AP Inter 2nd Year Zoology Important Questions Chapter 4(a) Endocrine System and Chemical Coordination

Students get through AP Inter 2nd Year Zoology Important Questions Lesson 4(a) Endocrine System and Chemical Coordination which are most likely to be asked in the exam.

AP Inter 2nd Year Zoology Important Questions Lesson 4(a) Endocrine System and Chemical Coordination

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is acromegaly? Name the hormone responsible for this disorder. [AP MAR-15] [TS MAR-17]
Answer:

1. 1) Acromegaly is a hormonal disorder that results when the pituitary gland produces hypersecretion of somatotropin or growth hormone (GH) in adults.
2. This disease is characterised by enlargement of the bones of the jaw, hand and feet, thickened nose, lips, eyelids and wide finger tips and gorilla like appearance of the person affected.

Question 2.
Which hormone is called anti-diuretic hormone? Write the name of the gland that secretes it. [TS MAY-22]
Answer:

1. Vasopressin is called anti-diuretic hormone.
2. It is stored and released by neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) which are actually synthesized by the hypothalamus (neuro secretion).

Question 3.
Name the gland that increases in size during childhood and decreases in size during adulthood. What important role does it play in case of infection? [AP MAR-19]
Answer:

1. Thymus gland increases in size during childhood and reaches its maximum size at puberty.
   It degenerates in old persons.
2. It helps in differentiation of T-lymphocytes which provide cell-mediated immunity.
   It promotes the production of antibodies to provide humoral immunity.

Question 4.
Distinguish between diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus. [AP 16, 20,22] [TS-17]
Answer:

Diabetes inspidus	Diabetes mellitus
1)  It is characterised by excessive urination and extreme thirst. 2)    It is due to hyposecretion of vasopressin.	1) It is characterised by excess urine with glucose and ketone bodies. 2)   It is due to under secretion of insulin.

Question 5.
What are Islets of Langerhan?
Answer:

1. It is endocrine part of pancreas.
2. It contains alpha cells – secrete glucagon, beta cells -secrete insulin.

Question 6.
What is ‘insulin shock’? [APMAR-15]
Answer:

1. Insulin shock: It is a condition that occurs due to hyper secretion of insulin or due to over dosage of insulin in diabetic patients.
2. It is characterized by hypoglycemia – low glucose levels in blood.

Question 7.
Which hormone is commonly known as fight and flight hormone? [TS MAY-22] [TS MAR-15]
Answer:

1. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are called fight and flight-hormones.
2. They are secreted by adrenal medulla in response to stress and emergency of the adrenal glands.

Question 8.
What are androgens? Which cells secrete them?
Answer:

1. Androgens are male sex hormones. Ex: Testosterone.
2. They are secreted by leading cells that are present in testes.

Question 9.
What is erythropoetin? What is its function?
Answer:

1. Erythropoetin is a hormone produced by the Juxta glomerular cells of the kidney.
2. It stimulates the production of RBC by regulating the proliferation and differentiation of erythroid progenitor cells in the bone marrow.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
List out the names of endocrine glands present in human beings and mention the hormones they secrete.
Answer:
Endocrine glands-secretions:
I) Hypothalamus:

1. Somatocrinin: Releasing hormone.
2. Somatostatin: Inhibiting hormone.

II) Pituitary gland: Pituitary gland has three parts namely
a) adenohypophysis
b) pars intermedia and
c) neuro hypophysis.

a) Adenohypophysis produces

1. Growth Hormone (GH or somatotropin)
2. Prolactin (Lactogenic hormone)
3. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH or Thyrotropin)
4. Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
5. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
6. Leutinizing Hormone (LH)

b) Pars intermedia: Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

c) Neuro hypophysis: 1) Oxytocin 2)Vasopressin (ADH anti-diuretic hormone)

III) Pineal gland: Melatonin

IV) Thyroid gland: 1) Thyroxin 2)Calcitonin

V) Para thyroid: Parathormone

VI) Thymus gland: Thymosin

VII) Adrenal gland: It has two parts a) adrenal cortex and b) adrenal medulla
a) Adrenal cortex:

1. Mineralocorticoids – aldosterone
2. Glucocorticoids – cortisol
3. Androgens – testosterone

b) Adrenal medulla:

1. Adrennalin or epinephrine
2. Noradrenalin or norepiniphrine.

VIII) Pancreas: 1) Glucagon 2) Insulin

IX ) Testes: Androgens – Testosterone

X) Ovaries: Estrogen and Progesterone

XI) Kidney: Erythropoetin

XII) Gut: Gastrin, secretin, cholecystokin, enterokinase and gastric inhibiting peptide.

Question 2.
Describe the role of hypothalamus as a neuro-endocrine organ.
Answer:

1. Hypothalamus is present below the thalamus, forming the floor of the diencephalon of fore brain.
2. It connects brain on one side and pituitary gland on the other side.
3. It regulates wide range of body functions.
4. It contains groups of neuro secretary cells called nuclei which produce neuro hormones. These hormones are transported to neuro hypophysis.
5. Two other hormones of hypothalamus are:
   (i) releasing hormones which stimulate pituitary to secrete hormones.
   (ii) inhibiting hormoes which inhibits pituitary from secreting hormones.
6. Somatocrinin stimulates pituitary to secrete somatotropin.
7. Somatostatin inhibits release of growth hormone from pituitary.

Question 3.
Give an account of the secretions of the pituitary gland. [TS MAY-17, 22]
Answer:
Pituitary gland hormones: Pituitary gland is located below the hypothalamus.
It is called the master gland, as it controls the other endocrine glands.

The gland is divided into
A) Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
B) Pars intermedia and
C) Posterior pituitary (neuro hypophysis).

A) Anterior pituitary: It produces six important hormones.

1. Growth hormone: It stimulates liver cells to produce insulin-like growth factors(IGFS).
   It stimulates growth of bones. It also accelerate protein synthesis, cell division etc.,
2. Prolactin – Lactogenic hormone (LTH): It causes enlargement of mammary glands. It . initiates and sustains milk production. It maintains corpus luteum and helps to sustain pregnancy.
3. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) or Thyrotropin: It stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones from thyroid gland.
4. Adreno corticotropic Hormone (AC’TH) or cortieo tropin: It controls ’synthesis and secretion’ of steroid hormones from adrenal cortex.
5. Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH): It stimulates growth and development of ovarian follicles in females. In males it regulates spermatogenesis.
6. Luteinizing hormone (LH): It stimulates Leydig cells to produce androgens (testosterbne)
   in males. In females, it stimulates ovulation from graafian follicle. It also stimulates ovaries to produce estrogens and progesterone.

B) Pars Intermedia: It secretes melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and its role in man is not significant.

C) Posterior pituitary: It stimulates Oxytocin and Vasopressin.

1. Oxytocin: Oxytocin induces contraction of smooth muscles. It produces contraction in uterus during childbirth and induces the ejection of milk from mammary gland.
2. Vasopressin or Antidiuretic hormone: It controls the reabsorption of water in DCT and collecting tubules and prevents diuresis.

Question 4.
Compare a ‘pituitary dwarf and a ‘thyroid dwarf in respect of similarities and dissimilarities they possess.
Answer:
Dissimilarities:
A) Pituitary dwarf:

1. Due to the hyposecretion of growth hormone during childhood growth is retarded. The result is a dwarf person or midget.
2. The pituitary dwarf is sexually and intellectually a normal individual.

B) Thyroid dwarf:
(i) Hypothyroidism during pregnancy causes defective development of growing baby. This disorder is called cretinism.

The characteristics of cretinism are as follows’.

1. Stunted growth
2. Mental retardation
3. Low intelligence quotient
4. deafness
5. mutism

Similarities:
Both types can be corrected if the hormones are administrated in the early stages.

Question 5.
Explain how hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism can affect the body. [APMAY-22] [TS MAR-16] [AP MAR -17,16]
Answer:
Hypothyroidism:

1. It is a condition in which production of thyroid hormones T3 & T3 decrease.
2. It is characterized by enlargement of the thyroid gland called as simple goiter.
3. Inadequate supply of iodine or impairment in the thyroid glands leads to this condition.
4. Untreated congenital hypothyroidism in pregnant women leads to thyroid dwarf-characterized by stunted growth, mental retardation, low IQ, abnormal skin, deafness, mutism etc.
5. Hypothyroidism in adults results in myxoedema -characterized by lethargy, mental impairment, puffiness of face, dry skin etc.

Hyperthyroidism:

1. It is a condition in which production of thyroid hormones T3 & T4 abnormally increase.
2. Overactivity of thyroid is also due to cancer of the gland or nodule development.
3. In adults, it causes exophthalamic goiter characterised by protruded eye balls.
4. It also effects the physiology of the body, like increased BMR etc.

Question 6.
Write a note on Addison’s disease and Cushing’s syndrome. [TS MAY-22] [TS MAR-17,19]
Answer:
1) Addison’s disease: Addison’s disease is due to hyposecretion of glucocorticoids by adrenal
cortex. The symptoms are loss of weight, muscle weakness, fatigue, reduced blood pressure and darkening of skin colour. They cannot respond to stress.

2) Cushing’s syndrome: It is due to hypersecretion of glucocorticoids.
The symptoms are Spindle like arms and legs, Round moon face, Buffalo hump on the back, Pendulous abdomen, Poor wound healing, Hyper glycemina, Rapid gain of weight.

Question 7.
Why does sugar appear in the urine of a diabetic?
Answer:

1. The hormones glucagon and insulin maintain homeostasis of sugar in blood.
2. The hyposecretion of insulin unables the body cells to absorb amd utilize glucose.
3. So glucose remain in blood. Persistent hyposecretion of insulin causes diabetes mellitus.
4. The sugar in the blood passes through urine because kidneys cannot reabsorb heavy amounts of glucose coming through glomerular filtrate. Further harmful ketonebodies are also formed.

Question 8.
Describe the male and female sex hormones and their actions.
Answer:
Male hormones are androgens. Female hormones are estrogens and progesterone.
1) Male Hormones:
(i) Androgens are secreted by leydig cells of Testis. Leydig cells or interstitial cells are present in between seminiferous tubules.

(ii) The important hormone of androgens is Testosterone. Androgens are necessary for development, maturation and functioning of male accessory sex organs such as vas deferens, epididymis, seminal vesicles, prostate gland etc.,

(iii) These hormones induce male secondary sexual characters like muscles, face and axillary hair, aggressiveness masculine voice. Androgens stimulate spermatogenesis. It also controls male sexual behaviour and have effect on protein and carbohydrate anabolism. So they are called anabolic steroids.

2) Female hormones:
(i) Estrogens are produced by growing ovarian follicles. The ruptured follicle called corpus luteum producess progesterone.

(ii) Estrogen induces female secondary sexorgans like development of ovarian follicles, high pitched voice, mammary gnalds etc., It also control female sexual behaviour.

(iii) Progesterone prepares the uterus for implantation of blastocyst.

(iv) It inhibits contraction of uterus. It supports and maintains pregnancy. It stimulates development
of alveoli of the milk gland and secretion of milk.

Question 9.
Write a note on the mechanism of action of hormones.
Answer:
Mechanism of action of Hormones:

1. Hormones regulate various functions of the body. .
2. They act on target cells. They are chemical messengers.
3. Based on solubility, hormones are of 2 types. They are A) lipid insoluble and B) lipid soluble.

A) Mechanism of lipid insoluble hormone:

1. Lipid insoluble hormones bind to membrane-bound receptors and stimulate G protein.
2. G protein further activates adenylate cyclase resulting in the formation of secondary messenger
   like cAMP which mediate further reactions in a cascade manner.
   Ex: Epinephrine.

B) Mechanism of lipid soluble hormone:

1. Lipid-soluble hormones easily diffuse through cell membranes
2. They interact with receptors in cytoplasm, forming hormone-receptor complex.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Hormones are considered as
1. Electric messengers
2. Chemical messengers
3. Nutrients
4. Enzymes
Answer:
2. Chemical messengers

Question 2.
Chemically hormones are
1. Steroid only
2. Amines only
3. Proteins only
4. Any of these
Answer:
4. Any of these

Question 3.
Protein hormones among the following
1. TSH
2. Glucagon
3. Parathormone
4. All of these
Answer:
4. All of these

Question 4.
Steroid hormones are secreted by
1. Gonads
2. Adrenal medulla
3. Adrenal cortex
4. Both 1&3
Answer:
4. Both 1&3

Question 5.
Pancreas is
1. Exocrine gland only
2. Endocrine gland only
3. both exocrine and Endocrine gland
4. Endothelial gland
Answer:
3. both exocrine and Endocrine gland

Question 6.
Ductless glands in humans are called
1. Exocrine glands
2. Endocrine glands
3. Digestive glands
4. both 1 and 2
Answer:
2. Endocrine glands

Question 7.
The master control centre of endocrine system is
1. Pituitary gland
2. Hypothalamus
3. Thyroid
4. Parathyroid
Answer:
2. Hypothalamus

Question 8.
The largest endocrinal gland is
1. Adrenal gland
2. Thyroid gland
3. Pituitary gland
4. Pancreas
Answer:
2. Thyroid gland

Question 9.
Addison’s disease is related with the
1. Adrenal medulla
2. Adrenal cortex
3. Testes
4. Liver
Answer:
2. Adrenal cortex

Question 10.
The odd one (not endocrine) among the given
1. Testes
2. Liver
3. Ovaries
4. Pancreas
Answer:
2. Liver

Question 11.
Which of the following endocrine gland is not paired?
1. Gonads
2. Adrenals
3. Pituitary
4. Parathyroid
Answer:
3. Pituitary

Question 12.
Pituitary is connected to
1. Brain
2. Gonads
3. Trachea
4. Kidneys
Answer:
1. Brain

Question 13.
TSH stands for
1. Thyroxine stimulating hormone
2. Thymine stimulating hormone
3. Thyroid stimulating hormone
4. Thyrosine stimulating hormone
Answer:
3. Thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 14.
The milk ejection hormone in female is
1. LH
2. FSH
3. Oxytocin
4. Vasopressin
Answer:
3. Oxytocin

Question 15.
The source of melatonin is
1. Thyroid
2. Pineal
3. Parathyroid
4. Intermediate lobe of hypophysis
Answer:
2. Pineal

Question 16.
Which of the following is not an endocrine gland
1. Liver
2. Thymus
3. Pancreas
4. Testis
Answer:
1. Liver

Question 17.
The anti-inflammatory hormone is
1. Aldosterone
2. Cortisol
3. Epinephrine
4. Androgens
Answer:
2. Cortisol

Question 18.
Adrenaline causes
1. Hypoglycemia
2. Hyperglycemia
3. Diabetes insipidus
4. Immune suppression
Answer:
2. Hyperglycemia

Question 19.
Diabetes mellitus is caused by
1. Over production of insulin
2. Under production of insulin
3. Under production of glucagon
4. Under production of glucagon
Answer:
2. Under production of insulin

Question 20.
Goitre is the enlargement of
1. Thyroid
2. Pharynx
3. Larynx
4. Parathyroid
Answer:
1. Thyroid

Question 21.
The lipid soluble amine hormone is
1. Aldosterone
2. Progesterone
3. Iodothyronines
4. Insulin
Answer:
3. Iodothyronines

Question 22.
Aldosterone, the main mineralocorticoid in our body, is produced by
1. Zona recticularis
2. Zona fasciculata
3. Zona glomerulosa
4. Adrenal medulla
Answer:
3. Zona glomerulosa

Question 23.
Posterior pituitary gland
1. produces oxytocin
2. secretes trophic hormone
3. releases neuro hormone
4. is under control of hypothalamic releasing hormone
Answer:
3. releases neuro hormone

Question 24.
The hormone which is secreted by corticotrope cell of the pituitary gland is
1. GH
2. Thyrotropin
3. Oxytocin
4. ACTH
Answer:
4. ACTH

Question 25.
A 40 years old woman is diagnosed with Grave’s disease. Which of the following characteristics would be associated with her condition
1. Weight gain
2. Oedema behind the eye
3. Osleus fibrosa cystica
4. Low blood pressure
Answer:
2. Oedema behind the eye

Question 26.
Which endocrine gland is attached to roof of the third ventricle, shaped like a pine cone and functions as the biological clock in men
1. Thymus gland
2. Hypothalamus
3. Pineal gland
4. Pituitary gland
Answer:
3. Pineal gland

Question 27.
Thyroid hormone that lowers blood calcium level is
1. Thyrocalcitonin
2. Thyroxine
3. Melatonin
4. Parathormone
Answer:
1. Thyrocalcitonin

Question 28.
The hormone which promotes parturition by increasing uterine contractions is
1. Vasopressin
2. Oxytocin
3. Insulin
4. Renin
Answer:
2. Oxytocin

Question 29.
The hormone secreted by JG cells of the kidneys to promote erythropoiesis is
1. Renin
2. Aldosterone
3. Glucagon
4. Erythropoietin
Answer:
4. Erythropoietin

Question 30.
The hormone secreted heart walls when blood pressure or blood volume increases is
1. Glucagon
2. Atrial Natriuretic factor
3. Vasopressin
4. Somatostatin
Answer:
2. Atrial Natriuretic factor

Question 31.
Which hormone is secreted by Leydig cells in response to LH from anterior pituitary
1. Androgens
2. Estrogen
3. Inhibin
4. Progesterone
Answer:
1. Androgens

Question 32.
The hormones that are released in emergency conditions like fright, fight or flight is
1. ACTH-
2. GH
3. Adrenaline
4. Melatonin
Answer:
3. Adrenaline

Question 33.
Hypersecretion of GH in elderly patients causes
1. Dwarfism
2. Acromegaly
3. Gigantism
4. Goitre
Answer:
2. Acromegaly

Question 34.
Prolonged Hypothyroidism causes
1. Grave’s disease
2. Myxedema
3. Diabetes mellitus
4. Diabetes insipidus
Answer:
2. Myxedema

Question 35.
Deficiency of ADH causes polyuria and the resultant disease is called
1. Diabetes Mellitus
2. Diabetes insipidus
3. Cushing syndrome
4. Conn’s syndrome
Answer:
2. Diabetes insipidus

Question 36.
ACTH is secreted by
1. Adrenal cortex
2. Pituitary
3. Adrenal medulla
4. Thyroid
Answer:
2. Pituitary

Question 37.
The hormone which is not involved in sugar metabolism is
1. Cortisone
2. Aldosterone
3. Insulin
4. Glucagon
Answer:
2. Aldosterone

Question 38.
The two hormones that are catecholamines ire
1. Thyroxine and Calcitonin
2. Adrenaline and Nor-adrenaline
3. Insulin and Glucagon
4. Oxytocin and Vasopressin
Answer:
2. Adrenaline and Nor-adrenaline

Question 39.
All of the following are steroidal hormones, except
1. Insulin
2. Progesterone
3. Testosterone
4. Estrogen
Answer:
1. Insulin

Question 40.
The hormones of posterior pituitary arc synthesized in
1. Anterior Pituitary gland
2. Hypothalamus
3. Pineal gland
4. Cerebrum
Answer:
2. Hypothalamus

Question 41.
Prolactin is also known as
1. Somatotrophic hormone
2. Mammotrophic hormone
3. TSH
4. ACTH
Answer:
2. Mammotrophic hormone

Question 42.
The hormone that binds with surface receptors of target cell is
1. Cortisol
2. Thyroxine
3. Aldosterone
4. Insulin
Answer:
4. Insulin

Question 43.
The target gland for Thyrotropin (TSH) is
1. Thyroid gland
2. Testes
3. Ovary
4. Adrenal gland
Answer:
1. Thyroid gland

Question 44.
The hormone deficiency that causes Cretinism is
1. Insulin
2. Thyroxine
3. GH
4. LH
Answer:
2. Thyroxine

Question 45.
Which of the following is not a peptide hormone?
1. Insulin
2. Glucagon
3. Cortisol
4. Vasopressin
Answer:
3. Cortisol

Question 46.
The hormone that increases production of intestinal juice is
1. Gastrin
2. Enterocrinin
3. Secretin
4. VIP
Answer:
2. Enterocrinin

Question 47.
Hormone secreted by the corpus lutcum is
1. Progesterone
2. Androgens
3. Oxytocin
4. Gastrin
Answer:
1. Progesterone

Question 48.
Hypersecretion of parathormone causes
1. Diabetes insipidus
2. Osteitis fibrosa cystica
3. Tetany
4. Goitre
Answer:
2. Osteitis fibrosa cystica

Question 49.
Glucocorticoids are secreted by
1. Zona glomerulosa
2. Zona fasciculata
3. Zona recticularis
4. Thyroid gland
Answer:
2. Zona fasciculata