AP Inter 1st Year English Grammar Clause Analysis and Synthesis of Sentences

Andhra Pradesh BIEAP AP Inter 1st Year English Study Material Intermediate 1st Year English Grammar Clause Analysis and Synthesis of Sentences Questions and Answers.

AP Intermediate 1st Year English Grammar Clause Analysis and Synthesis of Sentences

Clause analysis is essential to understand the structure of the sentence. Clause is a syntactic unit consisting of a verb, together with its associated subject, objects or complements and adverbials. The only obligatory elements are the subject and the verb. A sentence Consists of subject and predicate is called as a clause. So a clause must have subject and predicate. The predicate is the part of a sentence (or clause) that tells us what the subject does or is. The predicate is everything that is not the subject. At the heart of the predicate is a verb.

The structure of the Simple sentence :

Example 1 :
Hearing the news we felt happy .
phrase subject verb compliment
Structure of the Compound sentence :

Example 2 :
He saw the tiger and he ran away
a. He saw the tiger-main clause .
b. He ran away – main clause
Explanation :
In this sentence there are two main clauses. Both the sentences are independent clauses because both the sentences have subject and predicate. These two main clauses are combined with co-ordinate conjunction form and. When there are two main clauses in a sentence and they are combined by co-ordinate conjunction form it is called as compound sentence.

Some co-ordinate conjunctions forms ; and, and so, but, yet, or, nor, not only but also etc.,

Example 3 :
We heard the news and we felt happy.
We heard the news and so we felt happy

Structure of the complex sentence
A complex sentence has one main clause and one or more sub-ordinate clauses.

Example 1 :
When he saw tiger he ran away.
a. When he saw the tiger – sub-ordinate clause with a connective.
b. He ran away – main clause.

Explanation : In this sentence there are two clauses. One is main clause and the other is subordinate clause. The main clause is the independent clause because it has subject and predicate, whereas the other clause1 when he saw the tiger’ appears to be incomplete though it has subject and predicate. This clause is depending on main clause to give complete sense. Hence it is called as sub-ordinate clause. The main clause and sub-ordinate clauses are combined by sub-ordinate conjunction form when, it is also called as connective. The sub-ordinating conjunctions join two clauses together. But in doing so, they make one clause dependent (or “sub-ordinate “) upon the other. A subordinating conjunction may appear at a sentence beginning or between two clauses in a sentence.

Some sub-ordinate conjunction forms : After, since, when, although, so that, whenever, as, where, because, than, whereas, before, that, wherever, though, whether, if, though, which, in order that, till, while, lest, unless, who, no matter etc.,

Example 2 :
When we heard the news we felt happy
When we heard the news we felt happy

We felt happy when we heard the new
(Both the sentences are correct. Sub-ordinate clause can be in the beginning of the sentence or else at the end of the sentence.)

Task 1 : Change the given simple sentences to complex sentences (one is done)

1. Kamal hoped to win the prize.

As there should be one Main clause and one Sub-ordinate clause in the complex sentence the phrase in the sentence must be converted into a clause.
How to convert the phrase into clause ?

Complex sentence : Kamal hoped that he would win the prize.

Questions and Answers:

Question 1.
She saw a wounded rabbit.
Answer:
She saw a rabbit that was wounded.

Question 2.
The man standing next to Percy is his brother.
Answer:
The girl who is sitting next to Peter is his sister.

Question 3.
He was the first to reach the meeting.
Answer:
He was the first who reached the meeting.

Question 4.
My uncle liked his former place.
Answer:
My uncle liked the place where he lived formerly.

Question 5.
We need a house to live in.
Answer:
We need a house where we can live in.

Synthesis of Sentences

Synthesis is the combination of two or more simple sentences into a single sentence.

I. Combine the two sentences using the present participle. One is done for you.

Question 1.
He saw the tiger. He ran away.
Answer:
Seeing the tiger, he ran away.

Question 2.
I lost my purse. I went home.
Answer:
Having lost my purse, I went home.

Question 3.
She walked out. She was smiling.
Answer:
She walked out smiling.

Question 4.
The man was sitting at the window. He was counting money.
Answer:
Sitting at the window, the man was counting.

Question 5.
The sun set. The Shepherd went home.
Answer:
The shepherd went home at sun set.

Question 6.
He entered the room. He was singing a song.
Answer:
He entered the room singing a song.

Question 7.
She was dissatisfied. She reigned the job.
Answer:
Being dissatisfied, she resigned the job.

Question 8.
I did not know what to do. I called the doctor.
Answer:
Not knowing what to do, I called the doctor.

Question 9.
She finished cooking. She kept the dishes on the table.
Answer:
Having finished cooking, she kept the dishes on the table.

Question 10.
He heard a cry. He rushed into the room.
Answer:
Hearing a cry. He rushed into the room.

II. Combine the following sentences using ‘too-to’ the first one is done for you.

Question 1.
She is very little. She cannot go to school.
Answer:
She is too little to go to school.

Question 2.
This coffee is very hot. It cannot be drunk.
Answer:
This coffee is too hot to drink.

Question 3.
It is very bright. I cannot open my eyes.
Answer:
It is too bright to open my eyes.

Question 4.
This question is very difficult. I cannot answer.
Answer:
This question is too difficult to answer.

Question 5.
My uncle is very poor. He cannot buy this shirt.
Answer:
My uncle is too poor to buy this shirt.

Question 6.
This box is very heavy. She cannot lift it.
Answer:
This box is too heavy for her to lift.

Question 7.
He is very proud. He cannot ask for help.
Answer:
He is too proud to ask for help.

Question 8.
His grades are very low. He cannot secure admission.
Answer:
His grades are too low to secure admission.

Question 9.
This problem is very complex. It cannot be solved easily.
Answer:
This problem is too complex to be solved easily.

Question 10.
The officer is very honest. He cannot take a bribe.
Answer:
This officer is too honest to take a bribe.

III. Combine the two sentences using ‘to+infinitive the first one is done for you.

Question 1.
You must work hard. You will get first class.
Answer:
You must work hard to get first class.

Question 2.
The woman was very generous. She is popular.
Answer:
The woman was very generous to be popular.

Question 3.
Sunny went to Canada. He will pursue good job.
Answer:
Sunny went to Canada to pursue good job.

Question 4.
I have some responsibilities. I must perform them.
Answer:
I have some responsibilities to perform.

Question 5.
She is preparing sincerely. She will get the job.
Answer:
She is preparing sincerely to get the job.

IV. Combine the two sentences using a prepositional phrase, an adverb or an adjective. An example of each has been given.

Question 1.
Vijay painted the scenery. He used oil paints.
Answer:
Vijay painted the scenery with oil paints.

Question 2.
Nidhi was not selected. It was unexpected.
Answer:
Nidhi was not selected unexpectedly.

Question 3.
Sonu bought a car. It was black.
Answer:
He bought a black car.

Question 4.
The principal delivered a speech. It was inspiring.
Answer:
The principal delivered an inspiring speech.

Question 5.
Latha accepted to write a story. That was foolish.
Answer:
Latha was foolishly accepted to write a story.

Question 6.
Preethi bought a farm house. It was beautiful.
Answer:
Preethi bought a beautiful farm house.

Question 7.
Jaya earns a lot. She acts in movies.
Answer:
Jaya earns a lot by acting in movies.

Question 8.
Khadar will be felicitated. He got state award.
Answer:
Khaddar will be felicitated for getting state rank.

Question 9.
The minister visited the school. It was surprising.
Answer:
The minister surprisingly visited the school.

Question 10.
She was sick. She passed the exam.
Answer:
Inspite of her sickness she passed the exam.

V. Combine the following sentences using ‘and, not only …. but also, but, yet, however and still. The first one is done for you.

Question 1.
The thief saw the police. He ran away.
Answer:
The thief saw the police and he ran away.

Question 2.
I was sick. I attended the college day.
Answer:
I was sick but I attended the college day.

Question 3.
He is a director. He is a dancer.
Answer:
He is not only a director but also a dancer.

Question 4.
Nidhi is rich. She is not contended.
Answer:
Nidhi is rich yet she is not contended.

Question 5.
She invited me to her party tonight. I already made other plans.
Answer:
She invited me to her party however, I already made other plans.

Question 6.
He is harsh. He is honest.
Answer:
He is harsh but he is honest.

Question 7.
She secured a job. He is preparing for competitive exams.
Answer:
She secured a job still he is preparing for competitive exams.

Question 8.
Prasad is honest. He is not friendly.
Answer:
Prasad is honest but he is not friendly.

Question 9.
My father is a busy man. He helps my mother.
Answer:
My father is a busy man yet he helps my mother.

Question 10.
Madhavi is a good teacher. She is a good mother.
Answer:
Madhavi is not only a good teacher but also a mother.

VI. Combine the following sentences using ‘though, although, as, since, because, if and unless The first one is done for you.

Question 1.
She is highly qualified. She has no confidence.
Answer:
Though she is highly qualified she has no confidence.

Question 2.
We all’ enjoyed the trip. We lost the match.
Answer:
We all enjoyed the trip although we lost the match.

Question 3.
You did not work hard. You may not get first class.
Answer:
As you did not work hard, you may not get first class.

Question 4.
He wrote to me last year. He has not written to me afterwards.
Answer:
He has not written to me since last year.

Question 5.
It is raining. We cannot go out for shopping.
Answer:
Since it is raining we cannot go out for shopping.

Question 6.
I was not invited. I did not attend the party.
Answer:
I did not attend the party because I was not invited.

Question 7.
You must work hard. You will get first class.
Answer:
If you work hard, you will get first class.

Question 8.
If you do not work hard. You will fail, (unless = if not)
Answer:
Unless you work hard, you will fail.

Question 9.
Hire a taxi. Or you will miss the train.
Answer:
Unless you hire a taxi you will miss the train.

Question 10.
I could get through the interview. I practiced well.
Answer:
I could get through the interview because I practiced well.

VII. Combine the following sentences using ‘or, either … or, neither…nor, so, therefore, hence, else’. One has been done for you.

Question 1.
He is not honest He is not punctual.
Answer:
He is neither honest nor punctual.

Question 2.
She cannot speak English. She cannot write English.
Answer:
She neither can speak nor can write English.

Question 3.
Tony did not pass the test. Tom did not pass the test.
Answer:
Neither Tony nor Tom passed the test.

Question 4.
We can go to the movie. We can stay at home and watch TV
Answer:
We can either go to a movie or stay at home and watch TV

Question 5.
My English is not good. I am doing online course.
Answer:
My English is not good so I am doing online course.

Question 6.
Prashanth loves music. His sister presented a Guitar.
Answer:
Prashanth loves music therefore his sister presented Guitar.

Question 7.
The weather was much better this year. The orange crop is larger.
Answer:
The weather was much better this year hence the orange crop is larger.

Question 8.
We must hurry up. We will be late for the movie.
Answer:
We must hurry up or else we will be late for the movie.

Question 9.
I must reach home before 7 ‘O’ clock. My mother will get angry.
Answer:
I must reach home before 7 ‘O’ clock or else my mother will get angry.

Question 10.
I am tired. I want to go to bed early.
Answer:
I am tired so I want to go to bed early.

VIII. Combine the following sentences using the words given in brackets.

Question 1.
It was cloudy. I went with an umbrella. (as)
Answer:
As it was cloudy, I went with an umbrella.

Question 2.
Jhansi is a queen. She is an archer, (not only….but also)
Answer:
Jhansi is not only a queen but also a good archer.

Question 3.
She was tired. She continued to stitch the dress for me. (although)
Answer:
Although she was tired, she continued to stitch the dress for me.

Question 4.
He came to the hotel. He did not eat anything. (however)
Answer:
He came to the hotel however he did not eat anything.

Question 5.
That lady is very old. She cannot walk quickly. (too… to)
Answer:
That lady is too old to walk quickly.

Question 6.
He saw the principal. He started studying. (Seeing)
Answer:
Seeing the principal, he started studying.

Question 7.
I have appointed an attendant he will look after my grandfather. (to infinitive)
Answer:
I have appointed an attendant to look after my grandfather.

Question 8.
She is very short. She cannot pluck the fruit. (so…that)
Answer:
She is so short that she cannot pluck the fruit.
(So …. that ….. is a subordinating conjunction. Using so ……. that …… we can combine clauses that show a cause and effect relationship.)

Question 9.
We must make it fast. The class will begin. (else)
Answer:
We must make it fast or else the class will begin.

Question 10.
My task is over. I want to go to a movie. (so)
Answer:
My task is over so I want to go to a movie.

Question 11.
The boss fired the manager. He was dishonest. (for)
Answer:
The boss fired the manager for his dishonesty.

Question 12.
I have seen fresh apples. Thought them. (and)
Answer:
I have seen fresh apples and I bought them.

Question 13.
That man is in white shirt. He is my father. (who)
Answer:
That man, who is in white shirt is my father.

Question 14.
Shelly played cleverly. Reeta could not beat her. (so … that)
Answer:
Shelly played so cleverly that Reeta could not beat her.

Question 15.
He is a fool. He is a mad man to accept this task. (either …. or)
Answer:
He is either a fool or a mad man to accept this task.

Question 16.
Sheela does not spend money, she does not invest the money. (neither … nor)
Answer:
Sheela neither spend her money nor invest it.

Question 17.
If you do not walk quickly, you will miss the train. (unless)
Answer:
Unless you walk quickly you will miss the train.

Question 18.
You must practice your dance. You will get the prize. (if)
Answer:
If you practice your dance, you will get the prize.

Question 19.
Unless you work hard. You will fail. (If …… not)
Answer:
If you do not work hard, you will fail.

Question 20.
My father is educated. He is a good business man. (not only… but also)
Answer:
My father is not only educated, but also a good business man.

Question 21.
He heard the news. He ran with joy. (hearing)
Answer:
Hearing the news, he ran away.

Question 22.
The teacher took lot of interest on him. He failed in the exam, (although)
Answer:
Although the teacher took lot of interest on him, he failed in the exam.

Question 23.
The cow saw the calf. She ran towards the calf, (and)
Answer:
The cow saw the calf and she ran towards the calf.

Question 24.
He is a good doctor. He takes more fees. (but)
Answer:
He is a good doctor but he takes more fees.

Question 25.
She is intelligent. She is industrious, (not only ……. but also)
Answer:
She is not only intelligent but also industrious.