AP 10th Class Social Political Science 1st Lesson Important Questions Power Sharing

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These AP 10th Class Social Important Questions Political Science 1st Lesson Power Sharing will help students prepare well for the exams.

Power Sharing AP 10th Class Social History 1st Lesson Important Questions

AP 10th Class Social History 1st Lesson Important Questions: 8 Marks

Question 1.
Differentiate between horizontal and vertical division of powers.
Answer:

Horizontal division of power Vertical division of power
1) Power is shared among different organs of govt, such as legislature, executive and judiciary. 1) Power is shared among governments at different levels like union, state and local level.
2) In this division different organs of government exercise different powers. 2) Here, the constitution clearly lays down the power of the different levels of govt.
3) It specifies the concept of checks and balances in order to check the unlimited power of different organs. 3) There is no concept of checks and balances because powers are clearly divided.

Question 2.
Explain the ethnic composition of Sri Lanka.
Answer:

  1. Sri Lanka is an island nation.
  2. Sri Lanka has a diverse population.
  3. 74% people speak Sinhala language.
  4. 18% people speak Tamil language
  5. Two sub groups exists among Tamils. The Tamil natives of the country are called Sri Lankan Tamils of around 13%.
  6. The Indian origin Tamils are around 5%.
  7. Buddhists are predominantly Sinhala speaking people, while the majority of Tamils are Hindus or Muslims.
  8. Around 7% of Christians are both Tamil and Sinhalese.

AP 10th Class Social Political Science 1st Important Questions Lesson Power Sharing

Question 3.
Explain the four elements in the Belgium power-sharing model?
(OR)
Explain any three steps taken by the Belgium govt, to accomodate regional differences.
(OR)
How did the Belgium solve the tension between the French speaking and Dutch speaking people?
(OR)
Describe the power sharing arrangement in Belgium.
Answer:
The Belgium leaders took a different path for power sharing arrangement:

  1. Between 1970 and 1993, they amended their constitution four times.
  2. Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French speaking ministers shall be equal in the central government.
  3. No single community can make decisions unilaterally.
  4. Many powers of the central government have been given to state governments of the two regions of the country.
  5. The state governments are not subordinate to the central government.
  6. Brussels has a separate government in which both the communities have equal representation.
  7. Apart from central and the state government, there is a third kind of government. This is a community govt.
  8. The community government is elected by people belonging to one language community – Dutch, French and German speaking.

Question 4.
Explain two different sets of reasons why power sharing is desirable ?
(Or)
Why power-sharing is desirable ? Explain.
Answer:
Power sharing is a political arrangement in which different (or) opposing groups take part in the government together.
Two sets of reasons : Prudential reason and moral reason.
Prudential reasons:

  • It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between different social groups.
  • It is a good way to ensure the stability of political order.
  • Imposing the will of majority, community over others may look like an attractive option in the short run, but in the long run it undermines the unity of the nation.

Moral reasons:

  • A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise and who have to live with its effect.
  • People have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed.
  • A legitimate government is one where citizens through participation, acquire a state in the system.

Question 5.
Summarise the story of Khalil from Beirut and his dilemma regarding power-sharing in Lebanon.
Anwer:
1) Khalil from Beirut questions why Lebanon cannot be like other democracies that hold elections and let the person with the most votes become the president, regardless of their community.

2) Khalil’s elders explain to him that the present power-sharing system in Lebanon is the best guarantee for peace, considering the past bloodshed of the civil war.

3) The present power-sharing system in Lebanon mandates that the President must be from the Maronite sect of Catholic Christians, the Prime Minister from the Sunni Muslim community, the Deputy Prime Minister from the Orthodox Christian sect, ,and the Speaker from the Muslim community.

4) This system is based on an agreement made at the end of the civil war when the Christians and Muslims were nearly equal in population, even though now the Muslims have a clear majority.

5) Khalil is not satisfied with the current system because he does not practise either his father’s or his mother’s religion and does not wish to be known by either.

6) Under the present system, the top position is out of his reach.

Question 6.
Power-sharing is important in democracies. Do you agree with this statement? Provide reasons for your answer.
Answer:
1)1 agree with the statement that power-sharing is important in democracies.

2) Reduces conflict: Power-sharing helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between different social groups, as it ensures that diverse interests and perspectives are taken into account.

3) Ensures stability: Power-sharing ensures the stability of political order by avoiding the dominance of a single community or group.

4) Democratic spirit: Power-sharing is the essence of democracy, as it involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise and giving citizens a stake in the system.

5) Respects diversity: Power-sharing recognizes and respects the diverse interests,
cultures and regions within a country, leading to mutually acceptable arrangements for sharing power.

6) Promotes participation: Power-sharing promotes people’s participation in government and decision-making processes, allowing for a more inclusive and representative governance.

Question 7.
State one prudential and one moral reason for power-sharing. Offer an example from the Indian context to support your answer.
Answer:
1) Prudential reason for power-sharing: Power-sharing reduces the possibility of conflict between different social groups, ensuring stability in political order.

2) Example from the Indian context; The implementation of Panchayati Raj system in India is a prudential example of power-sharing.

3) It gives power to local self-government bodies at the grassroots level, allowing people to participate in decision-making processes, reducing corruption, and increasing administrative efficiency.

4) Moral reason for power-sharing: Power-sharing is the very spirit of democracy as it involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise and giving citizens a stake in the system.

5) Example from the Indian context: The formation of coalition governments in India is a moral example of power-sharing.

6) Different political parties with distinct ideologies and representing various social groups form alliances and share power, ensuring that no single party dominates.

Question 8.
Explain the concept of power – sharing in the context of a democratic rule.
Answer:
1) Power – sharing in a democratic rule refers to the distribution and division of power among different organs of the government, such as the legislature, executive, and judiciary.

2) It ensures that no single entity or individual can exercise unlimited power, as each organ checks and balances the others, resulting in a balance of power.

3) Power – sharing can also take the form of sharing power among different political parties and interest groups through alliances and participation in decision-making processes.

4) it is desirable in a democracy because it helps reduce the possibility of conflicts between social groups by giving all citizens a stake in the system.

5) Power – Sharing is the very spirit of democracy, as it involves consulting and giving a voice to those affected by the exercise of power.

6) Examples- of power – sharing include regional power-sharing arrangements in Belgium that respect the interests of different communities and Tamil-Sinhala power¬sharing disputes in Sri Lanka.

Question 9.
How does power-sharing help in maintaining the stability of political order?
Answer:
1) Power-sharing reduces the possibility of conflict between social groups, which in turn ensures the stability of political order .

2) By sharing power, different social groups have a stake in the political system, promoting a sense of inclusivity and reducing the chances of unrest.

3) Power-sharing through coalitions or alliances among political parties leads to a more balanced distribution of power and prevents one party or community from dominating.

4) The horizontal distribution of powers among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive, and judiciary, creates a system of checks and balances, preventiiig any one organ from exercising unlimited power.

5) Recognizing and accommodating regional differences and cultural diversities through power-sharing arrangements can foster unity and cohesion within a country.

6) Power-sharing promotes the participation of citizens in decision-making processes, reducing the likelihood of people feeling marginalised or excluded from the political system.

Question 10.
Compare the situation of Belgium and sri Lanka considering their location, size and cultural aspects.
Answer:

Belgium Sri Lanka
1. It is a European country which shares its boundaries with Netherlands, Luxxembourg and Germany. 1. It is an island nation, a South Asian country, situated south to India.
2. It is a very small country in Europe. 2. As compared to Belgium, it is much bigger in area.
3. The ethnic composition is very complex. 59% are living in Flemish region and speak Dutch language. Another 40% people live in the Wallonia region and speak French and the remaining one percent of the Belgians speak German. 3. It has a diverse population. Social composition of population of Sri Lanka is as follows :
– Sinhalese speaking – 74%
– Tamil speaking – 18%
– Christians – 7%

AP 10th Class Social Political Science 1st Important Questions Lesson Power Sharing

Question 11.
What are the different forms of power-sharing in modern democracies? Provide examples of each.
Answer:
The different forms of power-sharing in modern democracies include:
1) Horizontal distribution of power among different organs of government: This form of power-sharing involves separating power among the legislature, executive, and judiciary.

2) For example, in a democracy, the executive branch, led by the president or prime minister, is responsible for implementing laws enacted by the legislature, which consists of elected representatives.

3) The judiciary, on the other hand, ensures that laws are interpreted and applied – justly and fairly.

4) Power-sharing among governments at different levels: Power can be shared between the central government and regional or local governments. This allows decision-making authority to be decentralised and tailored to the specific needs and preferences of different regions or communities within a country.

5) An example of this is federalism, where power is divided between a central government and regional or state governments, as seen in countries like the United States, India, and Germany.

6) Power-sharing among different social groups: This form of power-sharing recognizes,the diverse interests,-.perspectives, and identities of various social groups within a society. It involves ensuring that different groups have a voice and influence in decision-making processes.

7) Examples of this include affirmative action policies that aim to provide opportunities and representation for historically marginalised groups, as well as mechanisms such as proportional representation in elections to ensure fair representation of different social groups.

8) Power-sharing among political parties: Political parties play a crucial role in power sharing by competing for political power and forming alliances or coalitions to govern.

9) When multiple political parties form a coalition government, power is shared among them based on agreed upon terms. For example, in countries like Germany and the Netherlands, coalition governments are common due to the proportional representation system, where no single party typically secures a majority in the legislature.

Question 12.
How has the civil war in Sri Lanka affected the social, cultural, and economic life of the country?
Answer:
a) Loss of lives: The civil war resulted in the deaths of thousands of people from both the Sinhala and Tamil communities. This loss of lives has had a devastating impact on families and communities.

b) Refugee crisis: Many families were forced to leave the country as refugees due to the conflict. This has led to a significant displacement of people and the loss of homes and livelihoods.

c) Setback to development: Sri Lanka had a previously excellent record in terms of economic development, education, and health. However, the civil war has caused a setback to the social, cultural, and economic progress of the country

d) Alienation and discrimination: The policies implemented by the government, favouring the Sinhala majority and disregarding the rights and interests of the Tamil community, increased the feeling of alienation among Sri Lankan Tamils. They felt discriminated against in terms of political rights, job opportunities, and cultural recognition.

e) Cultural divide: The conflict has deepened the divide between the Sinhala-speaking Buddhists and the Tamil-speaking Hindus and Muslims. This division is not only based on language and religion but also on cultural differences.

f) Disrupted social fabric: The civil war has strained relations between different communities in Sri Lanka, leading to a breakdown in the social fabric of the country. Trust and mutual understanding among communities have been eroded, causing lasting divisions and tensions.

g) Economic decline: The ongoing conflict and its consequences have negatively impacted the economy of Sri Lanka. The loss of lives, displacement of people, and destruction of infrastructure have hindered economic growth and development.

h) Slow reconciliation: The civil war has made the process of reconciliation between the Sinhala and Tamil communities in Sri Lanka more challenging. Rebuilding trust and promoting understanding and harmony will require ongoing efforts, both in the short and long term.

Question 13.
How does the power-sharing agreement between the Union of Right Forces and the Liberal Yabloko Movement in Russia promote democracy?
Answer:
1) The power-sharing agreement between the Union of Right Forces and the Liberal Yabloko Movement promotes democracy in Russia by creating a strong right-wing coalition.

2) The agreement allows for a common list of candidates in the next parliamentary elections.

3) Power-sharing among political parties ensures that power does not remain in one hand, promoting a more balanced distribution of power.

4) The alliance formed through power-sharing enables different ideologies and social groups to have a share in governmental power.

5) Power-sharing in political parties helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups, which can lead to political instability.

6) By sharing power, the alliance between the Union of Right Forces and the Liberal Yabloko Movement increases the participation of different political parties in the decision-making process.

7) The power-sharing arrangement in Russia’s political landscape reflects the democratic principle that power should be distributed among as many citizens as possible.

Question 14.
Who are the stakeholders involved in power-sharing among different social groups?
Answer:
The stakeholders involved in power-sharing among different social groups are:
1) Citizens: Citizens are the primary stakeholders in power-sharing as they are directly affectedly the exercise of power.

2) Political parties: Political parties represent different ideologies and social groups and play a role in power-sharing by forming alliances and participating in coalition governments.

3) Interest groups: Interest groups such as traders, businessmen, industrialists, farmers, and industrial workers also have a share in governmental power through participation in decision-making processes.

4) Regional groups: Regional groups, like those in Belgium, may demand power-sharing arrangements to protect and respect their regional differences and cultural diversities.

5) Religious and linguistic groups: Power may also be shared among different religious and linguistic groups to accommodate their diversity and prevent conflicts.

6) Aboriginal communities: Aboriginal communities, such as in Canada, may engage in power-sharing negotiations to ensure their interests and rights are respected.

7) Political movements: Influential political parties and movements, like in Russia, may form coalitions or alliances to share power and increase their influence.

8) Government and policymakers: The government and policymakers at different levels play a crucial role in facilitating and implementing power-sharing arrangements.

Question 15.
Provide examples of power-sharing arrangements in any one country. How do these arrangements help maintain unity and stability in that country?
Answer:
1) Belgium serves as an illustrative Example of power-sharing arrangements.

2) In Belgium, power is shared through complex mechanisms that recognize cultural and regional differences.
3) The country is divided into three regions: Flanders, Wallonia, and Brussels, each with distinct linguistic and cultural identities.

4) Key elements of power – sharing in Belgium include:

a) Community Governments: The Dutch-speaking community and the French-speaking community have their governments, which deal with cultural and educational matters.

b) Regional Governments: Flanders and Wallonia have their regional governments, managing issues like the economy and employment.

c) Central Government:

  • The central government handles national affairs and defense.
  • These arrangements maintain unity and stability in Belgium by addressing regional and linguistic differences.
  • They ensure that each community has a say in its cultural and educational affairs, reducing conflicts.
  • The power-sharing model in Belgium promotes cooperation and consensus, making it a successful example of maintaining unity despite diversity.

AP 10th Class Social Political Science 1st Lesson Important Questions: 4 Marks

Question 1.
Explain the ethnic composition of Belgium.
Answer:
The ethnic composition of Belgium is very complex.

  • 59% of the country’s total population lives in the Flemish region and speak Dutch language.
  • Another 40% people live in Wallonia region and speak French language.
  • Remaining 1% of the Belgium people speak German language.
  • In the capital city Brussels, 80% of the people speak French while 20% are Dutch speaking.

Question 2.
How was majoritarianism practiced in Sri Lanka ? (OR)
What are the advantages enjoyed by Sinahala community in Sri Lanka ?
Answer:

  • Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country in 1948.
  • The Sinhala community was majority community.
  • Their leaders sought to secure dominance over government.

The following measures were adopted :

  • In 1956, an Act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official language thus disregarding Tamil.
  • The governments followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs.
  • A new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism.

Question 3.
What were the effects of majoritarianism in Sri Lanka ?
Answer:
All the government measures, coming one after the other, gradually increased the
feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils.

  • They felt that none of the major parties led by the Buddhist Sinhala leaders were sensitive to their language and culture.
  • They felt that the constitution and government policies denied them equal political rights.
  • They also felt that they were being discriminated in getting jobs and other opportunities.
  • Thus, the relations between the Sinhala and Tamil communities were worsed.

Question 4.
How did Tamils reacted against to majoritarianism in Sri Lanka ?
Answer:
Reaction of Sr Lankan Tamils against majoritariansim:

  1. They demanded equal autonomy and equality of opportunity in securing jobs and education.
  2. Several political organisations were formed demanding an independent Tamil Eelam state.
  3. This led to Civil War.

AP 10th Class Social Political Science 1st Important Questions Lesson Power Sharing

Question 5.
Why did Civil War broke out in Sri Lanka ? List the results of the Civil War.
Answer:

  • The distrust between the two communities turned into widespread conflict.
  • It soon turned into a Civil War.

Results:

  • Thousands of people of both the communities have been killed.
  • Many families were forced to leave the country as refugees and many more lost their livelihoods.
  • It has crushed a terrible setback to the social, cultured and economic life of the country.
  • It ended in 2009.

Question 6.
Describe the ways in which power can be shared among different social groups.
Answer:
Power can be shared among different linguistic and social groups in a very accomodating manner like

  • In many countries, the constitution provides for the representation of women and weaker sections in the legislature and administration.
  • In India, SC’s and ST’s are given reservation in Parliament and State Legislatures.
  • In Belgium different linguistic communities have been given share in power through community government.

Question 7.
What led to the ethnic tension in Belgium ? Why was it more acute in Brussels during 1950s and 1960s?
Answer:

  • The economic inequality between Dutch speaking and French speaking was the basic cause of tension.
  • The issues of majority and financial preference led to the tension between both the groups.
  • As the capital city of Brussels, the French speaking community was relatively rich and powerful and used to get the economic and educational benefit.
  • This was resented by the Dutch speaking community which led to the tension between the two communities of Brussels.

Question 8.
Read the given extract and answer the following questions.

The Sri Lankan Tamils launched parties and struggles for the recognition of Tamil as an official language, for regional autonomy and equality of opportunity in securing education and jobs. But their demand for more autonomy to provinces populated by the Tamils was repeatedly denied By 1980s, several political organisations were formed demanding an independent Tamil Eelam (state) in northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka.

Question 1.
Why was there dissatisfaction among Sri Lankan Tamils?
Answer:
The Sri Lankan govt, had followed the principle of majoritarianism.

Question 2.
Write any one step taken by the government of Sri Lanka to alienate Tamils.
Answer:
on-recognition to Tamil language.

Question 3.
Which areas of Sri Lanka had the majority of Sinhalas ?
Answer:
Southern part and Western part.

Question 4.
Mention any one demand of Tamils.
Answer:
Autonomy in the areas occupied by Tamils.

Question 9.
Read the given extract and answer the following questions.

Belgium is a small country in Europe, smaller in area than the state of Haryana. It has borders with France, the Netherlands, Germany and Luxembourg. It has a population of a little over one crore, about half the population of Haryana. The ethnic composition of this small country is very complex. Of the country’s total population, 59 per cent lives in the Flemish region and speaks Dutch language. Another 40 per cent people live in the Wallonia region and speak French. Remaining are percent of the Begians speak German. In the capital city Brussels. 80 per cent of the people speak French while 20 percent are Dutch speaking.

Question 1.
Explain the ethnic composition of Belgium.
Answer:

  • The ethnic composition of Belgium is complex.
  • 59% of Dutch lives in the Flemish region.
  • 40% of French lives in the Wallonia region. And the rest of 1% are Germans.

Question 2.
Explain the term ‘ethnic’.
Answer:
A social division based on shared culture.

3. How did the Belgium Government solve their ethnic problem ?
Answer:
The constitution states that the number of Dutch and French speaking ministers shall be equal in the Central government.
No single community can make decisions as per their own will.
In the capital city Brussels also have equal representation to both the communities.

Question 4.
What is the population of Belgium ?
Answer:
Belgium has a population of a little over one crore.
(OR)
Question 1.
What was the problem in Brussels?
Answer:
The main problem of Brussels was Dutch speaking people constituted a majority in the country, but a minority in the capital.

Question 2.
With which countries does Belgium share its boundaries?
Answer:
Belgium has borders with France, the Netherlands, Germany and Luxembourg.

Question 3.
The ethnic composition of Belgium is very complex. Justify the statement.
Answer:
Because Dutch, French and German speaking people are living with 59%, 40% and • 1%.

AP 10th Class Social Political Science 1st Important Questions Lesson Power Sharing

Question 4.
Give one reason for the conflict in Belgium.
Answer:
French speaking community was relatively rich and powerful. This was resented by Dutch. Dutch got benefit of economic development and education much later. This paved way to a tension between the Dutch and French communities.

Question 10.
Read the given extracts and answer the following questions.

The distrust between the two communities turned into widespread conflict. It soon turned into a civil war. As a result thousands of people of both the communities have been killed. Many families were forced to leave the country as refugees and many more lost their livelihoods. You have read about Sri Lanka’s excellent record of economic development, education and health. But the civil war has caused a terrible setback to the social, cultural and economic life of the country, It ended in 2009.

Question 1.
What is Civil War ?
Answer:
Civil War : A violent conflict between opposing groups with in a country that becomes so intense that it appears like a war.

Question 2.
Analyse the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka.
Answer:
Ethnic conflict: Because of Tamils were alienated by Sinhala Govt.

Question 3.
What were the demands of Srilankan Tamils?
Answer:
Demands of Sri Lankan Tamils were :

  • More autonomy to Tamil populated provinces.
  • Recognition of Tamil as an official language.

Question 4.
What was the root cause of the distrust between the two communities mentioned in the passage above?
Answer:
Majoritarianism means the policy followed by Sri Lankan leaders.

Question 11.
What is power-sharing and why is it important in democracies?
Answer:
1) Power-sharing: Power-sharing is the practice of distributing power among different organs of government and social groups in a democracy.

2) Importance :

  • Power-sharing is important in democracies because it reduces conflict between social groups.
  • It ensures the stability of political order, and embodies the very spirit of democracy by giving citizens a stake in the system.
  • It can take the form of horizontal distribution of power among different branches of government, power-sharing among different levels of government, and power-sharing among different social groups.

Question 12.
How does Belgium handle power-sharing among different communities?
Answer:

  1. Belgium recognizes the existence of regional differences and cultural diversities.
  2. It has amended their constitution multiple times to accommodate power-sharing arrangements among different communities.
  3. They have arrangements for equal representation in the central government, such . as ensuring that the number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers is equal.
  4. Belgium also has a separate community government that is elected by people belonging to one language community and has the power to make decisions regarding cultural, educational, and language-related issues.

Question 13.
Describe the elements of Belgian model for accommodating diversities.
Answer:
1) The Central Government prescribes that the number of Dutch and French speaking ministers shall be equal in the Central Government. Some laws require support of majority of members in both groups. Thus no one group can take decisions unilaterally.

2) Many powers of the Centred Government have been given to the state governments in both the regions which are not subordinate to the Central government.

3) Brossels has a separate government in which both the communities have equal representation. French agreed to equal representation in Brussels because Dutch agreed to equal representation in the Central government.

4) The community government is elected by ministers of one language group no matter where they live. Dutch, German or French. It has power related to the educational language and cultural issues.

Question 14.
One of the remedies that are suggested for societies struggling with civil conflict are power-sharing arrangements that accommodate the various parties involved in the civil conflict. Power-sharing guarantees each of the critical players, a significant payoff from cooperation and peaceful behavior. This peaceful behavior can be maintained in the power-sharing arrangements in two ways.
1) by providing minimum benefit to each part from cooperation in collective decisions, and
2) through provisions that protect group autonomy in sensitive policy areas.

Questions:
1) In Lebanon, The Prime Minister must be a Sunni Muslim and the Deputy Prime Minister must be an Orthodox Christian.
Which of the two ways of maintaining peaceful behaviour given above in this an example of?
2) Give one example each for the two ways of maintaining peaceful behaviour in the context of power – sharing arrangement in Belgium.
Source : Power – Sharing, Agency and Civil Conflicts, Scott Gates 2007.
Answer:
1) This is an example of providing minimum benefit to each party to cooperate in collective decisions.
2) The French-speaking people and accepted equal representation in Brussels because the Dutch-speaking community accepted equal representation in the Central Government providing minimum benefit to each party for cooperating in collective decisions^ Community government in Belgium – protect groups autonomy in sensitive policy areas.

Question 15.
Describe power-sharing among governments at different levels. Explain an example.
Answer:
1) Power – sharing among governments at different levels refers to the distribution of power between a central government and regional or state governments within a country.

2) This system allows for the decentralisation of power and giving regional governments autonomy in certain policy areas.

3) An example of power – sharing among governments at different levels is the federal division of power in Belgium, where the country is divided into different regions, each with its own government and legislature, while still having a central federal government.

4) This arrangement recognizes regional differences and cultural diversities, allowing for mutually acceptable power – sharing arrangements.

Question 16.
What is the role of people in a democracy?
Answer:

  • In a democracy, people are the source of all political power.
  • People rule themselves through institutions of self-government.
  • Everyone has a voice in the shaping of public policies.
  • People have the right to be consulted on how they are to be governed.
  • People’s participation and stake in the system are essential for a legitimate government.
  • Power – sharing in a democracy involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise, giving citizens a stake in the system.

Question 17.
What are the elements of the Belgian model of power-sharing?
Answer:
The elements of the Belgian model of power-sharing are:

  • Recognition of regional differences and cultural diversities.
  • Respecting the feelings and interests of different communities and regions.
  • Arrangements that ensure mutually acceptable power-sharing.
  • Transformation from a unitary government to a federal one to prevent division on linguistic lines.
  • Power-sharing among different social groups, such as linguistic and religious groups.
  • Implementation of community government as a form of power-sharing.

Question 18.
Highlight the reasons for the increase in the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils after independence.
Answer:
Sri Lanka got freedom in 1948 are followed the democratic rule over the country. They adopted a policy of majoritarianism. They established Sinhala supremacy and neglected the Sri Lankan Tamils after independence.
1) The government provides preference to Sinhala community in all kinds of job.

2) Sinhala became the official language of Sri Lanka in 1956 after passing an act.

3) Buddhism became the state religion Sri Lankan Tamils felt that all political parties led by Buddhist Sinhala leaders were sensitive to their religion and language.

4) They denied equal political rights to Tamils. So, they launched parties and struggled against them for regional autonomy and equality of opportunity.

Question 19.
1) Bengaluru’s Jalaposhan trust, a citizens collective, collaborates with the Municipal Corporation (BBMP) of Bengaluru to conserve and revive a lake in the city.
2) In Maharashtra, every level of government was given a stake in taking action against the spread of coronavirus.
a) State the type of power-sharing arrangement that each of the two examples represent?
b) In the above examples, who is sharing power with whom ?
c) In which kind of government are such power-sharing arrangements possible?
Answer:
a) In Bengaluru: Power-sharing between pressure groups and people in power.
In Maharashtra : Power – sharing between different levels of government.
b) In Bengaluru: The local body of government is sharing power with a pressure group (citizen collective).
In Maharashtra : The state government of Maharashtra with the municipal and the village panchayats.
c) Power – sharing arrangements are possible it democratic government.

Question 20.
Explain the concept of power – sharing in a democracy. What are the key elements of power – sharing, and why is it considered essential in a democratic system?
Answer:
Power – sharing in a democracy is tft’epractice of distributing and dispersing power among various organs of the government, such as the legislature, executive, and judiciary. It ensures that no single entity or group holds absolute power. The key elements of power – sharing include:
1. Sharing Among Different Organs: Power is divided between the legislative, executive, and judicial branches to prevent concentration of power in one institution.

2. Sharing Among Different Levels: Power is shared between different levels of government, such as central and state governments, to address regional concerns.

3. Sharing Among Different Social Groups: Ensuring that various social, ethnic, and cultural groups have a role in governance to avoid exclusion.

Power – sharing is essential in a democratic system for several reasons. First, it helps prevent the tyranny of the majority, ensuring that the rights of minorities are protected. Second, it fosters political stability by accommodating diverse interests. Third, it upholds democratic values by involving citizens in decision-making. Without power – sharing, a democracy can become oppressive or unstable.

Question 21.
Read the given extract and answer the following questions.

Power sharing arrangements can also be seen in the way political parties, pressure groves and movements control of influence those in power. In a democracy, the citizens ‘ must have freedom to choose among various contenders for power. In contemporary democracies this takes die form of competition among different parties. Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand. In the long run, power is shared among different political parties that represent different ideologies and social groups. , Sometimes this kind of sharing can be direct, when two or more parties form an alliance to cordest elections. If their alliance is elected, they form a coalition government and thus share power. In a democracy, we find interest groups such as those of traders, businessmen, industrialists, farmers and industrial workers. They also will have share in governmental power, either through participation in governmental committees or bringing influence on the decision-making process.

Question 1.
‘Power – sharing is an essential component of democracy. ‘Give one example to prove the statement.
Answer:

  • It helps in reducing the possibility of conflict between the social groups.
  • Power – sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order.
  • Any other relevant point.

Question 2.
How is alliance building ah example of power – sharing ?
Answer:

  • When two or more parties form an alliance to contest elections or to form a government is called as sharing of power.
  • Alliance could be between regional and national parties which is again an example of power – sharing.
  • Political ideas are shared.
  • Any other relevant point.

Question 3.
How political parties, pressure groups and movements help in controlling or influencing those who are in power ?
Answer:’

  • Freedom of choice entails competition among the different parties.
  • Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand, but is shared among different political parties representing different idealogies and social groups.
  • Any other relevant point.

AP 10th Class Social Political Science 1st Important Questions Lesson Power Sharing

Question 22.
Read the given extracts and answer the following questions.

Between 1992-95, a conflict broke out between three ethnic groups in the Bosnian territory. These three ethnic groups are the Bosnian §erbs, the Bosnians Croats and the Bosnian Muslims. These ethnic groups had religious differences as the Serbs were Orthodox, the Croats were Catholics and the Muslims followed Islam. As a compromise, Dayton agreement was designed It proposed power-sharing as a solution to reduce the conflict. Dayton consisted of both territorial and political power sharing.

A system was chosen where the national ethnicities were separated by territory. There is significant autonomy granted to the separate entities, since they each have their own presidents, parliaments and other governing bodies, which are responsible for policy making on the entity level. So instead of having one president, the entire population of Bosnia is represented by a three-presidency which consists of a Bosniak, a Croat ayd a Serb. The 42 seats of the House of Representatives are chosen by proportional representation which results in a corresponding reflection of the population. The seats in the other house, House , of Peoples, are equally divided amongst the ethnicities.

There is clear political and territorial power – sharing found within the case of Boshia-Herzegovina. Although the Dayton Agreement did stop the violence and stabilised the conflict, it seems to have made the ethnic differences more rigid.
Source (edited) : The Experience of power – sharing through Bosnia-Herzegovina, Wdgeningen University, 2014.

Question 1.
What was the reason for the conflict in the Bosnian territory ?
Answer:
Ethnic and religious differences between the three communities were the reason for the conflict in Bosnian territory.

Question 2.
Mention the two forms of power-sharing that were proposed as a solution to the conflict.
Answer:
The two forms of power – sharing that were proposed as solution to the conflict are as follows :

  • Territorial power – sharing
  • Political power – sharing

Question 3.
Mention one example each for the two forms of power – sharing that was adopted in the Bosnian territory.
Answer:

  • Territorial power – sharing: The national ethnicities were separated by territory,
  • Political power – sharing : Proportional representation in the House of Representatives.

Question 4.
Mention one positive effect that power – sharing had on the conflict in the Bosnian territory.
Answer:
Power – sharing reduced the violence in the territory.

AP 10th Class Social Political Science 1st Lesson Important Questions: 2 Marks

Question 1.
What is a coalition government ?
Answer:
A coalition government is a cabinet of parliamentary government in which several parties co-operate. It generally happens when no party gets a majority in the parliament and several parties join together to prove their majority.

Question 2.
Evaluate the impact of Civil War on Sri Lanka.
Answer:

  • Due to the violent conflict between Tamils and Sinhalese thousands of people of both the communities have been killed.
  • Many families were forced to leave the country as refugees and many more lost their livelihoods.
  • The Civil War was has caused a terrible setback to the social, cultural and economic life of the country.

Question 3.
State any two factors responsible for ethnic tension in Belgium.
Answer:”

  • Regional and cultural diversity : Regional and cultural diversity was one of the most important factor for ethnic tension in Belgium. ,
  • Economic disparity: The French speaking people though in minority were relatively rich and powerful.
    This was resented by the’Dutch speaking community who got the benefit of economic development and education much later.

Question 4.
Power sharing is necessary in a democracy state two reasons.
Answer:

  • It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between different social groups,
  • Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy.

Question 5.
What is the difference between prudential and moral reasons for power sharing ?
Answer:
Prudential reasons stress that power sharing will bring out better outcome whereas moral reasons emphasize the very act of power sharing as valuable.

Question 6.
Explain the ethnic problem of Sri Lanka.
Answer:

  • in Sri Lanka the Sinhala community owned the bigger majority and imposed its will on the entire country, the problem was who is going to hold power and enjoy the economic benefits.
  • All the major university positions were to be reserved for Sinhalese only.

Question 7.
Mention the four types of power sharing.
Answer:

  • Power sharing among different organs of government.
  • Power sharing among government at different levels.
  • Power sharing among different social groups.
  • Power sharing in the form of political parties, pressure groups and governments.

Question 8.
Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy. Justify the statement.
Answer:
Power sharing is the spirit of democracy because :

  • It helps to reduce the conflict between social groups.
  • It is a good way to ensure the stability of the political order.
  • Here, people have the right to be consulted on how they are to be governed.
  • Thus a legitimate government is one where citizens through participation, acquire a stake in the system.

Question 9.
Why was the minority French speaking community relatively rich and powerful ?
Answer:
The minority French speaking people community relatively rich and powerful because:

  • They were well – qualified and educated.
  • Their education helped them to expand business and they were well – settled.

AP 10th Class Social Political Science 1st Important Questions Lesson Power Sharing

Question 10.
Why did the feeling of alienation increase among the Sri Lankan Tamils in 1956 ? Explain.
Answer:

  • Due to the Act passed in 1956 to make Sinhala the official language of Sri Lanka disregarding Tamil.
  • The government followed preferential policies in government jobs favouring Sinhala applicants.

Question 11.
State any one step taken in Belgium to rule out the problem of regional differences and cultural diversities.
Answer:

  • The constitution prescribes equal number of French and Dutch speaking people in central government so single community cannot make decisions.
  • They gave equal representation to both communities in the Central Cabinet of Ministers.

Question 12.
a) State whether the following statement is true or false. ‘Power – sharing is effective only for small countries like Belgium.’
b) Given an example to support your answer.
Answer:
a) False.

b) Power-sharing is not just effective for small countries like Belgium or Sri Lanka. It is effective in large countries like India. In India, power is shared among different social groups and among different organs of the government.

Question 13.
What steps did the Belgian leaders take to ensure regional differences and cultural diversities were recognized in the country?
Answer:

  • The Belgian leaders recognized the existence of regional differences and cultural diversities in the country.
  • They amended the constitution four times between 1970 and 1993 to work out a power-sharing arrangement that would enable everyone to live together within the same country.

Question 14.
What is the consequence of a majority community refusing to share power, as seen in Sri Lanka?
Answer:

  • The consequence of a majority community refusing to share power in Sri Lanka is conflict and division in the country leading to a civil war.
  • This refusal to share power undermines the unity of the nation and causes a setback to the social, cultural, and economic life of Sri Lanka.

Question 15.
How does power-sharing reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups?
Answer:
Power-sharing reduces the possibility of conflict between social groups by:

  • Ensuring that different social groups have a stake in the political system and are involved in decision-making processes.
  • Allowing for the recognition and accommodation of diverse interests and perspectives, avoiding the dominance of any single social group and promoting cooperatioh and compromise.

Question 16.
Why is power-sharing considered the essence of democracy?
Answer:

  • Power-sharing is considered the essence of democracy because it ensures that the exercise of power is not concentrated in the hands of a few individuals or groups.
  • Power-sharing allows all those affected by the exercise of power to have a say in the decision-making process and gives citizens a stake in the system.

Question 17.
What is the significance of the government of Ontario working with aboriginal people in a spirit of mutual respect and cooperation? Refer to document snippet.
Answer:
The significance of the governmerirof Ontario working with aboriginal people in a spirit of mutual respect and cooperation is:

  • It fosters positive relationships and understanding between the government and aboriginal communities.
  • It promotes inclusivity and ensures that the interests and perspectives of aboriginal people are taken into account in decision-making processes.

Question 18.
Why is power-sharing considered valuable from a moral perspective?
Answer:

  • Power – sharing is considered valuable from a moral perspective because it embodies involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise and giving citizens a stake in the system.
  • Power – sharing is seen as valuable because it allows diverse groups and views in society to have a voice in shaping public policies and ensures that power is distributed among as many citizens as possible.

Question 19.
Explain how the power-sharing arrangement in Belgium is different from other countries.
Annswer:
The power-sharing arrangement in Belgium can be summarised as follows:

  • The leaders in Belgium have recognized the importance of respecting regional differences and cultural diversities in order to maintain the unity of the country.
  • This has led to mutually acceptable power-sharing arrangements.

Question 20.
What are the different reasons for power-sharing in democracies? How are prudential reasons different from moral reasons?
Answer:
Different reasons for power-sharing in democracies:

  • Prudential reasons: Power-sharing reduces the possibility of conflict between social groups and ensures the stability of political order.
  • Document Snippet: Moral reasons: Power-sharing is the very spirit of democracy, as it involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise and giving citizens a stake in the system.

AP 10th Class Social Political Science 1st Lesson Important Questions: 1 Mark

Question 1.
Which community in Belgium was relatively rich and powerful?
Answer:
The Minority French speaking.

Question 2.
Which are the border countries of Belgium?
Answer:
The border countries of Belgium are Netherlands, French and Germany.

Question 3.
Which languages are spoken in Belgium? What is their percentage?
Answer:
Dutch, French and German languages are spoken in Belgium.
Dutch – 59%
French – 49%
Germany -1 %

Question 4.
What is the percentage of French and Dutch speaking people in the capital city of Brussels ?
Answer:

  • French speaking – 80%
  • Dutch speaking – 20%

Question 5.
What is the special problem in Brussels ?
Answer:
The special problem in Brussels was that the Dutch speaking people constituted a majority in the country but a minority in the capital.

Question 6.
Who elects the community government in Belgium ?
Answer:
People belonging to one language community – Dutch, French and German.

Question 7.
How were Dutch and French speaking people accommodated in the community government in Belgium ?
Answer:
By giving equal share to both the communities in the Union Government.

Question 8.
When did Belgium got independence?
Answer:
October 4, 1830.

Question 9.
Which community tried to impose their domination in Belgium ?
Answer:
Dutch speaking community.

Question 10.
What is the size of the Belgium ?
Answer:
Belgium is a small country in Europe, smaller in area than the state of Haryana in India.

Question 11.
What do you mean by power sharing?
Answer:
Power sharing means sharing of responsibilities and powers among different organs and levels of government.

Question 12.
Which are the most important social groups of Sri Lanka ?
Answer:
Sinhala speaking and Tamil speaking.

Question 13.
Which ethnic group is in majority in Sri Lanka ?
Answer:
Sinhala.

Question 14.
Name the two subgroups of Tamils in Sri Lanka.
Answer:

  • Sri Lankan Tamils
  • Indian Tamils

Question 15.
When did Sri Lanka emerge as an Independent Nation ?
Answer:
1948.

Question 16.
Name the ethnic groups of Sri Lanka which were involved in a Civil War ?
Answer:

  • Sri Lankan Tamils (or) the Sinhalese
  • Indian Tamils

Question 17.
What is majoritarianism ? Name a country which has lost peace due to this ?
Answer:
belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whichever way it wants, by disregarding the wishes and needs of the minority. The country Sri- Lanka lost peace.

AP 10th Class Social Political Science 1st Important Questions Lesson Power Sharing

Question 18.
Which language is spoken by majority of Sri Lanka ?
Answer:
Sinhala language is spoken by 74% of people In Sri Lanka.

Question 19.
What is the percentage of Tamil speaking people in Sri Lanka ?
Answer:
18% people speak Tamil.

Question 20.
What was the result of policy of majoritariansim in Sri Lanka ?
Answer:
It increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils.

Question 21.
What was the object of Constitutional amendments between 1970 and 1993 in Belgium ?
Answer:
The object was to workout an arrangement that would enable everyone to live together within the same country.

Question 22.
Which type of powers does the community government of Belgium enjoy ?
Answer:
The community government has the power regarding cultural, educational and language related issues.

Question 23.
What are the two sets of reasons for power sharing ?
Answer:

  • Prudential reason
  • Moral reason

Question 24.
What is horizontal distribution of power ?
Answer:
Under horizontal distribution, power is shared among different organs of government, such as legislature, executive and judiciary.

Question 25.
Give one example of power sharing among different social groups.
Answer:
Community government in Belgium is a good example of power sharing among different social groups.

Question 26.
Give an example of power sharing among different political parties in a democracy.
Answer:
Some times different political parties with different ideologies form an alliance. They contest in elections jointly and after winning in the elections there parties form a coalition government. Example : UPA and NDA.

Question 27.
What are reserved constituencies ?
Answer:
Reserved constituencies are constituencies in which seats are reserved for Scheduled Castes and Tribes based on the size of their population.

Question 28.
What is the need of Reserved Constituencies in India ?
Answer:
Reserved constituencies were created by the constitution makers because they were worried that in an open electoral competition, certain weaker sections do not stand a good chance to get elected to the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies.

Question 29.
How many times between 1970 and 1993 was the Belgium constitution amended ?
Answer:
Between 1970 and 1993 the Belgium constitution amended for four times.

Question 30.
Study the map thoroughly and mention the languages that are dominantly present in Belgium.
AP 10th Class Social Political Science 1st Important Questions Lesson Power Sharing Img 1
Answer:
Languages that are dominantly present in Belgium are; i) French, ii) Dutch.

Question 31.
Which one of the following languages was declared as the official language of Sri Lanka by an Act passed in 1956 ?
A) Tamil
B) Sinhala
C) Hindi
D) English
Answer:
B) Sinhala

Question 32.
Which one of the following countries adopted majoritarianism in their Constitution?
A) Nepal
B) India
C) Sri Lanka
D) Bangladesh
Answer:
C) Sri Lanka

Question 33.
Which one of the following ethnic communities is in majority in Sri Lanka ?
A) Sri Lankan Tamils
B) Indian Tamils
C) Muslims
D) Sinhalese
Answer:
D) Sinhalese

Question 34.
Consider the following statements regarding power – sharing arrangements in Belgium and identify the incorrect one from the following :
A) Equal number of members from Dutch and French community in the central government.
B) Separate government for Brussels with equal representation of the communities.
C) The statement government to be subordinate to the central government.
D) Community government elected by people belonging to one language community.
Answer:
C) The statement government to be subordinate to the central government.

Question 35.
Which one of the following elements is not included in the Belgium model?
A) Dutch and French speaking ministers shall be equal in the government
B) Many powers of the central government have been given to state governments
C) Brussels has a separate government in which both the communities have equal representations
D) There is a community government which has special powers of administration
Answer:
D) There is a community government which has special powers of administration

Question 36.
Which of the following statements accurately distinguishes between Majoritarianism and power – sharing ?
Answer:
Majoritarianism emphasizes the dominance of the majority community, while Power sharing emphasizes the sharing of power among different groups
B) Majoritarianism emphasizes the need for consensus building, while Power – sharing , emphasizes the exclusion of minority groups
C) Majoritarianism emphasizes the importance of accommodating minority interests, while Power – sharing emphasizes the need for majority rule.
D) Majoritarianism emphasizes the need for peaceful resolution of conflicts, while Power – sharing emphasizes the use of force to impose the majority’s will.
Answer:
A) Majoritarianism emphasizes the dominance of the majority community, while Power sharing emphasizes the sharing of power among different groups

Question 37.
Consider the following statements on Power – sharing and choose the correct option:
I) Majoritarianism is the real spirit of democracy.
I) It creates balance and harmony in different groups.
III) It reduces the possibility of conflict among social groups.
IV) Power sharing is the essence of democracy.
A) I, II and III
B) II, III and IV
C)I, III and IV
D) I, II and IV
Answer:
B) II, III and IV

Question 38.
Consider the following statements on Power – sharing and select the answer using the codes given below :
I) It is good for democracy
II) It creates harmony in different groups
III) It brings transparency in the governance .
IV) It brings socio-political competition among parties
A) I, II & III
B) II, III & IV
C)I, III & IV
D) I, II & IV
Answer:
A) I, II & III

Question 39.
You are a citizen of% a country that has a democratic form a government. You want to ensure that the system of Power • sharing in your country is effective and that no one 1 branch of government has absolute power.
Which of the following measures would best meet this goal ?
A) All power is concentrated in the hands of the legislature only
B) Power is divided between the central government and the states or provinces, with each level having its own sphere of influence
C) Power is separated among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with each branch having its own responsibilities and powers
D) Power is shared among different levels of government, such as the national, regional, and local governments, with each level having some degree of autonomy.
Answer:
C) Power is separated among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with each branch having its own responsibilities and powers

AP 10th Class Social Political Science 1st Important Questions Lesson Power Sharing

Question 40.
Proportionality is an important practice in Power sharing which includes proportional allocation of jobs, representation and participation by ethnic group leaders etc.
Which of the following is an example of proportionality ?
A) Many political organizations demanded an independent Tamil state in Sri Lanka
B) Roles and responsibilities are allotted to both the Central and the State government in India
C) Around 24% of total seats in Lok Sabha are reserved for members belonging to SC- ST categories
D) The minority French-speaking community (around 45%) is more rich and powerful than the majority Dutch-speaking community in Belgium.
Answer:
C) Around 24% of total seats in Lok Sabha are reserved for members belonging to SC- ST categories

Question 41.
Match the language with the region in Belgium:

A) Dutch 1. Flemish region
B) French 2. Wallonia region
C) German 3. Brussels-Capital Region

Answer:
A -1, B-2, C-3

Question 42.
Match the majoritarian measure with the consequence in Sri Lanka:

A) Recognizing Sinhala as the only official language 1. Alienation of Tamil speaking community
B) Preferential policies favouring Sinhala applicants 2. Civil war
C) Constitution stipulating state support for Buddhism 3. Economic development

Answer:
A-1, B-2, C-3

Question 43.
Match the outcome with the event in Sri Lanka:

A) Formation of political organisations 1. Thousands of people killed demanding Tamil Eelam
B) Civil war 2. Excellent record in education & health
C) Economic development 3. Terrible setback to social, cultural, & economic life

Answer:
A -1, B-3, C-2

Question 44.
Match the following components of Lebanon’s power-sharing system with their respective communities:

A) President 1. Orthodox Christian
B) Prime Minister 2. Sunni Muslim
C) Deputy Prime Minister 3. Maronite Catholic Christian
D) Speaker 4. Shi’a Muslim

Answer:
A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4

Question 45.
Match the description with the corresponding character in the story:

A) Khalil 1. A man with political ambition
B) Khalil’s parents 2. Representatives of different communities
C) Elders in Lebanon 3. One an Orthodox Christian and the other a Sunni Muslim

A. A -1, B-3, C-2

Question 46.
The following questions consist of two statements – Assertion (A) and Reason (R) Answer these questions selecting the appropriate option given below:
Assertion (A) : Sri Lanka adopted ‘Tamil’ as the official language of the State.
Reason (R) : The Government of Sri Lanka adopted a series of majoritarian measures.
A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C) A is true but R is false.
D) A is false but R is true.,
Answer:
D) A is false but R is true.

Question 47.
The following questions consist of two statements – Assertion (A) and Reason (R) Answer these questions selecting the appropriate option given below:
Assertiou (A) : Sri Lanka adopted Sinhala as the only official language of the state.
Reason (R) : The government of Sri Lanka wanted to foster their culture, language and religion.
A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C) A is true but R is false.
D) A is false but R is true.
Answer:
A)1 Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Question 48.
The following questions consist of two statements – Assertion (A) and Reason (R) Answer these questions selecting the appropriate option given below:
Assertion (A) : Majority community is dominant in a few democratic states.
Reason (R) : Dominance can undermine the unity of the country.
A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C) A is true but R is false.
D) A is false but R is true.
Answer:
A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Question 49.
The following questions consist of two statements – Assertion (A) and Reason (R) Answer these questions selecting the appropriate option given below:
Assertion (A) : Power – Sharing”can only emerge in a democratic setup.
Reason (R) : In an ideal democracy, political power is distributed among as many people as possible.
A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C) A is true but R is false.
D) A is false but R is true.
Answer:
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Question 50.
The following questions consist of two statements – Assertion (A) and Reason (R)
Answer these questions selecting the appropriate option given below: – Assertion (A) : Power – sharing is good.
Reason (R) : It helps to reduce the possibility of conflicts between social groups.
A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C) A is true but R is false.
D) A is false but R is true.
Answer:
A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

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