Students can go through AP Inter 2nd Year Zoology Notes Lesson 4(b) Immune System will help students in revising the entire concepts quickly.
AP Inter 2nd Year Zoology Notes Lesson 4(b) Immune System
→ Edward Jenner – Father of immunology.
→ The ability of an individual to fight against the disease causing organism is called immunity.
→ The network of organs, cells and proteins that protect the body from harmful, infections agents called immune system.
→ Study of immune system is called Immunology.
→ Innate immune is a non-specific type of defence mechanism, provided by birth.
→ Acquired or adaptive immunity is resistance developed by an individual throughout the life after the birth. It is pathogen specific and depends on prior contact with the infectious micro-organisms.
→ Saliva, tears, sweat contain lysozyme, Which digest the bacterial cell walls.
→ The colostrum secreted by the mother during the initial days of lactation has abundant IgA antibodies, to protect the infant.
→ B-cell arises from bone marrow and development also occurs in the bone marrow.
→ B-cells plays an importent role in the humoral immunity.
→ T-cells arise from bone marrow and maturation occurs in the thymus T-cells plays an important role both in cell mediated and humoral immunity.
→ Antigen presenting cells – B-cells, macrophages, dendritic cells.
→ Primary lymphoid organs – Bone marrow, Bursa ofFabricius of birds, thymus etc.
→ Primary lymphoid organs involved in the production and maturation of lymphocytes.
→ Secondary lymphoid organs – spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils – GALT, MALT etc.
→ Secondary lymphoid organs where the mature lymphocytes transform into functional lymphocytes, and interact with the antigen which then proliferate to become effector cells.
→ Interferons are produced by the infected cells and protected healthy cells they are of three types, α, β and γ interferons.
→ Antigen is foreign substance, than can induce the production of antibodies (or), detectable immune responce.
→ Antibodies are globular proteins produced by the B -lymphocytes (plasma cell) when they are encountered by antigen.
→ Antibodies are of five types IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE. ’
→ MHC molecules play an important role in self and non self recognization.
→ All nucleated cells express class-I MHC molecules.
→ Antigen presentig cells express class-II MHC molecules.
→ Principle of vaccination is based on the property of the memory of the immune system.
→ AIDS is caused by HIV.
→ HIV is a retrovirus, which has a envelope enclosing two single standard RNA molecules ; as the genetic material.
→ ELISA is diagnostic test for HIV.
→ Western blotting is used as confirmative test for HIV infection.
→ Immunity is the overall ability of an organism to fight against the ‘disease causing organisms’.
→ Immune system is the ‘body gaurd system’ of our bodies.
→ Skin forms the first line of defence.
→ Second line of defence is formed by phagocytes, NK cells, high temperature.
→ Antibodies, T-Cells and B cells form the third line of defence.
→ Complement proteins are a group of inactive plasma proteins and cell-surface proteins. [IPE]
→ Colostrum: Colostrum is the first milk produced by the mother after delivery. [IPE]
→ Perforins cause bursting of the cell by the entry of the fluids. [IPE]
→ Granzymes activate certain proteins to destroy infected cell. [IPE]
→ B-cells are lymphocytes capable of producing antibodies. [IPE]
→ B-cells are produced from the bone marrow of adult mammals. [IPE]
→ Mature B cells produce various types of antibodies. [IPE]
→ Rejection of kidney graft is due to ‘cell mediated immune response’. [IPE]
→ Insulin dependent glucose transporter is GLUT IV. [IPE]