AP 10th Class Social Economics 2nd Lesson Questions and Answers Sectors of the Indian Economy

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Sectors of the Indian Economy Questions and Answers AP 10th Class Social Economics 2nd Lesson

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks using the correct option given in the bracket:
i) Employment in the service sector _____ increased to the same extent as production. (has / has not)
ii) Workers in the _____ sector do not produce goods, (tertiary / agricultural)
iii) Most of the workers in the _____ sector enjoy job security, (organised / unorganised)
iv) A _____ proportion of laboured in India are working in the unorganised sector. (large / small)
v) Cotton is a _____ product and cloth is a _____ product, (natural / manufactured)
vi) The activities in primary, secondary and tertiary sectors are _____ (independent / interdependent)
Answer:
i) has not
ii) tertiary
iii) organised
iv) large
v) natural, manufactured
vi) interdependent

Question 2.
Choose the most appropriate answer.
a) The sectors are classified into public and private sector on the basis of:
i) employment conditions
ii) the nature of economic activity
iii) ownership of enterprises
iv) number of workers employed in the enteiprise .
Answer:
iii) ownership of enterprises

b) Production of a commodity, mostly through the natural process, is an activity in _____ sector.
i) primary
ii) secondary
iii) tertiary
iv) information technology
Answer:
i) primary

c) GDP is the total value of _____ produced during a particular year.
i) all goods and services
ii) all final goods and services
iii) all intermediate goods and services
iv) all intermediate and final goods and services
Answer:
ii) all final goods and services

d) In terms of GDP the share of tertiary sector in 2013-14 is between _____ percent.
i) 20 to 30
ii) 30 to 40
iii) 50 to 60
iv) 60 to 70
Answer:
iii) 50 to 60

Question 3.

Problems faced by farming sector	Some possible measures
1) Unirrigated land	a) Setting up agro-based mills
2) Low prices for crops	b) Cooperative marketing societies
3) Debt burden	c) Procurement of food grains by government
4) No job in the off season	d) Construction of canals by the government
5) Compelled to sell their grains to	e) Banks to provide credit with low interest the local traders soon after harvest

Answer:
1 – d
2 – c
3 – e
4 – a
5 – b

Question 4.
Find the odd one and say why.
i) Tourist guide, dhobi, tailor, potter
ii) Teacher, doctor, vegetable vendor, lawyer
iii) Postman, cobbler, soldier, police constable
iv) MTNL, Indian Railways, Air India, Jet Airways, All India Radio
Answer:
The odd one out in each group is:

• The odd one out is tourist guide because the other three are involved in traditional occupations that have been around for a long time, while tourist guide is a relatively new profession.
• The odd one out is vegetable vendor because the other three require specialized education and training, while vegetable vendor does not.
• The odd one out is cobbler because the other three are in public sector people, while cobbler is in private sector
• The odd one out is All India Radio because the other four are involved in transportation, while All India Radio is involved in broadcasting.

Question 5.
A research scholar looked at the working people in the city of Surat and found the following.

Place of work	Nature of Employment	Percentage of working people
In offices and factories registered with the government	Organised	15
Own shops, office, clinics in marketplaces with formal licence		15
People working on the street, construction workers, domestic workers		20
Working in small workshops usually not registered with the government

Complete the table. What is the percentage of workers in the unorganised sector in this city?

Place of work	Nature of Employment	Percentage of working people
In offices and factories registered with the government	Organised	15
Own shops, office, clinics in marketplaces with formal licence	Organised	15
People working on the street, construction workers, domestic workers	Unorganised	20
Working in small workshops usually not registered with the government	Unorganised	50

The percentage of workers in the unorganised sector in this city is 70 %.

Question 6.
Do you think the classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary is useful ? Explain how.
Answer:

1. Yes, the classification of economic activities into primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors is useful for several reasons:
2. Understanding economic structure: It helps in analysing and understanding the structure of an economy by categorising activities based on their nature of production or service.
3. This classification allows for a comprehensive view of how different sectors contribute to overall economic development and growth. .
4. Policy formulation: It assists policymakers in formulating appropriate strategies and policies to promote economic development.
5. By identifying the dominant sectors and their growth patterns, policymakers can target specific areas for investment, job creation, and productivity improvement.
6. Employment planning: The classification helps in planning and managing employment opportunities.
7. It highlights the sectors with the highest workforce concentration, enabling policymakers to focus on addressing issues related to unemployment, skill development, and labour market dynamics. Additionally, it aids in identifying potential areas for job creation and promoting economic inclusivity.

Question 7.
For each of the sectors that we came across in this chapter why should one focus on employment and GDP ? Could there be other issues which should be examined ? Discuss.
Answer:

1. One should focus on employment and GDP for each of the sectors discussed in this chapter for the following reasons:
2. Employment : Studying employment in each sector provides crucial information about the job opportunities and the workforce distribution within the economy.
3. It helps in understanding which sectors are creating more jobs and which sectors are facing unemployment or underemployment.
4. This information is essential for policymakers to develop strategies to promote employment growth and ensure a balanced distribution of opportunities across different sectors.
5. GDP: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measurement allows us to analyse the economic performance and growth of. each sector.
6. It indicates the overall production and contribution of each sector to the country’s economy.
7. By examining the changes in the share of sectors in GDP over time, we can identify trends and patterns in economic development, such as the shift from the primary sector to the secondary and tertiary sectors .
8. This information helps policymakers and economists in making informed decisions related to economic policies, investments, and resource allocation.
9. Other Issues: While employment and GDP provide valuable insights, there could be other issues that should be examined as well.
10. For example, factors like income inequality, working conditions, environmental sustainability, and social impact are also significant aspects to consider.
11. These issues reflect the overall well-being and quality of life associated with different sectors and should be evaluated to ensure inclusive and sustainable development.

Question 8.
Make a long list of all kinds of work that you find adults around you doing for a living. In what way can you classify them ? Explain your choice.
Answer:

1. Farmers cultivating crops and raising livestock.
2. Construction workers building houses and roads.
3. Shopkeepers selling goods in marketplaces.
4. Tailors sewing clothes.
5. Doctors treating patients in hospitals.
6. Teachers providing education in schools.
7. Lawyers advocating for clients in court.
8. Postmen delivering mail.
9. Cobblers repairing shoes.
10. Soldiers serving in the military.
11. Police constables maintaining law and order.
12. Workers in offices and factories.
13. Tourist guides providing information to visitors.
14. Dhobis washing clothes.
15. Potters creating pottery.
16. Vegetable vendors selling vegetables.
17. Research scholars analysing data. . .
18. Daily wage labourers working tmder contractors.
19. Factory workers producing goods in large factories.
20. Handloom weavers weaving textiles in their homes.

Classification:

1. Primary sector Farmers, construction workers, dhobis, potters, vegetable vendors
2. Secondary sector Tailors, factory workers, handloom weavers
3. Tertiary sector Doctors, teachers, lawyers, postmen, tourist guides

Question 9.
How is the tertiary sector different from other sectors ? Illustrate with a few examples.
Answer:

1. The tertiary sector refers to activities that provide support and services to the primary and secondary sectors.
2. It does not involve the production of goods directly, but aids in the production process.
3. Examples of tertiary sector activities include transportation, communication, banking, trade, and services like healthcare and education.
4. The tertiary sector has been growing rapidly in India and has become the largest producing sector in the country.
5. It is driven by the increasing demand for services due to rising income levels and the development of agriculture and industry.
6. Unlike the primary and secondary sectors, which involve the production of goods, the tertiary sector focuses on providing services to meet various needs in society.

Question 10.
What do you understand by disguised unemployment ? Explain with an example each from the urban and rural areas ?
Answer:
1) Disguised unemployment refers to a situation where individuals are employed but are working less than their potential, resulting in a lack of full utilisation of their skills and capabilities.

2) It is a hidden form of underemployment and is not visible like traditional unemployment.

3) In urban areas, an example of disguised unemployment could be a household where multiple family members are working in low – paying jobs, such as selling goods on the street.

4) Each member may be working, but their Combined efforts exceed the actual demand for their services, resulting in underutilization of their skills.

5) In rural areas, an example of disguised unemployment could be a small farm where more family members work on the land than required for its productivity.

6) If a family needs only two people to work on a two – hectare plot, but five members are employed, then three members are underemployed.

7) Disguised unemployment is economically inefficient as it leads to the wastage of human resources and reduces the overall productivity of the economy.

Question 11.
Distinguish between open unemployment and disguised unemployment.
Answer:

Basis	Open Unemployment	Disguised Unemployment
Definition	When people are visibly out	When people are apparently working but all of them are made to work less than their potential.
Visibility	of work and seek employment.	Not easily visible as people seem employed.
Example	Easily visible as people have no work.	A farmer with a small plot employing the entire family when fewer members are needed.
Cause	Peson who has no job and is actively looking for work.	Underemployment in agriculture sector.
Solution	Lack of employment oppor-tunities.	Transfer of disguised unemployment to other sectors.

Question 12.
“Tertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the development of indian economy.” Do you agree ? Give reasons in support of your answer.
Answer:
1) No, I do not agree that the tertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the development of the Indian economy. Here are the reasons why:

2) Rapid growth: The tertiary sector has experienced the most significant growth among all sectors in India over the past 40 years. It has emerged as the largest producing sector in the country, replacing the primary sector.

3) Basic services: The tertiary sector provides essential services like hospitals, educational institutions, post and telegraph services, police stations, courts, and municipal corporations.

4) In a developing country, the government takes responsibility for the provision of these services.

5) Indirect growth: The development of agriculture and industry leads to a higher demand for services like transport, trade, and storage, which are part of the tertiary sector.

6) Rising income levels: As income levels rise, the demand for services like eating out, tourism, shopping, private hospitals, private schools, and professional training increases.

7) This change is more noticeable in cities, especially big cities.

8) Employment: The service sector contributes significantly to employment in India.

9) However, it is important to note that not enough jobs have been created in the secondary and tertiary sectors compared to the growth in production.

10) More workers are still employed in the primary sector, mainly agriculture.

11) GDP contribution: The tertiary sector contributes the most to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of India. It accounts for the largest share in GDP, while the primary and secondary sectors contribute less.

12) Services based on technology: Certain new services based on information and communication technology have become important and essential, further contributing to the growth of the tertiary sector.

13) Overall, the tertiary sector plays a crucial role in the development of the Indian economy through its contribution to GDP, employment generation, and the provision of essential services.

Question 13.
Service sector in India employs two different kinds of people. Who are these ?
Answer:
The service sector in India employs the following twe different kinds of people. They are :
1) The people involved in the services that may directly help in the production of goods. For example: People involved in the transportation, storage, communication, finance etc.

2) The people involved in such services that may not directly help in the production of goods.
For example : Teachers, doctors, barbers, cobblers, lawyers etc. They may be termed as ancillary workers means those who give services to the primary service providers.

Question 14.
Workers are exploited in the unorganised sector. Do you agree with this view ?
Give reasons in support of your answer.
Answer:
Yes, workers are exploited in the unorganised sector because

1. There are no fixed numbers of working hours.
2. The workers normally work 10 -12 hours without being paid overtime.
3. They do not get other allowances apart from the daily wages.
4. Government rules and regulations to protect the labourers are not followed in their case.
5. There is no job security for workers because they can be fired from the job at any time.
6. Jobs are low paid the workers in this sector are generally illiterate, ignorant and unorganised. So they are not in a position to bargain or secure good wages.
7. Being very poor they are always heavily in debt. So, they can be easily made to accept lower wages.

Question 15.
How are the activities in the economy classified on the basis of employment conditions ?
Answer:
The activities in the economy classified on the basis of employment conditions are categorized into two sectors. They are organised and unorganised sectors.
1) Organised Sector : This sector covers those enterprises which are registered by the government and have to follow its rules and regulations.
For example : Reliance Industries Ltd, GAIL etc.

2) Unorganised Sector: It includes those small and scattered units which are largely outside the control of the government. Though there are rules and regulations but these are never followed.
For example : Casual workers in construction, shops etc.

Question 16.
Compare the employment conditions prevailing in the organised and unorganised sectors.
Answer:
The employment conditions prevailing in the organised and unorganised sectors are vastly different.
1) The organised sector has companies registered with the government and hence it offers job security, pensions, health insurance, provident fund, paid leave, gratuity, fixed working hours and extra pay for overtime work.

2) The organised sector is characterized by small and scattered units which are largely outside the control of the government. There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness, medical facilities etc. No job security. People can be asked to leave without any reason.

Question 17.
Explain the objective of implenn nting the NREGA 2005.
Answer:
The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 was introduced by Government of India. It aimed at ensuring the “right to work”.
The objective of implementing the NREGA was

1. To ensure 100 days of employment in a year to all those who are able to and are in need of work in rural areas.
2. If the government fails in its duty to provide employment, it will give unemployment, allowances to the people.
3. The types of work that would help to increase the production from land will be given preference under the Act.

Question 18.
Using examples from your area compare and contrast that activities and functions of private and public sectors.
Answer:
Public Sector:

1. The main aim of this sector is public welfare.
2. It is controlled and managed by the government.
3. This sector provides basic facilities like education, health, food and security to the people.
4. There are certain public undertakings like Indian Railways, the Post Office, the BSNL, Indian Oil Corporation, State Bank of India which are located near our area.

Private Sector:

1. The main aim of this sector is to earn profits.
2. It is controlled and managed by an individual or a group of individuals.
3. There are certain private sector undertakings like the Reliance, Tisco, Bajaj Auto, Malls, Showrooms, IT companies etc., which are located near our area.

Question 19.
Discuss and fill the following table giving one example each from your area.

	Well-managed organization	Badly managed organization
Public Sector
Public Sector

Answer:

	Well-managed organization	Badly managed organization
Public Sector	Delhi Metro Rail Corporation	Air India
Public Sector	Reliance Mobile	Satyam

Question 20.
Give a few examples of public sector activities and explain why the government has taken them up.
Answer:

1. A few examples of public sector activities are providing health, education facilities, construction of roads, bridges, railways, harbours, electricity, providing irrigation through dams etc. These activities are the primary responsibility of the government.
2. These activities need spending of large sums of money, which is beyond the capacity of the private sector.
3. If these works electricity water etc., left to private sector, the latter might exploit this opportunity and sell these at rates which the masses cannot afford.

Question 21.
Explain how public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation.
Answer:
The public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation in the following ways:

1. It promotes rapid economic development through creation and expansion of infrastructure.
2. It creates employment opportunities.
3. It contributes to the Human Development Index via health and educational services.
4. It ensures equality of income, wealth and thus, a balanced regional development.
5. It encourages small and large industries to flourish and provides employment under this section.
6. It generates financial resources for development.

Question 22.
The workers in the unorganised sector need protection on the following issues :
wages, safety and health. Explain with examples.
Answer:
The workers in the unorganised sector need protection on following issues :

1. Wages : Wages are low and even not regular and there is absence of provision for overtime, paid leave, etc.
2. Safety : Workers working in mines or crackers factory always face the element of risk.
3. Health : Workers are given no medical security and leaves for sickness. For example, there are no health facilities for the construction workers.

Question 23.
A study in Ahmedabad found that out of 15,00,000 workers in the city, 11,00,000 worked in the unorganised sector. The total income of the city in this year (1997 1998) was Rs. 60,000 million. Out. of this Rs. 32,000 million was generated in the organised sector. Present this data as a table. What kind of ways should be thought of for generating more employment in the city ?
Answer:

	Organised Sector	Unorganised Sector	Total
No. of workers	4,00,000	11,00,000	15,00,000
Income (Rs)	32,000 millions	28,000 millions	60,000 millions

 

1. Ways to generate more.
2. Employment in the city of Ahmedabad have to be provided by the government, especially in the unorganised sector.
3. As the table shows, the organised sector’s earnings are much higher than that of the unorganised sector even though the latter employs almost 80% of the city workers.
4. More companies need to be brought under the roof of the organised sector so that workers from the unorganised sector are attracted to jobs there, with higher and more secure wages.
5. For this, the government must provide loans and aid to companies transferring from unorganised to organised sectors.

Question 24.
The following table gives the GDP in Rupees (Crores) by the three sectors:

Year	Primary	Secondary	Tertiary
2000	52,000	48,500	1,33,500
2013	8,00,500	10,74,000	38,68,000

i) Calculate the share of the three sectors in GDP for 2000 and 2013.
ii) Show the data as a bar diagram similar to Graph 2 in the chapter.
iii) What conclusions can we draw from the bar graph ?
Answer:
i) The share of three sectors in GDP for 2000 :
Total GDP of three sectors = (52,000+48,500+1,33,500) = ₹ 2,34,000 crore
Share of Primary Sector = \(\frac{52,000}{2,34,000} \times 100\) = 22.22%
Share of Secondary Sector = \(\frac{48,500}{2,34,000} \times 100\) = 20.72%
Share of Tertiary Sector = \(\frac{1,33,500}{2,34,000} \times 100\) = 57%
Share of Sector in GDP in 2013 :
Total GDP of three sectors = ₹(8,00,500 + 10,74,000 + 38,68,000)
(=₹ 57,42,500 crore)
Share of Primary Sector = \(\frac{8,00,500}{57,42,500} \times 100\) = 13.94%
Share of Secondary Sector = \(\frac{10,74,000}{57,42,500} \times 100\) = 18.70%
Share of Tertiary Sector = \(\frac{38,68,000}{57,42,500} \times 100\) = 67.36%
(ii)
(iii) We can draw the conclusion that the share of the tertiary sector in the GDP has increased by 10 % while that of the primary sector has almost halved. The secondary sector has grown by about 2 % in the last 13 years.

AP 10th Class Social Economics 2nd Lesson InText Questions and Answers Sectors of the Indian Economy

Activities

Page No. 40

Question 1.
Complete the below table to show how sectors are dependent on each other.
Answer:

EXAMPLE	WHAT DOES THIS SHOW?
Imagine what would happen if farmers refuse to sell sugarcane to a particular sugar mill. The mill will have to shut down.	This is an example of the secondary or industrial sector being depandent on the primary.
Imagine what would happen to cotton cultivation if companies decide not to buy from the Indian market and import all cotton they need from other countries. Indian cotton cultivation will become less profitable and the farmers may even go bankrupt, if they cannot quickly switch to other crops. Cotton prices will fall.	This shows that the agricultrual sector is dependent on the demand from the industrial sector, and he lli- vilihood of cotton farmers is affected.
Farmers buy many goods such as tractors, pumpsets, electricity, pesticides and fertilisers. Imagine what would happen if the price of fertilisers or pumpsets go up. Cost of cultivation of.the farmers will rise and their profits will be reduced.	This demonstrates the dependency of the agricultural sector on the lizers. prices of goods and services provided by the industrial and service The sectors.
People working in industrial and service sectors need food. Imagine what would happen if there is a strike by transporters and lorries refuse to take vegetables, milk, etc. from rural areas. Food will become scarce in urban areas whereas farmers will be unable to sell their products.	This illustrates the interdependence between the agricultural sector and the industrial and service sectors, as the abailability of food is affected by transportation and distribution systems.

1) Primary Sector: Provides raw materials for the secondary sector. For example, agriculture (providing crops like wheat) and mining (supplying metals for manufacturing).

2) Secondary Sector: Converts primary sector outputs into finished products. For instance, using wheat from agriculture to produce bread, or using metals from mining to create machinery.

3) Tertiary Sector: Offers services that support both primary and secondary sectors.

4) This includes transportation services to move goods, marketing to sell products, and financial services to facilitate economic transactions.

Question 2.
Explain the difference between primary, secondary and tertiary sectors using examples other than those mentioned in the text.
Answer:
Difference Between Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Sectors:

Sector	Activities	Examples
Primary Sector	Extraction of raw materials from nature	Farming, fishing, forestry, mining
Secondary Sector	Processing raw materials into finished goods	Manufacturing, construction
Tertiary Sector	Providing services	Reatil, transportation, healthcare, education, finance

Question 3.
Classify the following list of occupations under primary, secondary and tertiary sectors.

• Tailor
• Basket weaver
• Flower cultivator
• Milk vendor
• Fishermen
• Priest
• Courier
• Workers in match factory
• Moneylender
• Gardener
• Potter
• Bee-keeper
• Astronaut
• Call centre employee

Answer:

Primary Sector	Secondary Sector	Tertiary Sector
Basket weaver Flower cultivator Fishermen Gardener Potter Bee-keeper	Tailor Workers in match factory	Milk vendor Priest Courier Astronaut Call centre

Question 4.
Students in a school are often classified into primary and secondary or junior and senior. What is the criterion that is used ? Do you think this is a useful classification ? Discuss.
Answer:
Classification of Students in School:
1) The criterion used for classifying students into primary and secondary or junior and senior is typically based on their age or grade level.
2) This classification is useful for educational and administrative purposes, as it helps schools organise students into appropriate learning environments and curriculum structures.
3) It allows for age-appropriate teaching methods and resources, which can enhance the educational experience.

Page No. 44

Question 1.
What does the history of developed countries indicate about the shifts that have taken place between sectors?
Answer:
History of Developed Countries and Sector Shifts:

1. Developed countries’ history indicates a clear pattern of shifts between sectors as they progress:
2. Initially, they have a high share of the primary sector (agriculture, mining).
3. With industrialization, the secondary sector (manufacturing) grows significantly.
4. As the economy advances further, the tertiary sector (services) becomes the dominant contributor to GDP.

Question 2.
Correct and arrange the important aspects for calculating GDP from this Jumble. To count goods and services we add the numbers that are produced. We count all those that were produced in the last five years. Since we shouldn’t leave out anything we add up all these goods and services.
Answer:

1. Include the total value of all goods and services produced.
2. Count all those produced within the specified time frame, e.g., the last five years.
3. Ensure nothing is left out; add up the values of all these goods and services.

Question 3.
Discuss with your teacher how you could calculate the total value of a good or service by using the method of value added at each stage.
Answer:

1. We can calculate the total value of a good or service using the value added method by:
2. Summing up the value added at each stage of production or distribution.
3. Deducting the value of intermediate goods or services to avoid double – counting.
4. This method ensures that we account for the contribution made at each stage, leading to the final value of the product or service:

Page No. 46

Answer the following questions by looking at the graph.

1) Which was the largest producing sector in 1973-74?
2) Which is the largest producing sector in 2013-14?
3) Can you say which sector has gnewn the most over forty years ?
4) What was the GDP of India in 2013-14?
Answer:

1. Primary sector.
2. Tertiary sector.
3. The tertiary sector has grown the most over the forty years.
4. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of India in the fiscal year 2013-14 was approximately 124.88 trillion Indian rupees.

Page No. 52

1. Complete the table using the data given in Graph 2 and 3 and answer the question that follows.

	1973-74	1977-78	2013-14	2017-18
Share in GDP
Share in employment

What are the changes that you observe in the primary sector over a span of forty years.?
Answer:
SHARE OF PRIMARY SECTOR IN GDP AND EMPLOYMENT

	1973-74	1977-78	2013-14	2017-18
Share in GDP	40%		13%
Share in employment		71%		44%

Following changes are observed in the primary sector over a span of forty years,

• Over a span of forty years, in comparison to 1973-74 there has been a trend of rapid decrease in share of primary sector in GDP in 2013-14.
• In comparison to 1977-78 the share of primary sector in employment decreases at very slow rate in 2017-18.
• The share of the primary sector in GDP has reduced from 40% to 13% over the period.
• There has not been a similar shift out of primary sector in case of employment. It has decreased from 71% to 44%.
• More than half of the workers in the country are working in the primary sector. But, they are producing only a quarter of the GDP.
• Workers in agriclture sector are under employed.

Question 2.
Choose the correct answer.
Underemployment occurs when people.
i) do not want to werk
ii) are working in a lazy manner
iii) are working less than what they are capable of doing
iv) are not paid for their work.
Answer:
iii) are working less than what they are capable of doing.

Question 3.
Compare and contrast the changes in India with the pattern that was observed for developed countries. What kind of changes between sectors were desired but did not happen in India ?
Answer:
The changes in India’s sectors over time show a different pattern compared to developed countries. In developed countries, there has been a significant shift from the primary sector (agriculture) to the secondary sector (industrial manufacturing) and then to the tertiary sector (services). This shift results in increased employment opportunities and improved productivity.

Question 4.
Why should we be worried about underemployment?
Answer:
1) Underemployment is a cause for concern because it indicates an inefficient utilisation of human resources and a lack of productive employment opportunities.
2) When people are underemployed, they are working less than their full potential, leading to wasted skills and lower economic output.
3) This can result in lower individual income, reduced standard of living, and increased poverty levels.

Page No. 56

Question 1.
Why do you think MGNREGA 2005 is referred to as ‘Right to Work’?
Answer:
MGNREGA 2005 is referred to as the ‘Right to work’ because it guarantees 100 days of employment in a year to all those who are able and in need of work in rural areas. This act ensures that people have the right to employment and if the government fails to provide employment, unemployment allowances are provided.

Question 2.
Imagine that you are the village head. In that capacity suggest some activities that you think should be taken up under this Act that would also increase the income of . peopie? Discuss
Answer:
As the village head, I would suggest the following activities that should be taken up under the NREGA 2005 Act to increase the income of people:
1) Construction of community infrastructure : This could include building roads, bridges, schools, health centres, and irrigation facilities.
2) Promotion of agriculture and allied activities : Encouraging farmers to adopt modern farming techniques, providing them with the necessary tools and resources, and facilitating access to markets for their produce.

Question 3.
How would income and employment increase if farmers were provided with irrigation and marketing facilities?
Answer:
1) Increase in agricultural productivity : Access to irrigation facilities would allow farmers to cultivate their land throughout the year, leading to increased crop production.

2) Diversification of crops : With irrigation facilities, farmers can diversify their crops, planting high-value crops that have a higher demand in the market.

3) Better market access : Improved marketing facilities would enable farmers to sell their produce directly to consumers or through organised markets.

Question 4.
In what ways can employment be increased in urban areas?
Answer:
Employment can be increased in urban areas through the following ways:
Promotion of small-scale industries and entrepreneurship: Encouraging the establishment of small scale industries and facilitating the growth of entrepreneurship. Investments in infrastructure development: Increasing investments in infrastructure projects such as the construction of roads, bridges, public transportation, and affordable housing.

Skill development and vocational training programs: Providing training programs to enhance the skills of unemployed individuals, enabling them to acquire the necessary skills for employment in sectors with high demand.

Page No. 60

Question 1.
Look at the following examples. Which of these are unorganised sector activities ?
i) A teacher taking classes in a school
ii) A headload worker carrying a bag of cement on his back in a market
iii) A farmer irrigating her field
iv) A doctor in a hospital treating a patient
v) A daily wage labourer working under a contractor
vi) A factory worker going to work in a big factory
vii) A handloom weaver working in her house
Answer:
The examples that belong to the unorganised sector activities are:
i) A head load worker carrying a bag of cement on his back in market.
ii) A farmer irrigating her field.
iii) A daily wage labourer working under a contractor.
iv) A handloom weaver working in her house.

Question 2.
Talk to someone who has a regular job in the organised sector and another who works in the unorganised sector. Compare and contrast their working conditions in all aspects.
Answer:
1) In the organised sector, I interviewed a friend who works as an accountant in a multinational company. He highlighted several aspects of his working conditions.
2) Firstly, he has regular working hours and is expected to work for a fixed number of hours eactfday
3) In contrast, I spoke with a family friend who works in the unorganised sector as a street vendor.
4) He shared his experiences, highlighting the challenging aspects of his working conditions.
5) In summary, there are significant differences in the working conditions between someone in the organised sector and someone in the unorganised sector.
6) Workers in the organised sector enjoy regular working hours, benefits, job security, . and a safe working environment.

Question 3.
How would you distinguish between organised and unorganised sectors? Explain in your own words
Answer:
1) The organised sector refers to enterprises or places of work where employment terms are regular and people have assured work.
2) They follow government rules and regulations and are registered under various laws.
3) On the other hand, the unorganised sector consists of small and scattered units largely outside the control of the government.
4) While there are rules and regulations, they are often not followed. Jobs in this sector tend to be low-paid, irregular, and lacking benefits like overtime, paid leave, and holidays.

Question 4.
The table below shows the estimated number of workers in India in the organised and unorganised sectors. Read the table carefully. Fill in the missing data and answer the questions that follow.
Workers In Different Sectors (In Millions)

Sector	Organised	Unorganised	Total
Primary	1		232
Secondary	41	74	115
Tertiary	40	88	128
Total	82	393	475
Total in Percentage			100%

i) What is the percentage of people in the unorganised sector in agriculture ?
ii) Do you agree that agriculture is an unorganised sector in agriculture ?
iii) If we look at the country as a whole, we find that _____% of the workers in India are in the unorganised sector. Organised sector employment is available to only about _____ % of the workers in India.
Answer:
Workers In Different Sectors (In Millions)

Sector	Organised	Unorganised	Total
Primary	1	231	232
Secondary	41	74	115
Tertiary	40	88	128
Total	82	393	475
Total in Percentage	17.26	82.74	100%

i) The percentage of people in the unorganised sector in agriculture is 82.74 %.
ii) a) In case of agriculture, there is a blurred line between employers and employees. Let us assume that a farmer or a labour who works on other’s field is an employee.
b) The worker in this case does not have facility of fixed working hours.
c) He may or may not be getting adequatewages.
d) There is not social security net present. Hence, agriculture can be kept under unorganised sector.
iii) a) 82.74 %
b) 17.26 %

LET’S FINDOUT

Page No. 46

Graph 1 : GDP by Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sectors

Question 1.
What does the comparison between1973-74 and 2013-14 show? What conclusions can we draw from the comparison?
Answer:
The comparison between 1973 – 74 and 2013 – 14, while production in all the three sectors has increased, it has increased the most in the tertiary sector. As a result in the year 2013-14, the tertiary sector has emerged or the largest producing sector in India replacing the primary sector.

Page No. 54

Question 2.
What groups of people do you think are unemployed or underemployed in your area? Can you think of some measures that could be taken up for them?
Answer:
At present there are no opportunities for graduater and post graduater in service sector hence there is a problem of unemployment in service sector. In agriculture sector more people are engaged than required hence there is a problem of under employment in agriculture sector. We have to create employment opportunities with the help of government and banks.

Page No. 58

c. Do you see the differences in the conditions of work between Kanta and Kamal?
Answer:
1) Kanta works for 8 hours perday, while Kamal works for 13 hours per day.
2) Besides regular salary, Kanta gets the benefits of the government pension plan. She also gets medical allowance and other allowancer, while Kamal does not receive anything except daily wages.
3) Kanta has a holiday on Sunday, but she get the salary for this day too. While Kamal does not get the wages of the day on which he does not work.
4) Kanta has been given an appointment letter for her job. Since Kamal has not received any oppointment at letter.
5) Kanta works in an organised sector, while Kamal works in an unorganised sector.

Page No. 64

With so many activities taking place around us, one needs to use the process of classification to think in a useful manner. The criterion for classification could be many depending on what we desire to find out. The process of classification helps to analyse a situation. In dividing the economic activities into three sectors —primary, secondary, tertiary — the criterion used was the ‘nature of activity’. On the basis of this classification, we were able to analyse the pattern of total production and employment in India. Similarly, We divided the economic activities into organised and unorganised and used the classification to look at employment in the two sectors. What was the most important conclusion that was derived from the classifi¬cation exercises? What were the problems and solutions that were indicated? Can you summarise the information in the following table.

 

Sector	Criteria used	Most important conclusion
Primary Secondary Tertiary	Nature of activity	Problems indicated and how they can be tackled
Organised Unorganised

Answer:
Classifying Economic Activities:

Sector	Criteria used	Most important conclusion	Problems indicated and how they can be tackled
Primary Secondary Tertiary	Nature of activity	–	–
Organised Unorganised	–	–	–

Answer:
Classifying Economic Activities:

Sector	Criteria used	Most important conclusion	Problems indicated and how they can be tackled
Primary Secondary Tertiary	Nature of activity	The tertiary sector contributes the most to GDP, primary sector continues to be the largest employment.	Underemployment in the agricultural sector. This can be tackled by providing facilites like irrigation, credit agro based indust¬ries for farmers.
Organised Unorganised	Employment conditions	Most people are working in the unorganised sector where protection is necessary for them.	Exploitation in the unor-ganised sector. This can be tackled by govt protection.