AP Board 8th Class Social History Notes 10th Lesson India After Independence
→ As a result of Partition, 8 million refugees had come Into the country from what was now Pakistan.
→ On 30 January 1948, Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated by a fanatic, Nathuram Godse, because he disagreed with Gandhiji’s conviction that Hindus and Muslims should live together in harmony.
→ The citizens of this vast land spoke many different languages, wore many different kinds of dress, ate different kinds of food and practised different professions.
→ At Independence, the vast majority of Indians lived in the villages.
→ The new nation had to lift its masses out of poverty by increasing the productivity of agriculture and by promoting new, job-creating industries.
→ The meetings of the “Constituent Assembly” were held in New Delhi, but the participants came from all over India, and from different political parties.
→ One feature the Constitution was its adoption of universal adult franchise.
→ A second feature of the Constitution was that it guaranteed equality before the law to all citizens, regardless of their caste or religious affiliation.
→ Besides Muslims, India also had large populations of Sikhs and Christians, as well as many Parsis and Jains.
→ A third feature of the Constitution was that it offered special privileges for the poorest and most disadvantaged. The practice of untouchability, described as a “slur qnd a blot” on the “fair name of India”, was abolished.
→ After a long debate, the Constituent Assembly also recommended that a certain percentage of seats in legislatures as well as jobs in government be reserved for members of the lowest castes.
→ Along with the former Untouchables, the Adivasis or Scheduled Tribes were also granted reservation in seats and jobs.
→ The Constituent Assembly spent many days discussing the powers of the central . government versus those of the state governments.
→ The Constitution sought to balance these competing claims by providing three lists of subjects:
→ A Union List, with subjects such as taxes, defence and foreign affairs, which would be the exclusive responsibility of the Centre.
→ A State List of subjects, such as education and health, which would be taken care of principally by the states.
→ A Concurrent List, under which would come subjects such as forests and agriculture, in which the centre and the state would have joint responsibility.
→ Another major debate in the Constituent Assembly concerned language.
→ Many Indians contributed to the framing of the Constitution. But perhaps the most important role was played by Dr B.R. Ambedkar, who was Chairman of the Drafting Committee, and under whose supervision the document was finalised.
→ In our social and economic life, we shall, by reason of our social and economic structure, continue to deny the principle of one man one value.
→ Back in the 1920s, the Indian National Congress – the main party of the freedom struggle – had promised that once the country won independence, each major linguistic group would have its own province.
→ Both Prime Minister Nehru and Deputy Prime Minister Vallabh bhai Patel were against the creation of linguistic states.
→ The Congress leaders would now go back on their promise created great disappointment.
→ The strongest protests, however, came from the Telugu-speaking districts of what was the Madras Presidency.
→ In October of that year, a-veteran Gandhian named Potti Sriramulu went on a hunger strike demanding the forpration of Andhra state to protect the interests of Telugu speakers.
→ On 15 December, 1952, fifty-eight days into his fast, Potti Sriramulu died. After the creation of Andhra, other linguistic communities also demanded their own separate states.
→ A States Reorganisation Commission was set up.
→ Lifting India and Indians out of poverty, and building a modern technical and industrial base were among the major objectives of the new nation.
→ In 1950, the government set up a Planning Commission to help design and execute suitable policies for economic development.
→ On 15 August 2007, India celebrated sixty years of its existence as a free nation.
→ That India is still united, and that it is still democratic, are achievements that,we might justly be proud of. Despite constitutional guarantees, the Untouchables or, as they are now referred to, the Dalits, face violence and discrimination.
→ Despite constitutional guarantees, the Untouchables or, as they are now referred to, the Dalits, face violence and discrimination.
→ Some parts of India .and some groups of Indians have benefitted a great deal from economic development.
→ The Constitution recognises equality before the law, but in real life some Indians are more equal than others.
→ FRANCHISE : The right to vote
→ LINGUISTIC : Relating to language.
→ STATE : Concerned with the government
→ PARTITION : The definition of a partition is a structure or item that divides something, such as a room, into parts
→ REFUGEES : Refugees are people who have fled war, violence, conflict or persecution and have crossed an international border to find safety in another country.
→ MOURNING : Great sadness felt because someone has died
→ NATION-STATE : A natron-state is a system of organization defined by shared geography, culture, and politics.
→ UNIVERSAL ADULT FRANCHISE : Universal adult franchise grants the right to vote to all adult citizens, irrespective of any restrictions.
→ SLUR AND A BLOT : The practice of untouchability, described as a “slur and a blot” on the “fair name of India”, was abolished.
→ DEPRIVED OF : Not having enough of the basic things in life, such as food, money, etc.
→ CONTRADICTIONS : A contradiction is a situation or ideas in opposition to one another
→ DISRUPTIONIST : A break or interruption in the normal course or continuation of some activity, process, etc,
→ TENDENCIES : Something that a person or thing usually does (OR) a way of behaving
→ BILINGUAL : Having or using two languages
→ PRINCELY STATE : A princely state (also called native state or Indian state) was a nominally sovereign entity of the British Indian Empire that was not directly governed by the British, but rather by an Indian ruler under a form of indirect rule, subject to a subsidiary alliance and the suzerainty or paramountcy of the British crown.
→ MIXED ECONOMY : A mixed economic system is a system that combines aspects of both capitalism and socialism.
→ SECULAR IDEALS : Things that have no connection with religion
→ ENSHRINED : Place (a revered or precious object) in an appropriate receptacle.
→ GULF BETWEEN THE RICH AND THE POOR : A gulf is an important or significant difference between two people, things, or groups.