AP 10th Class Social History 2nd Lesson Important Questions Nationalism in India

These AP 10th Class Social Important Questions History 2nd Lesson Nationalism in India will help students prepare well for the exams.

Nationalism in India AP 10th Class Social History 2nd Lesson Important Questions

AP 10th Class Social History 2nd Lesson Important Questions: 8 Marks

Question 1.
How did the ‘First World War’ create new economic and political situations in India? Explain with examples.
Answer:
The’ First World War created the new economic and political situations in India.
They are:

• It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by increasing taxes on Indians.
• Customs duties were raised and income tax was introduced.
• Prices were continuously raised and it caused extreme hardship to the common people.
• In rural areas villagers were called to supply soldiers by forced recruitment. It caused widespread anger. All this was aggravated by failure of crop and famine.
• Between 1918 and 1921 crops were failed. It further aggravated the anger.
• Industries were geared to produce goods to fulfill war needs. It led to shortage of essential commodities. This was the natural outcome of war.

Question 2.
Explain the idea of satyagraha according to Gandhi.
Answer:

• Gandhi had carried out successful satyagraha in South Africa against the racist regime.
• According to him satyagraha was not a passive resistance but it called for intensive activity.
• suggested that if the struggle was against injustice, physical force is not necessary to fight the oppressor. Non-violence could also win the battle.
• Only through the power of the truth and non-violence, an appeal was to be made to the conscience of the oppressor.
• Persuasion, not force, would make the oppressor realise the truth. This dharma of non-violence and truth united people against the oppressor and made them realise the truth.

Question 3.
Why did Gandhi decide to launch a nation – wide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act of 1919 ?
Answer:
Gandhiji decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act of 1919 because of the following reasons:

• In 1919, Rowlatt Act was hurriedly passed by the Imperial Legislative Council.
• Indian members unitedly opposed it.
• This Act gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without tried for two years.
• The Act deprived the Indians of their civil rights.

It was organised in the following ways:

• Gandhiji wanted a non-violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws.
• It started with hartal on 6th April 1919.
• Rallies were organised in various cities in India.
• Workers in the railway workshop went on strike.
• Shops were closed down in protest.

Question 4.
Describe the developments which led to the launching of Non-Cooperation Movement.
Answer:
The developments that led to the launching of Non-Cooperation Movement were :

• In 1916 Gandhi travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.
• In 1917, he organised satyagraha to support the peasants of Kheda in Gujarat.
• In 1918, he organised satyagraha for cotton mill workers in Ahmedabad.
• In 1919, nation wide satyagraha was launched against Rowlatt Act.
• Passing of the Rowlatt Act leading to unrest among Indians and arrest of prominent leaders made Gandhi launch the Non – Cooperation Movement.

Question 5.
Explain the reactions of the Indian people against the Rowlatt Act passed through the Imperial Legislative Council in 1919.
Answer:
1) The Rowlatt Act gave enormous powers to the government to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisioners without trial for two years.

2) Indians reacted against this unreasonable act, Gandhiji wanted a non-violent civil disobedience against the unjust law and decided to start a hartal on 6th April 1919.

3) Rallies were organised in various cities.

4) People organised hartals all over the country in protest of the Rowlatt Act and the shops were shutdown.

5) Workers went on strike in railway workshops.

Question 6.
Describe the incident of Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.
Answer:
i) The Rowlatt Act was effective from 10th March, 1919. In Punjab, the protest movement was vast and strong.

ii) On 10th April, two renowned leaders of the Congress, Dr. Satya Pal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew were arrested and were taken to an unknown place.

iii) A public meeting was held on 13th April at Jallianwala Bagh in a small park enclosed by buildings on all sides to protest against the arrest.

iv) General Dyer with his British troops entered the park, closed the entrance of the park and commanded his army to fire on the gathered people without any warning.

v) The firing lasted for ten minutes and sixteen hundred rounds were fired killing about hundreds of people and more than two thousand people were left wounded and unattended.

Impact of the Jallianwalla Bagh massacre :

• The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was the most brutal incident in the history of India.
• It reflected the government’s ruthless attitude towards the colonised people.
• It filled hatred in the hearts of the Indians. They were not ready to accept such a heinous crime.
• They showed their disapproval by surrendering titles that the government had awarded.
• They also boycotted civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools, and foreign goods.

Question 7.
Why did Gandhi feel the need to launch a more broad – based movement in India ?
How did he achieve this object ?
Answer:
1) “the reason for a more broad-based movement was that the Rowlatt Satyagraha had been a widespread movement, but it was mostly limited to cities and towns.

2) Gandhi felt that a more broad – based movement could not be organised without bringing Hindu – Muslim unity.

3) One way pf achieving Hindu – Muslim unity was to take up the Khilafat issue.

4) After the defeat of Turkey in World War – I, there were rumours that harsh terms would be imposed on the emperor of Turkey who was also the Khalifa or the spiritual head of the Muslims.

5) The Indian Muslims decided to defend the temporal powers of the Kalifa.

6) Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali – two brothers, met Gandhi who saw this as an opportunity to bring two communities closer and start a unified national movement.

7) In the special session of the Congress at Calcutta in September 1920, inspite of opposition of some leaders, Gandhi convinced leaders to start a Non – Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat’as well as for Swaraj.

8) However, many within the Congress were reluctant to boycott the council elections scheduled for November 1920, and they feared that the movement might lead to violence.

9) But, finally at Nagpur session in December 1920, a compromise between two groups of Congress was worked out and the Non – Cooperation programme was adopted in support of Khilafat as well as for Swaraj.

Question 8.
How had non-cooperation spread in cities ? Explain. Why did it gradually slow down.
Answer:

• Students left the schools and colleges. Headmasters and teachers resigned.
• Lawyers gave up their practice.
• Elections were boycotted except in Madras, where Justice party, took part in elections because it was a party of non-Brahmans and felt that entering the council was one way of gaining some – power – something that usually only Brahmans had access to.
• Foreign goods were boycotted.
• Liquor shops were picketed
• Foreign clothes were burnt in huge bonfires.
• Many traders refused to import foreign cloth or trade in foreign goods.

B. Economic Effects:

1. The import of foreign cloth decreased from Rs. 102 crore to Rs. 57 crore between 1921 to 1922.
2. In many places merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance – foreign trade.
3. People discarded foreign clothes and started wearing only Indian clothes. This led to increased production by the Indian textile mills and handlooms.

C. The movement in the cities gradually slowed down :

• Khadi was often more expensive than mass produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it.
• Similarly the boycott of British institutions failed because to be successful alternative Indian institutions could not set up in place of the British ones.
• As a result of it, students and teachers began to go back to government schools.
• The lawyers too joined back work in government courts.

Question 9.
The middle classes played on important role in the Non – Cooperation Movement in the cities. Explain.
Answer:

• The movement started with middle – class participation in the cities.
• Thousands of students left government controlled schools and colleges.
• Headmasters and teachers resigned.
• Lawyers gave up their legal practices.
• The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras.
• Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires.
• Merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods.
• Production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.

Question 10.
How could non – cooperation become a movement ? Explain with examples.
Answer:
Gandhi’s non-cooperation could become a movement due to its gradual spread in various parts of the country.
1) In cities, middle-class people participated in the movement. Thousands of students left government controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal practices.

2) People in large number boycotted foreign goods, picketed liquor shops and burnt foreign cloth in huge bonfires. In many places, merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade. People began discarding imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones with the spread of the boycott movement.

3) From the cities, the Non-Cooperation Movement spread to the countryside. In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra. Being fed up with the atrocities of the talukdars and landlords, these peasants demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar, and social boycott of the zamindars.

In many places, nai – dhobi bandhs were organised by panchayats to deprive landlords/of the services of even barbers and washermen. In October 1920, the Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up and within a month, over 300 branches had been set up in the villages around the region. So, when the Non-Cooperation Movement began the following year, the Congress integrated the Awadh peasant struggle into the wider struggle.

4) Tribal peasants also played an important role in making the non-cooperation a mass movement. They were already frustrated with the colonial government’s callous attitude. In such a situation when the government began forcing them to contribute begar for road building, they revolted under the leadership of Alluri Sitaram Raju. He persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking.

5) The Non-Cooperation Movement also inspired the plantation workers of Assam. These workers wanted freedom to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed. So, when they heard of the movement, they defined the authorities, left the plantations and headed home. They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own villages.

Question 11.
How did Gandhi try to integrate the depressed classes into society ? Explain.
Answer:
1) Gandhi organised Satyagraha to secure entry into temples for them and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools.
2) He himself cleaned toilets to dignify the work of the untouchables.
3) He persuaded the upper classes to change their attitude towards the depressed classes and give up untouchability.
4) When the British conceded to demand of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar to have separate electorates for the depressed classes, Gandhi went on a-fast unto death as he believed that a separate electorate for dalits would slow down the process of their integration into society.’

Question 12.
Categorise and discuss the different urban sentiments which joined the Non-Cooperation Movement ?
Answer:
a) The growth of nationalism in the colonies including India is intimately connected to the anti-colonial movement. People in colonies discover their unity in the process of their struggle with colonialism. The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provides a shared bond that ties many different groups together.

b) The First World War created a new economic and political situation. It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans’and increasing taxes. Customs duties were raised and income tax introduced. Through the war years prices increased leading to extreme hardship for the common people. Villages were called upon to supply soldiers and the forced recruitment in rural areas angered the common mass. In 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India resulting in acute shortages of food.

This was accompanied by an influenza epidemic. Millions of people died as a result of famines and the epidemic. People hoped that their hardships would end after the war was over. But that did not happen. All this caused“widespread anger and opposition against the British colonial rule and the national movement in India took a stronger turn.

c) The Rowlatt Act was passed hurriedly through the imperial Legislative Council despite the united opposition of the Indian members, The Act gave the government
enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.

d) The Indians were outraged by these laws as they were clearly undemocratic and oppressive and hurt national sentiments and dignity. Mahatma Gandhi called for a nation-wide protest against the proposed Rowlatt Act in 1919. Rallies were organised in various cities. Workers went on strike in railway workshops and shops closed down.

e) Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-cooperation Movement because it was turning violent. Various incidents of violence perpetrated by the masses, especially the Chauri Chaura incident that took place in 1922 in Gorakhpur.
Here, a peaceful demonstration in a bazaar turned into a violent clash with the police and the angry mob set police-station on fire in which several police were killed. Hearing of the incident, Mahatma Gandhi called a halt to“this movement. He felt that people were not yet ready for a mass struggle, and the satyagrahis needed to be properly trained for non-violent demonstrations.

Question 13.
Describe the causes, events and results of peasants movement of Awadh during the Non – Cooperation Movement.
Answer:
During the Non-Cooperation Movement, the peasants of Awadh under the leadership of Baba Ramchandra a sanyasi, participated.
Causes:
a) The talukdars and landlords demanded high rents and other cesses from the peasants who had to do begar and work at landlord’s farms without payment.
b) As tenants, there was no security of tenure and no right over the leased land, Object and demands : The demands included reduction of revenue, abolition of begar, and social boycott of oppressive landlords.

Activities during the movement:
a) In many places, nai-dhobi bandhs were organised by panchayats to deprive landlords of the serices of even barbers and washermen.

b) By October 1920 Oudh Kisan Sabha was formed. It was headed by Jawaharlal Nehru who had gone there, talked to the villagers to understand their grievances.

c) Within a month over 300 branches had been setup in the villages around this region.

d) After the start of Non-Cooperation Movement, Congress tried to integrate the Awadh peasants struggle into a wider struggle.

e) The peasant movement, however, developed in forms that the Congress leadership was unhappy with because in 1921 the houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked, bazars were looted, and grain hoards were taken over.
The local leaders told peasants that Gandhiji had declared that no taxes were to be paid and land was to be redistributed among the poor. The name of Gandhij was used to sanction all actions and aspirations.
Results: As the peasants struggle had turned violent, the Congress was unhappy.

Question 14.
Write about the participation of tribal peasants in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh in the cooperation movement.
Answer:

1. The colonial government had closed large forest areas preventing people from entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect fuel wood and fruits.
2. These restrictions had affected their livelihoods as well as their traditional rights.
3. They were forced to contribute begar for road construction.
4. They attacked police stations and attempted to kill British officials and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj.
5. Alluri Sitarama Raju led them in the militant guerrilla movement. He was influenced by Gandhi and persuaded them to wear Khadi and give up drinking. He believed in the use of force for liberation of the country. Later he was captured and executed in 1924 and became a folk hero.
6. So, we can understand that tribal people were influenced by Non-Cooperation Movement and took part it in their own way. Tribal peasants, however, could not achieve their objects because such activities were not approved by the Congress.

Question 5.
Describe the role of Alluri Sitarama Raju during 1920s.
Answer:

1. Alluri Sitarama Raju claimed that he had a variety of special powers like making astrological predictions, healing people and surviving bullet shots.
2. The gudem rebels proclaimed him as an incarnation of God,
3. Raju was inspired by Gandhi’s Non – Cooperation Movement.
4. Raju persuaded people to wear Khadi and give up drinking.
5. But at the same time he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force, not violence.
6. He used guirrella warfare for achieving Swaraj.

Question 16.
Explain the response of the plantation workers to the Non – Cooperation Movement started by Gandhi. What did freedom mean for them ?
Answer:

1. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission.
2. When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home.
3. They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own village.
4. They, however, never reached their destination. Stranded on the way by a railway and steamer strike, they were caught by the police and brutally beaten up.
   For them, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed.

Question 17.
Explain the meaning of ‘Swaraj’ as perceived by the plantation workers ? How did they respond to the call of the Non – Cooperation Movement ?
Answer:
1) For plantation workers in Assam, Swaraj meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed, and it meant retaining a link – with the village from which they had come.

2) Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission, and infact, they were rarely given such permission.

3) When they heard of the Non-CoOperation Movement, thousands Of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home.

4) They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own villages.

5) They, however, never, reached their destination. Stranded on the way by a Railway and steamer strike, they were caught by the police and brutally beaten up.

Question 18.
What were the main events that led to Civil Disobedience movement ?
Answer:
1) In October 1929 to win over Congress and Muslim league, Lord Irwin Viceroy made on offer of dominion status’for India in an unspecified future.

2) He also announced that a Round Table Conference Would be held to discuss a future Constitution for India.

3) Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chadra Bose became more assertive.

4) The liberals and moderates who were demanding constitutional system within the frame work of British dominion lost their influence.

5) Under these circumstances, Congress session at Lahore was held in December 1929, under the presidency of Nehru.

6) At Lahore session, Congress passed a resolution for ‘Puma Swaraj’ or full independence for India. It was declared that 26, January, 1930 would be celebrated as Independence Day and people were to take a pledge to struggle for complete Independence.

Question 19.
How did people and the colonial government react to the Civil Disobedience movement ? Explain.
Answer:

1. Thousand of people broke colonial laws and salt laws, manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of government owned salt factories.
2. Foreign cloth was boycotted, liquor shops were picketed.
3. Peasants refused to pay taxes, revenue and chowkidari taxes.
4. In many places people violated forest laws, by going into reserved forests to collect wood and graze cattle.
5. In Peshawar, the angry crowd demonstrated in streets, facing armoured cars and police firing.
6. The colonial government reacted ruthlessly worked by the popularity of the movement, the government arrested eminent leaders. It led to violent clashes.
7. Peaceful Satyagrahis were arrested, and people were beaten and 1,00,000 were . arrested.
8. Congress was declared illegal.
9. Gandhi signed the Gandhi Irwin pact and agreed to attend the second round table conference in London.

Question 20.
What were the various activities that took place during the first phase of the Civil Disobedience Movement ? Why was it withdrawn in March 1931 ?
Answer:
Activities:

• Violation of salt law by manufacturing salt.
• Boycott of foreign cloth.
• Picketing of liquor shops.
• Peasants refused to pay taxes and chowkidari taxes.
• Resignation of village officials.
• Violation of forest laws and going to reserved forests to collect wood and grazing cattle.

Government Policy:

• It arrested the congress leaders.
• A devout disciple of Gandhi, Abdul Gaffar Khan was arrested in April 1930. It led to clashes in Peshawar.
• In police firing many people were killed.
• In Sholapur, people attacked law courts, railway stations and the structures that symbolised the British rule. As a result of repressive policy about 1,00,000 people were arrested.
• As a result of government’s repressive policy in which children and women were beaten. Gandhi once again decided to call off the movement. Gandhi Irwin pact was \signed on 5th March 1931.

Question 21.
What were the main demands put forward by Gandhi in his letter dated 31st January 1930 to Viceroy ? What was the object and importance of salt tax ?
Answer:

• After the Lahore session of Congress 26 January 1930 was celebrated as Independence day.
• At Lahore resolution for ‘Purna Swaraj’ was passed.
• Before starting the movement, Gandhi wrote a letter on 31st January 1930 stating the demands which were wide ranging to include all classes within Indian society.
• The abolition of salt tax was the most important demand because salt was consumed by the rich as well as poor. It was one of the most essential items of food.
• The monopoly of the government over it’s production revealed the most oppressive policy of the British government.
• So, to attract each and everyone into the movement, Gandhiji included abolition of salt tax in his eleven demands.
• The demands were, however, not accepted by the Viceroy.
• So, it was decided to start the Civil Disobedience Movement or Salt Satyagraha.

Question 22.
What were the main features of the Gandhi – Irwin pact ? How and when was the Civil Disobedience relaunched and lost it’s momentum ?
Answer:
1) Gandhi decided to call of the movement and entered into a pact with Irwin on 5th March 1931.

2) The main feature of the agreement was that Gandhi consented to participate in a round table conference in London. The government agreed to release the political prisioners.

3) Gandhi had been to London to attend the second Round Table Conference as the sole representative of the Congress. However, the Round Table Conference failed.

4) On his return, he found that the government followed a repressive policy.

5) Gaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru had already been arrested.

6) Congress had been declared illegal.

7) The government had taken many steps to prevent meetings, demonstrations and boycotts.

8) Gandhi restarted the movement again on 1st January 1932.

9) It continued but soon lost it’s momentum and was withdrawn in 1934.

Question 23.
Why did Gandhi want the tax on the salt to be abolished ?
Answer:
1) Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite the nation.

2) On 31 January 1930, he sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands. Some of these were of general interest; others were specific demands of different classes, from industrialists to peasants.

3) The idea was to make the demands wide-ranging, so that all classes within Indian society could identify with them and everyone could be brought together in a united campaign.

4) The most stirring of ail was the demand to abolish the salt tax. Salt was something, consumed by the rich and the poor alike, and it was one of the most essential items of food.

5) The tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production, Mahatma Gandhi declared, revealed the most oppressive face of British rule.

Question 24.
Briefly describe the Salt March / Dandi March undertaken by Mahatma Gandhi. What were its importance and effects ? What were the features of this movement ?
Answer:

• As the demands were not fulfilled, Gandhi started march from his Sabarmati to the Gujarat coastal town Dandi.
• 78 trusted volunteers accompanied Gandhi.
• March continued for 24 days about 10 miles a day.
• During the March Gandhi explained to the people, the meaning of Swaraj and urged them to defy the British laws.
• On reaching Dandi on 6 April, ceremonially Gandhi violated the salt law, by manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.
• Manufacturing salt by boiling sea water was the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
• This movement was different from Non-Cooperation Movement.
• In Civil Disobedience Movement people were asked not only to refuse cooperation with the British but also to break colonial laws like Salt Law which was the most oppressive face of the British rule.

Features:

• First successful mass movement.
• People from all sections participated in the movement.
• For the First time women left their homes and joined the movement.
• The movement was launched with the goal of ‘Puma Swaraj’.

Question 25.
How did Civil Disobedience came into force in various parts of the country ? Explain with examples.
Answer:
The different social groups which participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement were:
1) In the countryside, the rich peasant communities like Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh took active part in the movement. They were hard hit by trade depression and falling prices and were unable to pay the governments revenue demand. For them Swaraj meant struggle against high revenue.

2) As depression continued poor peasantry found it difficult to pay the rent. They joined a variety of radical movements often led by socialists and communists.

3) Indian merchants and industrialists resented colonial policies which restricted trade. They were against imports of foreign goods. When the Civil Disobedience Movement as first launched, they gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported jloth. To organise business interests, they formed the Indian Industrial and (Commercial Congress in 1920 and Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927.

4) Some workers participated in the movement with their selective approach adopted from Gandhian ideas to protest against low wages and poor working conditions. There were strikes by railway workers and dockyard workers. Thousands of workers in Chotanagpur tin mines wore Gandhi caps and participated in protest rallies and boycott campaigns.
5) Women joined the Civil Disobedience Movement in large number. They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops.

Question 26.
The Civil Disobedience Movement saw the participation of different social classes and groups. Give reasons for the participation of the following.
1) Rich peasants
2) Poor peasants
3) Business class
4) Industrial working class
5) Women
Answer:
1) Rich peasants : Rich peasant communities like the Patidars of Gujarat & the jats of Uttar Pradesh joined the movement because being producers of commercial crops they were hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices. The refusal of the government to reduce the revene demand made them fight against high revenues

2) Poor peasants : Joined the movement because they found it difficult to pay rent. They wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted.

3) Business class : They reacted against colonial policies that restricted activities because they were keen on expanding their business and for this, they wanted protection against imports of foreign goods. They thought that Swaraj would cancel colonial restrictions and that trade would flourish without restrictions. They also wanted protection against the rupee – sterling foreign exchange ratio. They formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) In 1927.

4) Industrial working class : They did not participate in large numbers except in the Nagpur region. Some workers did participate, selectively adopting some of the Gandhian programs, like boycotts of foreign goods, as a part of their own movements against low wages and poor working conditions.

5) Women : There was large-scale participation of women in the movement. They participated in protest marches,“manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops, Many of them went to jail.

Question 27.
‘The merchants and industrialists made a significant contribution to the Civil Disobedience Movement”. Explain the role of the merchants and industrialists basing on the above statement.
Answer:
1) Indian merchants and industrialists wanted protection against imports of foreign goods, and a rupee – sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports. To organise.business interests, they formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (F1CC1) in 1927.

2) Led by prominent industrialists like Purushottamdas, Thakurdas and G.D. Birla, the industrialists attacked colonial control over the Indian economy, and supported the Civil Disobedience Movement when it was first launched.

3) They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods. Most businessmen came to see Swaraj at a time when colonial restrictions on business would no longer exist and trade and industry would flourish without constraints.

Question 28.
Examine the role of industrial working class in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer:
1) When the Civil Disobedience Movement started, the industrial working class did not participate in large number except in the Nagpur region.

2) As the industrialists gave financial assistance and came closer to the Congress, the workers did not participate in large number.

3) Some workers did participate in the movement. They boycotted foreign goods. They asked for higher wages and better working conditions. They participated in protest rallies an<J boycott campaigns in Chotanagpur region.

4) Gandhiji did not support the demands of industrial workers as it would have alienated the business classes.

5) Gandhiji was reluctant to support the industrial working class as it would have . divided the anti-imperialist forces.

Question 29.
Describe the role of poor peasantry into Civil Disobedience Movement ?
Answer:
1) The Peasants joined the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-34) because the poor peasantry was not just interested in the lowering of the revenue but also remission of rent as many had rented land and had been unable to pay the rent during the years of depression and decreasing cash incomes.

2) When the movement was called off in 1931, without the revenue rates being revised, the farmers were highly disappointed. In some parts of the country, they launched ‘no rent’ campaign which was not supported by the Congress because this might upset the rich peasant and the landlords.

3) Many of them refused to participate when the movement was relaunched in 1932. These poor peasants joined a variety of radical movements, often led by Socialists and Communists.

Question 30.
How did the business classes participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement ?
Answer:
1) The business classes supported the Civil Disobedience Movement when it was first launched.

2) They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods.

3) Most businessmen came to see Swaraj at a time when colonial restrictions on business would ho longer exist and trade’Shd industry would flourish without constraints.

4) But after the failure of the Round Table Conference, business groups were no longer , uniformly enthusiastic. So, when the movement was re-launched by Gandhiji, most of .them withdrew their support.

5) They were apprehensive of the spread of militant activities, and worried about prolonged disruption of business.

Question 31.
Different social groups had different interpretation of Swaraj. Identify the differences in their thinking during the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer:
1) The Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of UP were active in the movement as their crops were hard hit by the trade depression. The refused of the government to reduce the revenue led to wide spread resentment.

2) The rich peasant communities supported the Civil Disobedience Movement as it was a struggle of high revenues for them.

3) The poor peasants found it difficult to pay the rent to the patidars and landlords. The relationship between the small tenants and the Congress remained uncertain as the Congress could not support the ‘no rent’ demand of the poor tenants.

4) The Congress could not afford to antagonise the rich peasants and the landlords.

5) During the First World War, the Indian merchants had made profits and had become powerful. They now reacted against colonial policies that restricted their business activities.

6) They formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (F1CCI). Under the leadership of Purushottamdas Thakur and G.D. Birla they joined the Civil Disobedience Movement.

7) The industrial working class, however, contributed little to the Civil Disobedience Movement. They were against the low wages and poor working conditions. But they kept their distance from the Congress who had the support of the rich industrialists.

8) Women participated in Gandhiji’s salt march. Generally, women from urban families arid from rich rural household came out to listen to Gandhiji and participate in the CiVil Disobedience Movement.

Question 32.
Explain the significance of the Civil Disobedience Movement in the freedom struggle of India ?
Answer:
1) The Satyagrahis broke various colonial laws unlike the Non – Cooperation Movement.

2) Thousands of people in different parts of the country broke Salt Law, manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of government offices and factories.

3) Peasants refused to pay revenue and Chaukidari taxes. Officials in villages resigned and forest people violated forest laws by going into reserved forests to collect wood and graze cattle.

4) In this movement Satyagrahis displayed immense courage and sincerity.

5) Another significant feature of this movement was the participation of women in large scale.

6) Women also broke salt laws ariff manufactured salt, picketed shop selling foreign goods.

7) Business and industrial class also supported this movement by assisting financially and participating in the Khadi movement.

Question 33.
How women responded to Gandhi’s call for Civil Disobedience Movement ?
Answer:

• Women participated in large numbers in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
• Thousands of women came out of their homes to participate in protest marches, boycott of foreign clothes and liquor shops and manufactured salt.
• Many women went to jail.
• In urban areas many women came from high caste families.
• In rural areas many women came from rich peasant households.
• Moved by Gandhi’s call women saw the service to the nation as a sacred duty of women.

Question 34.
What was the issue of conflict between the Congress and the Muslim League ?
Answer:
1) Major difference between the Congress and Muslim League was over the question of representation in the future assemblies that were to be elected.

2) Muhammad Ali Jinnah from Muslim League was consented to give up the demand for separate electorates, if Muslims were assured reserved seats in the Central Assembly.

3) He asked for representation in proportion to population in the Muslim – dominated provinces (Bengal and Punjab).

4) Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed the efforts at compromise.

5) At the time when Civil Disobedience Movement started there was an atmosphere of suspicion and distrust between communities.

6) Alienated from the Congress, large sections of Muslims could not respond to the call for a united struggle.

7) Many Muslim leaders and intellectuals expressed their concern about the status of Muslims as a minority within India.

Question 35.
“Not all social groups were moved by the abstract concept of Swaraj.” Support the statement in the light of Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer:
1) Thousands of people in different parts of the country broke the salt laws and boycotted foreign cloth.

2) Liquor shops were picketed by women who participated in protest marches and manufactured salt. But there were some social groups which did not participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement. They were:

A) i) Untouchables : Dalits were ignored by the Congress because of the fear of offending the sanatanis, the conservative high caste Hindus.
ii) The result was that the dalit leaders organised themselves and demanded reserved seats in educational institutions and separate electorates for legislature councils.
iii) They thought that political empowerment would solve their problems.
iv) So, Dalit participation was therefore limited particularly in Maharashtra and Nagpur region where their organisation was strong.

Muslim participation :

• After the Non – Cooperation Movement, a large section of Muslim felt alienated from the Congress.
• Relations between Hindus and Muslims worsened.
• There were communal riots in various places.
• Efforts were made to bring these two communities closer by solving the question of representation. But these efforts failed.
• Thus, an atmosphere of suspicion and distrust between communities started.
• Alienated from the Congress, large sections of Muslims could not respond to the call for a united struggle.

Question 36.
How did Dr. B.R. Ambedkar try to improve the conditions of the Depressed classes?
Answer:
1) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar tried to improve the conditions of the Depressed classes.

2) in 1930, Ambedkar organised the Dalits (untouchables) into an organisation called the Depressed Classes Association, now known as Scheduled Caste.

3) Ambedkar’s ideas regarding depressed classes deferred from that of Gandhi. He wanted separate electorates for dalits.

4) At Round Table Conference Ambedkar demanded separate electorates for Dalits and the British conceded this demand.

5) With this Gandhi started fast into death because Gandhi believed that separate electorate for Dalits would slow down the process of their integration into the main society.

6) Ambedkar signed the Poona Pact with Gandhi and it gave the Depressed classes reserved seats in provincial and Central Legislative Councils, but they were to be voted in by the General electorate.

Question 37.
Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement ?
Answer:
1) The British got worried by the developments of Civil Disobedience Movement and started the arrest of various top Congress leaders.

2) This led to violent clashes in many parts of the country.

3) When Abdul Ghaffar Khan was arrested from Peshawar, angry crowd demonstrated in the streets facing armoured cars and police firing many were killed.

4) The arrest of Gandhiji led to the attacks on police force, municipal buildings and law courts by industrial workers in Sholapur.

5) Colonial government got frightened and responded with the policy of brutal repression.

6) At many places, Satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were beaten and about one lakh people were arrested. It was under these circumstances, Gandhiji called off the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Question 38.
How interpretation of history created a sense of belonging among different communities of India ?
Answer:
1) By the end of the nineteenth century many Indians began feeling that to instill a sense of pride in the nation Indian history had to be thought about differently.

2) The British saw Indians as backward and primitive, incapable of governing themselves. In response, Indians began writing about glorious developments in ancient times when art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, crafts and trade had flourished.

3) This glorious time, in their view, was followed by a history of decline, when India was colonised. These nationalist histories urged the readers to take pride in India’s great achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of life under British rule. Thus, reinterpretation of history created a feeling of nationalism among different community of India.

Question 39.
How did variety of cultural processes play an important role in making nationalism in India. Explain with examples.
Answer:
1) The sense of collective belonging inculcated the spirit of nationalism among the people.

2) History and fiction, folklore and songs and popular prints and symbols played an important part in the making of nationalism.

3) In the 20th century, various images of Bharat Mata came to light. It represented India.

4) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyaya, who had written Vande Mataram as a hymn dedicated to the motherland, created the first image of Bharat Mata.

5) Abanindranath Tagore portrayed Bharat Mata, as a calm, composed and spiritual figure. It was influenced by the Swadesi Movement.

6) Rabindranath Tagore revived folk songs, folk tales, hymns, legends and stories. In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a collection of Tamil folktales, the folklore of Southern India.

7) During the Swadesi Movement flags were carried to create a sense of national belonging, carrying the flag and holding it aloft during marches became a symbol of defiance.

8) Another means of creating a feeling of nationalism was through reinterpretation of history. Many Indians wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times, when art and architecture, mathematics and science flourished. They urged the readers to take pride in their glorious past.

Question 40.
What was the significant impact of Quit India Movement ?
Answer:
1) Oh August 8, 1942 in the Bombay session of the INC, Gandhi gave the call for Quit India Movement through his famous slogan of ‘Do or Die’.

2) A resolution was passed for a non-violent mass struggle on the widest possible scale throughout the country.

3) People observed hartals and demonstrations and’processions were accompanied by national songs and slogans. The entire state machinery came to a standstill. The Quit India Movement was violently suppressed by the British.

4) People were lathi – charged and villages burnt. It took the British more than a year to supress the movement.

5) Over the 1,00,000 people were arrested and the government resorted to violence in order to crush the agitation.

6) The movement also saw the emergence of new national leaders such as Aruna Asaf Ali, Ram Manohar Lohia and Jayaprakash Narayan.

7) The Quit India Movement changed the nature of political negotiation with the British, ultimately paving the way for India’s independence.

Question 41.
Read the soiree given and answer the questions given below.

Source : The Movement In die Towns : The movement started with middle-class participation in the cities. Thousands of students left government controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal practices. The council elections were boy and traders refused to trade In foreign goods or finance foreign trade. As the boycott movement spread, and people began discarding imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones, production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.

1) Explain the role of ‘Justice Party’ in boycotting council elections ?
Answer:
The Justice Party, the party of non-brahmans, felt that entering the council was one of gaining some power – something that usually only Brahmans had access to.

2) How was the effects of ‘non – cooperation on the economic front’ dramatic ?
Answer:
Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires.

3) Explain the effect of ‘Boycott’ movement on ‘foreign textile trade’.
Answer:
i) The import of foreign cloth halved.
ii) Merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade.
iii) Indian textile mills and handloom went up.

Question 42.
‘Dalit participation was limited in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Examine the statement.
Answer:
1) Dalit participation was limited in Civil Disobedience Movement because the Congress did not want to offend ’Sanatanis’ the upper caste Hindus by including the Dalits.

2) The Dalits believed that political empowerment would solve all the problems of their social disabilities.

3) Many Dalit leaders were keen on a different political solution, to their problems. They organised themselves and demanded reserved seats in educational institutions and separate electorate that would choose Dalit members for councils.

4) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar differed with Gandhi at Second Round Table Conference demanding separate electorate for Dalits. But Gandhi viewed this as it would down the process of unity and their integration into society.

5) The Dalits continued to be opprehensive of Congress led movements because it was dominated by conservative high class Hindus. So the Dalit participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement was limited, particularly in Maharashtra and Nagpur region where their organisation was strong.

Question 43.
Read the passage given and answer the questions given below.

Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation, wherythey discover some unity that binds them together. But how did the nation j become a reality in the minds of people ? How did people belonging to different j communities, regions or language groups develop a sense of collective belonging ? This | sense o f collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles. But . there were also a variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured people’s imagination. History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all played a part in the making of nationalism. The identity of the nation, as you know, i is most often symbolised in a figure or image.

1) How were the Indians able to connect with their culture ?
Answer:
through the feeling of collective belonging among each other.

2) How did revival of Indian folklore help in spread of nationalism ?
Answer:
These tales give a true picture of the traditional culture. Nationalists believed that ideas develop through a movement to revive Indian folklore.

3) Why did the national leaders encourage developing the identity of the nation as a figure or image ?
Answer:
1) This help them in explaining their struggle to the masses.
2) This helped in creating an image with which the people could identify the nation.
3) This help in reinterpretation of history for the national leaders.

Question 44.
Read the passage given and answer the questions that follow.

The movement started with middle-class participation in the cities. Thousands of students left government, controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal practices. The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras, where the justice party, the party of the noh-Brahmans, felt that entering the council was one way of gaining some power – something that usually only Brahmans had access to.

1) Which movement is being referred in the above given passage?
Answer:
Non – cooperation movement.

2) What was the purpose of Justice party to Contest Elections to council in Madras?
Answer:
The Justice party wanted to contest the Council Elections as it was one way of gaining some political power.

3) How did the rural people react to this movement?
Answer:

• The peasants demanded a reduction of revenue.
• The peasants demanded an abolition of bonded labour.
• The peasants demanded a social boycott of oppressive landlords.

Question 45.
Simon Commission was greeted with slogan “Go Back Simon’ at arrival in India. Support this reaction of Indians.
Answer:
a) In 1928, Simon Commission was constituted by the Tory government in Britain in response to the nationalist movement.

b) The object of the Commission under Sir John Simon, was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. But the problem was that the commission did not have a single Indian member. All the members were British. It was under these circumstances that the Indians decided to boycott the commission. So when the commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back Simon’. All parties including the Congress and”the Muslim League, participated in the demonstrations.

c) In response to the demands of the Indians, Simon commission was appointed to look into the constitutional reforms in India. But it was strange that no Indian was appointed as a member. This was a great insult for the Indians.

d) Not including atleast an Indian was against the spirit of nationalists in India. Hence demonstration against the ‘Simon commission’ is justified.

Question 46.
Mark the following on the outline map of India.
1) Calcutta
2) Nagpur
3) Madras
4) Movement of Indigo planters (Champaran – Bihar)
5) Kheda (peasant satyagraha)
6) Ahmedabad (cotton mill workers satyagraha)
7) Amritsar (Jallianwala Bagh massacre)
8) Chauri – Choura (calling off the Non-Cooperation Movement)
9) Dandi (Civil Disobedience Movement).
Answer:

Question 47.
Locate and label the following in the world map.
i) Denmark
ii) United Kingdom
iii) South Africa
Answer:

AP 10th Class Social History 2nd Lesson Important Questions: 4 Marks

Question 1.
How did the First World War help in the growth of the nationalist movement in India ?
Answer:

• The war created a new economic and political situation.
• Defence expenditure increased and it was financed by war loans and taxes were increased. Income tax was introduced.
• This led to a price rise and hardship for common people.
• War led to the forced recruitment of people.
• Acute shortage of food led to famine and misery.
• Indians began to realise that they were drawn into the war unnecessarily. These feelings united Indians against the British.

Question 2.
Describe Jalflanwala Bagh massacre.
Answer:

• On April 13, Jallianwala Bagh incident took place.
• On that day a crowd of villagers who had come to Amritsar to attend a fair gather in the enclosed ground of Jallianwalla Bagh.
• Being from outside the city, the villagers were unaware of the martial law that had been imposed.
• Dyer entered that area, blocked the exit points, and opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds.
• Dyer declared that he ordered fire to ‘produce a moral effect’ to create in the minds of satyagrahis a feeling of terror and awe.

Question 3.
What were the reasons for starting the Khilafat Movement ?
Answer:
1) With the defeat of Ottomon Turkey in the First World War, there were rumors that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottomon emperor, (the Khalifa)

2) Muslims all over the world began to support the temporal powers of the Khalifa.

3) In India also Khilafat Committee was formed under the leadership of Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.

4) At the Calcutta session of the Congress, Gandhi convinced other leaders of Congress to start a Non-Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat and Swaraj.

5) According to Gandhi this was an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement.

Question 4.
What were the two provisions of Rowlatt Act ? How it was opposed by the people of India?
Answer:
Provisions of Rowlatt Act:

• It gave the government the power to repress any political activity or demonstration.
• It allowed the detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
• The British government could arrest anyone and could search any place without any warrant.

The Rowlatt Act was opposed by Indians in the following ways:

• A non-violent civil disobedience against the unjust Jaw began.
• Rallies were organised in many cities.
• Workers went on strike in railway workshops.
• Shops were closed down in protest.

Question 5.
What were the views expressed by Gandhi in his book “Hind Swaraj” ?
Answer:

• Gandhi believed that the British rule was established with the co-operation of Indians.
• It survived in India with the co-operation of Indians.
• If Indians did not co-operate the British government would collapse.
• This belief made Gandhi to launch Non-Goperation Movement.

Question 6.
Why the Congress was unhappy with the developments in Awadh Peasants movement ?
Answer:

• As the movement spread in 1921, the houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked.
• Bazars were looted and grain hoards were taken over.
• In many places local leaders told the peasants that Gandhi had declared not to pay any taxes and land was to be redistributed among the poor.
• With all these developments Congress was unhappy with the Awadh peasants movements.

Question 7.
Explain the meaning and notion of Swaraj as perceived by the plantation workers.
How did they respond to the call of the Non-Cooperation movement ?
Answer:

• For plantation workers in Assam, Swaraj meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed.
• Then they can retain a link with the village from which they had come.
• Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission. They were rarely given such permission.
• When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home.
• They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own villages.

Question 8.
Explain any three causes that led the tribals to revolt in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh.
Answer:
The causes that led the tribals to’revolt in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh are :

• The colonial government closed forest areas preventing people from entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect fuelwood and fruits. This enraged the hill people.
• Not only their livelihoods were effected, but they felt that their traditional rights were being denied.
• The government began them forcing to do begar in road construction. The hill people revolted.

Question 9.
How did the tribals of the Gudem Hills of Andhra* Pradesh interpret Swaraj ?
Answer:
1) The tribals of Gunem Hills of Andhra Pradesh interpreted the idea of Swaraj in a quite different way. The tribals started a military guerrilla movement against the colonial government.

2) The colonial government prevented the tribals from entering the forest. This enraged the tribals. Not only their livelihoods affected but also their traditional rights were denied.

3) When the government began forcing them to contribute begar for road building, the hill people revolted under the leadership of Alluri Sitarama Raju.

4) They attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and carried on guerilla warfare for achieving Swaraj.

5) For thepri, Swaraj meant freedom of entering the forests to graze their cattle etc.

Question 10.
‘The Non-Cooperation Movement in the cities gradually slowed down for a variety of reasons’. What were the reasons ?
Answer:

• Khadi cloth was more expensive than mass produced mill cloth. So poor people cannot afford to buy it.
• Boycott of British institutions failed because Indian institutions could not be set up in place of the British ones.
• Students and teachers began trickling back to government schools.
• The lawyers too joined back work in government courts.

Question 11.
“The Congress was reluctant to include the demands of industrial workers in its prograinme of struggle”. Analyse.
Answer:
1) The industrial working classes did not participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement in large numbers, except in the Nagpur region. As industrialists came to closer to the Congress, workers stayed aloof.

2) Some workers who participated in the movement, selectively adopted some of the ideas of the Gandhian programme, like boycott of foreign goods, as part of their own movements against low wages and poor working conditions.

3) The Congress was reluctant to include workers demands in its programme of struggle as it felt that this would alienate industrialists and divide the anti-imperial forces.

Question 12.
What are the features of the Civil Disobedience Movement ? How was it different from Non-Cooperation Movement ?
Answer:
Features of the Civil Disobedience-Movement.

• The movement started with Salt March thousands broke salt law.
• Foreign clothes were boycotted.
• Liquor shops were picketed.
• Peasants refused to pay taxes.
• People were asked not only to refuse co-operation with the British but also to break colonial laws.

Question 13.
Which were the two types of demands mentioned by Gandhiji in his letter to Viceroy Irwin on 31st January 1930. ?
Answer:

• On 31st January 1930, Gandhiji sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands.
• Some of these were of general interest and others were specific demands of different classes, from industrialists to peasants.
• The idea was to make the demands wide-ranging, so that all classes within Indian society could identify with them and everyone could be brought together is a united campaign.
• The most stirring of all was the demand to abolish the salt tax.
• According to Gandhi the tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production reveals the most oppressive face of British rule.

Question 14.
Explain the limitations of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer:

• Half-hearted participation of untouchables. Congress had ignored the Dalits for fear of offending the sanatanis, the conservative high-caste Hindus.
• After the decline of the Non-Cooperation Khilafat movement, a large section of – Muslims felt alienated from Congress.
• As relations between Hindus and Muslims worsened, each community organised religious processions with militant fervor. This provoked Hindu-Muslim communal clashes and riots in various cities.

Question 15.
Describe the main features of the Poona pact.
Answer:
1) The Poona pact was signed between Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar in 1932 September to resolve the issue of separate electorates for dalits.

2) It gave the depressed classes who later came to be known as the Scheduled Castes reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils.

3) But they were to be voted in by the general electorate as their demand of separate electorate was not accepted by Gandhi in the larger interest of the country.

Question 16.
What are the views of Gandhi on untouchability ?
Answer:

• Gandhi was against untouchability. According to him Swaraj would not come for a hundred years if untouchability was not eliminated. He called the untouchables ’harijan1 or ‘the children of God’.
• He organised Satyagraha to secure their entry into temples, and access to the public wells,, tanks, roads and schools.
• Gandhi himself cleaned toilets to dignity the work of the sweepers.
• Gandhi persuaded the upper caste to change their heart and give up ‘the sin of untouchability’.

Question 17.
What were the roles played by merchants and industrialists in the Civil Disobedience Movement ?
Answer:
1) During the First World War Indian merchants and industrialists had made huge profits and became powerful.

2) They reacted against colonial policies which are restricting their business activities.

3) They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods and a rupee sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports.

4) The industrialists attacked colonial control over the Indian economy and supported the Civil Disobedience Movement when it was first launched.

5) They gave financial assistance and refused to sell and buy imported goods.

6) They thought Swaraj as a time when colonial restrictions would no longer exist.

Question 18.
How did the rich peasants and women take part in Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer:
1) Rich peasant communities like the Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh were the active supporters of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

2) They organised their communities and at times forced reluctant members to participate in the boycott programmes. For them, the fight for Swaraj was a struggle against high revenues.

3) Women participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement in a large number. During Gandhi’s salt march, thousands of women came out of their homes to listen to his speeches.

4) They took part in protest marches, manufactured salt and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops.
5) They saw service to the nation as a sacred duty.

Question 19.
Who painted the picture of Bharat Mata given below. Describe some of its features.

Answer:

• This picture was painted by Abanindranath Tagore.
• In this figure Bharat Mata is shown as dispensing learning, food and clothing.
• He organised Satyagraha to secure their entry into temples, and access to the public wells, tanks, roads and schools.
• Gandhi himself cleaned toilets to dignity the work of the sweepers.
• Gandhi persuaded the upper caste to change their heart and give up ‘the sin of untouchability’.

Question 20.
How interpretation of history created a sense of collective belongings among the different communities of India ?
Answer:
1) By the end of the 19th. century many Indians began feeling that to instill a sense of pride in the nation, Indian History had to be thought about differently.

2) The British saw Indians as backward and primitive, incapable of governing themselves.

3) In response to this, Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great achievements.

4) They wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times when art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy and crafts and trade flourished.

5) These nationalist histories urged the readers to take pride in India’s great achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of life under British rule.

Question 21.
How Swaraj Party come into existence ?
Answer:

1) After the suspension of Non-Cooperation Movement in 1922, two groups formed in the Congress.

2) Some leaders were tired of mass struggles and wanted to participate in the Council elections. They were of the opinion that the British policies can be opposed within the councils.

3) They can ask for more reforms and demonstrate that these councils were not truly democratic.

4) C.R. Das. Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party for fighting elections and to return to council politics.

5) The other group led by leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose who were in favour of more radical mass agitation and for full independence. However the Swarajists were allowed to fight elections.

6) They succeeded to some extent only in 1923. In 1926 elections they did not succeed due to the death of C.R.Das.

Question 22.
What role did First World War play in the growth of National Movement in India ?
Answer:

1. Price hike, extreme poverty and acute shortage of food was experienced in India.
2. Forced recruitment, famine and epidemic created widespread anger and resentment.
3. Indians realised that they were being dragged into the war to fulfill the imperialistic desires of the British.
4. These feelings united the Indians and they began to demand reforms the British.

Question 23.
Write few sentences about Dandi March.
Answer:

• Gandhi started his famous salt march from his ashram at Sabarmati on 12th March 1930 to the coastal town of Dandi in Gujarat.
• Gandhi and volunteers walked for 24 days to cover 240 miles for Dandi.
• Gandhi addressed the crowds who came to listen to him. He told them about Swaraj and Civil disobedience.
• Gandhi urged them to defy the British government through peaceful ways.
• On April 6,1930 Gandhi reached Dandi and ceremonially violated the salt law by manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.

Question 24.
What were the Satyagraha movements which Gandhi organised in various places after arriving in India from South Africa ?
Answer:
1) Champaran: In 1917 he organised Satyagraha in Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the exploitative plantation system.

2) Kheda : In 1917 he organised Satyagraha in support to the Kheda peasants in Gujarat. These peasants were very much worried due to crop failure and plague epidemic. Since they could not pay the revenue, they demanded relaxation in revenue collection.

3) Ahmedabad : In 1918 he organised Satyagraha in Ahmedabad among the workers of cotton mills.

Question 25.
Describe the actions taken by the British administration against the nationalists who opposed the Rowlatt Act.
Answer:

• The British administration decided to clamp down upon the nationalists. They feared that lines of communication like railways and telegraphs would be disrupted.
• Local leaders from Amritsar were picked up.
• Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.
• On April 10, police fired upon peaceful, procession which led to widespread attacks on banks, post offices and railway stations.
• Martial law was imposed. General Dyer took charge in Amritsar.

Question 26.
How did the Non-Cooperation Movement unfold in the cities and towns of India ?
Answer:

• The movement started with middle – class participation in the cities.
• Thousands of students left government controlled schools and colleges.
• Many teachers resigned.
• Lawyers gave up their legal practices.
• The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras.
• Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires.

Question 27.
Why did Mahatma Gandhi find in ‘salt’ a powerful symbol that could unite the nation? Explain.
Answer:

• Mahatma Gandhi found in ‘salt’ a powerful symbol that could unite the nation.
• Salt is consumed by all sections of the society, by the rich and the poor alike.
• It is one of the most essential items of food.
• Mahatma Gandhi declared that tax on salt and government monopoly. Over its production was the most oppressive step taken by the British government.
• Gandhi chose salt because all sections of the society could identify with it and everyone could be brought into a united struggle.

Question 28.
How was the Simon Commission greeted in India ?
Answer:

1. i) Simon Commission was constituted to look into the functioning of government in India and suggest constitutional reforms. But it was opposed by Indian leaders.
2. 2) The commission did not have a single Indian member. They were 7 members but all were British.
3. 3) Indians saw it as a violation of their right to self – determination and insult to their self-respect.
4. When the Simon commission arrived in India in 1928, the people showed their opposition by greeting with the slogan’Go back Simon’.
5. All the parties including the Congress and Muslim League, participated in the demonstrations.

Question 29.
Read the passage and answer the following questions.

‘It is said of “passive resistance” that it is the weapon of the weak, but the power which is the subject of this article can be used only by the strong. This power is not passive resistance; indeed it calls for intense activity. The movement in South Africa was not passive but active. Satyagraha is not physical force. A satyagraha does not inflict pain on the adversary; he does not seek his destruction… In the use of satyagraha, there is no ill-will whatever. Satyagraha is pure soul-force. Truth is the very substance of the soul. That is why this force is called satyagraha. The soul is informed with knowledge. In it bums the flame of love, Non-violence is the supreme dharma. It is certain that India cannot rival Britain or Europe in force of arms. The British worship the war-god and they can all of them become, as they are becoming bearers of arms. The hundreds of millions in India can never carry arms. They have made the religion of non-violence their own.

Question 1.
Whose words are given above ? (C)
A) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
B) Nehru
C) Gandhi
D) C.R. Das

Question 2.
Satyagraha is based on (C)
A) Truth
B) Non-violence
C) Both A and B

Question 3.
Non-violence is the (C)
A) Force
B) Violence
C) Supreme dharma
D) None of these

Question 4.
Say whether the statement is true or false.
“Satyagraha is a passive resistance of the weak”.
Answer:
False.

Question 30.
Read the following passage and answer the questions given.

Emboldened with this success, Gandhiji in 1919 decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha against the proposed Roiutatt Act (1919). This Act had been hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council despite the united opposition of the Indian members. It gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities, and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws, which would start with a hartal on 6 April. Rallies were organised in various cities, workers went on strike in j railway workshops, and shops closed down. Alarmed by the popular upsurge, and scared that lines of communication such as the railways and telegraph would be disrupted, the British administration decided to clamp down on nationalists. Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar, and Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi. On 10 April, the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession.

Question 1.
Mention the given statement is true or false.
“Rowlatt Act aimed to strengthen nationalist movement in India.
Answer:
False.

Question 2.
On which date Gandhi called for a nationwide hartal against Rowlatt Act ? (A)
A) 6th April 1919
B) 20 April 1919
C) 26th January 1919
D) 13 April 1919

Question 3.
Rowlatt Act was passed in (B)
A) 1929
B) 1919
C) 1915
D) 1920

Question 4.
On 6th April 1919 which of the following events took place in India ? (C)
A) Strikes in Railway workshops
B) Hartals
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above

AP 10th Class Social History 2nd Lesson Important Questions: 2 Marks

Question 1.
Why did the production of India textile mills and handlooms go up during the NonCooperation movement ?
Answer:

• The Non-Cooperation movement was infact a boycott movement in which people started wearing only Indian clothes by discarding imported ones.
• So the production of Indian textile mills and handlooms go up during the NonCooperation Movements.

Question 2.
Why Gandhi decided to call off the Non-cooperation movement ?
Answer:

• The movement turned violent in many places.
• So Gandhi opinioned that the satyagrahis should be trained properly.
• So Gandhi decided to call off the Non-cooperation Movement.

Question 3.
Why did business groups in India withdraw their support to Non-Cooperation movement after the failure of Round Table Conference ?
Answer:

• After the failure of the Round Table Conference business groups in India became apprehensive of the spread of militant activities.
• They worried about prolonged disruption of business, as well as of the growing influence of socialism amongst the younger members of the Congress.

Question 4.
Describe the tricolor flag designed during the Swadeshi movement ?
Answer:

1. During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal a tricolour flag (red, green, and yellow) was designed.
2. It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India and a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims.

Question 5.
Which satyagraha movements were organised by Gandhi after arriving in India ?
Answer:

1. Gandhi went to Champaran in Bihar in 1917 to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation systems.
2. In 1917, he organised a satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat.
3. In 1918, Gandhi went to Ahmedabad to organise a satyagraha movement amongst cotton mill workers.

Question 6.
Write a short note on the Rowlatt Act of 1919.
Answer:

• Rowlatt Act gave enormous powers to repress political activities.
• This Act allowed detention of political prisioners without trial.
• It was passed by Imperial Legislative Assembly despite the strong opposition of the Indian members.

Question 7.
What was the impact of the Rowlatt Act Satyagraha on the political situation in India ? Describe.
Answer:

1. In various cities rallies were organised workers went on strike in railway workshops and shops were closed.
2. Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar. Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.
3. The police fired upon a peaceful procession, provoking widespread attacks on banks, post offices and railway station.

Question 8.
Why was Gandhian Satyagraha considered a novel way to resist injustice ?
Answer:
Gandhian Satyagraha considered a novel way to resist injustice because :

• One could win the battle through non-violence.
• This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.
• People including the oppressors – had to be persuaded to see the truth, instead of being forced to accept the truth through the use of violence.

Question 9.
What were the stages of the Non-Cooperation Movement launched by Gandhi ?
Answer:
Gandhiji proposed that the movement should unfold in stages :

• It should begin with the surrender of titles that the British government awarded.
• Second stage was the boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools and foreign goods.
• If the government use repression, a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched.

Question 10.
What are the problems faced by the Awadh Peasants ?
Answer:
In Awadh, talukdars and landlords exploited the poor peasants in a variety of ways:

• They demanded high rents from the peasants.
• They asked to begar and work at landlord’s farms without any payment.
• As tenants, the peasants had no security of tenure, being regularly evicted, so that they could acquire no right over the leased land.

Question 11.
Who was Alluri Sitarama Raju ?
Answer:

• Alluri Sitarama Raju was the leader of the Gudem tribals of Andhra Pradesh.
• Raju claimed that he had a variety of special powers such as he could make correct astrological predictions and heal people and he could survive even bullet shots.
• The Gudem rebels were greatly.inspired by him.

Question 12.
Why did Gandhiji decide to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement in February 1922 ?
Answer:
Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement because :

• The movement turned violent in many places.
• He felt that the Satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggles.
• Within the Congress some leaders were by now tired of mass struggles and wanted to participate in elections.

Question 13.
How was the growth of Nationalism in India different from the spread of Nationalism in Europe ?
Answer:

• Colonial exploitation in India led to a common hatred for the foreign rule.
• The British policy of racialism created national feeling among Indians.
• In Europe nationalism emerged with the concepts of liberty, equality and fraternity as the people struggled to achieve democracy in their respective nation-states.

Question 14.
What was the significance of the Calcutta Session of Congress in 1920 ?
Answer:
At the Calcutta session of the Congress in September 1920, Gandhiji managed to convince other leaders of the need to-start Non-Cooperation Movement in support to the Khilafat movement as well as for Swaraj.

Question 15.
Why was the Bardoli Satyagraha organised ? Who led the Bardoli Satyagraha ?
Answer:

• In 1928, Vallabhbhai Patel led the peasant movement in Bardoli, a taluka in Gujarat against enhancement of land revenue.
• This was known as Bardoli Satyagraha.

AP 10th Class Social History 2nd Lesson Important Questions: 1 Mark

Question 1.
With which idea modern nationalism in Europe came to be associated ?
Answer:
Modern nationalism in Europe came to be associated with the formation of nation¬states.

Question 2.
To what the growth of modern nationalism is connected with in India ?
Answer:
Anti-Colonial movement.

Question 3.
In India what tied many different groups together against colonial power ?
Answer:
The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond that tied different groups together.

Question 4.
What was forced recruitment ?
Answer:
Forced recruitment was a process by which colonial state forced people to join the army.

Question 5.
Who was Khalifa ?
Answer:”
The Ottoman Emperor was Khalif^r the spiritual head of the Islamic world.

Question 6.
When did Gandhi return from South Africa ?
Answer:
In 1915.

Question 7.
What was the hovel method of agitation did Gandhi fight in South Africa ?
Answer:
Satyagraha.

Question 8.
What does ‘idea of Satyagraha’ highlight ?
Answer:
The idea of Satyagraha highlight the power of truth and the need to search for truth.

Question 9.
Name the places where Mahatma Gandhi successfully organised Satyagraha movements ?
Answer:
Champaran in Bihar and Kheda in Gujarat.

Question 10.
What was the reason for Gandhi to start Satyagraha in 1919 ?
Answer:
To protest against Rowlatt Act.

Question 11.
What were the demands of the peasants of Kheda ?
Answer:
The peasants of Kheda were demanding that revenue collection should be relaxed.

Question 12.
The First World War led to a huge increase in defence expenditure. How was this expenditure financed ?
Answer:
The huge increase in defence expenditure was financed by war loans and increasing taxes which involved like in customs duties and introduction of income tax.

Question 13.
Why did Gandhi go to Champaran in 1916 ?
Answer:
In 1916 Gandhi went to Champaran to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.

Question 14.
What was the Satyagraha movement organised in Ahmedabad ?
Answer:
Satyagraha movement organised in Ahmedabad was amongst cotton mill workers by Gandhi in 1918.

Question 15.
“It is certain that India cannot rival Britain or Europe in force of arms. India have made the religion of non-violence their own ” Who said these words ?
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi

Question 16.
What were the rich peasant community of Gujarat known as ?
Answer:
Patidars.

Question 17.
What is meant by the term Begar ?
Answer:
‘Begar’ means the labour that villagers were forced to contribute without any payment.

Question 18.
What is meant by the term ‘Boycott’ ?
Answer:
Boycott means the refusal to deal and associate with people or participate in activities, or buy and use things usually a form of protest.

Question 19.
What is meant by the term’Picket’?
Answer:
A picket is a form of demonstration or protest by which people block the entrance of a shop or factory or office.

Question 20.
What was the demand of peasants in Awadh ?
Answer:
Abolition of forced labour, illegal eviction, reduce land revenue.

Question 21.
When did Jallianwala Bagh massacre take place ?
Answer:
Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place on 13th April, 1919 at Amritsar.

Question 22.
Why people could not afford Khadi ?
Answer:
Khadi cloth was expensive that mass produced mill cloth. So many people could not afford to buy it.

Question 23.
What was the book written by Gandhi ?
Answer:
‘Hind Swaraj’ in 1909.

Question 24.
What happened at Chauri-Chaura in 1922 ?
Answer:
The movement turned violent and twenty two policemen were burnt to death.

Question 25.
Name the General who was responsible for the Jallianwala Bagh incident ?
Answer:
General Dyer.

Question 26.
When and where was the Non-Cooperation programme adopted ?
Answer:
The Non-Cooperation programme was adopted at the Congress session at Nagpur in December 1920.

Question 27.
Who was Baba Ramachandra ?
Answer:
Baba Ramachandra was a sanyasi who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured labourer: He led the Awadh peasants during the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Question 28.
What were the demands of the Awadh peasants ?
Answer:
Reduction of revenue, abolition of begar and social boycott of oppressive landlords.

Question 29.
What was the/most stirring demand of Gandhi mentioned in his letter to Viceroy Irwin ?
Answer:
The most stirring demand Of Gandhi was to abolish salt tax and the government monopoly in it’s production.

Question 30.
What did Indian merchants and industrialists do to organise their business interests ?
Answer:
Indian merchants and industrialists formed the Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927.

Question 31.
Which party came to power in Britain in 1929 and appointed Simon Commission and Why ?
Answer:
Tory party came to power and appointed Simon Commission to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India.

Question 32.
When did Simon Commission arrive in India ?
Answer:
In 1928.

Question 33.
What were the limitations of Rowlatt Satyagraha ?
Answer:
Rowlatt Satyagraha was limited mostly in cities and towns and people started using violent methods.

Question 34.
Why was the demand to abolish the salt tax selected ?
Answer:
Salt was something consumed by the rich and poor alike and it was one of the most essential item of food. So the demand to abolish the salt tax was included.

Question 35.
What was the opinion of Gandhi on salt tax and the government’s monopoly over it ?
Answer:
Gandhi opinioned that the tax On salt and the government’s monopoly over its production revealed the most oppressive face of British rule.

Question 36.
When was a pact with Lord Irwin signed ?
Answer:
The pact was known as Gandhi Irwin pact and it was signed on 5th March 1931.

Question 37.
What was the main clause of the Gandhi * Irwin pact ?
Answer:
Gandhi will participate in the Second Round Table Conference in London and the government agreed to release political prisoners. ‘

Question 38.
By which March the Civil Disobedience Movement started ?
Answer:
Dandi March.

Question 39.
Mention one difference between Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movement
Answer:
1) Refusing Co-operation with the British is non-cooperation (1921-22).
2) Breaking colonial law such as salt tax law is Civil Disobedience Movement.

Question 40.
Which party in the province of Madras did not boycott the council elections ?
Answer:
Justice party.

Question 41.
Who was the President of Congress at Lahore ? When it was held ?
Answer:
Nehru was the President of Congress at Lahore and it was held in 1929 at Lahore.

Question 42.
Why the Congress was reluctant to include workers’ demands as part of its programme of Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer:
Because Congress thought that this would alienate industrialist from them and divide the anti-imperial forces.

Question 43.
What was me demand of Dr.B.R. Ambedkar for the dalits at the Second Round Table Conference ?
Answer:
Separate electorates for the dalits was the demand of Dr.B.R Ambedkar at the Second Round Table Conference.

Question 44.
What are the different factors that played a part in making of nationalism ?
Answer:
History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols played in the making of nationalism.

Question 45.
What did the inland Emigrating Act of 1859 declare ?
Answer:
Th6 Act declared that plantation workers should not leave tea gardens without permission.

Question 46.
Who wrote Vande Mataram in 1876s ?
Answer:
In 1870s Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyaya wrote Vande Mataram as a hymn to the motherland.

Question 47.
Who painted Bharat Mata image during Swadeshi Movement ?
Answer:
Abanindranath Tagore painted the image of Bharat Mata during the Swadeshi Movement.

Question 48.
What was the wish of Gandhi before launching a broad based movement in India?
Answer:
Bringing Hindus and Muslims together before launching a broad based movement was the wish of Gandhi.

Question 49.
How did the tribal peasants interpret the idea of Swaraj ?
Answer:
For tribals Swaraj meant freedom to enter the forests to graze their cattle or to collect fuelwood and fruits.

Question 50.
How Alluri Sitarama Raju different from Gandhi ?
Answer:
Gandhi was a strong supporter of non-violence, on the other had Alluri Sitarama Raju believed that India can be liberated only by use of force not non-violence.

Question 51.
Why was the Congress unwilling to support ‘no rent’ campaigns in most places ?
Answer:
Congress was unwilling to support no rent campaigns as they would upset the rich peasants and landlords.

Question 52.
Why did Indians oppose the Simon Commission ?
Answer:
No Indian member was appointed in the Simon Commission.

Question 53.
Who are the main leaders of ‘Khilafat Committee’ formed in the year 1919 ?
Answer:
Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.

Question 54.
Who organised the depressed class association ?
Answer:
Dr.B.R Ambedkar.

Question 55.
What was the significance of the Lahore Session ?
Answer:
The Demand for Puma Swaraj.

Question 56.
Who gave the slogan Inquilab Zindabad ?
Answer:
Bhagat Singh.

Question 57.
Who were the three leaders of the (HSRA) Hindustan Socialist Republican Army ?
Answer:
Bhagat Singh, Jatin Das and Ajoy Ghosh were the three leaders of HSRA.

Question 58.
What was the belief of Natesa Sastri about folklore ?
Answer:
According to Natesa Sastri folklore was national literature. Folklore was the most trustworthy manifestation of people’s real thoughts and characteristics.

Question 59.
When was the Civil Disobedience Movement relaunched ?
Answer:
In 1932.

Question 60.
Describe the Swaraj flag designed by Gandhi in 1921 ?
Answer:
The Swaraj flag designed by Gandhi was a tricolor (red, green and white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help.

Question 61.
What did nationalist histories urge the readers ?
Answer:
Nationalist histories urged the readers to take pride in India’s great achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of life under British rule.

Question 62.
What was the Rowlatt Act ?
Answer:
Rowlatt Act was one of the most repressive act. It provided enormous powers to curb political activities and allowed detention of political prisioners without tried for two years.

Question 63.
What was declared in the Lahore Congress ?
Answer:
in the Lahore Congress, it was declared that 26th January 1930, would be celebrated as the Independence day and on that day people were to take a pledge to struggle for complete independence.