AP Inter 2nd Year Zoology Important Questions Chapter 4(b) Immune System

Students get through AP Inter 2nd Year Zoology Important Questions Lesson 4(b) Immune System which are most likely to be asked in the exam.

AP Inter 2nd Year Zoology Important Questions Lesson 4(b) Immune System

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define the terms immunity and immune system.
Answer:

  1. Immunity: The overall ability of an organism to fight against the disease-causing organisms is called immunity.
  2. Immune System:The network of organs, cells and proteins that protect the body from harmful infectious agents such as bacteria, fungi, viruses etc., is collectively called the immune system.

Question 2.
Define the non-specific lines of defence in the body.
Answer:

  1. Non- specific lines of defense is the inborn resistance to diseases possessed by all the living organisms. Such first line of defense mechanism is also called innate immunity.
  2. It does not depend on prior contact with the microorganisms.

AP Inter 2nd Year Zoology Important Questions Chapter 4(b) Immune System
Question 3.
Differentiate between mature B-cells and functional B-cells.
Answer:

  1. Mature B-cells: They are produced in stem cells in the bone marrow of adult mammals.
    They synthesize various types of antibodies which are displayed on their surface.
  2. Functional B-cells: These are developed from the mature B-cells in secondary lymphoid organs. They change into long lived memory cells and effector plasma cells.

Question 4.
Write the names of any four mononuclear phagocytes. [AP MAY-22] [AP MAR-20]
Answer:
Mono nuclear phagocytes:

  1. Histiocytes of connective tissue
  2. Kupffer cells of liver
  3. Microglia in the brain
  4. Osteoclasts of bone.
  5. Syrthvial cells of synovial fluid.

Question 5.
What are complement proteins? [APMAR-17]
Answer:

  1. Complement proteins: These are a group of inactive plasma proteins and cell surface proteins.
  2. When activated, they form membrane attack proteins (MAC). The MAC forms pores in the plasma membrane of the affected cells.
  3. These pores allow ECF to enter the cell and make it swell and burst.
  4. The complement proteins and their activity are collectively called complement system.

Question 6.
“Colostrum is very much essential for the new born infants”. Justify. [TS MAR, MAY-17,16,22]
Answer:

  1. Colostrum: Colostrum is the first milk produced by the mother after delivery (childbirth). It
    has plenty of IgA antibodies to protect the infant from infections.
  2. These antibodies are transferred from mother to the infant. It is called natural passive immunity.

Question 7.
Differentiate between perforins and granzymes. [TS MAR 15] [ AP MAR 17]
Answer:

Perforins  Cranzymes
1) They form pores in the cell membrane of infected cells. 1) Granzymes enter the infected cell through the pores.
2) They cause the bursting of the cell by the entry of the fluids. 2) They activate certain proteins to destroy infected cell.

Question 8.
Explain the mechanism of vaccination or immunization.
Answer:

  1. Vaccination or Immunization: The principle of vaccination is based on the property of memory of the immune system (cells).
  2. During vaccination inactivated or weakened pathogens or antigenic proteins of pathogens are introduced into the body of the host.
  3. They initiate the production of appropriate antibodies in the host and also generate memory-B cells and memory-T cells.
  4. Subsequently when the same pathogen enters the body, the memory cells recognise it and produce antibodies in large scale to kill the pathogen.

Question 9.
Mention various types of immunological disorders.
Answer:
Types of Immunological disorders:

  1. Immunodeficiency disorder – HIV / AIDS
  2. Hypersensitivity disorders – Allergies
  3. Autoimmune disorders – Adison’s disease, Rheumatoid arthritis
  4. Graft rejection- transplantation of organs.

Question 10.
“More and more people in metrocities of India are prone to allergies”. Justify.
Answer:
1) In metro cities there is a maximum increase in pollution especially from automobile exhausts.
The sky never look clear because of pollution cloud. The pollutants cause allergic reactions in people. So most people of cities are subjected to allergies than village people.

2) The symptoms are sneezing, watery eyes, running nose, difficulty in breathing. Mostly people . suffering from asthma are from cities.

AP Inter 2nd Year Zoology Important Questions Chapter 4(b) Immune System

Question 11.
What arc autoimmune disorders? (Jive any two examples.
Answer:

  1. Generally the immune system of a person recognises his proteins and does not attack them.
  2. But the immune system of some persons does not recognise their own protein and attacks them causing autoimmune diseases.
  3. Ex: Addison’s disease. Rhumatoid arthritis.

Question 12.
How can the graft rejections he avoided in patients?
Answer:

  1. Tissue matching and blood group matching are essential before undertaking any transplantation.
  2. Even these corrections are made, the person may suffer from unknown causes.
  3. So, the patient has to take immunosuppressant drugs throughout life.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Write short notes on B-cells.
Answer:
B-cells:

  1. B-cells are lymphocytes capable of producing antibodies. They can capture circulating antigens.
  2. They are produced from the bone marrow of adult mammals, and from the liver of foetus and ‘bursa of Fabricius’ in birds.
  3. Mature B cells produce various types of antibodies which are carried on their plasma membrane.
  4. As these antibodies can take antigens, the mature B cells are also called immuno-competent B cells.
  5. The MBC cells reach secondary lymphoid organs and develop into functional immune cells.
  6. Functional immune cells transform into long lived memory cells and effector plasma cells.
  7. Plasma cells produce antibodies specific to antigens.
  8. Memory cells store information about the specific antigens and show quick response when the same antigen attacks the body in future.

Question 2.
Write short notes on immunoglobulins. [AP MAR-19] [TS MAR-15]
Answer:
Immunoglobulins (Antibodies):

  1. Antibodies are produced by B lymphocytes when pathogens enter the body.
  2. Antibodies are antigen specific.
    AP Inter 2nd Year Zoology Important Questions Chapter 4(b) Immune System 1
  3. Based on the mobility, there are two types of antibodies; circulating(free) antibodies and surface antibodies.
  4. Circulating antibodies are present in blood and lymph.
  5. Surface antibodies are present on the surface of B cells and memory cells.
  6. Structure: Antibody is Y shaped molecule with four polypeptide chains.
  7. Two of them are long and identical heavy chains (H) and the other two small light chains (L). It is represented by H2L2.
  8. The two chains are linked by disulfide bonds. One end of the molecule is called Fab end to which the antigen is attached. The other end is Fc end, by which it may be attached to B-cells.
  9. Based on the structure, the antibodies are five types namely IgD, IgE, IgG, IgA and IgM.

Question 3.
Describe various types of barriers of innate immunity. [TS MAR-17]
Answer:
Innate immunity: It is the inborn resistance to diseases.
It is executed with the following barriers:
1) Physical barriers: Skin and mucus membranes are physical barriers.
Skin prevents entry of micro organisms.
Mucus membranes trap and kill micro organisms that enter the body.

2) Physiological barrier: Secretions like HCL by stomach, saliva in the mouth, tears from the eyes are barriers against microbes. Saliva and tears have Lysozyme which Kill microbes.

3) Cellular barriers: Neutrophils, monocytes, killer cells of blood, macrophages in tissues are cellular barriers. They engulf or kill microbes.

4) Cytokine barrier: Cytokines protect the non-infected cells from further infection

Question 4.
Explain the mechanism of humoral immunity.
Answer:
Humoral Inimiinity(HI):

  1. The immunity mediated by the antibodies released into fluids (plasma, lymph) is called humoral immunity.
  2. These antibodies are present on the surface of B-cells.
  3. The antigens get attached to Fab end of antibody. The B-cells engulf the antigen and process it.
  4. The antigenic fragments are displayed with the help of class-II MHC molecule.
  5. TH cells react with antigen MHC-II complex to release interleukins.
  6. Interleukin stimulate B-cells to produce memory cells and plasma cells.
  7. The memory cells store the information and produce quick response when the same antigen enters the body in future.
  8. The plasma cells release specific antibodies in to plasma or extra cellular fluid.
  9. The antibodies opsonise and cross linking of antigens leading to agglutination of insoluble antigens.
  10. They precipitate the soluble antigens.
  11. They also activate the phagocytes and compliment system.

AP Inter 2nd Year Zoology Important Questions Chapter 4(b) Immune System

Question 5.
Explain the mechanism of cell mediated immunity.
Answer:
Cell-mediated Immunity(CiYli):

  1. The immunity mediated by activated T-cells, natural killer cells etc is called cell mediated immunity.
  2. Antigen-presenting cells process exogenous antigens, where as altered self cells process endogenous antigens. These cells display the fragments on their plasma membranes.
  3. T-cells recognise APCs and ASCs and bind to them. Then activated T-cells and memory T-cells are formed.
  4. Activated TH cells produce interleukins. Interleukin transform activated Tc cells into effector cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs or killer cells).
  5. CTLs attach to infected cells and release perforins and granzymes.
  6. Perforins produce pores in the plasma membrane of infected cells.
  7. The granzymes enter into the cytoplasm of infected cells through these pores and activate certain proteins (caspases).
  8. The activated proteins destroy the infected cells (apoptosis).
  9. The natural killer cells are also similar in action.

Question 6.
Explain the mechanism by which HIV multiplies and leads to AIDS. [AP MAR-15]
Answer:
HIV AIDS

  1. HIV means Human Immuno deficiency Virus.
  2. It transmits by sexual contact, blood transfusion, sharing needles of infected patients and from infected mother to child.
  3. Mechanism: After entering into the host, HIV enters TH cells, macrophages and dendritic cells.
  4. The ssRNA synthesis a ‘DNA strand’, complementary to ‘viral RNA strand’ using reverse transcriptase.
  5. The enzyme also helps in the formation of second DNA strand complementary to the first.
  6. Then a double stranded viral DNA is formed.
  7. The viral DNA is incorporated into host DNA by the enzyme integrase.
  8. The incorporated DNA is called Provirus.
  9. The provirus transcripts RNA that can be translated Viral proteins (Particles).
  10. The viral particles are assembled to form HIV.
  11. The infected human cells act as HIV generating factories.
  12. There the TH cells are infected and destroyed.
  13. The time between the first infection and appearance of symptoms may be few months to 10 years.
  14. Symptoms: The person experiences bouts of fever, diarrhoea and loss of weight.
  15. Due to loss of TH cells, bacteria and viruses which are not deadly invade the tissues and cause distress. Then the patient is said to be an AIDs patient.
    AP Inter 2nd Year Zoology Important Questions Chapter 4(b) Immune System 2

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Antibodies are produced by
1. T lymphocytes
2. Monocytes
3. ‘B’ lymphocytes
4. Macrophages
Answer:
3. ‘B’ lymphocytes

Question 2.
‘B’ cells have receptors for
1. Antibody
2. Antitoxin
3. Antiserum
4. Antigen
Answer:
4. Antigen

AP Inter 2nd Year Zoology Important Questions Chapter 4(b) Immune System

Question 3.
Cells that aid lymphocytes in immune responses are
1. Phagocytes
2. Monocytes
3. Granulocytes
4. Auxiliary cells
Answer:
4. Auxiliary cells

Question 4.
Disease result when
1. 1st line of defence fails
2. 2nd line of defence fails
3. 3rd line of defence fails
4. When all the above fail
Answer:
4. When all the above fail

Question 5.
Elisa is used to detect viruses, where
1. DNA-probes are required
2. Southern blotting is done
3. Alkaline phosphatase is the key reagent
4. Catalase is the key reagent
Answer:
3. Alkaline phosphatase is the key reagent

Question 6.
First line of defence of body is
1. Skin and Mucous membrane
2. Neutrophils and Monocytes
3. Fever
4. Interferon
Answer:
1. Skin and Mucous membrane

Question 7.
Genetic material of HIV is
1. Ds RNA
2. ssRNA
3. ss DNA
4. ds DNA
Answer:
2. ssRNA

Question 8.
HIV is a
1. Retrovirus
2. Adenovirus
3. Dextrovirus
4. Heterovirus
Answer:
1. Retrovirus

Question 9.
Immunity present at the time of birth is called
1. Innate immunity
2. Acquired immunity
3. Specific immunity
4. Artificial immunity
Answer:
1. Innate immunity

Question 10.
Which of the following protect our body from infectious agents
1. Network of organs
2. Proteins
3. Cells
4. All of the above
Answer:
4. All of the above

AP Inter 2nd Year Zoology Important Questions Chapter 4(b) Immune System

Question 11.
Lysozyme is present in
1. Saliva
2. CSF
3. Blood
4. Urine
Answer:
1. Saliva

Question 12.
Third line of defence amongst the following is
1. Lymphocytes
2. Mucous membrane
3. RBC
4. Fever
Answer:
1. Lymphocytes

Question 13.
Resistance provided by structures like skin, mucous membrane against the entry of bacteria is called
1. First line of defence
2. Second line of defence
3. Third line of defence
4. Specific immunity
Answer:
1. First line of defence

Question 14.
Plasma cells are
1. Same as memory cells
2. Formed by blood plasma
3. Inactive T cells carried in the plasma
4. ‘B’ cells that produce antibodies
Answer:
4. ‘B’ cells that produce antibodies

Question 15.
’T’ cells and B’ cells are
1. Lymphocytes
2. Auxiliary cells
3. N.K. cells
4. Phagocytes
Answer:
1. Lymphocytes

Question 16.
CD4+ cells are also called
1. T8 cells
2. TH cells
3. T cells
4. ‘B’ cells
Answer:
2. TH cells

AP Inter 2nd Year Zoology Important Questions Chapter 4(b) Immune System

Question 17.
TH cells
1. Activate B-lymphocytes
2. Destroy B-lymphocytes
3. Inhibit B-lymphocytes
4. Engulf B-lymphocytes
Answer:
1. Activate B-lymphocytes

Question 18.
Burial ground of worn out BBC is
1. Thymus
2. Bonemarrow
3. Peyer’s patches
4. Spleen
Answer:
4. Spleen

Question 19.
Organ primarily associated with ininfunity is
1. Liver
2. Kidney
3. Thyroid
4. Tonsils
Answer:
4. Tonsils

Question 20.
The one which is not a soluble mediator of immunity is
1. Antibody
2. Antigen
3. Cytokines
4. Compliment proteins
Answer:
2. Antigen

Question 21.
Cytokines are secreted by
1. TH cells
2. Infected cells
3. Healthy cells
4. Both 1 and 2
Answer:
4. Both 1 and 2

Question 22.
The cytokine among (he following is
1. Interleukin
2. Compliment protein
3.’B’cells
4. T cells
Answer:
1. Interleukin

Question 23.
Interleukins are produced by
1. RBC
2. WBC
3. Platelets
4. All of these
Answer:
2. WBC

Question 24.
Interferon is a protein that
1. Inactivates bacteria
2. Protects neighbouring cells from virus
3. Activates virus
4. Both 1 and 2
Answer:
2. Protects neighbouring cells from virus

AP Inter 2nd Year Zoology Important Questions Chapter 4(b) Immune System

Question 25.
Antibodies are
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Poly glucosamine
Answer:
3. Proteins

Question 26.
Antibodies are divided into 2 types (circulating and free) based on their
1. Shape
2. Size
3. Colour
4. Motility/mobility
Answer:
4. Motility/mobility

Question 27.
The immunoglobulins are composed of
1. All tight chains
2. All heavy chains
3. Heavy & Light chains
4. All short chains
Answer:
3. Heavy & Light chains

Question 28.
Mucus membrane lining of the body acts as
1. Physiological barrier
2. Cell barrier
3. Physical barrier
4. Cytokine barrier
Answer:
3. Physical barrier

Question 29.
Adaptive immunity is characterized by
1. Immunological memory & specificity
2. Immunological memory & non specific
3. Non specific & without immunological memory
4. Specific & without memory
Answer:
1. Immunological memory & specificity

Question 30.
Treatment of snake bite by injecting antivenin is an example for
1. Natural passive acquired immunity
2. Artificial passive acquired immunity
3. Natural active acquired immunity
4. Artificial active acquired immunity
Answer:
2. Artificial passive acquired immunity

Question 31.
Secondary immunodeficiency disorders are due to
1. Infecton
2. Ageing
3. Genetic defects
4. both 1 and 2
Answer:
4. both 1 and 2

Question 32.
AIDS is
1. Hypersensitivity reaction
2. Autoimmune disorder
3. Secondary immunodeficiency disorder
4. Primary immunodeficiency disorder
Answer:
3. Secondary immunodeficiency disorder

Question 33.
Person with AIDS is susceptible for
1. Genetic diseases
2. Opportunistic diseases
3. Chromosomal diseases
4. Physical disorders
Answer:
2. Opportunistic diseases

AP Inter 2nd Year Zoology Important Questions Chapter 4(b) Immune System

Question 34.
Anti histamine tablets are to control
1. Allergic reaction
2. Fever
3. AIDS
4. Typhoid
Answer:
1. Allergic reaction

Question 35.
The disease caused due to allergic reaction is
1. Asthma
2. Chicken pox
3. Small pox
4. Amoebiasis
Answer:
1. Asthma

Question 36.
Antigen is
1. Substances which stimulates the production of venom
2. Vaccine
3. Antibody production stimulating agent
4. Part of the body defence system
Answer:
3. Antibody production stimulating agent

Question 37.
D.P.T. vaccine in an example of
1. Passive immunity
2. Active immunity
3. Both
4. Interferon
Answer:
2. Active immunity

Question 38.
Immunisation is based on
1. Memory of individuals
2. Pathogenic power
3. Phagocytosis
4. Memory of immune system
Answer:
4. Memory of immune system

Question 39.
Second generation vaccine is
1. small pox vaccine
2. D.P.T. vaccine
3. Hepatitis-B vaccine
4. Polio vaccine
Answer:
3. Hepatitis-B vaccine

Question 40.
Antigen binding site in an antibody is found between
1. Two light chains
2. Two heavy chains
3. One heavy and one light chain
4. Either between two light chain or between one heavy and one light chain
Answer:
3. One heavy and one light chain

AP Inter 2nd Year Zoology Important Questions Chapter 4(b) Immune System

Question 41.
Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) is associated with
1. B-lymphocytes
2. Complementary system
3. Macrophages
4. T-lymphocytes
Answer:
2. Complementary system

Question 42.
Short-lived immunity acquired from mother to foetus across placenta of through mother’s milk to the infant is categorised as
1. Active immunity
2. Passive immunity
3. Cellular immunity
4. Innate non-specific immunity
Answer:
2. Passive immunity

Question 43.
Interferon
1. Kills the virus present in virus infected cell
2. Kills the virus and destroy cancerous cell
3. Stimulates the T.I.P. (Translation Inhibiting protein)
4. Stimulates the T.S.H
Answer:
3. Stimulates the T.I.P. (Translation Inhibiting protein)

Question 44.
The secretory antibody is
1. IgE
2. IgA
3-IgG
4. IgM
Answer:
2. IgA

Question 45.
CD-4 receptor is associated with
1. AIDS
2. cancer
3. malaria
4. pneumonia
Answer:
1. AIDS

Question 46.
Cytokines that provide non specific immunity against virus are
1. interleukin
2. tumour necrosis
3. colony stimulating
4. interferon
Answer:
4. interferon

AP Inter 2nd Year Zoology Important Questions Chapter 4(b) Immune System

Question 47.
The most abundant immunoglobulin in our body is
1. Ig-A
2. Ig-D
3. Ig-G
4. Ig-M
Answer:
3. Ig-G

Question 48.
Radiotherapy is used for
1. detecting bone fracture
2. detecting cardiac trouble
3. treating cancer by controlled exposure of x-rays
4. getting whole body’s photograph
Answer:
3. treating cancer by controlled exposure of x-rays

Question 49.
Which of the following has the function of engulfing foreign materials
1. mast cells
2. macrophages
3. lymphocytes
4. plasma cells
Answer:
2. macrophages

Question 50.
Heparin is secreted by
1. mast cell
2. alveolar cell
3. plasma cells
4. goblet cell
Answer:
1. mast cell

Question 51.
The formation of antibodies within our body is called
1. passive immunity
2. active immunity
3. innate immunity
4. acquired immunity
Answer:
2. active immunity

Question 52.
Class II category of MHC molecules are present on the surface of
1. All nucleated cells except dendritic cells
2. Only RBC
3. All enucleated cell
4. Antigen presenting cells
Answer:
4. Antigen presenting cells

Question 53.
The deficiency caused by defective genes is called
1. Primary immune deficiency
2. Acquired immune deficiency
3. Secondary immune deficiency
4. Tertiary immune deficiency
Answer:
1. Primary immune deficiency

Question 54.
Which one of the following is an allergic disease
1. hay fever
2. skin fever
3. goitre
4. enteric fever
Answer:
1. hay fever

AP Inter 2nd Year Zoology Important Questions Chapter 4(b) Immune System

Question 55.
Payer’s patches produce
1. mucus
2. trypsin
3. lymphocytes
4. enterokinase
Answer:
3. lymphocytes

Question 56.
What is true about T-lyinphocytcs in mammals?
1. These are produced in thyroid
2. There are three main types – cytotoxic T-cells, helper T-cells and suppressor T-cells
3. These originate in lymphoid tissues
4. They scavenge damaged cells and cellular debris
Answer:
3. These originate in lymphoid tissues

Question 57.
Human imniuno deficiency virus (HIV) has a protein coat and a genetic material which is
1. single stranded DNA
2. double stranded DNA
3. single Stranded RNA
4. double stranded RNA
Answer:
3. single Stranded RNA

Question 58.
Carcinoma refers to
1. benign tumors of the connective tissue
2. malignant tumors of the connective tissue
3. malignant tumors of the skin or mucous membrane
4. malignant tumors of the colon
Answer:
3. malignant tumors of the skin or mucous membrane

Question 59.
Which of the following are most abundant type of antibodies?
1. IgM
2. IgG
3. IgE
4. IgA
Answer:
2. IgG

Question 60.
Vaccine is a (an)
1. Live oral pathogen
2. Inactivated antigen
3. Inactivated pathogen
4. Complete pathogen
Answer:
3. Inactivated pathogen

Question 61.
Colostrum, the first milk secretion of mammary gland is rich in imnuinoglohin
1. IgE
2. IgM
3. IgA
4. IgG
Answer:
3. IgA

AP Inter 2nd Year Zoology Important Questions Chapter 4(b) Immune System

Question 62.
Antibodies in our body are complex
1. prostaglandins
2. glycoproteins
3. lipoproteins
4. steroids
Answer:
2. glycoproteins

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