AP Board 10th Class Social History Notes 1st Lesson The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
→ Frederic Sorrieu, a French artist, prepared a series of four prints, visualising his dream of a world made up of Democratic and Social Republics.
→ If we look carefully Sorrieu shows people of different countries and all walks of life marching towards the statue of liberty each of them wearing their national costume and carrying revolutionary flags.
→ The countries leadi ng the procession are the United States and Switzerland. They are followed by the French people carrying revolutionary tricolor flages. France is followed by the German people with their flag. Other countries of Europe such as Sicily, Lombardy, Poland, England, Ireland, Hungary and Russia are behind Germany.
→ Another remarkable part of this print is the angels Saints and Christ who are looking at these groups of people seems that they are showering their blessings on them.
→ During the 19th century Europe was under going a phase of transition.
→ Rapid industrialisation had given birth to middle class consisting of industrialists, businessman and professionals.
→ In the wake of these changes the educated liberal minded middle class wanted to gave rise to the idea of the nation-state.
→ The first visible expression of nationalism even was the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789.
→ As a mark of protest many agitated and oppressed people of France stormed the fortress prison Bastille.
→ France was a full-fledged territorial state in 1789 under the rule of an absolute monarch. The political and constitutional changes that came in the wake of the French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French Citizens.
→ The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. A new French flag, the tricolor was chosen to replace the former royal standard.
→ To invoke nationalism several hymns and songs were composed and oaths were taken. The martyrs of the French Revolution were commemorated. French was adopted as the common language of France and the use of regional dialects was discouraged.
→ The French’Revolution had it’s impact on the administration as well.
→ A body of active citizens or the citizens who are allowed to vote because they paid taxes elected the estates general and renamed it the National Assembly.
→ A centralised administrative system was created. This system formulated uniforms laws for all French citizens. All internal custom duties and dues were abolished. A uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
→ Students and the middle classes formed Jacobin Clubs.
→ Due to this widespread enthusiasm the French armies were welcomed by European j countries such as Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and Italy in the 1790s.
→ The era after the French Revolution saw the emergence of a famous historic personality,A warrior known as Napolean Bonaparte.
→ Napolean observed the chaotic situation after the French Revolution and exploited it to the maximum to achieve his imperialistic aspirations.
→ The Civil Code of 1804 introduced by Napolean is also known as the Napoleonic Code. It is famous for the administrative changes brought about by Napolean.
→ Napolean brought equality before law and secured the Right to Property.
→ The Napoleanic Code was carried to other countries of Europe that were brought under French control such as the Dutch Republic, Switzerland, Italy and Germany.
→ Higher taxes and most enrollment of people into the French army and censorship overshadowed the positive administrative changes brought about by Napolean and lent to his downfall during the mid 18th century.
→ The European countries were not as we know them today. Europe was divided into several small kingdoms and principalities. The concept of nation states did not exist at all. Some of the prominent empires in Europe were the autocratic Ottoman Empire that ruled over eastern and central Europe and Greece and the Habsburg Empire that ruled over Austria-Hungary.
→ Due to the cultural differences amongst the European people there was no pohtical unity and no clear concept of theLation.
→ During the 9th century the landed aristocracy was a small but influential class In Europe.
→ The term Liberalism means Free. For the new middle classes, liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all beÍore the law.
→ in France, the Right to Vote and to get elected was granted exclusively to property- owing persons.
→ In 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism.
→ Treaty of Vienna (1815) : In 1815, representatives of the European powers. Britain,
Russia, Prussia and Austria met in Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.
→ The Bourbom dynasty was restored to power and France lost the terriotories it had annexed under Napoleon.
→ In July 1830, Bourbon king were overthrown by the liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head. The July Revolution sparked an uprising In Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. In 1821 Greeks struggled for independence.
→ Culture pl4d an Important role in creating the idea of the Nation. Art and poetry, stories and music helped to express and shape nationalist feelings.
→ Europe faced economic hardship in the 1830s. The first half of the 19th century saw an Increase In population all over Europe. In 1848 food shortages and widespread unemployment brought the population of Paris out on the roads.
→ In 1848, a revolution led by the educated middle classes was under way. Men and women of liberal middle class demanded creation of a nation-state on parliamentary pritdpIes- a constitution and freedom of association.
→ A large number of political associations came together in Frankfurt to vote for an all German National Assembly.
→ The constitution drafted for German Nation was headed by a monarchy, subject to a parliament. The crown was offered to Friedrich, king of Prussia but he rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly. A large number of women participated In liberal movement.
→ Women formed their own political associations, founded newspaper and took part in political meeting and demonstrations, but they were still denied suffrage rights during the election of the Assembly.
→ Otto von Bismarck with the help of Prussian army and bureucracy took on the leadership of the movement for national unification.
→ In 1871, Kaiser William I was declared as the new Emperor ola new Empire.
→ The unification of Germany established Prussian dominance In Europe.
→ Currency, banking, legal and Judicial systems were introduced by the New German Empire.
→ Italy was divided into 7 states of which only Sardinia Piedmont was ruled by an Italian Princely state.
→ initially a unification programme was initiated by Giuseppe Mazzini but it failed.
→ Chief Minister Cavour led the movement with the help of Giuseppe Garibaldi.
→ In 1861. Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy
→ In 1688, England established as a nation state.
→ English parliament seized power from the monarchy.
→ The Act of Union 1707 resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’.
→ In 1801, Ireland was forcibly taken by the British alter the tailed revolution.
→ A new ‘Brtish Nation was founded through the propagation of a dominant English culture.
→ NatIons were portrayed as female figure. (Allegory)
→ The female form that was chosen to personify the nation did not stand for any: particular woman in real life, rather It sought to give the abstract idea of the nation a concrete form.
→ In France the allegory was christened as Marianne, In Germany – Germania became.
the alegory.
→ The Balkans comprised modern – day Romanla, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnta, Herzegovina, Slovenla, Serbia and Montenegro.
→ Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation was under the control of the Ottomon Empire.
→ The idea of Romantic Nationalism made this region very explosive.
→ The Balkan states were fiercely Jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of each other.
→ European powers were also looking for the extend their control over the area.
→ This led to a series of wars in the region and finally resulted in the First World War.
→ Absolute Monarchy : A monarchy In which the monarch holds the supreme or absolute powers. A monarch that is not limited or restrained by laws or a constitution.
→ Constitutional Monarchy : A system of government In which a monarch shares power with a constitutionally organised government.
→ La Patrie : A French word used for fatherland.
→ Le Citoyen : A French word used for the citizens.
→ Napoleonic Code : Civil Code of 1804 introduced by Napoleon.
→ Liberalism : A political and moral philosophy which Is based on liberty, equality before the law and consent of the governed.
→ Conservatism : A political and social philosophy promoting traditional social Institutions in the context of culture and civilisation.
→ Romanticlsni : A cultural movement that rejected science and reason and Introduced heart and emotions.
→ Nalion – Stale : A state which establish Itself as separate political and geographical entity and functions as a complete and sovereign territorial unit.
→ Otto von Bismarck : An architect of a Prussian consolidation that was also a lorm of German unification.
→ The Union Jack : It is the facto natinal flag of the United Kingdom
→ Female allegories : They were invented by artists in the 9th century to represent the nation.
→ Allegory : It is a poem, story, play in which characters and events represent quaiities or ideas relating to morals, religion or politics. There is hidden meaning implied to be interpreted by the readers.
→ Imperialism : The policy of extending a country’s power and influence through colonisation, use of military force or other means.