relieved from serfdom and the burden of over taxation.

 

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 12th Lesson Changing Cultural Traditions in Europe 1300-1800 Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 12th Changing Cultural Traditions in Europe 1300-1800

9th Class Social Studies 12th Lesson Changing Cultural Traditions in Europe 1300-1800 Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Discussion on Renaissance in this chapter was mostly in the context of __________ (England/Italy/France/Germany).
Answer:
Italy

Question 2.
Write a sentence or phrase about the changes in ideas listed below during Renaissance.
Answer:
a. Humanists :
from religious interests to individual interests.

b. Books :
from hand made to printed books.

c. Paintings :
from religious to realistic.

d. Human beings :
from religious bonds to rational thoughts.

e. Women:
from limited public life to started aspiring for freedom and equality of status.

Question 3.
How did printing of the Bible influence the ideas about God and Church?
Answer:

• A major achievement of the reformists was to translate the Bible into the popular languages of the people.
• Printing Bible in large quantities made it available to all people.
• Previously the Bible was only in Latin which ordinary people did not understand.
• Translation of the Bible helped the common people to understand the teachings of the sacred book.
• The ideas of reformation took hold of many people in Germany, Holland, France, and England.
• In all these states people with diverse faith emerged and theystartedinterpretingChristianity.
• Thus the influence and power of the Roman Catholic Church declined.
• Later, the Catholic Church itself did not escape the impact of these ideas, and began to reform itself from within.

Question 4.
Compare the modern Italian towns with that of the medieval towns. Do you notice any changes in their present names?
Answer:

Medieval towns	Present names
1. Roma	Rome
2. Spoleto	San Marino
3. Brixia	Breslia
4. Comum	Como
5. Felsina	Bologna
6. Olbia	Olbia
7. Pisae	Pisa
8. Milano	Milan

I observed many changes in the names

Question 5.
Which elements of Greek and Roman culture were revived in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries?
Answer:

• A new humanist culture had flourished in Italian towns.
• Individualism developed. That means the ability of human beings to know and decide for themselves increased.
• Several Nation States came to be established. Two of these – Florence and Venice were republic.
• After downfall of Constantinople in 1453 A.D., many Greek scholars fled to Italy. This paved a path for the revival of ancient Greek literature.
• Visual arts like painting and sculpture took the form of “realism”.
• People studied the ruins of old Roman buildings to revive the old Roman style.
• This inspired a new style in architecture, which was actually a revival of imperial Roman style, now called “classical”.
• The ideals of Reformation took hold of many people. Interpretation of Christianity emerged. Thus the monopoly of the Catholic Church was for ever broken.
• Scientific outlook developed.

Question 6.
Why were Italian towns the first to experience the ideas of humanism?
Answer:

• In 1453, Constantinople was overthrown, and the Turkish or Ottoman Empire took the place of the Eastern Roman Empire.
• Many of the educated men who spoke Greek fled to Italy for safety.
• Some of them brought their Greek books with them.
• This increased interest among Italians in the ancient Greek literature.
• The literature of the ancient Greek had reflected an interest in life.
• Later, students of the ancient Greek literature, which dealt with the nature and interest of man, were called Humanists.
• Thus humanism started in Italy and then spread to other European states.

Question 7.
What were the features of humanist thought?
(OR)
‘Humanist culture means the ideas of modern man who is not under the control of church’. Write about the features of humanist thoughts.
Answer:

• A new “humanist” culture had flowered in Italian towns.
• It was characterised by a new belief-that man, as an individual was capable of making his own decisions and developing his skills.
• Another important feature of humanist culture was a weakening of the control of religion over human life.
• Humanists considered the acquisition of power and wealth as desirable and not something to be avoided.
• Humanist scholars began attacking the corruption of priests and questioning the need for a priesthood and its interpretation of Christianity.
• The humanist members of the Church called on Christians to practise religion in the way laid down in the ancient texts of their religion, discarding unnecessary rituals.

Question 8.
The following graph indicates the increase in book production. What can you tell about it?
(OR)
Write about Book Production based on below Graph.

Answer:

• The books printed increased rapidly.
• During 15^th century only a few books were printed.
• People developed the habit of reading.
• Thus ideas, opinions and information moved more rapidly than ever before.
• They acted as good mass media.

Question 9.
Do you agree with the following statement: “Printed books continue to dominate our lives.” Give reasons for your answer.
(OR)
“The mastery of the technology of printing was the greatest revolution of the sixteenth century”. Explain how the invention of the Printing machine affected the human lives?
Answer:

• “Gutenberg” invented printing press.
• The Bible was translated into all languages.
• Books like “Utopia”, Praise of Folly”, “Divine Comedy”, etc. changed the society and paved way for the great Reformation Movement.
• Students did not have to depend solely on lectures – notes.
• Cultural diffusion has taken place due to the availability of books.
• Hence we can say “Printed books continue to dominate our lives”.

Question 10.
Write an account of how the world appeared different to seventeenth century Europeans.
Answer:

• The ideas of reformation took hold of many people and the monopoly of the Roman Catholic Church was for ever broken.
• The few people who were interested, started investigating the world in which they lived.
• Scientific attitudes developed.
• Theirs was a radically new view of human beings as free and rational agents.
• Faith in religious books and priests decreased.
• Faith in the ability of human beings to know and decide for themselves increased.
• They showed interest in reading good literature.
• Europeans were strongly attracted to material wealth, power and glory.
• Self interests developed.
• Many of the scientific inventions took place and people started exploring the world and discovered sea routes to different continents.

Question 11.
Mention the outstanding features of the renaissance architecture. Explain why.
Answer:

• During Renaissance, a new style in architecture, which was actually a rival of the imperial Roman style, emerged.
• They used tall pillars, arches, and domes in buildings and decorated buildings with paintings, sculptures and reliefs.
• Another remarkable change was that from this time, artists were known individually, by name, not as members of a group or a guild as earlier.

Question 12.
Observe the map 2 given in the page 156 and locate the geographical explorations on the world outline map.

Answer:
Self exercise

Question 13.
Read the para 4 of Page No. 151 and comment on it.

The new ideal of individuality and citizenship excluded women. Men from aristocratic families dominated public life and were the decision-makers in their families. They educated their sons to take their place in family businesses or in public life, at times sending their younger sons to join the Church. Although their dowries were invested in the family businesses, women generally had no say in how their husbands should run their business. Often, marriages were intended to strengthen business alliances. If an adequate dowry could not be arranged, daughters were sometimes sent to convents to live the life of a nun. Obviously, the public role of women was limited and they were looked upon as keepers of the households.

Answer:
Women in the middle ages occupied a number of different social roles. Women in the middle ages, European history from around the 5th century to the 15th century, held the position of wife, mother, peasant, artisan, and nun, as well as some important leadership roles, such as abbess or queen regnant. The very concept of “woman” changed in a number of ways during the middle ages and several forces influenced their role during the period.

Question 14.
Collect pictures of great Renaissance artists and prepare an album.
Answer:

Question 15.
Prepare a play on the debate between Galileo and a priest who did not believe that the earth went around the sun.
Answer:
Priest : “Hi ! What is this instrument ?”
Galileo : “Ho I This is a telescope.”
Priest : “What is the use of this instrument ?”
Galileo : “This is useful in observing the celestial bodies, their motion and their, shapes, etc.”
Priest : “There is nothing to know about them. The earth we live is flat and it is in the centre of the universe. We, the priests, are direct descendants of god and everyone should listen to our words. Bible is the only holy book.”
Galileo : “I am very sorry to say that all your words are wrong. Now, it is time to know the truth. The earth is round. It is a planet in the solar system and it revolves round the sun. Human beings on the earth are all equal.”
Priest : “Don’t say like that. You are too wrong. You should apologise for these words.
Otherwise you will be punished by the church.”
Galileo : “I don’t care, I am ready to face my trouble. The earth is moving – moving – moving.”

Question 16.
Study the various ways in which we use products of the printing press today and pre¬pare a detailed report.
Answer:
We use printing press in all spheres of our life.

1. Books
2. Greeting cards
3. Bill books
4. Novels, others, etc.

9th Class Social Studies 12th Lesson Changing Cultural Traditions in Europe 1300-1800 InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
You have read about the zamindari system and vetti in Hyderabad state in class VIII. Compare it with ‘serfdom’ in Europe. (Text Book Page No. 145)
Answer:

• Both the systems exploited the labourer.
• Both the classes were the lowest in all social classes.
• The condition of serfs was more better than that of vetti.

Question 2.
Who were the humanists and what did they teach? (Text Book Page No. 147)
Answer:

• Students of the ancient Greek literature, which dealt with the nature and interests of man, were called Humanists.
• Humanism taught a new belief – that man, as an individual was capable of making his own decisions and developing his skills.
• Humanism taught to pursue pleasure, seek wealth and comfort and also act in self interest.
• Humanists began attacking the corruption among clergy.
• Humanists questioned the need for a priesthood and its interpretation of Christianity.

Question 3.
In what way do you think women of those times have benefited from studying Greek and Roman books? (Text Book Page No. 152)
Answer:

• The women were able to question the scholars that “Were women incapable of achiev¬ing the qualities of humanist scholars ?”
• They were able to criticise political systems openly.
• They were inivited to give orations at the universities.
  Thus the women have benefited from studying Greek and Roman books.

Question 4.
What were the issues on which the Protestants criticised Catholic Church? (Text Book Page No. 154)
A.nswer:
The Church was criticised on the following grounds :

1. It dominated the religious and cultural life of people in medieval times.
2. The Catholic priests of Roman Catholic Church began to lead a luxurious life and they were criticised for their rich and luxurious life.
3. Erasmus criticised some of the beliefs of the Church, which he said, were based on superstitions.
4. Church had become an institution marked by greed, extorting money at will from ordinary people.
5. Sale of indulge certificates to free the buyer from the burden of sin, was also criticised.

Question 5.
Do you see any similarity between the Bhakti movement in India and the Protestant movement ? Do you also see any differences between the two of them? (Text Book Page No. 154)
Answer:

Bhakti Movement	Protestant Movement
1. Bhakti movement was a religious movement of Medieval India.	1. The Protestant movement was a religious movement of Medieval Europe.
2. The ritualistic styles of Bhakti were given up.	2. Emphasis was given to discard unneces sary rituals.
3. Sanskrit books were translated into local languages.	3. The Bible was also translated into popu­lar languages of the people.
4. Domination of Brahmins was questioned and emphasis was given to equality.	4. Domination of priests and Nobles was criticised.
5. Some of the dominating preaches of Bhakti were Ramanand, Chaitanya, Guru Nanak, etc.	5. Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli and Jean Calvin propagated Protestant movement.
6. “Ramacharitha Manas”, Akbar Nama, etc. books were published.	6. “Praise of Folly”, “Utopia”, Divine Comedy, etc. were some books that influenced people.

Question 6.
Who were the Renaissance scientists, and how did each of them contribute to science? (Text Book Page No. 155)
(OR)
Who were the chief Renaissance scientists, and what work did each of them contribute to science?
Answer:
1) Andreas Vesalius (1514-64) :
He was a Belgian and a professor of medicine at the university of Padua. He was the first to dissect human body. This was the beginning of the modern physiology.

2) William Harvey (1628):
Harvey discovered the blood circulation in human body after making careful experiments.

3) Isaac Newton :
Sir Newton propounded the theory of gravitational force. He proved that all heavenly bodies moved according to the law of gravitation. In 1687, Newton’s Principia Mathematica was published.

4) Roger Bacon :
He was a serious searcher for truth. He performed some experiments with metals and chemicals and probably had a crude microscope.

5) Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 -1543):
He built an observatory from which he patiently studied the heavens. Copernicus claimed that the earth is one of a number of planets that revolve around the sun.

6) Galileo (1564 – 1642) :
Galileo invented a telescope. This aided in the study of astronomy. He supported Copernicus and proved that the sun is the centre of the universe. Galileo also discovered certain laws of pendulum. He also proved that the heavy and light objects fall at the same speed.

Question 7.
How do you think trade helps in the development of towns? (Text Book Page No. 145)
Answer:

• The people involved in trade will settle in towns because they need transport facilities.
• The working class also settles in the towns to market their products.
• The foreign traders also reach the towns mostly port towns to do their business.
  So I think the trade helps in the development of towns.

Question 8.
In the view of Burckhardt, which of these would be associated with modern view and which would be medieval view? (Text Book Page No. 145)
i) Faith in the ability of human beings to know and decide for themselves
ii) Faith in the Religious books and priests
iii) Faith in divine revelation
iv) Faith in human reason
Answer:
i) Modern view
ii) Medieval view
iii) Medieval view
iv) Modern view

Question 9.
There was no printing press in India during the same period. Let us suppose Krishna Devaraya wrote a book. How do you think it would have reached scholars in different parts of India? (Text Book Page No. 150)
Answer:
The hand written books would have reached scholars in different parts of India.

Question 10.
What do you think would have been the reaction of kings and priests to the printing press? Would they have welcomed it or would they have been worried by it? (Text Book Page No. 150)
Answer:
They have been worried by it.
Reason : The common man was under the control of church in all the matters. The inven¬tion of printing press enabled the common man to know the the Bible. This was a great damage to the kings and priests. So they have been worried by it.

Question 11.
Locate Republics and three court cities on the outline map of Italy. (Text Book Page No. 146)
Answer:

Some Republics : Venice, Florence, Sicily
Court Cities : Rome, Padua, Mantua, Venice, Bologna and Genoa

Question 12.
Read the following map and prepare a list of explorations of sea routes. (Text Book Page No. 157)

Answer:

1. 1492-1504 – Christopher Columbus reaches America looking for a sea route to the Indies; discovering various lands and islands and establishing a colony on Hispaniola.
2. 1498 – Vasco da Gama sails around Africa from Portugal reaching India and establishing trade routes.
3. 1499-1504 – Amerigo Vespucci explores New World.
4. 1519-1522 – Ferdinand Magellan’s ships circumnavigate the world.
5. 1488 – Sails around the southernmost tip of Africa, reaching Indian Ocean from the Atlantic; It was only on the return voyage that he discovered the Cape of Good Hope.

Question 13.
Do you think there is a greater possibility of knowing new ideas and trying out new things in towns rather than villages ? Discuss. (Text Book Page No. 145)
Answer:
1) Many people, who are efficient, from all spheres reach towns to prove themselves. There are many chances to interact with many people.
So I think there is a greater possibility of knowing more and trying out new things in towns rather than villages.

Question 14.
Describe the different scientific elements in the work of sixteenth century Italian artists. (Text Book Page No. 149)
Answer:

• Artists wanted “perfectly proportioned men and women” in their sculptures.
• They took the help of scientists to reach perfection.
• Painters knowledge of geometry and changing quality of light helped them to acquire a three dimensional quality.
• Many artists like Leonardo da Vinci studied human anatomy so as to make their paintings and sculpture realistic, e.g : The statue The Pieta by Michelangelo.
• Thus, anatomy, geometry, physics as well as a strong sense of beauty, gave a new quality to Italian art.

Question 15.
The Renaissance was considered a New Age, because people considered it proper to pursue pleasure, seek wealth and comfort and also act in seif-interest. This was in contrast to teachings of religions that one should not act in self-interest and forsake comfort and wealth. Do you agree with this view point of the Renaissance humanists? (Text Book Page No. 151)
Answer:
I agree with this view point of the Renaissance humanists.
Self-interest, self-growth etc., lead human beings to moral lives. The humanists were against the exploitation. So I agree with them.

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 11th Lesson The Government Budget and Taxation Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 11th The Government Budget and Taxation

9th Class Social Studies 11th Lesson The Government Budget and Taxation Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Why does the government need a budget? Why does the budget talk of taxes?
Answer:

• In most modern societies, the government is responsible for a number of crucial functions.
• These include the more traditional functions like defending the country, maintaining law and order, the provision of public facilities, establishment of factories, and other developmental and welfare activities.
• Revenues are necessary to finance the expenditures of the government.
• In order to steamline the income and expenditure, every government prepares a budget for each financial year.
• Deficit, between expenditure and revenue, will usually be filled by imposing additional taxes.
• Hence the budget always talks of taxes.

Question 2.
What is the difference between income tax and excise duty?
Answer:

Income Tax	Excise Duty
1. Income tax is levied on annual personal incomes of individuals.	1. Excise duty is levied on the production or manufacture of goods.
2. Income tax is a direct tax.	2. Excise duty is an indirect tax.
3. The tax burden will be on the same person on whom the tax is levied.	3. Excise duty is charged from the factory itself but the burden is shifted to those who buy the goods.
4. Income tax does not affect the prices of goods.	4. These taxes raise the overall prices of goods.

Question 3.
Match the following.

Group – A	Group – B
1. Excise duty	a) levied on the yearly incomes of the individuals
2. Sales tax	b) levied on the yearly profits of the companies and business establishments
3. Customs duty	c) levied on the production or manufacture of goods
4. Income tax	d) levied when goods are sold
5. Corporate tax	e) levied on goods brought from abroad

Answer:

Group – A	Group – B
1. Excise duty	c) levied on the production or manufacture of goods
2. Sales tax	d) levied when goods are sold
3. Customs duty	e) levied on goods brought from abroad
4. Income tax	a) levied on the yearly incomes of the individuals
5. Corporate tax	b) levied on the yearly profits of the companies and business establishments

Question 4.
You are expected to pay taxes on steel, matches, clocks, cloth, iron ; a tax increase on which of these would affect the prices of other commodities the most and why?
Answer:
The taxes on iron and steel increase or affect the cost of other goods because they are intermediate goods.

Question 5.
Ordinary food items, such as grain, pulses, oil are used by all. Then why is it said that imposing tax on them will have a greater effect on the poor?
Answer:

• Ordinary food items, such as grains, pulses, oil, etc., are goods that are essentials,
• The poor spend almost all of their income on these goods.
• Hence imposing tax on them will have a greater effect on the poor.

Question 6.
A group of four friends decided to stay together by contributing money towards the rent of a house. The rent was rupees 2000 per month.
• How could this be shared among them?
• We also know that two of them earned Rs. 3000 rupees per month and the other two Rs. 7000 per month. Is there some other way of sharing the cost so that each one of them feels the same pinch?
• Which way of sharing would you prefer and why?
Answer:
1. One method of sharing the rent is the distribution of the rent equally among all the four members. Then each one has to pay Rs. 500/- (i.e. 2000/4 = 500).

2. Another method of sharing is that everyone has to pay 10% of their earnings as rent. In that case –
a) Two of them whose income is Rs. 3000/-
have to pay 10% of 3000/- = 300/- each.
b) Two of them whose income is Rs. 7000/-
have to pay 10% of 7000/- = 700/- each.

In my opinion 2nd method of sharing is the best as low income people are paying the lower share whereas high income people are paying the higher share of rent.

Question 7.
Tax on income or tax on commodities. Which of the two affects the rich more and which affects the poor more? Explain with reasons.
Answer:

• Tax on income is a direct tax. According to the rules of income tax, those with higher incomes have to pay greater part in tax.
• Those who are less well-off pay not only lower taxes but a smaller proportion of their income as taxes.
• Hence tax on income affects the rich more.
• Tax on commodities is an indirect tax.
• Whether rich or poor, everyone has to pay the same amount of tax when they buy commodities.
• The tax on commodities does not distinguish between the rich and the poor.
• Hence tax on commodities affects the poor more.

Question 8.
How would VAT reduce the evasion of taxes on goods?
Answer:

• All producers and traders will have to keep genuine record of their sale and purchase.
• Everyone has to keep proper records and ask for bills for purchase.
• It is only on this basis they can show the tax already paid on cost of inputs.
• The tax inspectors will be able to match records of the seller and purchaser for verification.
• These records and verifications in VAT reduce the evasion of taxes on goods.

Question 9.
What is the difference between Excise duty and Customs duty?
Answer:

Excise Duty	Customs Duty
1. Excise duty is charged from the factory itself. It as levied on the production or manufacture of good.	1. Customs duty is levied on goods brought from abroad.
2. Taxing certain goods raise overall prices.	2. Only machines or raw materials which are imported and taxed raise the overall prices of that good.

Question 10.
Is there any hike in the bus fares recently? If so, try to know the reasons for it.
Answer:
1) It was directly related to the fact that there was a hike in the price of petroleum (product both petrol) and diesel. As price for petrol and diesel has increased nearly 45 times past 2 – 3 months it has come around with a difference of approximately 4 Rs. per liter.
2) So, as to balance this gap and the loss incurred by this the bus fare had been hiked by 40 paisa per kilometer.

Question 11.
Read the paragraph under the heading ‘Direct Taxes’ (Income Tax is charged only for…) and answer the following :

Income tax is charged on personal income of individuals. There can be a variety of sources of individual incomes like wages, salaries, and pensions. An Individual-can also earn interest income on money that is kept in banks. A person might, also get rent.on properties that he own like house rent. All these are considered as incomes on which taxes have to be paid. Income tax is charged only for those who earn above a certain amount. This is charged as a percentage of the income earned. Those who earn a higher income have to pay a greater proportion of their income as tax.

Why do high income earners pay more tax?
Answer:

• What kind of tax we follow depends on the values that the society as a whole holds.
• Many societies feel that it is not fair that a few people have lakhs of rupees, while others do not have enough to eat.
• The poor or the low income group cannot meet their daily expenses.
• Then why should tax be imposed on them?
• The poor should not feel the pinch of tax.
• Hence collection of more tax from the higher income group is justifiable.

Question 12.
What is the effect of black money on our economy?
Answer:

• Black money circulation in the parallel economy is a big menace to the economy.
• It is also a cause of big loss in the tax-revenues for the government. As such it needs to be curbed.
• Its elimination will benefit the economy in more than one way. It will also generate more revenues for the government.

Question 13.
Bring a few wrappers of soaps, toothpastes, tablet strips or any other things of daily use which contain MRP Discuss the rate mentioned and the rate at which they are so!d. Talk about the profit that the retailer gets.

Answer:
Please scan the some of the wrappers of Biscuits, toothpaste, soaps, etc. with MF The MRP that are printed on the wrappers are fixed by the manufactures. The Manufactures incude the cost of production, tax, VAT, commissions, transportation cost and profits etc. From them retailer bought the goods on wholesale and he mix up again transportation cost, tax, vat and his profit. In that retailer get more profits because he bought the good with low cost he sold more cost. Again he mix up the VAT & Tax also profit to him.

9th Class Social Studies 11th Lesson The Government Budget and Taxation InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Can you guess from where does the government get money for pubficfacilitiesand other activities? (Text Book Page No. 132)
Answer:
Government raises the revenue required to meet expenditure. The following are the types of revenue of government.

1. 1) Taxation –
   a) Direct taxation,
   b) Indirect taxation
2. Charging for services directly provided to the public.
3. Profits from state-owned enterprises.
4. Borrowings from domestic markets and international sources.

Question 2.

Cost of manufacturing including profit of the manufacturer	Rs.
	10,000
Excise Tax	1,200
Cost of Transport, Storage	1,000
Profit to the Retail Traders	1,000 1
Sales tax	1,650
Price for the consumer	14,850

In the example of the TV, what proportion of the cost of the TV did the consumer pay as tax? (Text Book Page No. 136)
Answer:
12% of the cost of the TV is charged as tax. The consumer pays Rs. 1,200 by way of tax.

Question 3.
Fill in: (Text Book Page No. 138)
The purchases by Tara, Sajida and Preeti show __________ tax rates across goods. (same/different)
Answer:
different (same/different)
Can you guess why this should be so?
In case of Tara VAT = 5% of 5,000 = Rs. 250
In case of Sajida VAT = 12.5% of 9,165 = Rs. 1,146
In case of Preeti VAT = 0 (No VAT on LPG) = Rs. 0

Question 4.
You might think it would be fair for everyone to pay the same amount of tax. Consider the following three prople : (Text Book Page No. 139)

Would it really be fair if each of the three people has to pay the same amount? If Jyoti cannot even afford to feed her children properly, is it fair for her to pay 50 rupees as tax?
Answer:

• According to the rules of income tax, those with higher incomes have to pay greater part in tax.
• Those with less well-off pay have to pay lower taxes.
• In the above example, Jyothi, Asif, and Nithesh are paying same tax of Rs. 50/- though their incomes vary a lot. Hence this type of taxation is not fair.

Question 5.
You might think it would be more fair to ask each person to pay a certain pecentage of what they earn as tax. Supposing everyone paid 10% in taxes, calculate how much each person would pay? (Text Book Page No. 139)

Person	Earning per month (in Rupees)	Tax as fixed amount per month (in Rupees)
Jyoti	1500
Asif	8000
Nithesh	30,000

Would this be fair? Still Jyoti may not have enough to live. Asif may not have enough for repairing of his house. But Nithesh would have plenty of money for all basic necessities even if he had to pay 20% of his income as taxes.
Answer:

• Tax rate is same for all people i.e. 10%.
• So Jyothi has to pay 10% of 1500 i.e., Rs. 150/-
• Asif has to pay 10% of 8000 i.e., Rs. 800/-
• Nithesh has to pay 10% of 30000 i.e., Rs. 3000/-
  This is not fair. This is against the progressive taxation which insists that the rate of tax has to be increased when income increases.
  Hence charging 20% of tax on Nithesh is quite fair.

Question 6.
To make taxes more fair you might then say only the people earning more than a certain amount say Rs. 7000 per month have to pay taxes. You might also say that the richest people should pay greater proportion of their earnings as taxes. For example

If you earn (in Rupees)	You will pay as tax
Less than 7000	0%
7001 to. 15000	10%
15,001 to 25,000	20%
More than 25,000	30%

Calculate how much each person will pay. (Text Book Page No. 139)

Person	Earning per month (in Rupees)	Tax as fixed amount per month (in Rupees)
Jyoti	1000
Asif	6000
Nithesh	20,000

Would this be fair?
Answer:

• As per the above rule, people below Rs. 7000/- income are exempted from taxation.
• Hence Jyothi and Asif need not have to pay taxes.
• Nithesh’s income is Rs. 20,000/-
• As per table he has to pay 20% of tax.
• Tax to be paid by Nithesh = 20,000 x 20/100 = 4000/-
  This type of taxation is called progressive taxation. The tax rate increases as income increases.

The above taxation satisfies the principle that the richest people should pay greater portion of their earnings as taxes.

Hence this method is the fair way of taxation.

Question 7.
With the help of this pie chart, answer the following questions.
Expenditure of the Government (Center and States), in 2011-12

In 2011-12 the government spent around Rs.23,00,000 crores.
1. Calculate the expenditure of the government on food subsidy. (Text Book Page No. 133 & 134)
Answer:
Total government expenditure = 23,00,000 crores
Share of food subsidy = 3%
Total food subsidy = 23,00,000 × 3/100 = 69,000 crores.

2. Discuss on what all was this money spent and the purpose for this?
Answer:

• The government has assumed responsibility for supply of essential commodities like wheat, rice, sugar, edible oils and kerosene etc.
• The prices of goods sold through Public Distribution System (PDS) are less than ‘ that of the market price and the difference in price – is borne by the government.
• So the government spends 69,000 crores on-food subsidy.

Question 8.
Relate some of the expenditure in the pie-chart to the roles played by the government. (Text Book Page No. 134)
Answer:
Roles of government and expenditure spent

1. Defence	7%
2. Railways, transport and communication	6%
3. Education, etc.	12%
4. Health and sanitation	4%
5. Housing and urban development	3%
6. Rural development (e.g. NREGA)	4%
7. Power, irrigation and flood control	6%
8. Fertilizer subsidy	2%
9. Administration	8%
10. Pensions	7%
11. Interest payment	17%
12. Food security	3%
13. Others	21%
Total expenditure	100%

Question 9.
Collect and list out some details of government expenditure from reading the newspapers of your region. (Text Book Page No. 132)
Answer:

• Government expenditure is also known as public expenditure.
• From the point of view of development, public expenditure is classified as
  1. Development expenditure
  2. Non-development expenditure.
• From the point of view of creation of capital assets, public expenditure is classified as
  1. Revenue expenditure
  2. Capital expenditure

Revenue Expenditure	Capital expenditure
1. General Administration	1. Construction of irrigation projects
2. Defence (Daily expences)	2. Establishment of basic industries, power projects
3. Maintenance of schools, hospitals, roads, pensions etc.	3. Construction of National highways etc.

Question 10.
If the tax on iron is increased, what other things will this affect? Give some examples. (Text Book Page No. 136)
(OR)
Explain the example given in below picture. Write the relationship between indirect taxes and consumers.

Answer:

• If the price of iron is increased it will directly affect the price of steel.
• Increase in the price of steel leads to increase in the prices of steel sheets and steel pipes.
• Increase in steel sheets will lead to increase in steel almirah and increase in price of steel pipes leads to increase in the prices of cycles and the chain goes on.

Question 11.
We read about some of the major taxes collected by the government. Fill the table from the information given below. Income Tax: 12%; Corporation Tax: 24%; Customs Duty: 10%; Excise Duties: 16%; Service Taxes: 5%; Sales Tax: 23%; Other Indirect Taxes: 10%. (Text Book Page No. 141)

Taxes	Percentage of Total Tax
Direct Taxes	36%
Indirect Taxes
Total taxes	100%

Answer:
Taxes Collected by the Government

Taxes	Percentage of Total Tax
Direct Taxes	36%
Income tax	12%
Corporate Tax	24%
Indirect Taxes	64%
Customs duty	10%
Excise duty	16%
Service taxes	05%
Sales taxes	23%
Other taxes	10%
Total taxes	100%

1) Which kind of taxes generate more revenues for the government?
Answer:

1. Indirect taxes generate more income. They contribute 64% of all the taxes.
2. Corporate tax contributes 24% of th? taxes and.sales tax contributes 23% of the taxes.

Question 12.
Kranti has an income of Rs. 1,75,000 per year and has to pay an income tax of Rs. 3000. Kamlesh’s annual income is Rs.3,00,000 and he has to pay an income tax of Rs.5,500.
a) Who pays more income tax? (Text Book Page No. 141)
b) Who has to pay a larger part of the income as tax?
c) In such a situation, the person with higher income is paying a _________
(smaller/greater/equai) part of the income as tax.
Answer:
a)

1. Kranti pays 3% of her income as tax.
2. Kamiesh’s pays 2.75% of her income as tax.
3. When we take rate of tax into consideration, Kanti is paying high rate.
4. When we consider the amount of tax paid Kamlesh pays more tax.

b) Kranti has to pay a larger part of the income as tax i.e. 3% when compared with Kamlesh who pays 2.75% as tax.

c) smaller

Question 12.
In your city/town/village, what are the roles that you have seen the government playing? Discuss. (Text Book Page No. 132)
Answer:

1. Maintenance of law and order.
2. Provision of education facilities.
3. Looking after of health and sanitation.
4. Construction of roads,, highways, dams, irrigation projects.
5. Establishment of factories etc.

Question 13.
In the year 1947-48, the budget for independent India was only Rs. 197 crores. What could be the reasons for such an increase in the budget since then? (Text Book Page No. 134)
Answer:

1. Increase in the cost of different goods.
2. Increase of cost of exports.
3. Decrease in the value of money.
4. Change of roles played by government i.e., provision of subsidized fertilizers, food, development of infrastructure facilities etc.

Question 13.
Why do you think has the Parliament been given power over the government’s budget? (Text Book Page No. 134)
Answer:

• Our government is a representative form of government.
• All the Parliament members are people’s representatives.
• Hence they are given power, on behalf of the people, to talk on budget and to decide on budget. No tax is levied without Parliament’s approval.

Question 14.
Petrol, diesel, etc., are used to run vehicles, motor pumps, generator sets etc. What will happen if the tax on diesel and petrol goes up? (Text Book Page No. 135)
Answer:

• Increase in the prices of diesel and petrol leads to the increase in the cost of transportation.
• Which in turn rise the prices of important commodities.

Question 14.
What is your opinion about value added taxes? Discuss. (Text Book Page No. 138)
Answer:

• The tax paid by the manufacturer under VAT system is smaller since she does not have to pay tax on inputs.
• Non-payment of tax is expected to be more difficult.
  Due to above advantages, the VAT tax is to be levied.

Question 15.
If there are two people manufacturing the same goods and one of them evades paying taxes, what advantages could he/she get over the other? (Text Book Page No. 136)
Answer:
The margin of his/her profit may go up.

Question 16.
There have been continuous attempts by the government to reduce fertiliser subsidy. This means that the government would no longer control the price of fertiliser. Farmers would have to buy fertilisers at higher market prices. At present, the government has to pay (compensate) the fertiliser producing companies for the losses that they make. Once fertiliser subsidy is removed, it is said this would make space for other important expenditures in the government budget. Some also argue that subsidised fertiliser does not benefit the small farmer but only encourages the large farmers to overuse it.
Imagine you are a farmer using fertilisers in farming, and you genuinely believe that the farmers need subsidized fertiliser. How would you argue your case? Write a
letter to the Finance Minister. (Text Book Page No. 134)
Answer:

Kankipadu 08-04-2020. To The Honourable Finance Minister, Government of India, New Delhi. Sir, My name is Parandhamaiah. I hail from a small village, near Vijayawada. I learnt from the newspaper that the government would no longer control the price of fertiliser. This news upset the small farmers like me. We, small farmers cannot afford the price of fertiliser without subsidy. Agriculture without fertiliser will not give a good yield. Fertiliser subsidies can be an instrument to increase productivity and thus help solve the food availability dimension of food security. Government has to give a helping hand to the small farmers like me. Awaiting an early positive response, Yours sincerely, Parandhamaiah, Kankipadu, Krishna District.

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 10th Lesson Prices and Cost of Living Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 10th Lesson Prices and Cost of Living

9th Class Social Studies 10th Lesson Prices and Cost of Living Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Why is there a need to regulate prices?
Answer:

• Trades main aim is to earn profit, raise prices of many goods and particularly essential items by illegal ways.
• If there is no increase in wage for workers who are also consumers in the market, they cannot buy the goods.
• When these goods happen to be essentials such as wheat, rice, milk etc., this creates problem for the people.
• This necessitates the need for regulation of traders to regulate prices.

Question 2.
How are prices fixed by a seller/producer?
Answer:

• The traditional economic theories of pricing were based on the demand and the supply.
• In general the prices are fixed on the basis of full average cost of production per unit plus a margin of normal profit or some satisfactory margin of profit.
• Producer sells the goods to the seller.
• Seller in turn adds his profits and fixes the prices.

Question 3.
Differentiate the cost of living from the standard of living.
Answer:

Cost of Living	Standard of Living
1. The total costs of all goods and services purchased in a family for a specific period is the cost of living of the family.	1. The quality of life that the people enjoy is the standard of living of the people.
2. Inflation and cost of living are positively related.	2. Inflation and standard of living are inversely related.
3. That means if inflation increases, the cost of living too increases.	3. That means if inflation increases, the standard of living decreases.

Question 4.
Who is affected the most by increase in cost of living? Why?
Answer:

• People with fixed incomes, such as pensioners, daily wage earners, manual workers, small vendors, workers in small enterprises and in private low income jobs etc., are badly affected by increase in cost of living.
• These people’s income does not increase when there is inflation.

Question 5.
Which groups can get higher incomes whenever there is inflation?
Answer:
Not everyone is affected by rising prices. For some groups this rise in price levels is compensated. They are –

1. People working in central and state government offices and in some organizations get an additional payment called “Dearness Allowance” whenever prices rise. Therefore their income increases, along with inflation.
2. People doing business activities recover the higher cost of living by increasing the prices of goods they sell.
3. People providing services such as lawyers, doctors etc., increase their fees when prices increase.
4. Extremely rich people and those working in corporate sector are less affected by rising prices.

Question 6.
How is Wholesale Price Index different from Consumer Price Indices?
Answer:
Change in price is measured with the help of a statistical device referred to as “Price Index”. Price Index is of two types. They are –

1. Consumer Price Index
2. Wholesale Price Index

The Consumer Price Index	The Wholesale Price Index
1. The CPI measures only changes in prices of a few selected consumer goods at retail price.	1. The Wholesale Price Index includes all goods and changes in their wholesale rates.
2. Different CPIs are published by government.	2. There is only one wholesale price index.
3. The CPIs are used to calculate the DA to be paid for government employees.	3. The inflation is generally measured on the basis of changes in WPI.

Question 7.
How is food inflation different from Consumer Price Indices?
Answer:

• CPI measures only changes in prices of a few selected consumer goods at a retail price.
• Different CPIs are published by the government.
• Whereas FPI (Food Price Index) is used to estimate rise in prices of food items called food inflation.
• The FPI consists wholesale price of food materials such as rice, wheat, pulses, vegetables, sugar, milk, eggs, meat, fish, and manufactured food materials such as edible oils.

Question 8.
What are the uses of the CPI?
Answer:
The CPIs are used to calculate the DA to be paid for government employees, to revise legal wage rates as part of Indian government laws and also to estimate the number of poor in India.

Question 9.
List of five problems with measuring CPI.
(OR)
Write any five issues that are considered while measuring CPI.
Answer:

• There are thousands of goods and services in the economy.
• Only selected consumer goods and changes in these goods are taken by the government to calculate CPI.
• Both quality and quantity of goods consumed keeps varying from time to time.
• Difficult to calculate CPI as the price levels vary from state to state.
• Even food habits keep varying among people.

Question 10.
How is Administrative Price Mechanism (APM) different from Minimum Support Price (MSP)?
Answer:

Administrative Price Mechanism	Minimum Support Price
1. Under APM, a price is fixed and it is mandatory for the traders to sell their goods at that price level in the market.	1. A minimum support price is a price at which the farmers can sell their grain to the government.
2. It is compulsory for traders to follow the APM.	2. It is not compulsory for farmers to sell their goods at MSP
3. It helps in preventing hoarding and keeps the prices of essential commo­dities within reasonable levels.	3. It helps the farmers to gain their  of cost cultivation plus a minimum profit  on the production

Question 11.
Read sixth paragraph under the heading ‘Role of Government in Regulating Prices’ and answer the question.

For preventing hoarding and keeping the prices of essential commodities within reasonable levels, and to facilitate their availability, the government fixes the prices and makes it mandatory for the traders to sell goods in the market at those price levels. Those who do not follow stipulated price levels are penalised by government through various laws. Goods such as kerosene, diesel, Liquid Petroleum Gas, Compressed Natural Gas and Piped Natural Gas are examples of goods whose prices are partly or solely subsidised by the government and sold under Administrative Price Mechanism.

How does the APM affect the government revenue? Discuss.
Answer:

• Goods like Kerosene, Diesel, LPG, CNG and piped Natural Gas are subsidised by the government. .
• Under subsidised scheme the government purchases the goods at high prices and sells them at low prices.
• The loss is the subsidy and the. government bears the loss.
• Government is now 3% of its expenditure on subsidies.

Question 12.
Take any five goods or services used by your family and construct a Consumer Price Index for your family based on these five goods/services.

Answer:

Question 13.
Write True or False against the statement given below.
1) Inflation increases the standard of living of the people. [ ]
2) Value of money is shown by changes in its purchasing power. [ ]
3) Change in cost of living does not affect the standard of living of pensioners [ ]
4) Central Government workers are compensated for inflation by rise in DA. [ ]
5) WPI measures changes in the price level of only consumer goods. [ ]
Answer:

1. False
2. True
3. False
4. True
5. False

Question 14.
The following table shows the wholesale Price Indices of Industrial Goods. Prepare a line diagram answer the questions that follow.

Answer:

1.Which commodity’s price rose steeply over the years?
Answer:
Cement prices rose steeply.

2. What could be the reasons for a slow rise in the price of cotton cloth and fertilizers?
Answer:

• Demand of cotton is stable and price level are also stable.
• Government gives subsidies to the fertilizers. Hence prices are slowly increasing.

Question 15.
Write a letter to your Tehsildar on proper maintenance of Public Distribution System by indicating your suggestions.
Answer:

To The Tehsildar, Kaikalur Mandal, KAIKALUR.From, A.M. Bindu Madhavi, IX Class, Harsha Public School, Singh Nagar, Kaikaluru.Sir, We reside in Singh Nagar in Kaikalur near Mahalakshmi temple. Our ration shop number is 107/52. As we are white card holders, we are eligible for rice and other provisions. We are receiving the ration very late.The rice supplied is spoiled and wet. And we receive rice in less quantity also. We gave complaint many times to local authorities but invain. So kindly look into the matter otherwise our food security right will be violated. This is for your kind information and necessary favourable action. Thanking you Sir, Yours faithfully A.M. Bindu Madhavi, IX standard.

9th Class Social Studies 10th Lesson Prices and Cost of Living InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Price of Cotton and Rice (per quintal) during 2005-2011

(i) Calculate the index numbers of rice and cotton by assuming 2005-06 as the base year.
(ii) Draw a line diagram showing index number of rice and cotton. Keep the years in x-axis and index numbers on the y-axis. Discuss how the line goes up over the years. (Text Book Page No. 123)
Answer:
(i) Index numbers of rice
The value: of the index = 100; Original index value is = 600; In 2005-06 = \(\frac{600}{600}\) × 100 = 100%

ii)

There is a slight increase in rice from 2005-06 to 2006-07 and from here there is huge increase up to 2010-2011. Incase of cotton, from 2005-06 to 2006-08 there is a slight increase and from 2007-08 to 2008-09 there is a huge increase and from 2008-09 to 2010-11 the price is constant.

Question 2.
Tomorrow is Teacher’s Day. Your class students give you Rs.200 and send you to the market to buy some sweets and biscuits to celebrate this day with your teachers. When you go to the shop, you find that the price of a sweet packet is Rs. 60, and a biscuit packet is Rs. 20. If you buy 2 sweets packets, how many biscuit packets can you buy ? How much should you pay ? (Text Book Page No. 121)
Answer:
If we buy 2 sweet packets:
The cost of two sweet packets = 2 × 60 = 120
Remaining Amount = 200 – 120 = 80
No. of Biscuit packets we can buy = \(\frac{80}{20}\) = 4
Total Amount we paid = 200

Question 3.
Why did you buy such few packets? (Text Book Page No. 121)
Answer:
Prices of the goods have gone up and for the same amount of money i.e., Rs. 200/- we can buy lesser amounts of these commodities.

Question 4.
Suppose your classmates asked you to buy 5 packets of both sweets and biscuits this year also. How much would you have to pay then? (Text Book Page No. 121)
Answer:
For 5 packets sweets (5 × 60) = Rs. 300
For 5 packets biscuits (5 × 20) = Rs. 100
Total amount you pay = Rs. 400

Question 5.
How much more do you have to pay compared to last year? (Text Book Page No. 121)
Answer:
Total amount this year spent = Rs. 400
Total amount last year spent = Rs. 200
Excess amount paid = Rs. 200

Question 6.
Recent price increases : (Text Book Page No. 126)
During 2009-12, prices of many essential goods went up. You can see this from the following figures. Look at the figure carefully and answer the questions that follow.

1) If a family was buying rice for Rs. 20 a kg in 2005-06, how much would if have to pay in 2011?
2) In which years did the price of pulses increased considerably?
3) What is the percentage increase in the price of cotton?
4) Which commodity price has been more or less stable?
Answer:

1. Rs. 32 a kg
2. 2010 -11
3. Insufficient information
4. Edible oils

 

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 9th Lesson Credit in the Financial System Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 9th Lesson Credit in the Financial System

9th Class Social Studies 9th Lesson Credit in the Financial System Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Most of the credit needs of the poor households are met from informal sources. The dependence of richer households on informal credit is less. Do you agree? Use the data given in page 114 to support your answer.
Answer”

• Yes. Most of the credit needs of the poor households are met from informal sources. And the dependence of richer households on informal credit is less. The following statistical data proves that.
• As per All-India Debt and Investment Survey 2003,
  a) 85% of the credit needs of the poor households are met from informal sources.
  b) Whereas only 10% of the rich households loans are from informal source.

Question 2.
How are the high interest rates on loans harmful?
Answer:

• Getting loans at high interest rates means a larger part of the earning of the borrowers is used to repay the loans.
• So the borrowers will have less income left for themselves.
• In certain cases, the high interest rate of borrowing can mean that the amount to be repaid is greater than the income of the borrower.
• The debt will be increasing day by day.
• High interest rates and increasing debt sometimes make the farmers depressed and in some cases force them to commit suicides.

Question 3.
What is the basic idea behind the SHGs for the poor? Explain in your own words.
Answer:

• The idea behind selfhelp groups is to organize rural poor, especially women into small groups and pool their savings.
• To help the poor households to get loans at cheaper rates and without difficulty.
• To create self-employment opportunities for the members e.g.: For buying seeds, fertilizers, raw materials, for acquiring assets like sewing machines, hand-looms, cattle, etc.
• These groups are meant to make women financially self-reliant.
• These groups aim to save rural poor section from the traps of moneylenders who charge high interest rates.

Question 4.
Talk to a banker and find out what are the purposes for which people in urban areas generally take loans?
Answer:
Generally, urban people take loans for the following purposes. There is a huge demand for loans for various economic activities.

1. To construct a house or to buy a flat.
2. To conduct family functions like marriages, deliveries of sisters, etc.
3. To purchase household appliances like, fridges, TV, washing machines, furnitures, air conditioners etc.
4. To buy vehicles like scooters and cars etc.
5. Sometimes they want to establish a business or dream to start a small scale industry for which they may go for a loan.
6. Sometimes they take loans to meet the medical expenses of the family members and dependents.

Question 5.
What is the difference between the bank loans and through SHG?
Answer:

Loans through the banks	Loans through the SHGs
1. Bank loans require proper documents and collateral.	1. Collateral usually kept by banks is not necessary.
2. Banks sanction loans to all sections of people.	2. SHGs generally sanction loans to rural poor, especially women.
3. Loans are generally sanctioned in the name of the individuals.	3. SHGs sanction loans in the name of the group.
4. Bank loans are generally for many purposes.	4. These loans are meant to create self-employment opportunities for the members.
5. Recovery of the loan is difficult in case if the individual fails to repay the loan.	5. All the group members are jointly responsible for the repayment of the loan. Hence recovery of the loan is easy.

Question 6.
Read the paragraph 3rd under the heading of ‘Self Help Group for the Poor’ and answer the question. How are SHGs working in your area?

In recent years, government and Non Government Organisations (NGOs) have tried out some newer ways of providing loans to the poor. The idea is to organise rural poor, in particular women, into small Self Help Groups (SHGs) and pool (collect) their savings. A typical SHG has 15-20 members, usually belonging to one neighbourhood, who meet and save regularly. Saving per member varies from Rs. 25 to Rs. 100 or more, depending on the ability of the people to save. Members can take small loans from the group itself to meet their needs. The group charges interest on these loans but this is still less than what the moneylender charges.

(OR)
“Self Help, Groups play a vital role in the women empowerment. They not only provide economic support but also help in eradicating poverty”. Explain the work of a self help group in your village.
Answer:
The working of SHGs in our area :

1. There are 10 to 11 SHGs in our village.
2. All are registered. They voluntarily coming together to save regular small savings of money, mutually agreeing to contribute to a common fund and to meet their emergency needs on the basis of mutual help.
3. They pool their resources to become financially stable, taking loans from the money collected by that group and by making everybody in that group self-employed.
4. They borrow loans from banks and repay it back regularly.
5. An economically poor individual gains strength as a part of a group.

Question 7.
What are the services rendered by the banks in fulfilling the needs of farmers?
Answer:

• Short-term loans to farmers for raising crops, i.e. crop loans.
• Medium and long term loans to farmers for agriculture and allied activities.
• Loans to farmers for pre-harvest and post-harvest activities.
• Loans to farmers upto 25 lakh against pledge/hypothication of agriculture produce.
• Export credit to corporates, partnership figures, and institutions engaged in agriculture.
• Loans for purchase of agricultures land.
• Loans to distressed farmers indebted to non-institutional lenders.
• Bank loans to PACS, FSS, LAMPS, etc.
• Loans to farmers under Kisan credit card scheme.
• Export credit to farmers for exporting their own farm produce.
• Loans to allied activities to agriculture.

Question 8.
Is there any incident of farmers committing suicide in your area? If so, find out reasons and make a report, discuss in the classroom by adding a few newspaper clippings related to this issue.
Answer:
Yes. Recently an incident happened at Atmakur village in Anantapur district. There was a 53-year-old farmer in the village. He was a well-respected farmer. He cultivated cotton. He expanded the small plot he owned by leasing adjoining land. The money was never abundant, but he managed to arrange matches and festive wedding ceremonies for his two sisters, and then his daughters. His sons were sent to school.

And then, his crop failed – heavy rains washed it out two years ago, drought withered his fields the next. He was defeated not just by insurmountable loans but by the humiliation he felt about the unpaid debt. So he committed suicide.

Farmers work from early morning till late night. They wait an entire year to harvest a crop, despite all uncertainty. Most of the farmers are not getting MSP (Minimum Support Price). They are tied to the traders and middlemen who are dealing in agricultural inputs. This depresses the price that farmers are to get for their output. It is time the government implemented the schemes for the welfare of the farmers.

9th Class Social Studies 9th Lesson Credit in the Financial System InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why do lenders ask for collateral while lending? (Text Book Page No. 109)
Answer:

• Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns and uses this as a guarantee to a lender.
• It is a security or guarantee to a lender until the loan is repaid.
• If the borrower fails to repay the ioan, the lender has the right ot sell the asset or collateral to obtain payment.

Question 2.
How does the demand for collateral affect poor person’s capacity to borrow? (Text Book Page No. 109)
Answer:

• Bank loans require collateral.
• Absence of collateral is one of the major reasons which prevent the poor from getting bank loans.
• In such cases, they approach the moneylenders.
• However, the moneylenders charge high interest rates.
• Finally the poor may be pushed into a situation from which recovery is very difficult.
• Hence the demand for collateral against loans may force the poor to approach informal sources.

Question 3.
What are the differences between formal and informal sources of credit? (Text Book Page No. 114)
Answer:

Formal Sources of Credit	Informal Sources of Credit
1. Banks and cooperatives are the formal sources of credit.	1. Moneylenders, traders, employers, relatives and friends, etc. are the informal sources of credit.
2. The formal credit providers follow certain rules and regulations framed by government and in particular, the RBI.	2. The informal money lenders do not follow such government rules. They evolve their own procedure.
3. The formal credit providers have to follow certain expectation of government.	3. These people will not have to reach to the expectations of the government.
4. Rate of interest in the formal source of credit is generally low or reasonable.	4. Whereas most of the informal lenders charge exorbitant rates, i.e. high interest rates.
5. Banks and cooperatives demand collateral against loans.	5. Collateral against loans is not necessary for most of the loans.
6. Formal credit providers cannot use any illegal ways to collect the loan amount.	6. Informal providers use many coercive and illegal ways to collect the loan amount.

Question 4.
Why should credit at reasonable rates be available for all? (Text Book Page No. 114)
Answer:

• Higher cost of borrowing means a larger part of the earnings of the borrowers is used to repay the loan.
• In such cases, the amount to be repaid is greater than the income of the borrower.
• This could lead to increasing debt.
• High interest rates are hurdles for those who want to establish an enterprise.
• For these reasons, banks and cooperative societies need to lend more at reasonable rates.

Question 5.
Why are demand deposits considered as money? (Text Book Page No. 105)
Answer:

• The demand deposits can be withdrawn on demand.
• The demand deposits possess the essential characteristics of money that is a medium of exchange.
• Since demand deposits are accepted widely as a means of payment, along with currency, they constitute money in the modern economy.

Question 6.
The deposits kept at the bank are also insured by the government? Find out the details. (Text Book Page No. 1o5)
Answer:

• All the commercial banks pay premium to insure the deposits.
• The deposits of the individuals, only to an extent of one lakh, will be issued by the banks.

Question 7.
Do you think fixed deposits that people keep with banks will easily work like money? Discuss. (Text Book Page No. 105)
Answer:
Since one can withdraw money in cash or make payments by cheque it makes these deposits work like any other form of money such as currency notes.

Question 8.
Tick the correct option(s): (Text Book Page No. 110)
(a) Over the years, Rama’s debt

1. will rise, (✓)
2. will remain constant.
3. will decline.

(b) Arun is one of the few persons to take a bank loan. One reason for this is

1. He is an educated person.
2. Banks demand collateral which everyone cannot provide, (✓)
3. Interest rate on bank loans is same as the interest rate charged by the traders.
4. There is no documentation work required for getting bank loan.

Question 9.
Talk to some people to find out the credit arrangements that exist in your area. Record your conversation. Are there any differences in the terms of credit? (Text Book Page No. 111)
Answer:
Credit arrangements in our area :

1. Banks
2. Gold loans by Gold shop
3. Moneylenders
4. Finance organizations, etc.

All the terms of credit are one and the same in all the sources except banks. In Banks, getting a loan is tough. But the interest rate, repayment mode, etc. are flexible.

Question 10.
Some SHG groups charge very high interest rates for loans to its members? Is this fair? Discuss. (Text Book Page No. 115)
Answer:
No, it is not fair. The SHGs are formed to help the poor. If it charges high interest rates, the same problem of access to credit arises. So it is not fair. The interest rate should be reasonable as bank’s.

Question 11.
Read the two different credit scenarios of Alisha and Swapna and fill in the following table. (Text Book Page No. 108)
Answer:

	Alisha	Swapna
Why did they need credit?	He is a shoe manufacturer. To complete the production of 3000 pairs of shoes, he needed a loan.	She takes a loan from the moneylender to meet the expenses of cultivation.
What was the risk?	Risk is very low.	Risk is high as agriculture is a gambling on monsoons.
What was the outcome?	Completed the production on time and made good profits.	The failure of the crop made loan repayment impossible. She has fallen in debt-trap.

Question 12.
Supposing, Alisha continues to get orders from traders. What would be his position after 6 years? (Text Book Page No. 108)
Answer:

• Financially he may come to a position.
• For next order, he may not borrow loan.
• There is a possibility of establishing small scale industry.
• There is a possibility of employment for others also.

Question 13.
What are the reasons that make Swapna’s situation so risky? Discuss the following factors: role of moneylenders and climate. (Text Book Page No. 108)
Answer:
1. Pesticides :
Due to low quality of pesticides, the farmers undergo losses. They are deceived many times in this matter.

2. Role of Moneylenders :
Moneylenders lend loans on high rate of interest and there will be a restriction to the farmers to sell the crop production for low price to them only. And they will sell production on higher rates. So moneylenders are benefited from both sides.

3. Climate :
Indian farmers depend on monsoon type of climate. They gamble on monsoon. If sufficient rainfall occurs, farmer will go for better situation. And in case of insufficient rainfall – drought may occur. This leads to worst situation.
So, we can guess that pesticides, role of moneylenders, and climate make Swapna’s situation so risky.

Question 14.
Fill in the blanks choosing the correct option from the brackets : (Text Book Page No. 109)
While taking a loan, borrowers look for easy terms of credit. This means ________ (1) (low/high) interest rate, ________ (2) (easy / tough) conditions for repayment, ________ (3) (less/more) collateral and documentation requirements.
Answer:

1. low
2. easy
3. less

Question 15.
Fill the following details for Sivakami, Arun, Rama, and Vasu. (Text Book Page No. 111)
Answer:

Question 16.
List the different sources of credit in the above examples. (Text Book Page No. 110)
Answer:

1. Bank loans
2. Cooperative loans
3. Moneylenders
4. Relatives
5. Traders
6. The land owners
7. The employers, etc.

Question 17.
Underline the various uses of credit in the above passage. (Text Book Page No. 110)
Answer:

• Loan for the construction of a house.
• Loan for completing the production of any kind.
• To meet the expenses of cultivation.
• To meet the expenses on sudden illnesses or functions in the family.
• Sometimes to meet the daily expenses.

Question 18.
How is a loan to an SHG member different from an individual ioan by a bank? (Text Book Page No. 115)
Answer:
SHG loans are group loans and individual loans are personal loans.

Question 19.
Talk to someone who has taken a bank ioan. What was the purpose and how did she approach the bank? (Text Book Page No. 107)
Answer:
I have conducted an interview with Miss B.P.P.S. Lalitha. She has borrowed an education loan from the SBI, Ongole.
1. She has approached nearest branch of ……………… bank.

2. She has submitted previous education records, father’s income certificate, admission details for the ……………. course, details about the course and job opportunity after the completion.

3. With the above details, she approached Education loan officer. After verifying all the papers he sanctioned the loan. She has to repay the loan amount after completion of her education (immediately after 6 months).

Question 20.
Interview a bank manager. What are the loans that they have given? Are there any activities for which they would not give loans? (Text Book Page No. 107)
Answer:
I have interviewed the bank manager of Andhra Bank, Sai Nagar, Nellore.
The loans they gave are :

1. Personal loans!’
2. Housing loans
3. Education loans
4. Vehicle loans
5. Mortgage loans
6. Gold loans
7. SHG loans and
8. Business loans, etc.

Other activities:

1. Maintains relations with the customers.
2. Helping the small entrepreneurs by giving suggestions.
3. Acquiring deposits
4. Promoting and marketing the branch and its products.
5. Meeting with customers and resolving any problems or complaints.
6. Ensuring there is a high level of customer service.
7. Monitoring sales targets and
8. Reporting to head office.

Question 21.
People also require credit for consumption and to manage many socio-cultural aspects. Marriages require a huge expenditure on both bride and groom which compel families to borrow. Do you think there are other reasons for people borrowinjnTionevinvour area? Find out from your parents and teachers and discuss in the class. (Text Book Page No. 109)
Answer:
Reasons for people borrowing :
1) Life cycle needs :
Such as wedding, funerals child birth, education, house building, widowhood, and old age.

2) Personal emergencies:
Such as sickness, injury, unemployment, theft, harassment of dwellings.

3) Disasters:
Such as fires, floods, cyclones, and man-made events like war or bulldozing of dwellings.

4) Investment opportunities:
Expanding a business, buying land or equipment, improving housing, securing a job (which often requires paying a large bribe), etc.

Question 22.
The following table shows how urban families borrow from two sources in 2003 (in percentage). Read the table carefully and fill in the blanks in the passage given. (Text Book Page No. 113)

Source : India’s Debit and Investment Survey – 2003 by N.S.S. conducted R.E.P. 501, December 2005.
The table above Shows the share of formal and informal sources for people living in urban areas. The people include both rich and poor households. You can see that ….(1)….per cent of the credit needs of the poor households are met from informal sources. Formal sources of credit account for only ..(2)…per cent. Compare this with the rich households. What do you find? Only ..(3)….percent of their loans are from informal sources, while ..(4)…per cent is from formal sources. You would find a similar pattern in rural areas.
Answer:

1. 85%
2. 15%
3. 10%
4. 90%

Question 23.
Find out: What is the role of a federation of SHG groups? (Text Book Page No. 115)
Answer:
i) Federations have been providing a number of services to SHGs and individual members.
ii) These could be grouped into 4 categories.

1. Institutional development
2. Financial intermediation
3. Livelihood enhancement or business development services and
4. Social intermediation

Question 24.
What would happen if all the depositors went to ask for their money at the same time? (Text Book Page No. 1o7)
Answer:

• All commercial banks deposit certain percent of their deposits with the Reserve Bank of India.
• Next, advances loans to customers.
• Keeps only 15% of their deposits as cash.
• If all the depositors want their money back, there will not be any liquid cash with the bank.
• When banks are unable to pay cash, then immediately people’s trust on the bank is lost.

Question 25.
Apart from banks people keep deposits in other institutions such as housing societies, companies, post office schemes, etc. Discuss how is that different from bank deposits? (Text Book Page No. 1o7)
Answer:

• In bank deposits, there will be security for the cash as the banks work under the norms of the RBI. Post office also offers good security. Other than post office and banks, the security for deposits is less.
• There will not be any locking period for the banks. Whereas in societies and other companies, there will be locking period.
• Premature cancellation is possible with the bank deposits which is not possible for other deposits.

Question 26.
Should there be a supervisor such as the Reserve Bank of India that looks into the loan activities of informal lenders? Why would its task be quite difficult? (Text Book Page No. 114)
Answer:

• Due to vast geographical conditions and diversified cultures the Reserve Bank of India cannot check or supervise informal credit.
• Most of the transactions are on oral agreement between the borrower and the lender.
• There will not be any registered transaction. Most of the cases a lot of black money is involved.
  Hence it is difficult for the RBI to supervise informal credit.

Question 27.
Can everyone get credit at a cheap rate? Who can get? (Text Book Page No. 11o)
Answer:

• No, everyone cannot get loan at cheap rates.
• Only priority sector, like agriculture, animal husbandary, poultry, etc. gets loan at cheaper rates.
• Banks have to extend 40% of their loans to priority sector.

Question 28.
Do you think that the low share of formal sector credit for poorer households has been one of the factors for farmer distress in Andhra Pradesh? Discuss. (Text Book Page No. 114)
Answer:

• Absence of collateral is one of the major reason which prevents the poor from getting formal loans.
• Informal lenders know the borrowers personally. Hence they give loans but charge very high interest rates.
• High interest rates charged by informal loans and crop failures, etc. are the reasons for distress of farmers in Andhra Pradesh.

 

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 8th Lesson Service Activities in India Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 8th Lesson Service Activities in India

9th Class Social Studies 8th Lesson Service Activities in India Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
What is meant by the term “service activities”?
Answer:
1. Services rendered by different people in a specified activity are known as service activities.
E.g.: a) Teachers’ Services.
b) Health and Medical Services rendered by doctors and para-medical staff.
c) Services of people working in army, navy, and airforce.
d) Financial activities of banks and insurance companies.
e) Trading activities, etc.
All the above services can be termed as Service Activities.
2. Service activities do not produce any tangible commodity like paddy or cloth.
3. Service activities here refer to ‘the nature of work” done.
4. “Service activities” in this context of work does not mean something that is done “free of cost” or “out of love or devotion.”
5. All the above people earn money by rendering these “service activities.” This is their livelihood.
6. These service activities are required for agriculture and industrial activities.

Question 2.
List five service activities and give your reasons why they are not be considered as either agricultural or industrial activities.
Answer:
1. Health and Medical Services :
A doctor examines patients, prescribes medicines and monitors their progress. Other para-medical staff help doctors.

2. Trade :
Goods whether agriculture or manufacture goods are to be transported to distributors. Distributors in turn supply goods to wholesaler who in turn supplies them to retailers. And consumers purchase from the retailer. These are trading activities.

3) Financial Services :
Banks issue loans to all farmers and entrepreneurs and facilitate agriculture and industrial activities. Insurance companies insure goods against risk.

4) Defence :
Activities and people who work in all the armed forces like army, navy, and airforce.

5) Personal Services :
Workers who do domestic work, laundry, cleaning, dyeing, hair dressing, etc.

a) In all the above examples we can see that services are rendered.
b) Nothing new is produced here. In agriculture, we produce some crop and in industrial activity, we work upon raw materials and convert them into finished goods. Here in the above examples, nothing tangible is produced.
c) The above examples are special kind of activities that help agriculture and industry and also provide a lot of service that people require.
So we cannot consider the service activities as either agricultural or industrial activities.

Question 3.
How can service activities help in the overall development of a country?
Answer:

• Overall development of a country depends on developmental initiatives involving setting up of many establishments like educational institutions, hospitals, etc.
• Other developmental activities include provision of infrastructure facilities such as transportation, telecommunications, banks, insurance services, and other services like trading, book keeping, and public administration.
• All these activities are service activities that help agriculture and industry and facilitate overall development of our country.

Question 4.
How are agricultural and industrial activities related to services?
Answer:
Agricultural and industrial activities need the services of various sectors.

1. Transportation helps in assembling raw material from the mines to industrial spots and to carry finished goods from industry to markets.
2. Road and other services to transport finished products.
3. Marketing services.
4. Import and export services.
5. Storage services like godowns.
6. Financial services like banking loan and insurance services.
7. Health and education services.
8. Communication system, information technology.

Question 5.
‘The growth of service sector is sustainable and can make India as a rich country.’ Do you agree with this statement? Elaborate.
Answer:

• There is a lot of change in technology and by exporting our services i.e., “BPOs” or “Outsourcing” we are earning foreign exchange.
• Service Sector constitutes one-fourth of the jobs people do in India.
• 90.5 lakhs and 25.3 lakhs of people are involved in community, social, personal services, and transport and communications respectively.
• So many jobs are available for educated people in service sector.
• Due to the development of telecommunications and information technology, the world has become a global village.
• Due to the establishment of Multinational Companies, we are getting projects from foreign countries.
• The standard of living of the people has been increased for the last two decades. Hence the growth of service sector is sustainable and can make India a rich country.

Question 6.
Why are service sector activities becoming important?
Answer:

• Service sector activities include all the services like Banking and Finance, Trade and Commerce, Transport and Communications, Health, Education, Personal services, etc.
• Service sector activities do special kind of activities that help agriculture and industry and provide a lot of services that people require.
• Provision of education and health fulfils the aim of social welfare.
• Trade and commerce help in bringing buyers and sellers together.
• Transportation is necessary forthe movement of men and material from one place to another.
• The development of telecommunications has cut the geographical boundaries and helps in globalization.
• They provide information about new markets and products.
• They are considered as means of modernization.
• They provide employment opportunities and are very useful in rising the standard of living of the people.
  Due to the above reasons the service sector activities are becoming important.

Question 7.
Service activities cannot expand beyond a level unless agriculture and industries. Explain.
Answer:

• Development of a country is always measured on production of goods and services.
• Increase in production is possible only through the development of agriculture sector and industrial sector.
• Service activities are necessary to modernize agriculture and industrial sector.
• Development services without increase in production is a waste.
• Hence service activities cannot expand beyond a level unless agriculture and industries develop.
• In fact, all three sectors should go hand in hand.

Question 8.
How can service sector reduce educated unemployment in India?
Answer:

• There has been tremendous change in the communication technology which has opened a wide range of jobs for educated people.
• Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) has brought in new kinds of employment opportunities.
• They provide services to people located across the globe using telecommunication links.
• The entertainment industry creates jobs to work in various print media firms, cable television channels.
• We see number of internet cafes and telephone booths in most of the cities and towns.
• The advertising industry has also brought new job opportunities.
• Many new jobs are available in Banking and insurance sectors.
  Hence service sector can reduce educated unemployment in our country.

Question 9.
Is there any migration of labourers from your area? Find out the reasons for the migration.
Answer:
Yes, there is migration of labourers from our village.

Reasons for migration :

1. People migrate from rural areas mainly due to insufficient employment opportuni¬ties, inadequate income available in rural employment.
2. People also migrate with the expectation of higher incomes and more opportunities for family members and may be better services.
3. For some people from rural areas moving to cities and towns, to work in industry and other services activities have been recognised as a natural response to increase their income and for better family prospects.

Question 10.
Read the 9th paragraph of this chapter ‘Working people engaged’ and answer the following.

Working people engaged in service activities do not produce a commodity, like that in agriculture or in industry. They do special kind of activities that help agriculture and industry and also provide a lot of service that people require. Another example is the banking and finance related service activities required by people and business organisations. You have read about this in Class VIII chapter “Money and Banking”. Similarly there are the cell phone, internet and all other types of telecommunication service providers.

What are the service activities required for agriculture and industries?
Answer:

• Banks and other financial institutions finance the agriculture and industrial activities by lending of funds.
• Transportation services help in the development of the agriculture sector through effective distribution of food grains and perishable goods from the producing areas to the markets without interruption.
• Transportation helps in the distribution of raw material to the industrial units.
• Service sector activities provide information about new markets and products.
• A variety of trading activities like distributors, wholesalers and retailers also constitute a major segment of service activities.
• These activities help in bring buyers and sellers together.
• Proper power supply to various industrial units facilitates industrial growth.

Question 11.
Observe the map given in the (text) page 104. Locate the software technology parks of our country in the India outline map.
Answer:
Students Activity

Question 12.
Discuss with any seven people identify with sector they are employed in. Write a brief note or design a poster about their work. What relationship do you see between their employment and place of residence?

Name of the person	Nature of work done	Agriculture/Industry/Services

Explain your reason for the classification.
Answer:

Name of the person	Nature of work done	Agriculture/Industry/Services
“X”	Works in steel plant	Industry
“Y”	Carpenter	Services
“Z”	Landlord	Agriculture
“A”	Works in telephone exchange	Services
“B”	Teacher	Services
“C”	Goldsmith	Services
“D”	Works in the land of others	Agriculture
“E”	Match box making	Industry

1) Primary sector :
This includes those activities that are undertaken by directly using natural resources, e.g.: Cultivation of paddy. This is known as primary sector because it forms the base of subsequent products that are made from it. This sector is also called Agriculture and Related sector.

2) Secondary sector :
This sector covers those activities in which natural and primary products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing.
e.g.: manufacturing paper from bamboo. This sector is also known as industrial sector.

3) Tertiary sector :
This sector includes those activities that help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors, e.g.: railways. Since they provide services to help the production, this sector is also called service sector.

9th Class Social Studies 8th Lesson Service Activities in India InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
There are eight categories of service activities given below. Some details are filled in, others are left out. Fill in the blank ones after discussing with your teacher. (Text Book Page No. 97 & 98)
Answer:
1. Education:
Institutions – schools, colleges, universities, technical institutions come under this category. This means those who are working in these institutions such as teachers, all the administrative staff and their activities constitute services.

2. Health and Medical Services :
Primary health centres. General hospitals. Old aae homes, etc.

3. Trade :
A variety of selling activities both wholesale and retail that we see around. National and International business, etc.

4. Public Administration :
Public services under village and town panchayats, state and central governments come under this category. Examples: people who work in police stations, workers of various other government departments such as village administrative officers, revenue inspectors, tehsildars, Collectors, those who work in all kinds of courts, assistants, clerks, accountants, typists, peons, drivers etc.

5. Defence :
Activities and people who work in all the armed forces like army, navy and air force.

6. Financial activities :
Banks and different saving schemes, postal, life insurance, etc.

7. Personal Services :
Workers who do domestic work, laundry, cleaning, dyeing services, hair dressing, running beauty parlours, tailoring shops, photo, and video studios.

8. Activities such as:
People working in entertainment and information technology industry – production of films, TV serials, those working in media, newspapers, television channels, and advertisement agencies are also included in services.

Question 2.
What do you think about Foreign Direct investment {FDI} in Retailing Activities? Can government do anything to address this issue? (Text Book Page No. 101)

• In my opinion, there will be gainers and losers from FDI in retail.
• Overall gains will outweigh to losses.
• In course of time the losess too will benefit.
• It was opined that large and medium sized farmers will initially benefit the most, while the small farmers or landless labour will be the losers.
• However, the purchases by the big super markets will increase demand for agricultural products, which in turn will expand agricultural out put, and increase demand for labour.
• This will increase agricultural wages in the long run.

To set right this issue, the government has to take following steps.

1. Best storage facilities also should be provided by the govt.
2. Govt should take measures that market will not go in the hands of few people.
3. Govt must keep Foreign Direct Investment under its control.

Question 3.
Who, in your opinion should set up new medical institutions – privatesectoror government? Why? (Text Book Page No. 102)
Answer:
The following organizations shall be eligible to apply for permission to set up a medical college.

1. A state govt. / union territory.
2. A university
3. An autonomous body promoted by central and state governments.
4. A society registered under the Societies Registation Act, 1860.
5. A public religious or charitable trust registered under the Trust Act, 1882.
6. Companies registered under Company Act.

I think that the government should set up new medical institutions.

Reason:
Because it is not easy to any private sector persons to satisfy the norms of the Medical Counsil of India.

Question 4.
The following table shows the number of workers (in lakhs) employed in different service activities in large enterprises in 1991 and 2010. Read the table carefully and answer the questions that follow. (Text Book Page No. 100)

a) Which service activity gave maximum employment in 2010?
Answer:
Community, social and personal services gave maximum employment.

b) Has the number of government jobs increased or decreased over the years?
Answer:
The number of government jobs has been drecreased from 136 lakhs in 1991 to 131.6 lakhs in 2010.

c) What kind of jobs has government generated the most during this period?
Answer:
The jobs in finance, insurance, and real estate have been increased from 11.9 lakhs to 14.1 lakhs for the last 20 years.

d) What kind of jobs were people able to get in the private service activities?
Answer:
People were able to get private jobs in all service sector activities like trading, transportation, finance and personal services.

e) Are there any differences between jobs provided by the government and private employers? Discuss.
Answer:
a) The number of job opportunities in the private sector has been increased from 20.9 lakhs in 1991 to 43.7 lakhs in 2010.
b) The salaries of the private jobs are good but the employees are expected to work very long hours.
c) Government jobs have security whereas private jobs do not give any security to their employees.

Question 5.
Talk to some retail shop owners in your neighbourhood. Discuss their opinions on foreign retailing shops in your class. (Text Book Page No. 102)
Owner of shop – 1 : “Traders and kirana store owners are not fully prepared to face foreign retailers.”
Owne^sfiop – 2’/ “6ur shops are safe. Our customers will not visit those shops.”
Owner of shop – 3 : “The customer will get the knowledge of quality of the provisions. Those shops are maintaining least quality things.”
– We discussed all these points in the classroom.

Question 6.
What is your opinion on foreign companies setting up retail shops in India? How do you think that they generate employment in India? (Text Book Page No. 102)
Answer:

• Foreign direct investment will definetly help the farmers in long run.
• It is argued that there will be loss of jobs in traditional, smaller retail sector.
• However, the purchases by the big supermarkets will increase demand for agricultural products, which in turn will expand agricultural output, which in turn may increase demand for labour.
• This will increase wages in the long run.

Question 7.
Prepare a table with two columns and list out the advantages and disadvantages of allowing foreign company retail stores in India. (Text Book Page No. 102)
Answer:

Advantages	Disadvantages
1. Foreign direct investment will increase demand for farm products.	1. The small farmers and landless labour will be the losers.
2. Basing on demand the production of farm goods will be increased.	2. FDIs will influence the farmers and may buy produce at low costs.
3. Better storage facilities will be provided.	3. They will not invest much on storage facilities but charge high rates for storage.
4. Better storage facilities will minimise waste of farm produce.	4. There will be loss of jobs in traditional and small retail sectors.
5. Farmers will be saved from the traps of moneylenders.	5. The foreign companies will sooner or later misuse – their power to buy in large quantities.

Question 8.
Why is it necessary to establish more medical institutions in India? (Text Book Page No. 102)
Answer:

• The government of India recognizes ‘Health for all’ as a national goal.
• The medical education and health care in India are facing serious challenges in content and competencies.
• There is a need to balance for more medical colleges with the maintenance and improvement of quality standards.
• There are disparities between different states and rural/urban areas with regard to access to basic medical services and quality health care.
  To overcome all these problems, it is necessary to establish more medical institutions in India.

 

SCERT AP Board 9th Class Social Solutions 7th Lesson Industries in India Textbook Questions and Answers.

AP State Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Solutions 7th Lesson Industries in India

9th Class Social Studies 7th Lesson Industries in India Textbook Questions and Answers

Improve Your Learning

Question 1.
Why government took up the responsibility to set up basic goods industries?
Answer:

• Basic industries produce essential goods that can form a base to support a large variety of factories.
• Huge amount of capital is required to set up basic goods industries.
• Moreover it takes a long time to set up basic industries.
  E.g.: For setting up a power plant for production of electricity, it would require five to ten years.
• Private industrial groups were not willing to invest in such industries.
• Hence the Government took up the responsibility to set up basic goods industries.

Question 2.
Why are industries located in specific areas?
Answer:

• All factories need raw materials from which goods can be produced.
• Transportation is needed to bring raw materials to factories and transfer finished goods from them.
• So industries are located in specific areas where raw materials like minerals are available.
• Industries are also concentrated where infrastructural facilities like transportation electricity, banking services, etc. are available.

Question 3.
What are the basic goods industries? How they are different from consumer goods industries?
Answer:

Basic Goods Industries	Consumer Goods Industries
1. Factories producing essential goods necessary for industries are called basic goods industries. E.g.: Machines, electricity, etc.	1. Factories producing goods which for direct consumption are called consumer goods. E.g.: Soaps, Furniture, TVs, etc.
2. These goods are not for direct consumption.	2. These goods are directly consumed by consumers.
3. Basic industries produce essential goods that can farm a base to support a large variety of factories.	3. Consumer goods industries did not support any other industries.

Question 4.
Give a list of towns/areas in which some conventional mineral resources are found and ask students to identify then possible industries which can be set up.

Minerals/ Resources	Towns/areas in which these resources are available	List the kind of industries that can be set up in this area
1. Iron ore
2. Coal
3. Jute
4. Oil
5. Natural Gas
6. Forests
7. Manganese
8. Bauxite

Answer:

Minerals/ Resources	Towns/areas in which these resources are available	List the kind of industries that can be set up in this area
1. Iron ore	1. Singhbhum in Jarkhand 2. Mayurbhanj, Koenjhar in Odisha 3. Raipur and Bastar in Chattisgarh. 4. Bellary and Chikmaglur in Karnataka. 5. Salem in Tamilnadu 6. Khammam in Telangana and Rayalaseema in Andhra Pradesh. 7. Ratnagiri and Chanda in Maharashtra.	1. Iron and steel industry 2. Heavy machines 3. Tools 4. Weapons 5. Constructions and transport vehicles, etc. 6. Railway coaches, etc.
2. Coal	Important coal fields are 1. Jharia, Chandrapura, Bokaro and Giridhi in Jarkhand. 2. Ranigunj and Asansal in West Bengal. 3. Singrauli and Korba in Madhya Pradesh. 4. Singareni in Telangana	1. Iron and steel industry 2. Thermal power industry 3. Used as fuel in so many other industries. 4. Largely used in railways.
3. Jute	West Bengal, Assom, Bihar and Odisha.	Jute industry is concentrated in West Bengal. 1. Jute textiles 2. Bag making 3. Carpet making 4. Door mats, etc.
4. Oil	Gujarat, Assom, Bombay High	Different types of industries.
5. Natural Gas	1. Cambay and Ankleshwar fields in Gujarat 2. Bombay High in Maharashtra.	Power industry Fertilizer industry Used as fuel
6. Forests	Forests are found in Madhya Pradesh, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Maharashtra, Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.	Forests yield both softwood and hard wood. Forest based industries are- 1. Paper (softwood trees) 2. Furniture 3. Timber 4. Soaps 5. Match boxes 6. Handicraft 7. Turpentine and 8. Railway sleepers
7. Manganese	1. Koenjhar, kalahandi, Mayurbhanj Sundarghar and Thalcher in Odisha. 2. Chitradurg, Shimoga, Chikmanglore, Bellary and Dharwad in Karnataka. 3. Bhalghat, Seori, Jabalpur in Madhya Pradesh. 4. Singhbum in Jarkhand. 5. Panchamahal in Gujarat. 6. Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam districts in Andhra Pradesh.	1. Iron and steel industry 2. Chemical industry 3. Bleaching powder 4. Electrical 5. Glass 6. Leather 7. Photography and 8. Metal industry
8. Bauxite	1. Palmau, Ranchi, Monghyr and Shahabad in Jarkhand. 2. Balaghat, Jabalpur, Bilaspur and Rajgarh in Madhya Pradesh. 3. Amreli and Kutch in Gujarat. 4. Belgaum in Karnataka. 5. Madurai, Nilgiris and Coimbatore in Tamilnadu. 6. Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh	Used in Aluminium making which in turn used in aircraft, automobiles, ships, utensils, railways, photographic material and electrical goods industry.

Question 5.
Why government in 1990s allowed private industries in many areas which were earlier restricted only to government?
Answer:

• Indian industry as a result of government’s control was not modernizing fast and was producing goods at high cost and not making technological improvement.
• Government used to allocate a specifc amount every year to operate these industries.
• It was expected that these industries become independent, generate revenue for the government.
• But these government run factories continually require government assistance.
• Their functioning was much below that was expected.
• So, in the 1990s a new industrial policy was announced. Many activities which were earlier restricted only for the government are now allowed for the private industries.

Question 6.
What is the impact of industrial development on employment generation?
Answer:

• An important goal of industrial policies in India was to generate employment opportunities in industrial activities.
• Raising the proportion of people employed in factories is also generally seen as an important indicator of economic development of a country.
• Today nearly 2 lakh large factories and 3 crore small manufacturing units are operating in India.
• These units employ nearly about one-fifth of India’s 460 million workers.
• Number of employees generated in industrial section has increased from 11% in 1972-73 to 22 % in 2009-10.
• But large industries began to replace workers with technology. More and more automation has taken place.
• This has led to almost zero additional employment in large factrories.

Question 7.
What is the impact of industrial development on revenue?
Answer:

• When goods made in factories and exported to other countries, we get revenue.
• A few decades before, three-fourths of income from goods exported from manufacturing industries alone.
• Even today, nearly two-third of goods exports is contributed by industries and particularly small industries.
• Factory goods exported range from gems, jewellery, chemicals, cars, machinery, cashewnuts, etc.
• The money or foreign exchange earned in this process enable us to import from other countries a large number of goods that we want from other countries.

Question 8.
“Industrial activities increase environmental problems” Discuss.
Answer:

• The production process in industries involves the use of electricity and application of different chemicals.
• In the course of production, these industries release a lot of other materials. They are causing pollution in the industrial locations.
• The industrialization led to the indiscriminate exploitation of minerals, forests, soils, air, etc.
• It leads to deforestation and damages the natural habitat of animals.
• Underground water is being contaminated due to the release of wastes by the industries.
• Some animals are endangered and some creatures have become extinct.
• The depletion of ozone layer, pollution of water, air, soil has increased ecological problems.

Question 9.
Write a few slogans on the prevention of environment pollution.
Answer:

• We were born to help the world, not to destroy it.
• Only when the last tree has died, the last river has been poisoned and the last fish has been caught, will we realize that we cannot eat money?
• Save the environment and you will save the life and future.
• Hungry and the Earth will serve, Thirst and the seas will water I Do you still want to cut that all?
• Man made global warming, the biggest scan in the history of mankind to fulfil his greediness? Understood this or nature will teach you.
• Stop pollution – Stop global warming.

Question 10.
Read the para 3 of page 83 and comment on it.

The electronics industrys covers a wide range of products from transistor sets to television, telephones, cellular telecom, pagers, telephone exchange, radars, computers and many other equipments required by the telecommunication industry. Bengaluru has emerged as the electronic capital of India. Other important centres for electronic goods are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore. 18 software technology parks provide single window service and high data communication facility to software experts. A major impact of this industry has been on employment generation. Upto 31 March 2005, the IT industry employed over one million persons. This number is expected to increase eight-fold in the next 3 to 4 years. It is encouraging to know that 30 per cent of the people employed in this sector are women. This industry has been a major foreign exchange earner in the last two or three years ‘ because of its fast growing Business Processes Outsourcing (BPO) sector. The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to the success of IT industry in India.

Answer:
IT and electronics are the fast growing segments of Indian industry both in terms of production and exports. This sector is attracting considerable interest not only as a vast market but also as potential production base international companies.

In recent times, software development and IT enabled services have emerged as a niche opportunity for India in the global context.

The Government is taking all necessary steps to make India, a Global IT super power and a front runner in the age of information revolution. It earns a major share of foreign exchange.

Question 11.
Observe the map given on page 95 and locate the iron and steel plants in the India outline map.

Answer:

Question 12.
Select one agro-based and one mineral based industry in your area.
i) What are the raw materials they use?
ii) What are the other inputs in the process of manufacturing that involve transportation cost?
iii) Are these factories following environmental norms?
Answer:
1. Agro Based :
Nandini Foods.

2. Mineral Based :
Ramagundam Thermal Power Station

Agro Based	Mineral Based
1. Raw material: Sugar, powders, chillies, tamarind, oil, etc.	Coal, etc.
2. Inputs that involve transportation lost: raw materials, staff and finished goods to market.	Raw materials, staff
3. Environmental Norms : Yes, upto some extent	Yes, but the wastage is sent out into a canal.

9th Class Social Studies 7th Lesson Industries in India InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Can you make a list of products produced by factories for other factories? (Text Book Page No. 76)
Answer:

1. Moulds
2. Speakers
3. Spare parts
4. Tyres, Tubes, etc.

Question 2.
Have you seen machines used in a factory? Make a collage of different kinds of machines that are used. (Text Book Page No. 76)
Answer:
I have seen a welding factory.
Machines in the factory are :

1. arc welding
2. resistance welding
3. laser welding
4. electron bean welding
5. stud welding
6. orbital welding
7. wave soldering
8. hot dip brazing
9. torch brazing
10. indution brazing
11. ultrasonic
12. friction welding

Question 3.
Discuss what is meant by the word “basic”. What are the basic necessities for industries? (Text Book Page No. 76)
Answer:

• “Basic” means the things that are basically necessary.
• The basic necessities for setting up any industries are machines, electricity, minerals and ores and infrastructural facilities like transport, telephones, etc.

Question 4.
At the time of independence what were the objectives that were desired to be achieved through industrialization? (Text Book Page No. 76)
Answer:

• After 1947, India began many initiatives to promote industrial activities in the country.
• Major objectives were – to become self-sufficient in meeting our needs and to make the country an industrially developed nation.

Question 5.
Where should the sugar and jaggery mills be ideally located? (Text Book Page No. 80)
Answer:
The sugar and jaggery mills should be ideally located near the crop grown areas.

Question 6.
Where would it be economically viable to set up the cement manufacturing units? (Text Book Page No. 82)
Answer:
Cement manufacturing units can be established near the areas where the raw materials are available in bulk.
Raw materials : Limestone, silica, alumina, gypsum, coal and electric power and transportation facilities.

Question 7.
Can you point out some examples of increase in production of goods that are used in the production of many products by different factories? (Text Book Page No. 90)
Answer:

1. Steel
2. Engines
3. Cement
4. Bricks
5. Wood
6. Glass
7. Vegetables
8. Cotton, etc.

Question 8.
The industry has strategically located plants in Gujarat that have suitable access to the market in the Gulf countries. Find out where the plants are located in other states of India. Find their names. (Text Book Page No. 82)
Answer:

1. Nirman Cements Ltd – Bihar.
2. Grasim Cements Ltd – Madhya Pradesh
3. Sagar Cements – Telangana
4. The India Cements Ltd – Tamilnadu

Question 9.
Fill in the following table. For some industries, you may need to discuss with the teacher. (Text Book Page No. 84)

Industry	States in which they are currently concentrated	Why they are concentrated in those states?
Chemical Industry
Fertiliser Industry
Cement Industry
Automobiles Industry

Answer:

Industry	States in which they are currently concentrated	Why they are concentrated in those states?
Chemical Industry	Gujarat	Availability of raw material, skilled and unskilled labourers, electricity, water, financial assistance, transport facilities, etc.
Fertiliser Industry	Maharashtra
Cement Industry	Rajasthan, Telangana, A.P., M.P, Gujarat
Automobiles Industry	Tamilnadu

Question 10.
Observe the following pie charts. (Text Book Page No. 87, 88)

a) What are the differences in employment in the three kinds of economic activities that you notice from these pie charts?
Answer:

• The employment generation in agricultural sector has been decreased from 74% in 1972-73 to 53% in 2009-10.
• The employment generation in industrial sector has been increased from 11% in 1972-73 to 22% in 2009-10.
• The employment generation in service sector has shown an increase of 10%.

b) What is the percentage of change in employment by industry?
Answer:
There is a 11% increase in employment generated by industry.

c) Did we expect to see a greater change in employment by industry that did not happen?
Answer:
1) Yes, we expected a greater change in employment by industry. But it did not happen.
2) Large industries began to replace workers with technology. More and more automation has taken place.
3) Hence it did not happen.

Question 11.
Look at the following Graph and answer the following question. (Text Book Page No. 89)

What has been the increase in production of cloth over the past 30 years? What would be the impact of this? Discuss in your class. (Text Book Page No. 90)
Answer:
1. The production of cotton cloth was 8000 million square metres approximately in 1980-81. The production went up to 15000 million square metres by 1990-91, to 19000 million square metres by 2000-01. The production has been increased to 31000 million square metres approximately by 2010-11.

2. The production of other cloth material was approximately 2500 million square metres in 1980-81 and that went up to 7000 million square metres by 1990-91, to 20000 million square metres by 2000-01 and to 30000 million square metres approximately
by 2010-11.

Question 12.
Refer the chart that shows the production of cement and steel construct a table to show the increase from 80-81 to present times. Discuss some positive and negative effect of this increase in production. (Text Book Page No. 90)

Answer:

The positive and negative effects of the increase in production :
1. The increase in the production of cement has positive impact on the development of our country. The infrastructural facilities like buildings, dams, roads etc., are increased due to the increase of production of cement.

2. Negative impact of cement production: The heating of limestone and clay may release mercury into the air which affects the health of the people and pollutes the ground water too.

Steel Production:
1. The increase in the production of steei has impact on the production of other goods, iike heavy tools and machines etc.

2. The steel factories release poisonous gases into the atmosphere and release waste into the streams causing air and water pollution.

Question 13.
Iron is the basic requirement for a large number of goods produced by various factories. Explain this with examples that you see around. (Text Book Page No. 76)
Answer:

• Iron is used in making steel, machinery, tools and weapons.
• Iron is also used in shipbuilding industry.
• Iron is also used for many other purposes in constructions and transport.

Question 14.
Make a chart to show how petroleum is the basic requirement for a large number of products. (Text Book Page No. 76)
Answer:
Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring liquid found in the earth. It is refined and used to make so many products. The byproducts are Petrol, Diesel, Kerosene, etc.
It is used in:

1. Petrochemical industry
2. Plastic making
3. Lubricating oils
4. Fertilizers
5. Asphalt – which is used in road construction
6. Pesticides
7. Detergents
8. Photographic film
9. Artificial fibres, etc.

Question 15.
Why is the per capita consumption of steel so low in India? (Text Book Page No. 81)
Answer:

• India is the developing country, the process of development is a little bit slow than other developed countries.
• Economy plays a vital role in the development of India economy is good but not best.
• The steel industry has limited factories in our country.
• The production is also limited. So the per capita consumption of steel is low in India.

Question 16.
Why did Mahatma Gandhi lay emphasis on spinning yarn and weaving khadi? (Text Book Page No. 79)
Answer:

• To spend time usefully with some other work,
• To fight against foreign cloths imported,
• To encourage village industries,
• To insist that everyone learn to do his own work like making the yarn for his cloth and
• To lead a simple life and minimising the needs for living.

9th Class Social Studies 7th Lesson Industries in India Activity

Collect the wrappers of a tea packets and tooth paste. Read the wrappers carefully and try to relate to the question below. (Text Book Page No. 77)
Answer:
Student’s Activity

…………..(1)………….. can be considered as a product of agro based industry. …………..(2)………….. can be considered a product of mineral based industry.
Answer:
1) Tea,
2) Toothpaste

Raw material for the tooth paste…………..(1)………….. and …………..(2)…………..
industry. That industry is called key or basic industry. Whereas the tooth paste is a consumer goods and the industry producing such goods is called consumer goods industry.
Answer:
1) Flouride,
2) Calcium

The ownership of industries could be lying with individuals or groups of individuals such as …………..(1)………….. (for the tea packets) and …………..(2)………….. (tooth paste). Such an industry is called a private sector industry whereas if the ownership belongs to the government, it will be called as public sector industry. Two examples of public sector industries are …………..(3)………….. and …………..(4)…………..
Answer:
1) Brookebond,
2) Dabur (Red),
3) Bharat Dynamics Ltd,
4) BHEL Ltd.

Some industries are also owned by large number of people who supply raw materials (milk/sugarcane) or supply their labour (coir) pool their resources to run them. Such industries are called cooperative industries.